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Test Bank For Physics A Conceptual World View 7th Edition
Test Bank For Physics A Conceptual World View 7th Edition
Student:
3. An object moves uniformly along a straight-line path, covering M meters in S seconds. A student calculates
the ratio M/S, obtaining the numerical value 0.6. This value, 0.6, can be interpreted as
A. the number of meters the object travels during each second.
B. the number of seconds the object requires to travel 1 meter.
C. the number of meters the object travels in S seconds.
D. the number of seconds the object requires to travel M meters.
E. this ratio has no physical interpretation; it is essentially meaningless
4. An object moves uniformly along a straight-line path, covering N meters in T seconds. A student calculates
the ratio T/N, obtaining the numerical value 3.2. This value, 3.2, can be interpreted as
A. the number of meters the object travels during each second
B. the number of seconds the object requires to travel 1 meter
C. the number of meters the object travels in T seconds
D. the number of seconds the object requires to travel N meters
E. this number has no physical interpretation; it is essentially meaningless
5. A runner in the Boston marathon covered the first 20 miles in a time of 4 hours. How fast was he running
when he passed the 15 mile marker?
7. A train covers 60 miles between 2 pm and 4 pm. How fast was it traveling at 3 p.m.?
A. 15 mph
B. 30 mph
C. 60 mph
D. Not enough information is given to be able to say.
8. Car A travels from milepost 343 to milepost 349 in 5 minutes. Car B travels from milepost 493 to milepost
499 in 5 minutes. Which car has the greater average speed?
A. Car A
B. Car B
C. Their average speeds are the same.
D. There is not enough information to be able to say.
9. A yellow car takes 10 minutes to go from milepost 101 to milepost 109. A red car takes 10 minutes to go
from milepost 11 to milepost 21. Which car has the higher average speed?
A. the yellow one
B. the red one
C. Their average speeds are the same.
D. Not enough information is given to be able to say.
10. In Aesop's fable of the tortoise and the hare, the "faster" hare loses the race to the slow and steady tortoise.
During the race, which animal has the greater average speed?
A. the tortoise
B. the hare
C. Both have the same average speed.
D. There is not enough information to say.
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the composition for alphos, consisting of alcyonium, nitre, myrtle, sulphur,
and the dried leaves of the wild fig, being rubbed in dry with vinegar; and
that from the burnt shell of the cuttle-fish, and pumice, nitre, and burnt
Cimolian earth, gum, unripe galls in equal quantity, sprinkled dry, or rubbed
in with vinegar. And this one is admirable: Of the roots of dock a bunch to
the amount of a handful, of natron, dr. xl; of frankincense, dr. xxv; of
sulphur, dr. xxv; it is rubbed in with Egyptian vinegar. And this one is
efficacious: Of arsenic, dr. x; of sulphur vivum, dr. viii; of costus, dr. xii; of
quicklime, dr. iv; of wax, dr. iv; of dried bay berries, dr. xii; these things are
mixed with the juice of white poplar leaves, or with a thick decoction, and
they are rubbed in, having the consistence of honey.—Another: Two
fasciculi of the roots of dock are to be boiled in vinegar, pounded in a
mortar and triturated, then of alcyonium, lb. j; of aphronitrum, oz. viij; of
sulphur vivum, lb. j; of the burnt shells of cockles, oz. iv; of chamæleon
with its roots, oz. iv; these things are pounded together until they are of the
consistence of the sordes of the baths, and are then rubbed in often in the
sun, if summer, but if winter, in the bath, until it occasions sweating. And
the dry smegma of Æsculapius would agree excellently with these cases,
and all the smegmata about to be described, even unto those for alphos, and
also those now mentioned, are applicable for those complaints. And the
tumid excrescences, whether inflammatory or ulcerous, are to be rubbed
with Indian buckthorn: or horned poppy, or aloe, or the Andronian trochisk,
or that of Polyides; and let cataplasms be applied of chondrus with the juice
of knot-grass or plantain; or of pellitory of the wall, triturated; and the
leaves of the green Melisian herb, when pounded with axunge and applied,
are wonderfully efficacious, for they redden the parts, but the redness is
easily repressed by the application of bread; or of the cerate made from
almond oil. By this means their natural colour is restored. When the parts
are ulcerated, plasters are suitable: that from diphryges, and the apple one
with wine, that called coracium, that made from oxymel, the Andronian
trochisk, pompholyx and calamine. It is a symptom that the whole disease is
becoming more moderate when the first ulcers are cicatrized. For the
dyspnœa of persons labouring under elephantiasis give a draught of five or
six slaters in three cyathi of honied water. And some of the general
remedies described for dyspnœa will be applicable for them. Of the natural
baths we must select, as being most particularly useful, the aluminous and
chalybeate, and if possible, such as are cold. It is also particularly
serviceable to drink them. And the use of the sand of the sea-shore has the
same effect, and so have all the sudorifics. But since this affection is one of
those which are easily communicable, no less so than the plague, they are to
be removed as far as possible from cities, and lodged in inland and cold
situations, where there are few inhabitants, if this can be accomplished; for
so they may descend from thence to surrounding places. This is proper
partly on their own account and also on account of those whom they might
come in contact with. For they themselves will thus enjoy the use of a more
commodious air, and they will not communicate the evil to others.
His remedies are the juice of the bark of the juniper, the ashes and blood
of the weasel, mint, and various external applications, consisting of ceruse,
Egyptian paper, roses, &c.
Scribonius Largus recommends sulphur with common oil for lepra, “et
quam elephantiam dicunt,” but he gives no description of the latter.
It is greatly to be lamented that Cælius Aurelianus’ account of
elephantiasis has come down to us in an imperfect state. His description is
entirely lost, and his detail of the treatment is in a mutilated state. It
appears, however, that his views were similar to those of Celsus, and that he
considered it to be a malignant disease, affecting principally the skin. He
approves of rubbing stimulant ointments into the skin, and of using
medicinal baths, especially the aluminous and chalybeate. When the
applications produce ulceration of the skin, he directs us to treat it upon
general principles. He makes mention of vomiting by radishes, and latterly
by means of the white hellebore. He approves of a sea voyage and change
of scene. He says the first author who described elephantiasis was
Themison, the same person that is damned to everlasting fame in one of the
lines of Juvenal: “Quot Themison agros autumno occiderit uno.” (Sat. x,
221.) If this statement be correct, it is clear that Celsus cannot be of so early
a date as is generally believed, that is to say, the Augustan age, for
Themison flourished towards the end of the first century, . . He was the
founder of the Methodical sect. Cælius also blames Themison for
recommending bleeding and vomiting unseasonably, and disapproves of his
directions respecting the applications to the skin. It appears that he also
disapproved of the theriac of vipers, and of giving to drink water in which
red-hot iron had been extinguished. There can be no doubt, from the
circumstances which he mentions, that the disease was thought contagious
in his time.
Octavius Horatianus, who lived under the emperor Valentinian, gives a
pretty full detail of the treatment, but his description of the symptoms is
defective. He makes mention, however, of maculæ, which affect principally
the face; he contends that the whole system is attacked with the disease, and
that the flesh is corrupted. His remedies are much the same as those
recommended by the other authorities, namely, bleeding, purging, vomiting,
the theriac of vipers, and rubbing with the usual applications for scabies. He
also speaks favorably of the natural and the sea-water baths.
Marcellus the Emperic, who is supposed to have flourished in the reign
of Theodosius, recommends, like Serenus, mint, juniper, and mezereon, for
elephantiasis. He describes it as being attended with hard excrescences of
the extremities, eruptions on the face, and disease of the bones. He speaks
of its being endemic in Ægypt.
The disease, elephantiasis, according to Isidorus, is so called from its
resemblance to the elephant. The skin in it is hard and rough, from which it
gets its appellation, because the surface of the patient’s body resembles that
of an elephant; or because it is a mighty affection, as the elephant is one of
the largest of animals.
Vegetius, the great ancient authority on veterinary surgery, describes
elephantiasis as it affects cattle. The symptoms are hardness and roughness
of the skin, squamæ, eruptions on the feet and head, and a fetid discharge
from the nose. He approves of bleeding, and the other means recommended
by the regular surgeons.
We shall next give the descriptions of the Greek authorities.
Aretæus gives a most elaborate but surely somewhat overstrained
description of elephas, which he paints in colours the most hideous and
disgusting. We shall endeavour to convey to the reader an idea of his
sketch, stripping his picture of its flowery ornaments, and contracting its
bulk. The disease is called elephas, he says, from its magnitude, leontium or
morbus leoninus, from the supposed resemblance of the eyebrows to those
of the lion; and satyriasis, from the venereal desires with which it is
attended. The disease is described as escaping notice at first, being deep-
seated and preying upon the vitals, but afterwards it is determined to the
superficies, commencing sometimes with the face, and at other times with
the extremities. The belly is dry, because, as he ingeniously remarks, the
distribution of the food is performed regularly, and the vitiated parts
strongly attract the chyle to them as a pabulum to the disease. There are
large callous eminences on the skin, and the veins appear enlarged, owing
to a thickening of the vessels and not to a plethora of blood. The hairs of the
head, pubes, and other parts of the body, drop off. The face in particular is
affected with callous tubercles or warts, and it is not uncommon for the
tongue, and most parts of the body, to be also covered with them. The
eyebrows are thickened, stripped of their hair, and hang down like those of
the lion. The general appearance of the skin, covered as it is with hard
tubercles, and intersected with deep fissures, is said to bear some
resemblance to that of the elephant. Sometimes particular members, such as
the nose, feet, fingers, the whole hand, or the pudenda, will die and drop
off; and it is not uncommon for incurable ulcers to break forth on different
parts of the body. Dyspnœa, and a sense of suffocation, are occasionally
present. He says, it is dangerous to have any intercourse with persons
labouring under the disease, no less so than in the case of the plague, as
both are readily communicated by respiration. He directs us, at the
commencement, to abstract blood freely, because blood is the pabulum
morbi. He recommends us to purge with hiera, and to procure vomiting by
radishes, but more particularly by the white hellebore, upon which he
bestows a glowing and eloquent eulogy. Like our author, he approves of the
theriac of vipers. He makes mention of many external applications of a
detergent nature, and in particular praises a soap used by the Celts for
cleaning their clothes. He also commends natron, alcyonium, sulphur, alum,
ammoniac with vinegar, and the like, for the same purpose. When the flesh
is livid, he directs us previously to make deep incisions in it. The diet is to
be plain and digestible; sulphureous baths are to be used: the patient is to
swim frequently in sea-water, to take a sea voyage, and otherwise not
neglect suitable exercise.
Plutarch informs us that it was disputed in his time whether or not
elephantiasis was a new complaint.
Galen, as far as we can recollect, has nowhere treated very particularly of
elephantiasis, but in his work ‘De Causis Morborum’ he has briefly
mentioned that in this disease the nose becomes flattened, the lips thick, and
the ears extenuated, the whole appearance resembling that of a satyr: and in
his work entitled ‘De Curatione ad Glauconem’ he ranks elephantiasis with
cancerous swellings, and says that the disease is common about Alexandria,
owing to the heat of the place and the food of the inhabitants, which
consists principally of lentils, snails, pickles, the flesh of asses, and the like,
all which things have a tendency to engender the melancholic humour. The
temperature of the place likewise, he shrewdly remarks, determines the
superfluities of the system to the skin. He recommends the treatment which
we have already had occasion to mention, namely, bleeding, purging, and
the theriac of vipers. In the ‘Isagoge,’ the black and white hellebores are
particularly commended. Galen elsewhere calls it contagious. (Lib. ii,
Simpl. de carne viperæ.)
Oribasius gives no description of the disease, but briefly recommends the
theriac of vipers, and in certain cases purging and bleeding for the cure of it.
The account given by Aëtius is principally taken from Archigenes, and is
very circumstantial. The disease, he remarks, has been called by the several
names of elephantiasis, leontiasis, and satyriasis. Suspicions, he says, have
been entertained of its being contagious, and he is of opinion that it is
unsafe to hold intercourse with those who are ill of the disease, as the air
becomes contaminated by the effluvia from their sores, and by their
respiration. The disease, he says, is insidious, for it begins in a concealed
manner internally, and does not make its appearance on the skin until it is
confirmed. Men are more subject to it than women, and intemperate
climates predispose to it. The first symptoms of the disease are torpor, slow
respiration, constipated bowels, urine like that of cattle, continued
eructations, and strong venereal appetites; and when it is determined to the
skin, the cheeks and chin become thickened and of a livid colour, the veins
below the tongue are varicose, and eminences are formed all over the body,
but especially on the forehead and chin. The body becomes increased in
bulk, and is borne down by an intolerable sense of heaviness. Those
affected with it become pusillanimous, and shun the haunts of men. Though
the disease, when confirmed, is of the most hopeless description, he forbids
us to abandon the sick at the commencement. His treatment is almost the
same as our author’s: venesection at the beginning, purging with colocynth
or hiera, and vomiting with radishes or white hellebore. Some, he says,
having remarked that eunuchs escaped taking this complaint, have castrated
themselves as a preventive. He makes mention of all the medicinal
substances recommended by our author, namely, iron-wort, Cyrenaic juice,
the theriac of vipers, &c. For the cutaneous affections he recommends a
great many external applications, containing white hellebore, sulphur, rue,
natron, aloes, and even arsenic. He also speaks of cataplasms, depilatories,
and detergent ointments. He is very particular in directing that the diet be
light and wholesome.
Actuarius calls elephantiasis a cancer of the whole body, which preys
upon all the flesh, and derives its origin from black bile corroding
everything like fire. The first symptoms of it are a falling off of the hairs of
the eyebrows and chin, tumours on the face, an alteration of the appearance
of the eyes, a change of the voice, turgidity of the sublingual veins, and
afterwards cutaneous eruptions of an intractable nature. He then states that
elephantiasis, lepra, psora, and impetigo are diseases of different gradations
of malignity. In another place he has given the treatment, which is exactly
the same as that recommended by Aretæus, namely, bleeding, purging with
hellebore, detergent and desiccative applications to the skin, &c.
Some applications, seemingly of little efficacy, are recommended for
elephantiasis in the ‘Euporista’ of the Pseudo-Dioscorides.
Nonnus, as usual, abridges our author’s detail of the treatment, and omits
the description. He says it arises from a melancholic humour, which
corrodes the extremities. According to Psellus, the disease is produced by
melancholy adust and the lees of putrid blood.
The account of elephantiasis given by Leo is brief and imperfect. The
disease, he says, is produced by a melancholic humour, which has become
putrid, and corrodes the extremities. It is, he adds, almost incurable, but
may be benefited by purging with the dodder of thyme, by the theriac, and
burning the head at the bregma. The affection, he says, is also called
satyriasmus.
Myrepsus merely mentions some of the common remedies for
elephantiasis, such as arsenic, turpentine, litharge, &c. He gives no
description of the disease.
We now proceed to the Arabians.
Avicenna gives a very circumstantial account of elephantiasis, under the
name of juzam or judam, which his translator renders by lepra. He calls it a
cancer of the whole body, which arises from black bile, and is sometimes
attended with ulceration, and is sometimes without it. The disease, he says,
is contagious: it is produced by living upon the flesh of asses, lentils, &c.,
and is endemic in Alexandria. It is sometimes called leonina, because the
face assumes the stern appearance of the lion’s. He states that, although it
begins internally, its first symptoms are manifested on the extremities. He
then describes minutely the symptoms, namely, redness of the face,
inclining to lividity; falling off of the hairs, enlargement of the veins,
affection of the breathing, thickening, and discoloration of the lips; and
afterwards ulceration of different parts of the body, corrosion of the
cartilages of the nose, then falling off of the nose and extremities, loss of
voice, &c. The treatment he gives with great minuteness, but as it is little
different from that of the Greeks, we need scarcely enter upon it. Suffice it
to say that he mentions early bleeding, purging with hellebore, colocynth,
scammony, &c.; the theriac of vipers, the application of the cautery to the
head, and so forth. Enough has been said to show that this description
applies to the elephantiasis of the Greeks. Considerable confusion, however,
has arisen in consequence of his translator applying the term elephantia to a
very different disease, namely, to an enlargement of the leg with varicose
veins, now generally known by the name of the Barbadoes leg. This
complaint he directs to be treated at first with local bleeding and
astringents; but when ulceration takes place, it is to be remedied only by
amputation.
Serapion, in like manner, describes the elephantiasis of the Greeks by the
name of lepra. The face, he says, is swelled, livid, and covered with hard
pustules, the hairs of the eyebrows fall off, the whole aspect becomes
hideous, the voice is changed, the perspiration becomes vitiated, and
ulceration seizes different parts of the body. The disease, he says, takes its
origin from the liver, in which the office of sanguification is improperly
performed. His remedies are bleeding, hellebore, the theriac, &c.
Avenzoar describes the lepra as a cancer arising from contact with other
lepers, or from unwholesome food. He recommends to purge away the
melancholic humour with scammony, colocynth, black hellebore, &c. The
elephantia he describes as a disease in which the leg is swelled like the leg
of an elephant. He considers it almost incurable.
Albucasis gives an account of the operation of burning the head for lepra,
i.e. the elephantiasis of the Greeks.
The translator of Haly Abbas, namely, Stephanus Antiochensis, who says
he wrote about the year 1127, describes the disease which we have been
treating of by the name of elephantia. Like the others, Haly represents it to
be a general cancer arising from black bile. He says it proves contagious by
respiration. Among the symptoms, he mentions falling off of the ciliary and
superciliary hairs, dryness of the nose, which sometimes falls in; in short,
he enumerates the same symptoms as the preceding authorities. For the cure
he directs us to bleed from the arteries behind the ears, those of the temples,
or from a vein in the arm; to give emetics, such as hellebore; to avoid cold;
to apply cupping-instruments to the scrobiculus cordis; to administer the
theriac, &c. He recommends externally decoctions of beans and vetches at
first; and afterwards stimulant lotions, containing arsenic, sulphur,
quicklime, and so forth. He also applies the term elephantia, and sometimes
elephas, to the swelled leg, which he considers to be a species of varix.
Alsaharavius describes four varieties of lepra, namely, the leonina,
elephantia, serpentina, and vulpina. The disease, he says, may be
contracted, 1st, by an hereditary taint; 2d, by the use of corrupted food, such
as the flesh of buck-goats, cows, &c.; 3d, by contagion, through the
medium of the respiration. He describes all the gradations of the disease
with greater minuteness than any other ancient author. In its last stage, he
says, the nose falls in, the hairs drop off, the voice is lost, ulcers break out
on the skin, the extremities mortify and fall away, and the breath is fetid.
His treatment varies according to the circumstances of the case, but, upon
the whole, it is scarcely at all different from that of the others. By the name
of elephantia he also describes the swelled leg, which he pronounces to be a
very intractable disease. He directs us, however, to have recourse to
bleeding, melanogogues, abstinence from gross food, emetics, and various
external applications of a stimulant nature, among which he mentions
burying the leg in hot sand.
The translator of Rhases also applies the term lepra to the elephantiasis
of the Greeks. The colour of the eye, he says, is changed, the voice becomes
rough, the face is swelled, like a bladder, and red with nodes, the hairs fall
off, and the extremities at last become swelled and ulcerated. There is
nothing peculiar in his treatment. He describes, likewise, the swelled leg by
the name of elephantia or elephas. He says that, when tubercles arise on it,
it is utterly incurable; but that when simply enlarged, it may be remedied by
bleeding in the arm, cupping, emetics, attenuant food, and the like. In his
‘Continens,’ he calls the lepra (elephantiasis) hereditary and contagious. He
says, it is a general cancer, arising from black bile. For the swelled leg he
recommends, as in his other work, bloodletting and emetics, with stimulant
applications, containing pearlashes, sulphur, &c., and also tight bandages.
Such is the history of elephantiasis given by ancient authors.
The earlier of our modern writers on medicine, describe elephantiasis as
a species of lepra, of which they enumerate four varieties, namely,
elephantia, leonina, alopecia, and tyria. This arrangement is evidently taken
from Alsaharavius. Such is the account which Platiarius gives of these
diseases. In like manner, the Pseudo-Macer ranks elephantiasis with lepra:
“Est lepræ species elephantiasisque vocatur,” &c. Upon this passage
Cornarius makes the following annotation: “Vulgus medicorum Arabas in
hoc secuti lepram cum elephantiasi confundunt. Immo lepram pro
elephantiasi accipiunt.”
Guido de Cauliaco’s account of the disease is also nearly the same as that
of Alsaharavius. He states decidedly that the disease is contagious, and
recommends bleeding, purging, the actual cautery, the theriac of vipers. (vi,
1.) Rogerius remarks that the disease is contracted per coitum. (i, 15.) And
here, by the way, we may be permitted to state that we have long been
convinced that the syphilis of modern times is a modified form of the
ancient elephantiasis. This opinion is maintained by several of the writers of
the Aphrodisiacus, and also by the learned Sprengel, who gives a very
interesting disquisition on Syphilis in his ‘History of Medicine.’
It appears that the disease in its ancient form is still prevalent in certain
parts of the world; as, for example, in the Sardinian States, where it is still
looked upon as being both contagious and hereditary. It is also endemic in
Norway: nay, it is reported to have broken forth with all its ancient
character in the province of New Brunswick. In the East, elephantiasis and
leontiasis are still considered as aggravated forms of leprosy. (See Heber’s
Travels, ii, 50; and Niebuhr’s Travels, xxvii, 11.) We may be allowed to
add, in conclusion, that a great mass of misapprehension has prevailed in
modern times regarding the elephantiasis of the Greeks and Arabians. We
trust the above sketch will remove the difficulties which formerly beset this
subject.
Lichen is formed by the mixture of a thin and acrid ichor with other gross
humours, and passes readily into leprosy and psora; wherefore it requires to
be treated by the most desiccative applications. After general depletion, if
necessary, the following simple medicines will be proper: chick-peas,
hellebore, the urchin which dwells among rocks, pitch mixed with cerate
and rosin, the dung of the land crocodile, that of starlings fed solely upon
rice. And many have cured the complaint when occurring on the chin, or
other parts of the body, by this application alone: take several grains of
wheat and place upon a stithy red-hot, and taking the fluid which flows
from them while yet warm, anoint the part affected with lichen. The lichen
of children is to be rubbed frequently with human saliva. The gum of the
plum tree, when rubbed in, is beneficial in these cases. When the complaint
is protracted, the leaves of the chaste tree, triturated with vinegar, are to be
applied, or the leaves of capers in like manner. The following are compound
applications: Dissolve sulphur with rosemary in vinegar, or with ammoniac,
and anoint. A trochisk for lichen: Of artificers’ glue, dr. iv; of frankincense,
dr. iij; of vinegar half a cyathus; dissolve in vinegar, and anoint.—Another:
Of chalcitis, of gum, of each, dr. viij; of sulphur vivum, of misy, of each, dr.
vj; of the flakes of copper, of acacia, of each, dr. ij; anoint with vinegar.—
Another: Of sulphur vivum, of spuma nitri, of each, dr. iv; of the seeds of
rosemary, lx; triturate with vinegar, and anoint only the part which is
affected, not touching the sound skin. When dry, wash it away with cold
water.—Another: Of white hellebore, dr. viij; of the flour of lupines, of
burnt shell-fishes called buccina, of natron, of each, one chœnix; rub with it
dry. They call that variety of lichen agrius which is nowise remedied by
moderately desiccative applications, and is exacerbated by more acrid ones.
These cases are therefore to be treated by applications which are
sufficiently strong, without being pungent, such as this: of horned poppy, of
frankincense, of alcyonium, of bitumen, of sulphur, of gum, of each, oz. j;
anoint with vinegar. Boil African pitch with vinegar, and, when dissolved,
anoint.—Another, for lichen and prurigo: Of copperas, of sulphur vivum, of
natron, of frankincense, equal parts; use for lichen with vinegar, and for
prurigo with wine.—Another, for lichen: Of ammoniac perfume, of the
flour of bitter vetch, of the flour of lupines, equal parts; add to vinegar.