Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 s2.0 S0187623614711026 Main
1 s2.0 S0187623614711026 Main
JORGE ZAVALA-HIDALGO
Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación
&LHQWt¿FDVQ&LXGDG8QLYHUVLWDULD0p[LFR')
RESUMEN
/DGHQVLGDGGHSRWHQFLDORVSHU¿OHVYHUWLFDOHVGHYHORFLGDG\RWUDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOYLHQWRVHHVWDEOHFLHURQ
SRUPHGLRGHXQDWRUUHPHWHRUROyJLFDGHPORFDOL]DGDPX\FHUFDGHODOtQHDFRVWHUDHQHOQRURHVWHGHOD
SHQtQVXODGH<XFDWiQXELFDGDHQHOJROIRGH0p[LFR6HOOHYyDFDERXQHVWXGLRFRPSDUDWLYRGHODGHQVLGDGGH
SRWHQFLDGHOYLHQWRXWLOL]DQGRLQIRUPDFLyQREWHQLGDGHVHSWLHPEUHGHDVHSWLHPEUHGH6HHQFRQWUy
TXHODIXQFLyQGHGHQVLGDGGHSUREDELOLGDGSDUDODYHORFLGDGGHOYLHQWRHVELPRGDODFDXVDGHODVEULVDVTXH
VRSODQGHPDUDWLHUUDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDPHQRVHYLGHQWHDPHGLGDTXHDXPHQWDODGLVWDQFLDYHUWLFDODOVXHOR/D
GLIHUHQFLDHQWUHHVWRVGRVUHJtPHQHVGHYLHQWRVHXWLOL]ySDUDDMXVWDUODFXUYDGH:HLEXOO:HLEXOOXVDQGRXQ
FULWHULRGHPtQLPRVFXDGUDGRVOLQHDOHVHQORVSDUiPHWURV$GLFLRQDOPHQWHODVVLPXODFLRQHVQXPpULFDVGH
un modelo de mesoescala concuerdan con las mediciones por arriba de z = 50 m (z es la distancia vertical
DOVXHOR (VWRVXJLHUHTXHDOJXQDVVLPXODFLRQHVGHPHVRHVFDODSXHGHQVHUYLUFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDSUHOLPLQDU
SDUDYDORUDUODHQHUJtDGHOYLHQWRHQ]RQDVFRVWHUDVFRQH[WHQVDViUHDVEDMDV
ABSTRACT
:LQGSRZHUGHQVLW\YHUWLFDOYHORFLW\SUR¿OHVDQGRWKHUZLQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZHUHHVWDEOLVKHGXVLQJDP
PHWHRURORJLFDOPDVWORFDWHGYHU\FORVHWRWKHVKRUHOLQHRQWKHQRUWKZHVWRIWKH<XFDWDQSHQLQVXODLQWKH
*XOIRI0H[LFR$FRPSDUDWLYHVWXG\RIWKHZLQGSRZHUGHQVLW\ZDVFDUULHGRXWXVLQJLQIRUPDWLRQREWDLQHG
EHWZHHQ6HSWHPEHUDQG6HSWHPEHU7KHZLQGVSHHGSUREDELOLW\GHQVLW\IXQFWLRQZDVIRXQGWR
be bimodal due to sea-land breezes, a characteristic that becomes less evident as the vertical distance to the
JURXQGLQFUHDVHV7KHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRZLQGUHJLPHVZDVXVHGWR¿WWKH:HLEXOO:HLEXOOFXUYH
XVLQJDOLQHDUOHDVWVTXDUHVFULWHULRQLQWKHSDUDPHWHUV,QDGGLWLRQQXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQVIURPDPHVRVFDOH
PRGHODUHLQFORVHDJUHHPHQWZLWKPHDVXUHPHQWVDERYHz = 50 m (zLVWKHYHUWLFDOGLVWDQFHWRWKHJURXQG
7KLVUHVXOWVXJJHVWVWKDWVRPHPHVRVFDOHVLPXODWLRQVPD\VHUYHDVDSUHOLPLQDU\ZLQGHQHUJ\DVVHVVPHQW
WRROLQFRDVWDO]RQHVZLWKH[WHQGHGORZO\LQJDUHDV
Keywords::LQGSRZHUGHQVLW\ELPRGDOSUREDELOLW\GHQVLW\IXQFWLRQFRDVWDO]RQHPHVRVFDOHPRGHO
1. Introduction H[SHULHQFHGXQSUHFHGHQWHGJURZWKUDWHVGXHWRWKH
:LQGSRZHUWHFKQRORJ\KDVEHHQHYROYLQJWKURXJK transition to sustainable development, triggered in
WKH KLVWRU\ RI PDQNLQG IRU DW OHDVW \HDUV WKHVE\VHYHUDOIDFWRUVWKHRLOFULVLVRI
6DWK\DMLWK 'XULQJ WKH ODVW GHFDGHV LW KDV DQGWKHGLVFRYHU\RIWKHR]RQHOD\HUGHSOHWLRQ
78 B. Figueroa-Espinoza et al.
( )
SDUWQHUV VHHWKH$FNQRZOHGJPHQWVVHFWLRQ LQRUGHU 1
WRDVVHVVWKHZLQGSRZHUSRWHQWLDOLQWKHQRUWKZHVW v = cΓ 1 + k (2)
RI WKH<XFDWDQ SHQLQVXOD LQ WKH *XOI RI 0H[LFR
7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVVWXG\LVWRFKDUDFWHUL]HZLQG and
UHVRXUFHVXVLQJVWDWLVWLFDOWRROVVXFKDVWKHSUREDELOLW\ Γ (1 + 2/k) – Γ2 (1 + 1/k)
GLVWULEXWLRQIXQFWLRQRIZLQGYHORFLW\6RPHGLXUQDO σ=U (3)
Γ(1 + 1/k)
PRQWKO\DQGVHDVRQDODYHUDJLQJRIRWKHUYDULDEOHV
VXFKDVZLQGGLUHFWLRQ DUHDOVRUHSRUWHGDQGXVHG ZKHUHULVWKHPHDQZLQGVSHHGDQGīLVWKHJDPPD
WRLPSURYHWKHSRZHUGHQVLW\HVWLPDWLRQ$PHWKRG- IXQFWLRQGH¿QHGDV
RORJ\IRU¿WWLQJWKHZLQGVSHHG3')EDVHGRQWKH
∞
GLXUQDOEUHH]HUHJLPHLVSURSRVHGDQGWHVWHGZLWKH[-
SHULPHQWDOGDWD$GGLWLRQDOO\DFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQ
WKH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV DQG QXPHULFDO PHVRVFDOH
Γ(t) =
ʃ
0
exp(–x)x t–1 dx
( ( ) )}
ZLOOQRWFRYHUWXUEXOHQFHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQZKLFKZLOO
{ ( ) k1 U k1–1 U k1
EH UHSRUWHG HOVHZKHUH LQ WKH IXWXUH +RZHYHU IRU fww (U) = p exp –
FRPSOHWHQHVVDQGEHFDXVHWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIVRPH 1 1 1
(5)
{ ( ) ( ( ) )}
turbulent quantities require special considerations, k2–1 k2
k2 U U
VXFKDVWKHXVHRIWKHHGG\FRUUHODWLRQWHFKQLTXHWKH + (1 – p) exp –
most important steps in the pre-processing stage are 2 2 2
FRYHUHGLQVHFWLRQ
7KH SUHVHQW GRFXPHQW LV RUJDQL]HG DV IROORZV ZKHUHVXEVFULSWVLQGLFDWHWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWZR3')¶V
¿UVWO\ WKH :: 3') LV LQWURGXFHG LQ VHFWLRQ LQ DQGWKHZHLJKWLQJIDFWRUVp and (p – 1) can be inter-
RUGHUWRMXVWLI\WKHSURSRVHGPHWKRGRORJ\1H[WWKH SUHWHGDVWKHSUREDELOLW\GLVWULEXWLRQRIWZRPXWXDOO\
H[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSZLOOEHWUHDWHGLQVHFWLRQZKHUH H[FOXVLYHHYHQWV7KHH[SHFWHGSRZHUGHQVLW\' can
the location, instrumentation and data acquisition are EHUHODWHGWRWKH3')DVIROORZV
GHVFULEHG7KH SUHSURFHVVLQJ RI WKH H[SHULPHQWDO ∞
data is discussed in section 5, and the results are
SUHVHQWHG LQ VHFWLRQ LQ WHUPV RI ZLQG GLUHFWLRQ
ZLQGVSHHG3')DQGSRZHUGHQVLW\DFRPSDULVRQ
D(U) =
1
A ʃ0
f (U)P (U)dU =
∞
ZLWKUHVXOWVIURPWKHPHVRVFDOHVLPXODWLRQVDQGWKH
OLWHUDWXUH DUH DOVR VKRZQ )LQDOO\ LQ VHFWLRQ WKH
UHVXOWVDUHVXPPDUL]HGDORQJZLWKVRPHFRPPHQWV
ʃ0
f (U)
1
2
ρU 3dU (6)
DQGSHUVSHFWLYHV
ZKHUHP(U LVWKHSRZHURIWKHZLQGPRYLQJDWDQ
3. Theoretical background average speed U through an area A, and ȡ is the
7KH :HLEXOO GLVWULEXWLRQ LV D WZRSDUDPHWHU 3') FRUUHVSRQGLQJ DLU GHQVLW\ )RU WKH FDVH RI D ::
JLYHQE\ GLVWULEXWLRQ WKH SRZHU GHQVLW\ LV -DUDPLOOR DQG
%RUMD
k–1 k
k U U (1)
[
fw(U) = exp –
λ λ λ
ZKHUHk (dimensionless) and A PV DUHWKHVKDSH
Dww (U ) =
1
2
ρ pc13Γ
k1 + 3
k1 + ( )
(7)
)]
DQG VFDOH SDUDPHWHUV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH PHDQ DQG
VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIWKHUHVSHFWLYH3')DUHJLYHQ
E\+HQQHVV\
k2 + 3
(1– p) c Γ k3
2
2
(
80 B. Figueroa-Espinoza et al.
/HWXVUHPDUNWKDWLQFRDVWDO]RQHVLWLVFRPPRQ
WR¿QGDGDLO\SDWWHUQRIVHDODQGEUHH]HVGXHWRWKH
ODUJHGLIIHUHQFHLQVXUIDFHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGURXJKQHVV
EHWZHHQVHDDQGODQGWKHUHLVDGLVWLQFWLYHUHJLPH
WKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHZLQGFRPLQJIURPHDFKHQYL-
URQPHQW,IWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHZLQGLVNQRZQWKHQ
LWFRXOGEHVWDWHGWKDWWKHZHLJKWLQJIDFWRUp is also
given (HJDVWKHSUREDELOLW\WKDWDJLYHQVHWRIGDWD
FRPHVIURPWKHVHD ,IERWKUHJLPHVDUHVHSDUDWHG
using this distinction, and the parameters are calculat-
HGIURPDXQLPRGDO:HLEXOO3')DQGWKHQFRPELQHG
WKURXJKWKHZHLJKWLQJIDFWRUpJLYHQE\WKHDIRUH-
PHQWLRQHGSUREDELOLW\WKH::ELPRGDOFXUYHVFRXOG
HDVLO\EH¿WWHGXVLQJVWDQGDUGSDUDPHWHUHVWLPDWLRQ
PHWKRGV0RUHRYHUDXQLPRGDO:HLEXOOFXUYHFDQ
EH¿WWHGXVLQJDOLQHDUOHDVWVTXDUHVFULWHULRQLQWKH
)LJ6NHWFKRIWKHH[SHULPHQWORFDWLRQDWWKHQRUWKZHVWHUQ
parameters to minimize the error (Tuller and Brett, WLSRIWKH<XFDWDQSHQLQVXODLQWKH*XOIRI0H[LFR
7KHSDUDPHWHUHVWLPDWLRQSURFHGXUHFDQEH
FDUULHGRXWZLWKRXWWKHQHHGRIQRQOLQHDUPHWKRGV The meteorological mast is 51 m high, and
ZKLFKDUHGHSHQGHQWRQDVXLWDEOH¿UVWJXHVVDPRQJ LV HTXLSSHG ZLWK ILYH XOWUDVRQLF DQHPRPHWHUV
RWKHUSUREOHPV ,QVHFWLRQLWZLOOEHVKRZQWKDWWKLV WKUHHRIWKH'[[IDPLO\DQGWZRRIWKH'
PHWKRGRORJ\LVSHUWLQHQWDWOHDVWIRUWKHSDUWLFXODU [[ IDPLO\ $GROI 7KLHV *PE+ DQG &R
FDVHRI6LVDO:HEHOLHYHWKDWLWDOVRDSSOLHVWRDQ\ 7KHVH LQVWUXPHQWV FDQ UHSRUW WZR RU WKUHH ZLQG
FRDVWDO]RQHZLWKDZHOOGH¿QHGUHJLPHRIVHDODQG YHORFLW\FRPSRQHQWVDQGDPHWHRURORJLFDOYDULDEOH
EUHH]HVH[FOXGLQJFRPSOH[WHUUDLQVZLWKSURPLQHQW XVXDOO\NQRZQDVVRQLFWHPSHUDWXUHZKLFKLVDJRRG
KLOOVRUFOLIIVZKHUHUHFLUFXODWLRQVDQGRWKHUSKH- DSSUR[LPDWLRQWRWKHYLUWXDOSRWHQWLDOWHPSHUDWXUH
QRPHQDPD\UHTXLUHVSHFLDOWUHDWPHQW .DLPDO DQG *D\QRU HYHQ XQGHU KXPLG
FRQGLWLRQVQHDUWKHVHDOHYHOSURYLGHGWKDWRQO\WKH
4. Experimental setup ÀXFWXDWLRQV DUH LQYROYHG LQ WKH FDOFXODWLRQV 7KH
7KHH[SHULPHQWLVORFDWHGDW¶¶¶:¶ DFTXLVLWLRQ IUHTXHQF\ IRU WKH VRQLF DQHPRPHWHUV
¶¶1DWDSSUR[LPDWHO\PIURPWKHVKRUHOLQH LV+]ZKLFKDOORZVIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRIVHYHUDO
LQWKHFRDVWRI<XFDWDQDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH7KH micrometeorological parameters such as turbulent
LQVHUWDWWKHORZHUOHIWLVDQDHULDOSKRWRJUDSKRI6LVDO LQWHQVLW\NLQHPDWLFKHDWDQGPRPHQWXPWXUEXOHQW
ZKLFKLVDVPDOO¿VKLQJWRZQZKRVHSRUWXVHGWREH WUDQVSRUW0RQLQ2EXNKRYOHQJWKDQGIULFWLRQYH-
RIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHXSWRWKHODWHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\ ORFLW\+RZHYHUPRVWRIWKHUHVXOWVLQWKLVUHSRUW
ZKHQWKHPRUHPRGHUQSRUWRI3URJUHVRZDVEXLOWWR GRQRWUHTXLUHKLJKIUHTXHQF\PHDVXUHPHQWV7KH
WKHHDVWRQO\PLQXWHVIURP0pULGDFDSLWDOFLW\ DQHPRPHWHUVZHUHORFDWHGDWDQGP
RIWKH<XFDWDQVWDWH WKHQDPH6LVDOFRPHVIURPD DERYHWKHJURXQGOHYHOUHVSHFWLYHO\GLVWULEXWHGDV
SODQWRIWKH$JDYHJHQXVZKRVH¿EHUVDUHXVHGWR VKRZQLQ7DEOH,
PDNHWZLQHDQGURSH
$PHWHRURORJLFDOPDVWLVORFDWHGDWWKHFDPSXVRI 7DEOH , 6RQLF DQHPRPHWHU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG KHLJKWV
WKH8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFRLQ DERYHWKHJURXQG
6LVDOWRWKHQRUWKRIDQDUWL¿FLDOVKHOWHUKDUERU VHH
WKHDUURZQHDUWKHXSSHUOHIWRIWKHLQVHUW 7RWKH ID 7\SH z (m)
VRXWKWKHUHLVDPDUVKODQG ÀRRGHGGXULQJWKHUDLQ\ 0 2D
VHDVRQ IROORZHGE\DGHQVHPDQJURYHIRUHVW)DUWKHU 2 2D
WRWKHVRXWKWKHUHLVDVXEWURSLFDOGU\EURDGOHDIIRUHVW 3 3D
WKDWWUDQVLWLRQVJUDGXDOO\LQWRDQDJULFXOWXUDOSDWFK\ 1 2D
3D
WHUUDLQXQWLOWKHFLW\RI+XQXFPDNPDZD\
Wind power potential in Yucatan, Mexico 81
'DWDDFTXLVLWLRQDQGVWRUDJH RWKHUFROOHDJXHVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQV7KLVGDWDEDVHDOVR
$WWKHEDVHRIWKHWRZHUD'DWD/RJJHU '/ 1'/ FRQWDLQVDWDEOHZLWKRWKHUPHWHRURORJLFDOYDULDEOHV
:LOPHUV 0HVVWHFKQLN *PE+ LQWHUURJDWHV WKH FRPLQJIURPDPHWHRURORJLFDOVWDWLRQORFDWHGDWWKH
anemometers and stores the readings in its internal EDVHRIWKHWRZHU z P
PHPRU\ FDSDEOH RI UHWDLQLQJ DERXW HLJKW KRXUV RI
KLJKIUHTXHQF\GDWDVWRUHGLQ$6&,,¿OHIRUPDWHDFK 5. Data processing
¿OH FRQWDLQLQJ RQH KRXU RI H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD 7KH )LUVWO\ WKH GDWD ZDV WUHDWHG IRU TXDOLW\ FRQWURO
'/LVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHQHWZRUNYLDDUDGLRIUHTXHQF\ SXUSRVHV$VHWRIRSHUDWLRQVWRVHOHFWDQGWUHDWWKH
5) OLQN XVLQJ UDGLRV DQG WZR GLUHFWLRQDO<DJXL VLJQDOV EHIRUH DYHUDJLQJ RU FDOFXODWLQJ WXUEXOHQW
DQWHQQDV ZKLFK LQ WXUQ LV FRQQHFWHG WR D QHWZRUN TXDQWLWLHV LVGLVFXVVHGLQWKLVVHFWLRQ2QHLPSRUWDQW
VZLWFKDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH7KLVVZLWFKDOORZVIRU SDUDPHWHUWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWLVWKHDYHUDJLQJSHULRG
WKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKD¿OHVHUYHUZKLFKUHWULHYHV ZKLFKUDQJHVIURPPLQWRKLQPLFURPHWHRUR-
WKHLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKH'/HYHU\WZRKRXUV(DFK¿OH ORJLFDOVWXGLHV$Q2JLYHWHVW 2QFOH\HWDO, 1990;
FRQWDLQHGDQKRXURIKLJKIUHTXHQF\GDWD DERXW0% )RNHQDQG:LFKXUD ZDVFDUULHGRXWLQRUGHU
RIGDWD ZKLFKFRXOGRYHUORDGWKHZLUHOHVVFRPPXQL- WRHYDOXDWHWKLVWLPHVFDOHZLWKDUHVXOWLQJSHULRGRI
FDWLRQOLQNLIWKH¿OHVZHUHLPPHGLDWHO\GRZQORDGHGWR WRPLQIRUWKHDYHUDJLQJWLPHXVHGWRREWDLQ
WKHVHUYHU7KHWZRKRXUGDWDUHWULHYDOSHULRGSURYHG ¿UVWDQGVHFRQGPRPHQWVRIWKHUHOHYDQWYDULDEOHV
WREHUREXVWHQRXJKWRDOORZIRUWKH'/WRSHUIRUPLWV 7KHUDZGDWDZDVVXEMHFWHGWRGLIIHUHQWYDOLGDWLRQV
DFTXLVLWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWDVNVVDIHO\$GGLWLRQ-
DOO\DUHPRWHVHUYHULQ0H[LFR&LW\SHUIRUPVWKHVDPH D $OO WKH ¿OHV FRQWDLQLQJ LQFRPSOHWH RU FOHDUO\
GDWDUHWULHYLQJURXWLQHLQRUGHUWRKDYHDEDFNXSFRS\ HUURQHRXV GDWD ZHUH GLVFDUGHG$IWHU D YLVXDO
LQFDVHRIIDLOXUHRIWKHPDLQFRPSXWHU VHH³5HPRWH LQVSHFWLRQ PDQ\ ¿OHV ZHUH DOVR GLVFDUGHG 8Q-
VWRUDJH´LQ)LJ 7KLVVHWXSSHUPLWVWKHFRUUHFWGDWD IRUWXQDWHO\LWZDVLPSRVVLEOHWRYLVXDOO\LQVSHFW
UHWULHYLQJLQFDVHWKDWWKHLQWHUQDOQHWZRUNLVWHPSR- DOO¿OHV PRUHWKDQ
UDULO\ GRZQ DQG DOORZV IRU UHDOWLPH DFFHVV WR WKH E )LOHVZLWKPLVVLQJGDWDZHUHDOVRGLVFDUGHG ZH
'/7ZRVRODUSDQHOVDQGDUHFKDUJHDEOH GHHSF\FOH FKRVHDQDUELWUDU\WKUHVKROGRIRQHVHFRQG 6PDOO-
EDWWHU\SURYLGHHQHUJ\WRWKHVRQLFDQHPRPHWHUVWKH HUJDSVZHUH¿OOHGXVLQJDQLQWHUSRODWLRQSURFHGXUH
'/DQGWKH5)UDGLRWUDQVPLWWHU7KHGDWDVWRUDJHDQG EDVHGRQD¿OWHUHGYHUVLRQRIWKHVLJQDO7KHUHZHUH
DGPLQLVWUDWLRQWDVNVFRPSULVHVWRULQJWKHUDZGDWD¿OHV PDQ\VPDOOJDSVZLWKSHULRGVVPDOOHURUHTXDOWKDQ
DQGWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIDQRQOLQH2SHQ6RXUFHGDWDEDVH V EXWWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIJDSVEHWZHHQ
ZKHUH DYHUDJH GDWD LV VWRUHG IRU FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK VDQGVZDVRQO\
3D
internet
Meteorological 2D
mast
2D
2D
Data network
Logger switch
RF link
Remote storage
Internal network
)LJ6NHWFKRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXS
82 B. Figueroa-Espinoza et al.
:LQGGLUHFWLRQ :LQGVSHHG3')DQGZLQGSRZHUGHQVLW\
7KHZHDWKHURI6LVDO<XFDWDQLVZDUPDQGKXPLG $VDOUHDG\RXWOLQHGLQSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQVWKHPHWKRG
Wind power potential in Yucatan, Mexico 83
8% 8%
6% 6%
4% 4%
2% 2%
20 − 22 20 − 22
WEST EAST 18 − 20 WEST EAST 18 − 20
16 − 18 16 − 18
14 − 16 14 − 16
12 − 14 12 − 14
10 − 12 10 − 12
8 − 10 8 − 10
6−8 6−8
4−6 4−6
2−4 2−4
SOUTH 0−2 SOUTH 0−2
)LJ:LQGURVHVDWP/HIWFROXPQ:5)VLPXODWLRQVULJKWFROXPQH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV
WR¿WWKH::GLVWULEXWLRQVWRWKHGDWDLVDVIROORZV DEO\IRUORZKHLJKWVDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHZKHUHWKH
¿UVWZHHVWLPDWHWKHSUREDELOLW\pRIJHWWLQJZLQGV curves corresponding to z PREWDLQHGQXPHULFDOO\
FRPLQJIURPWKHVHDDV (crosses) and the one corresponding to the mast at z =
Nsea PDUHSUHVHQWHG2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDERYHz = 50
p= PWKHPRGHOREWDLQHGYHU\UHDVRQDEOHUHVXOWVVKRZQ
Ntotal
LQ)LJXUHE7KHUHDVRQIRUWKLVGLVFUHSDQF\DWORZ
ZKHUHNseaLVWKHQXPEHURIHYHQWVLQZKLFKWKHDYHU- KHLJKWVLVWKHSDUDPHWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHVXUIDFHOD\HULQ
DJHZLQGGLUHFWLRQFDPHIURPWKHVHDDQGNtota1 is the WKHQXPHULFDOPRGHOWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIERWKRIIVKRUH
WRWDOFRXQWRIHYHQWV DERXWPLQHYHQWV DQGRQVKRUHZLQGVDUHSHUWXUEHGE\WKHSUHVHQFHRI
7KHQH[WVWHSLVWRVHSDUDWHDOOWKHH[SHULPHQWDOSRLQWV LQWHUQDOERXQGDU\OD\HUV$ERYHWKHLQÀXHQFHRIWKHVH
FRPLQJIURPWKHVHDDQG¿WWLQJD:HLEXOOFXUYH ZLWK SHUWXUEHG SUR¿OHV WKH QXPHULFDO SUHGLFWLRQ GRHV D
a least squares criterion) to obtain its corresponding PXFKEHWWHUIRUHFDVW7KHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHWHUUDLQ
k1 and Ȝ7KHQWKHVDPHSURFHVVLVFDUULHGRYHUZLWK DVZHOODVODQGVHDLQWHUIDFHSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQ
WKH GDWD FRPLQJ IURP ODQG LQ RUGHU WR JHW k2 and ZLQGFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ7KHVHHIIHFWVDUHQRWWDNHQLQWR
Ȝ27KHUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUHZKHUHWKH DFFRXQWLQPHVRVFDOHPRGHOVEHFDXVHRIWKHFRDUVH-
3')IRUZLQGVFRPLQJIURPWKHVHD FLUFOHV ODQG QHVVRIWKHJULGDQGFRXOGEHSDUDPHWHUL]HGXVLQJWKH
VTXDUHV DQGDOOGLUHFWLRQV FURVVHV LVSUHVHQWHGIRU VWDWHRIWKHDUWRILQWHUQDOERXQGDU\OD\HUV 6DYHO\HY
¿YHGLIIHUHQWKHLJKWVDERYHWKHJURXQG7KHELPRGDO DQG7D\ORU KRZHYHUWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIVXFK
FKDUDFWHURIWKHFXUYHLVFOHDUIRUORZKHLJKWV z = 3 HIIHFWVLVYHU\OLNHO\WRUHTXLUHDPHVKUH¿QHPHQW HJ,
DQGP ZKHUHD³KXPS´FRPLQJIURPWKHODUJHU DORQJWKHFRDVWOLQH ZKLFKLQWXUQLPSOLHVQHFHVVDULO\
ZLQG YHORFLWLHV IURP RIIVKRUH LV DSSDUHQW$V WKH VRPHFRPSXWDWLRQDOFRVW7KHHIIHFWVRIWRSRJUDSK\
KHLJKWDERYHWKHJURXQGLQFUHDVHVWKLVIHDWXUHLVOHVV DWWKHPLFURPHWHRURORJLFDOVFDOHFDQEHDVVHVVHGE\
HYLGHQWDVFDQEHVHHQIURPz DQGP7KH WDNLQJ WKH PHVRVFDOH VLPXODWLRQ DV WKH LQSXW IRU D
ELPRGDO¿WLVLQDOOFDVHVEHWWHUWKDQWKHXQLPRGDO PLFURVFDOH VLPXODWLRQ WKLV LV D YHU\ DFWLYH ¿HOG RI
RQHIRUH[DPSOHDWz PWKH::¿WJLYHVD UHVHDUFK &KXUFK¿HOG HW DO -RQNPDQ
VXPRIVTXDUHGHUURUVsse × 10–3ZKLOHWKH Serrano HWDO LQYLHZRIWKHWUDQVLWLRQWRFOHDQ
FRUUHVSRQGLQJHUURUIRUD:¿WLVsse × 10–3 HQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQZKLFKZLOOEHLPSOHPHQWHGGXULQJ
7KHSDUDPHWHUVDQGWKHLUFRUUHVSRQGLQJFRQ¿GHQFH WKH¿UVWKDOIRIWKLVFHQWXU\
LQWHUYDOVDUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH,, 3RZHUGHQVLWLHV :P2 DVDIXQFWLRQRIKHLJKWz
:KHQFRPSDUHGZLWKWKH3')IURPWKH:5)PH- DUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUHZKHUHFURVVHVUHSUHVHQWWKH
VRVFDOHPRGHOWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFXUYHVGLIIHUFRQVLGHU- SRZHUGHQVLW\'bREWDLQHGZLWKD::3') WKLV
84 B. Figueroa-Espinoza et al.
15% 15%
10% 10%
5% 5%
20 − 22 20 − 22
WEST EAST 18 − 20 WEST EAST 18 − 20
16 − 18 16 − 18
14 − 16 14 − 16
12 − 14 12 − 14
10 − 12 10 − 12
8 − 10 8 − 10
6−8 6−8
4−6 4−6
2−4 2−4
SOUTH 0−2 SOUTH 0−2
15% 15%
10% 10%
5% 5%
20 − 22 20 − 22
WEST EAST 18 − 20 WEST EAST 18 − 20
16 − 18 16 − 18
14 − 16 14 − 16
12 − 14 12 − 14
10 − 12 10 − 12
8 − 10 8 − 10
6−8 6−8
4−6 4−6
2−4 2−4
SOUTH 0−2 SOUTH 0−2
15% 15%
10% 10%
5% 5%
20 − 22 20 − 22
WEST EAST 18 − 20 WEST EAST 18 − 20
16 − 18 16 − 18
14 − 16 14 − 16
12 − 14 12 − 14
10 − 12 10 − 12
8 − 10 8 − 10
6−8 6−8
4−6 4−6
2−4 2−4
SOUTH 0−2 SOUTH 0−2
)LJ:LQGURVHV/HIWFROXPQ:5)VLPXODWLRQVULJKWFROXPQH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV &RQWLQXH
Wind power potential in Yucatan, Mexico 85
15% 15%
10% 10%
5% 5%
20 − 22 20 − 22
WEST EAST 18 − 20 WEST EAST 18 − 20
16 − 18 16 − 18
14 − 16 14 − 16
12 − 14 12 − 14
10 − 12 10 − 12
8 − 10 8 − 10
6−8 6−8
4−6 4−6
2−4 2−4
SOUTH 0−2 SOUTH 0−2
)LJ:LQGURVHV/HIWFROXPQ:5)VLPXODWLRQVULJKWFROXPQH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV &RQWLQXHG
PDF z = 3m PDF z = 6m
0.2 0.2
0.15 0.15
0.1 0.1
0.05 0.05
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
U (m/s) U (m/s)
0.14 0.14
0.12 0.12
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
U (m/s) U (m/s)
PDF z = 50m
0.16
0.14
0.12 all
sea
0.1
land
0.08 fit land
fit sea
0.06 fit bimodal
fit unimodal
0.04
0.02
0
0 5 10 15 20
U (m/s)
LQWKHOLWHUDWXUHIRU6LVDODVZHOODVZLWKQXPHULFDO Acknowledgements
mesoscale simulations carried out at the CCA in 7KHDXWKRUVUHVSHFWIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHWKHVXSSRUWRI
0H[LFR&LW\ZLWKWKH:5)PRGHO)RUKHLJKWVDERYH &RQDF\W&)(DQGWKH*RYHUQPHQWRIWKH6WDWHRI
PLWZDVVKRZQWKDWWKHPHVRVFDOHVLPXODWLRQV <XFDWDQWKURXJKSURMHFWV)216(&&)(DQG
DUHUHPDUNDEO\DFFXUDWHVRWKHXVHRIVXFKWRROVDV )20,;DVZHOODVWKHKHOSRIWKHVWDIIRI
SUHOLPLQDU\ UHVRXUFH DVVHVVPHQW ORRNV SURPLVLQJ WKH,QVWLWXWRGH,QJHQLHUtDDQGWKH&HQWURGH&LHQFLDV
Further research is being done to validate a reliable GHOD$WPyVIHUD 81$0 WKH7$2FWDYLR*RPH]
PHWKRGRORJ\ 5 DQG WKH VWXGHQWV (OVD +HUQDQGH] - DQG 6DUHWL
Wind power potential in Yucatan, Mexico 87
7DEOH,,:HLEXOO:HLEXOO3')SDUDPHWHUVDQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJVWDQGDUGHUURUVIRUGLIIHUHQWKHLJKWVDERYHWKHJURXQG
FRQ¿GHQFHLQWHUYDOVVKRZQLQSDUHQWKHVHV
(a) (b)
0.25 0.18
exp 12.5m exp 50m
WRF 10M 0.16
WRF 60m
0.2 0.14
0.12
0.15
0.1
PDF
PDF
0.08
0.1
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.02
0
0 0 5 10 15 20
0 5 10 15 20
U (m/s) U (m/s)
450 9
400 8
350 7
k (−), \lambda (m/s)
D (W/m2)
300
6
250
5
200
4
150
3
100
100 10 1
10 2
z (m) 2
)LJ&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHSRZHUGHQVLW\REWDLQHGE\ 1
0 20 40 60 80
6DOGDxDHWDO DQGWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\×: 'b present z (m)
VWXG\R'u SUHVHQWVWXG\Ƒ'uS 6DOGDxDHWDO
)LJ&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHSRZHUGHQVLW\SDUDPHWHUV
6\PEROV×: kSUHVHQWVWXG\ : k6DOGDxDHWDO(2009);
o: h SUHVHQWVWXG\Ƒh6DOGDxDHWDO
88 B. Figueroa-Espinoza et al.
&DUGRV 3:H DUH DOVR WKDQNIXO RI WKH ,QVWLWXWR GH IRU FKORURÀXRURPHWKDQHV &KORULQH DWRPFDWDO\VHG
,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV(OpFWULFDVDQG'U8EDOGR0LUDQGD GHVWUXFWLRQRIR]RQHNature 249
0IRUWKHLUVXSSRUWSURYLGLQJVSDFHLQWKHLUPHWHR- 2QFOH\63-$%XVLQJHU(&,WVZHLUH&$)ULHKH
URORJLFDOWRZHU - & /D5XH DQG 6 6 &KDQJ 6XUIDFH OD\HU
SUR¿OHV DQG WXUEXOHQFH PHDVXUHPHQWV RYHU XQLIRUP
References ODQG XQGHU QHDUQHXWUDO FRQGLWLRQV Proceedings of
%URHFNHU:&OLPDWLFFKDQJH$UHZHRQWKHEULQN WKH 1LQWK 6\PSRVLXP RQ 7XUEXOHQFH DQG 'LIIXVLRQ,
RIDSURQRXQFHGJOREDOZDUPLQJ"Science 189 5,625RVNLOGH'HQPDUN$PHULFDQ0HWHRURORJLFDO
6RFLHW\SS
&KDQJ73:LQGVSHHGDQGSRZHUGHQVLW\DQDO\- 5(1 5HQHZDEOHV *OREDO VWDWXV UHSRUW
VHVEDVHGRQPL[WXUH:HLEXOODQGPD[LPXPHQWURS\ 3DULV5(16HFUHWDULDW 'HXWVFKH*HVHOOVFKDIWIXU
GLVWULEXWLRQV-$SSO6FL(QJ8 7HFKQLVFKH=XVDPPHQDUEHLW *7= *PE+
&KXUFK¿HOG0-3-0RULDUW\*9LMD\DNXPDUDQG 5RKDWJXL-6DQG91HOVRQ:LQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
- * %UDVVHXU :LQG HQHUJ\UHODWHG DWPR- $QDQDO\VLVIRUWKHJHQHUDWLRQRIZLQGSRZHU$OWHU-
VSKHULF ERXQGDU\ OD\HU ODUJHHGG\ VLPXODWLRQ XVLQJ QDWLYH(QHUJ\,QVWLWXWH&DQ\RQ7;
2SHQ)2$015(/5HSRUW1R&3WK 5RPHUR&HQWHQR 5 - =DYDOD+LGDOJR$ *DOOHJRV
6\PSRVLXP RQ %RXQGDU\ /D\HUV DQG 7XUEXOHQFH DQG - - 2¶%ULHQ ,VWKPXV RI 7HKXDQWHSHF
.H\VWRQH&2$XJXVW ZLQGFOLPDWRORJ\DQG(162VLJQDO-&OLPDWH 16,
)RNHQ7KDQG%:LFKXUD7RROVIRUTXDOLW\DVVHVV-
PHQWRIVXUIDFHEDVHGÀX[PHDVXUHPHQWV$JU)RUHVW 6DOGDxD5DQG80LUDQGD(VWXGLRGHORVSRWHQ-
0HWHRURO 78 FLDOHV ELRHQHUJpWLFR HyOLFR PLQLKLGUiXOLFR \ VRODU
*U\QLQJ6((%DWFFYDURYD%%UXPHUDQG6/DUVHQ ,QVWLWXWRGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV(OpFWULFDV6HFUHWDUtDGH
2QWKHH[WHQVLRQRIWKHZLQGSUR¿OHRYHUKR- (QHUJtD0H[LFR$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZVHQHUJRE
PRJHQHRXVWHUUDLQEH\RQGWKHVXUIDFHERXQGDU\OD\HU P[ZHE6HQHUUHV$-5HFXUVRVSGI
%RXQG/D\0HWHRURO2 6DOGDxD5DQG80LUDQGD(VWXGLRGHOSRWHQFLDO
+HQQHVVH\-36RPHDVSHFWVRIZLQGVWDWLVWLFV- HRORHQHUJpWLFR HQ XQ VLWLR GH LQWHUpV XELFDGR HQ OD
$SSO0HWHRURO16 ]RQDFRVWHUDQRUWHGHODSHQtQVXODGH<XFDWiQ;9,,,
-DUDPLOOR2$DQG0$%RUMD:LQGDQDO\VLVLQ &RQJUHVR0H[LFDQRGH0HWHRURORJtD&DQF~Q4XLQ-
/D9HQWRVD0H[LFR$ELPRGDOSUREDELOLW\GLVWULEXWLRQ WDQD5RR0H[LFR
FDVH5HQHZ(QHUJ29 6DWK\DMLWK 0 :LQG HQHUJ\ )XQGDPHQWDOV UH-
-RQNPDQ - &RPSXWHUDLGHG HQJLQHHULQJ WRROV source analysis and economics6SULQJHU%HUOLQDQG
1DWLRQDO 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ /DERUDWRU\ 1:7& ,Q- +HLGHOEHUJSS
IRUPDWLRQ 3RUWDO$YDLODEOH DW KWWSZLQGQUHOJRY 6DYHO\HY6DQG37D\ORU,QWHUQDOERXQGDU\OD\-
GHVLJQFRGHVVLPXODWRUVIDVW HUV,+HLJKWIRUPXODHIRUQHXWUDODQGGLDEDWLFÀRZV
-XVWXV&*$0LNKDLODQG'*UDEHU0HWKRGV %RXQG/D\0HWHRURO 115
IRUHVWLPDWLQJZLQGVSHHGIUHTXHQF\GLVWULEXWLRQV- 6(1(5&)(3URVSHFWLYDGHOVHFWRUHOpFWULFR
$SSO0HWHRURO 17 'LUHFFLyQ *HQHUDO GH 3ODQHDFLyQ (QHUJpWLFD
.DLPDO-&DQG-(*D\QRU$QRWKHUORRNDWVRQLF 6HFUHWDUtDGH(QHUJtD0H[LFR
WKHUPRPHWU\%RXQG/D\0HWHRURO56 6HUUDQR-0%XUJRV-05LTXHOPHDQG)*RQ]iOH]/RQ-
.DLPDO-&DQG--)LQQLJDQAtmospheric bound- JDWW$UHYLHZDQGUHFHQWGHYHORSPHQWVLQWKH
DU\ OD\HU ÀRZV 7KHLU VWUXFWXUH DQG PHDVXUHPHQW RSWLPDO ZLQGWXUELQH PLFURVLWLQJ SUREOHP Re-
2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV1HZ<RUNSS QHZ 6XVW (QHUJ 5HY 30 $YDLODEOH DW
.HOO\ 0 DQG 6 ( *U\QLQJ /RQJWHUP PHDQ KWWSZZZVFLHQFHGLUHFWFRPVFLHQFHDUWLFOHSLL
ZLQGSUR¿OHVEDVHGRQVLPLODULW\WKHRU\%RXQG/D\ 6
0HWHRURO 136 6NDPDURFN : & - % .OHPS - 'XGKLD ' 2 *LOO
/L0DQG;/L0(3W\SHGLVWULEXWLRQIXQFWLRQ$ ' 0 %DUNHU : :DQJ DQG - * 3RZHUV $
EHWWHUDOWHUQDWLYHWR:HLEXOOIXQFWLRQIRUZLQGVSHHG GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH DGYDQFHG UHVHDUFK :5) 9HUVLRQ
GLVWULEXWLRQV5HQHZ(QHUJ30 1&$57HFK1RWH6751DWLRQDO&HQWHUIRU
0ROLQD 0 DQG ) 6 5RZODQG 6WUDWRVSKHULF VLQN $WPRVSKHULF5HVHDUFK%RXOGHU&RORUDGR
Wind power potential in Yucatan, Mexico 89
6ROHU%LHQW]56:DWVRQDQG',Q¿HOG(YDOXD- 7XOOHU 6 ( DQG$ & %UHWW 7KH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
WLRQRIWKHZLQGVKHDUDWDVLWHLQWKHQRUWKZHVWRIWKH RI ZLQG YHORFLW\ WKDW IDYRU WKH ¿WWLQJ RI D :HLEXOO
<XFDWiQSHQLQVXOD0H[LFR:LQG(QJ 33 GLVWULEXWLRQLQZLQGVSHHGDQDO\VLV-&OLPDWH$SSO
6ROHU%LHQW]56:DWVRQ',Q¿HOGDQG/5LFDOGH&DE 0HWHRURO 23
3UHOLPLQDU\VWXG\RIWKHRIIVKRUHZLQGDQGWHP-
SHUDWXUHSUR¿OHVDWWKHQRUWKRIWKH<XFDWDQSHQLQVXOD
(QHUJ&RQYHUV0DQDJH52