TEAM 3: DECLARADOR, DYSUANGCO, FUENTES, GACHO, GASCON, GAYAPA, GERMINAL, HARO

SECTION: BSN 1-J

BSci. 22-Human Anatomy and Physiology- Lecture

Module 10: Cardiovascular System

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Watch the video and answer the questions.

Cardiovascular System In Under 10 Minutes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lgd03h3te8

Answer please…….
1. Make a concept map showing the different components of blood, their descriptions and functions.

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 2. Discuss blood abnormalities ( provide picture).
 Blood disorders are conditions that impact the blood’s ability to function correctly. There is a range of different types and symptoms depend on the type. However, some common symptoms
include unexplained fatigue and weight loss.
Most blood disorders decrease the number of cells, proteins, platelets, or nutrients in the blood, or interfere with their function. A majority of blood disorders are caused by mutations in
parts of specific genes and can be passed down in families.
Some medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors can also cause blood disorders to develop.
The following categories describe blood disorders that cause a decrease in blood components or affect their function:
Anemia – if the disorder involves red blood cells
Leukopenia – if the disorder affects white blood cells
Thrombocytopenia – if the disorder concerns platelets
Categories of blood disorders that increase blood components are:
Erythrocytosis – if the disorder involves red blood cells
Leukocytosis – if the disorder affects white blood cells
Thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis – if the disorder concerns platelets
There are three major types of blood cancer that impact white blood cells, and they include the following:
Lymphoma, Leukemia, Myelomas

3. Differentiate the heart structures by pasting a photograph of heart with labeled parts, descriptions and functions;

Parts Description Function

AORTA The body's largest artery.
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA Largest vein in the body.
INFERIOR VENA CAVA It is a large vein formed by the
joining of the right and the left
common iliac veins, usually at
the level of the fifth lumbar
vertebra.
PULMONARY ARTERY Only arteries that carry
deoxygenated blood.
PULMONARY VEIN Thinner and more distensible
than the counterpart systemic
veins and accommodate more
blood because of their larger
compliance.
LEFT ATRIUM Walls of the left atrium are
slightly thicker than the walls of
the right atrium.
RIGHT ATRIUM Receiving chambers for blood
entering the heart.
Takes oxygenated blood from the left
ventricle to the body.
Brings de-oxygenated blood from the
body to the heart.
Carries de-oxygenated blood from the
lower body to the heart.
Carries deoxygenated blood from the
right ventricle to the lungs.
Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs
to the left atrium.
Receives oxygenated blood from the
pulmonary veins.
Receives deoxygenated blood from the
body.
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LEFT VENTRICLE Thickest of the heart's chambers. Responsible for pumping oxygenated
blood to tissues all over the body.
RIGHT VENTRICLE Triangular in shape and when Responsible for pumping oxygen-
viewed via cross section depleted blood to the lungs.
however, the right ventricle
seems to be crescent shaped.
TRICUSPID VALVE Forms the boundary between Prevent back flow of blood into the right
(Right Atrioventricular Valve) the right ventricle and the right atrium.
atrium. It contains three flap-like
cusps that, when closed, keep
blood from regressing back into
the right atrium.
BICUSPID VALVE Valve that only has two leaflets, Permits blood to flow one way only, from
(Mitral Valve) instead of three. the left atrium into the left ventricle.
PULMONARY VALVE One-way door from your heart's Opens at the systolic phase of the cardiac
right ventricle to the lungs. cycle enabling the deoxygenated blood
to be pumped from the right ventricle to
the pulmonary circulation.
AORTIC VALVE One of four valves that control Prevent the regurgitation of blood from
blood flow through the heart. It the aorta into the left ventricle during
separates the heart's main ventricular diastole and to allow the
pumping chamber (left ventricle) appropriate flow of blood—the cardiac
and the main artery that supplies output —from the left ventricle into the
oxygen-rich blood to your body aorta during ventricular systole.
(aorta).

4. Compare the blood vessels in terms of their structures and functions (provide picture);

Arteries
Always carry blood away from the heart
Carry oxygenated blood, except for the
pulmonary artery
Carry blood under high pressure
Have thick muscular and elastic walls to pump
and accommodate blood
A type of supporting tissue called connective
tissue provides strength
The channel in the blood vessel that carries
blood - the lumen - is narrow
Veins
Always carry blood to the heart
Always carry deoxygenated blood,
except for the pulmonary vein
Carry blood under low or negative
pressure
Have thin walls - have less muscular
tissue than arteries
Have less connective tissue than arteries
Have a wide lumen

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5. Trace the pathway of blood circulation (provide picture);

 The heart has superior and inferior vena cava. They carry deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower regions of the body respectively and supply the deoxygenated blood to the right
atrium of the heart.
The right atrium contracts and passes the deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle, through an auriculo-ventricular aperture (tricuspid valve).
The right ventricle contracts and passes the deoxygenated blood into the two pulmonary arteries, which pumps it to the lungs where the blood is oxygenated. From the lungs, the
pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart.
The left atrium contracts and through the auriculo-ventricular aperture (bicuspid valve), the oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle.
The blood passes to aorta from the left ventricle. The aorta gives rise to many arteries that distribute the oxygenated blood to all the regions of the body.
Since the blood goes twice through the heart, it is known as double circulation.

6. Explain the cardiac cycle;

 The cardiac cycle is defined as a sequence of alternating contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles in order to pump blood throughout the body. It starts at the beginning of
one heartbeat and ends at the beginning of another. The process begins as early as the 4th gestational week when the heart first begins contracting.
Each cardiac cycle has a diastolic phase (also called diastole) where the heart chamber is in a state of relaxation and fills with blood that receives from the veins and a systolic phase (also
called systole) where the heart chambers are contracting and pumps the blood towards the periphery via the arteries. Both the atria and the ventricles undergo alternating states of
systole and diastole. In other words, when the atria are in diastole, the ventricles are in systole and vice versa.

7. Discuss the factors affecting heart rate;

 Your heart rate, or pulse, is the number of times your heart beats in 1 minute. Heart rates vary from person to person. It’s lower when you’re at rest and higher when you exercise. Other
than exercise, things that can affect your heart rate include:
 Weather. Your pulse may go up a bit in higher temperatures and humidity levels.
 Standing up. It might spike for about 20 seconds after you first stand up from sitting.
 Emotions. Stress and anxiety can raise your heart rate. It may also go up when you’re very happy or sad.
 Body size. People who have severe obesity can have a slightly faster pulse.
 Medications. Beta-blockers slow your heart rate. Too much thyroid medicine can speed it up.
 Caffeine and nicotine. Coffee, tea, and soda raise your heart rate. So does tobacco.
8. Compare the blood groups;
 There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Our blood group is determined by the genes we inherit from our parents.
Each group can be either RhD positive or RhD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups.
ABO Blood Group System
 Blood group A – has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
 Blood group B – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma.
 Blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
 Blood group AB – has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies.
Blood group O is the most common blood group. Receiving blood from the wrong ABO group can be life-threatening.
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 Eight Different Blood Types:

 A positive: This is one of the most common blood types (35.7% of the population has it). Someone with this type can give blood only to people who are A positive or AB positive.
 A negative: Someone with this rare type (6.3% of the population) can give blood to anyone with A or AB blood type.
 B positive: Someone with this rare type (8.5%) can give blood only to people who are B positive or AB positive.
 B negative: Someone with this very rare type (1.5%) can give blood to anyone with B or AB blood type.
 AB positive: People with this rare blood type (3.4%) can receive blood or plasma of any type. They’re known as universal recipients.
 AB negative: This is the rarest blood type -- only 0.6% of the population has it. Someone with this blood type is known as a “universal plasma donor,” because anyone can receive this type of plasma.
 O positive: This is one of the most common blood types (37.4%). Someone with this can give blood to anyone with a positive blood type.
 O negative: Someone with this rare blood type (6.6%) can give blood to anyone with any blood type.

9. Discuss the protocol of blood transfusion; and

 A blood transfusion is a routine medical procedure in which donated blood is provided to you through a narrow tube placed within a vein in your arm.
This potentially life-saving procedure can help replace blood lost due to surgery or injury. A blood transfusion also can help if an illness prevents your body from making blood or some of
your blood's components correctly. Before a transfusion, your blood will be tested to identify whether you have blood type A, B, AB, or O, as well as whether your blood is Rh positive or Rh
negative. Your blood type must be compatible with the donor blood used in your transfusion. A healthcare worker will then insert a tiny needle into a vein, generally in the arm or hand,
during a blood transfusion. Blood is then drawn from a bag, passed through a rubber tube, and injected into a person's vein through a needle. Throughout the treatment, they will keep a
close eye on your vital signs.

10. Explain the disorders of the Cardiovascular System, their prevention and care.
 The cardiovascular system, often known as the circulatory system, is responsible for supplying blood to the body. The heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries make up the circulatory system.
CVD is becoming the leading cause of death in the globe. There are, however, a number of measures to lower your chance of having these disorders. If they do arise, there are numerous
therapeutic options available.

The five most common CVDs are: Heart attack, Stroke, Heart failure, Arrhythmia and, Heart valve complications. When the heart muscle is deprived of the oxygen it need to function, a heart
attack develops. This occurs when the blood flow carrying oxygen has been greatly decreased or has completely stopped. Because the condition revolves around blood flow, stroke is
classified as a heart ailment. A stroke, on the other hand, is caused by a disruption in blood flow to the brain rather than the heart. Heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure, is a
condition in which the heart does not pump blood as efficiently as it should. As the name implies, it does not mean the heart has completely ceased beating. The heart continues to pump
blood, but at a rate that is insufficient for the body to function. Any aberrant cardiac rhythm, such as one that is too slow, too rapid, or has an irregular beat or tempo, is known as a heart
arrhythmia. The heart doesn't work as well if it doesn't have a good rhythm. It's possible that the heart won't be able to pump enough blood to get oxygen and nutrients to the rest of the
body. Heart valve problems, like arrhythmias, can encompass a wide range of disorders. The valves of the heart become stenotic when they don't open wide enough to allow blood to
circulate freely. When the heart valves do not seal properly, allowing blood to leak through, regurgitation develops. The heart valves, like the arteries in your heart, must function properly to
avoid life-threatening issues.

Here are some lifestyle tips that can help you prevent and care about your cardiovascular system; Manage body weight: According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Disorders, a person's risk of having CVD can be reduced by losing 5–10 percent of their body weight. Regular exercise is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA), who
recommends 150 minutes of moderate-to-intense physical activity per week. Eat a heart-healthy diet: Polyunsaturated fats and omega-3 fatty acids found in foods like oily fish, as well as
fruits and vegetables, can help to support heart health and reduce the risk of CVD. Reducing processed foods, salt, saturated fat, and added sugar consumption has a similar impact.
Quit smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for practically all types of cardiovascular disease. Although quitting smoking can be tough, taking measures to do so can significantly lessen the
heart's negative effects.

Elaborate

Why happens during heart attack?

 Blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked during a heart attack. Coronary artery disease (also called atherosclerosis) is the most common cause. This occurs when fatty streaks (plaque)
accumulate over time in the coronary arteries. These are the arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. The accumulation of fatty streaks narrows and stiffens the
coronary arteries with time. It becomes more difficult for oxygenated blood to reach the heart muscle when the coronary arteries shrink, causing pain and discomfort. If a piece of plaque
breaks, a blood clot can form and clog a coronary artery, cutting off blood flow to a section of the heart muscle, resulting in a heart attack. Your heart muscle is starved of oxygen, which
causes the symptoms you experience during a heart attack. This makes it impossible for your heart to beat normally.

Extend

Please answer the following.

1. How blood transfusion is being done among dengue hemorrhagic fever patients?
A blood transfusion is when a donor's blood is transferred to a patient. The blood is transferred into the patient's body through a vein. A blood transfusion can make up for the loss of blood.
A nurse or doctor will check the patient’s blood pressure, pulse, and temperature before starting the transfusion. The blood transfusion procedure begins when an intravenous (IV) line is placed onto
the patient’s body. It is through the IV that the patient will begin to receive the new blood. Depending on the amount of blood, a simple blood transfusion can take between 1-4 hours. Following the
completion of the blood transfusion, the patient’s vital signs are checked and the IV is removed. For a couple of days after the transfusion, patients may experience some soreness near the puncture
for the IV. The patient’s doctor may request a checkup after the transfusion to see the body’s reaction to the new blood.
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 Prophylactic platelet transfusions are given in dengue fever with thrombocytopenia to prevent hemorrhagic complications. The decision to transfuse platelets is based on several factors including
estimation of platelet count and function, cause of thrombocytopenia, the status of coagulation system, the presence or likelihood of bleeding and the risks of transfusion. Other transfusion
strategies include blood transfusion for severe bleeding manifestations, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and cryoprecipitate for patients with deranged coagulation profile.

2. What will you advise to your patients to make their cardiovascular system healthy?
 In order to keep our cardiovascular system healthy my advice is that we should maintain a lifestyle with a proper and healthy diet by eating food rich in vitamins and keeping away food rich
in cholesterol. Exercise regularly and have your blood pressure and blood sugar checked. Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol. Eat less sugar and limit eating saturated fat. Make changes in
your life by making it a healthy one to achieve longer happiness on earth.

A healthy heart is central to overall good health. Embracing a healthy lifestyle at any age can prevent heart disease and lower your risk for a heart attack or stroke. You are never too old or
too young to begin taking care of your heart. True, the younger you begin making healthy choices, the longer you can reap the benefits. But swapping good habits for bad to promote good
health can make a difference, even if you’ve already suffered a heart attack.
Choosing healthier foods and exercising are two of the best ways to contribute to good heart health. There are a number of additional things you can do to lower your risk for heart disease.
Things that put you at higher risk for heart disease include:
 Smoking.
 High blood pressure.
 Obesity/being overweight.
 High cholesterol levels.
 Inactivity (no exercise).
 Family history of heart disease (especially a parent or sibling).
The good news is that it is possible to decrease your risk by making changes in the way you live your life. Even if you have a family history of heart disease, the power of prevention is on your
side.

References:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322260#signs-of-a-blood-disorder

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zvjkbdm/revision/1

https://familydoctor.org/keeping-heart-healthy/amp/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4181139/

https://www.toppr.com/ask/en-bh/question/short-long-type-answer-type-questionswhat-is-the-path-of-blood-flow-from-the/

https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-donation-process/what-happens-to-donated-blood/blood-transfusions.html

https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/cardiac-cycle