Course code: MPPU1024-03

Session: 2020
Semester: 2

THE INFLUENCE OF SUPERVISION OF INSTRUCTION ON

TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS IN KUNAR STATE UNIVERSITIES,
AFGHANISTAN

By: Ismail Shinwari

 THE INFLUENCE OF SUPERVISION OF INSTRUCTION ON
TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS IN KUNAR STATE UNIVERSITIES,
AFGHANISTAN

By

Ismail Shinwari and Wang Jing

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

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DECLARATION

I declare that this thesis entitled the influence of supervision of instruction

on teacher effectiveness in Kunar state universities, Afghanistan is the result

of my own research proposal except as cited in the references. The proposal has not been
accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other
degree.
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DEDICATION

To my bellowed parents and my dearest advisor DR ADIBAH ABDUL LATIF

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I might want to say thanks to DR ADIBAH ABDUL LATIF, professor of

Education faculty at UTM, Johor Bahru Malaysia, for his help all through this
research proposal. I might likewise want to say thanks to Hamza Atifnigar,
department of TESEL, UTM, Johor Bahru Malaysia, for their inclusion during the
underlying phases of the project.
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ABSTRACT

It is extremely unlikely the objective and target of an association can be

accomplished without setting up specific systems towards guaranteeing its prosperity. In
the educational system, one of the components to be set up towards accomplishing the
objectives of the school is a supervision. The research looked to discover the effect of
instructional supervision on teacher effectiveness in Kunar province universities. Two
research questions guided the investigation and one null hypothesis was tried at 0.05
degree of significant. The investigation received a similar review inquire about the plan.
All the 160 lecturers from Kunar universities. An example of 80 instructors was chosen
through a proportionate separated arbitrary examining method. The researcher created
questionnaire appropriately approved and whose dependability file is 0.85 was utilized
for information assortment. A mean and t-test were utilized to examinations the
information gathered. The aftereffect of the investigation shows that both internal and
external supervision of instructional have positively effects on teachers’ effectiveness. In
view of the discoveries of the investigation, a few suggestions were made of which one
of them is that there ought to be consistent supported workshops and courses for both the
supervisors and lecturers independently to empower them to get proficient on the desires
for the instructional supervision in universities of Kunar.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page

DECLARATION................................................................................................................................i
DEDICATION..................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER ONE...............................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1
1.2. Background of the Study...................................................................................................5
1.4 Purpose of Study...............................................................................................................7
1.5 Objectives of the study......................................................................................................8
1.6 Research questions............................................................................................................8
1.7 Research Hypothesis.........................................................................................................8
1.8 Significance of the study...................................................................................................9
1.9 Theoretical Framework.....................................................................................................10
1.11 Geographical Scope of the Study.......................................................................................11
1.11.1 Content scope..............................................................................................................11
1.12 Limitations of the study...................................................................................................12
1.1 1.13.1 instructional supervision..................................................................................12
1.13.2 Teacher effectiveness..............................................................................................13
1.13.3 Lecturer...................................................................................................................13
1.13.4 Kunar state universities................................................................................................14
CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................................15
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................15
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................15
3.2 Location of study and Background of Participants............................................................16
3.3 Research Design..............................................................................................................16
3.4 Population.......................................................................................................................17
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3.5 Sampling..........................................................................................................................17
3.6 Sampling Techniques.......................................................................................................18
3.7 Variables............................................................................................................................18
3.8 Research Instrument.......................................................................................................18
3.9 Validity of the research Instrument..................................................................................19
3.10 Reliability of the research Instrument..............................................................................19
3.11 Data collection procedure...........................................................................................20
3.11.1 Before the data collection.......................................................................................20
3.11.2 During the data collection.........................................................................................20
3.11.3 After the data collection...............................................................................................20
3.12 Data Analysis..................................................................................................................21
3.13 Location of the Study..................................................................................................21
3.13 Research Ethics...............................................................................................................22
3.14 Summary.........................................................................................................................22
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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Educational institutions leaders apply instructional supervision to develop

teaching and learning by giving rehearsing educators on-going help and direction after
their teacher instructor preparing programs. The conventional education management of
a country is the important institutional component utilized for creating human abilities
and information. Education is, in this way, saw as an essential impetus that firmly
impacts the turn of events and financial fortunes of a country and the personal
satisfaction of its people (Todaro 1992). De Grauwe (2001) sets that national specialists
depend firmly on the school oversight framework to screen both the nature of schools
and key proportions of its prosperity, for example, understudy achievement. To achieve
the purposes of supervision, directors of guidance by and large prompt, help and help
instructors (Hoy and Forsyth 1986).

The ministry of higher education presents to the part in key address and has the
general obligation regarding training segment strategy detailing, arranging, checking,
and assessment. Education is additionally the foundation of any countries' financial,
social, strict, and political turn of events (Ikegbusi and Iheanacho, 2016). Anyhow, all
the different degrees of education (youth, pre-essential, essential/fundamental, post-
essential/optional, and tertiary), including the educational foundations must be
appropriately controlled and overseen so as to create energetic profits of students that
will contribute successfully towards the national turn of events. This, basically, will
incorporate accomplishment of a significant level of academic greatness, which involves
the teaching of the correct sort of information, abilities, qualities, and mentalities to the
student to empower him to work proficiently and successfully inside the general public,
and guarantee cultural endurance (Oyedeji, 2012).
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Furthermore, supervisors are capable to supervise students issues and evaluate

their comprehension while giving answers at the same time, they can see the troubles
confronting the understudies and construct techniques and speculations and inspect or
test these systems and the degree to which they are working by estimating students
results, they regard their students, they have an obligation regarding their understudies,
they inspire their students, they assemble self-idea and self-viability for their students,
they affect their students result and lead the students through testing assignments and
they have content information (Hattie, 2003). A specific level of regard and respect to an
individual's position and obligation in the general public will in the general draw out the
best in many people and furthermore give him an insightful feeling of fulfillment in
whatever obligation he achieves (Modebelu, 2008). The education isn’t typical as it
requires the supervision of study hall guidance to assess educators' viability (Olatoye
2006). Likewise, education planned for achieving the relative changes in the conduct of
the student because of learning. Instructors are the foundation of the whole training
framework (Olorunfemi, 2008).

Although, it is accepting that good supervision of instructors prompts proficient

development and improvement in their techniques for the way to deal with guidance.
Instructing is a procedure or demonstration of orderly exercises which includes forming
the character of the student who is a mind-boggling animal, to get help to him and the
general public where he gets himself. As indicated by Ogba and Igu (2014) supervision
has been recognized as one of the ways to deal with instructor effectiveness. This
requires the oversight of instructional systems in educational institutions. Supervision, as
indicated by Modebelu (2008), is a procedure of helping, coordinating, invigorating, and
spurring instructors to improve instructing and learning forms in an educational
establishment. The supervision as the greatest improvement of the educator into the most
expertly productive and successful individual he is equipped for turning out to
be(Ogbo2015). This definition perceives that a teacher has possibilities that required
assistance, direction, and coordinating. Walker (2016) and Clark (2015) then again
consider that supervision to be a duty of improving guidance through customary
observing and in-administration training of teachers. These definitions, in this manner,
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as indicated by Eya and Leonard (2012) show that supervision is tied in with advancing
administration and instructor development in educational practices. The supervision of
instructional is an assisting bond whereby the chief supervisor and roots the teachers to
meet the set goals. This definition portrays instructional supervision from the reason for
working up a relationship with partners in the educational framework to achieve the set
objectives (Olorunfemi 2008) and (Okobia 2015). (Firz 2006) Two sorts of supervision
as internal and external. Internal supervision is done by the educational management
staff as like director/chancellor, superintendent, deans, head of department, while the
administration and appointed specialists to lead the external supervision. Modebelu
(2008) and Walker (2016) were of the feeling that External supervision is progressively
compelling in advancing instructor instructional adequacy in educational institutions.
Eya and Leonard (2012), imagined that internal supervision is increasingly conversant,
their reasons being that it causes instructors to be devoted to their obligations and helps
the less significant and unpracticed teachers to improve their teaching.

Effectiveness of teacher is, for the most part, alluded to as far as the attention on
students, their presentation, educator practices, the homeroom systems, and direct that
are actualized so as to better the results of the students. Effectiveness of teacher other
than centering upon the presentation of the understudies focuses on the quantity of
zones; successful educators must be clear about the instructional objectives, have
adequate information about the substance of the educational program and the systems
for educating, discussing properly with the students of what is anticipated from them,
following suitable showing methods and material to make learning helpful, ought to be
proficient and mindful about the students, adjusting guidance to their prerequisites,
envisioning misunderstandings in their current information, showing understudies meta-
intellectual methodologies and furnishing them with chances to ace them, tending to
higher just as lower-level psychological targets, checking the comprehension and
execution of the understudies by giving criticism, incorporating their guidance with that
in other branches of knowledge, and tolerating obligation regarding understudy's results
(Ko, Summons and Bakkum, 2013).
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In addition, Syed Jamaluddin (Afghani) University is located in northeast

Afghanistan in the center of Kunar province. On the orders of the President of the
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Mr. Hamid Karzai at the request of the learned people
of Kunar province, on the basis of order and decree of one of the faculties of Sayed
Jamaluddin (Afghani), under the "Sharia, Agriculture and Education ". Officially
approved and ordered to activate the relevant organs, which, with the efforts and
diligence of the relevant authorities, officially started its academic, scientific and
administrative activities in the year (2010), by the leadership board of the university on
same year. Date The goal of the university as a major educational center to achieve lofty
goals and academic values. It and objectives were appointed and approved. The
University currently has (120) administrative and service staff and (5) faculties that have
18 separate departments that provide scientific and academic services to (3921) students
through (89) competent academic Lecturers. Another university, Tanweer institute of
higher Education is also located in Kunar province. At the request of the educated
people of Kunar province and with the efforts of Ustad Zahidullah Zahid, the institute
was officially approved in the framework of two faculties, Law and Political Science,
and Economics and officially started his academic, scientific and administrative
activities in the year of 2012, by the board of directors of the organization. The
University currently has (35) administrative and service staff and (3) faculties that have
7 separate departments that provide scientific and academic services to (1800) students
through (60) competent academic lecturers.

All in all, this research finding remembers a powerless however positive impact
of supervision for the academic performance of Kunar state universities. Once more, it
was uncovered that there is a factually important connection among supervision and
direction of heads of Kunar state universities. At long last, the research investigation
showed no measurably huge distinction among the class of universities heads and
academic performance Kunar state universities in Afghanistan. This study features the
essentialness of effectiveness of teacher. Inside an educational organization, for the
improvement of the students, the establishment and the instructors themselves, it is basic
to procure effectiveness, it implies that teachers need to inculcate the attributes of
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viability, effectiveness, handiness, accommodation, achievement and end up being

important to the heads, different instructors, managers, students just as the guardians.
The problem of the study put being referred to shape is: which of the two methods of
supervision has a progressively positive effect on teachers’ effectiveness in Kunar State
universities?

1.2. Background of the Study

This study features the supervision of instruction on teacher effectiveness in

Kunar State Universities, Afghanistan. Inside educational institutions, for the
improvement of the students, the organization and the educators themselves, it is
fundamental to secure effectiveness, it implies that instructors need to influence the
attributes of viability, effectiveness, handiness, accommodation, achievement and end up
being significant to the chairmen, different educators, managers, students just as the
guardians. This emphasis depends on the suspicion that accepting the impression of
teachers because of instructional supervision on their demonstrations will build our
insight about how to go about instructional supervision (Wu and Short, 1996). In the
territory of training, teachers do confront afflictions and happen upon boundaries and
troubles over the span of their exposition, however, ownership of the above-expressed
attributes will empower them to be gainful and effective in their presentation and
suggestion. The motivation behind this study is to evaluate the supervision of guidance
on instructor viability of Kunar state university teacher because these universities are
new founded, and less supervision of instruction. In addition, the essential elements of
instruction show and decide whether the utilization explicit training techniques and
practices by these teachers had a huge and beneficial outcome on students’ academic
accomplishment just as supervision of instruction on teacher effectiveness in assessment
and related with supervisors and teacher profile comprised of his viewpoint towards
effectiveness and supervision. This study will add to the assemblage of information
about the quality and practices of supervision of guidance in Kunar state universities; at
last, through better understanding and improved practice, the investigation is viewed as
having the capacity to improve Afghan students. tutoring results. The problem examined
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in this research was whether the view of instructors as respects the impact of supervision
of instruction on their class performance is negative or positive and the degree of their
discernment, since these will decide the effect and achievement of supervision of
instruction of in Kunar State universities.

1.3 Problem Statement

Supervisor of university and classroom guidance is apparently failing to receive

any notice among Supervisor of university and underestimated however unexpectedly
accentuated by the ministry of higher of Afghanistan. Late instructive reports from state-
funded colleges and articles in papers in Afghanistan have shown that numerous
understudies are meandering around the town, educators getting out of remarkably to
class late or in many cases being missing from college with no real reasons, having poor
occupation execution, and here and there senior instructors are not in office during
working hours. Honestly, the absence of close oversight is accused to be the underlying
driver heightening every one of these elements just referenced. Glickman (2004) shared
the above idea as oversight shows a run of the mill vision of what instructing and
realizing which can and should be, developed agreeably by authoritatively doled out
directors, educators, and various people from the instructive establishment's system.

The contextual of this research attention to that there have been markers of
falling principles in quality instructing and learning in Kunar state colleges because of
numerous components including declining supervision of lecturers. In spite of every past
researches on instructional supervision and their proposals to support quality educating,
the issue of lack and limited of supervision in universities keeps on undermining
effective teaching to melt away as training partners on a regulatory and administrative
position, endowed with direct supervisory obligations are choosing to disregard and
visually impaired eye to this disturbing issue. There was, along these lines, a
requirement for this examination to be attempted.

Although the fact that the ministry of higher education of Afghanistan is centered
around improving the supervision of instruction in universities, much despite everything
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should be finished. recommend that poor student performance in state-funded

universities, to a limited extent, is the aftereffect of insufficient supervision of teachers.
However, there is no exact proof about the quality or nature of the supervision of
instruction in Afghan public universities. By and large, the case that there is poor
supervision of educators in public universities in Afghanistan depends on accounts and
suspicions. The quality and nature of supervision of instruction inside a university is
dared to have consequences for the ability, practice, and employment fulfillment of
teachers and, by expansion at last, on students’ results, for example, accomplishment. Be
that as it may, almost no is thought about the supervision of guidance (university-
supervision) in Afghanistan. It concentrated on three parts of instructional supervision.
The essential objective of higher education in Afghanistan is to build up the people
mental limit and character for higher education and helpful living inside the general
public. Anyhow the cultural interest for instructor performance in training and the
requirement for careful supervision in universities, there is a developing worry about the
acknowledgment of higher education goals because of the uncertainty that numerous
university supervisors focus on the supervision of instructional exercises in the
universities. The ongoing poor instructional fitness and performance of lecturers which
results in students’ poor academic performance has been a subject of worry to partners
of training in Kunar state. This improvement inspired the researcher to do an
examination to explore the connection between university supervisors‟ instructional
supervision and lecturers’ effectiveness of Kunar state universities, Afghanistan.

1.4 Purpose of Study

The purpose of study to analysis is to look at the comprehension of instruction

supervision in Kunar state universities from the points of view of lecturers. Similarly, it
is to reveal insight into how supervision of instructional is rehearsed in universities.
Lecturers who are being supervised, who are overseeing, may have various perspectives
and assumptions regarding supervisory projects and practices. In view of the findings,
the research will be situated to make proposals about potential changes in supervisory
practices. Similarly, the aftereffects of the study are expected to illuminate policymakers
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in Afghanistan, state government and incomparable less developed nations about the
connection between policy and practice in instructional supervision. This may in time
add to the improvement of strategy, arranging, and execution of university supervision.

1.5 Objectives of the study

The general goal of the research is to analyze that, there is any critical connection
between supervision of instructional and instructor's effectiveness in Kunar State
colleges, destinations as follow:

1. To determine the level of supervisor “supervision of instruction” in Kunar state

universities.
2. To evaluate the level of lecturers’ effectiveness of teaching in Kunar state
universities.
3. To establish the relationship between supervisor ‟ supervision of instructional
and lecturers‟ performance in Kunar state universities

1.6 Research questions

1. What is the level of supervisor “supervision of instruction” in Kunar state

universities?
2. What is the level of lecturers’ effectiveness of teaching in Kunar state
universities?
3. Is there a relationship between supervisor ‟ supervision of instructional and
lecturers‟ performance in Kunar state universities?

1.7 Research Hypothesis

The following null hypothesis is test at 0.05 level of significance.

H0: There is no significant relationship between the supervisor instructional supervision

and teacher effectiveness.
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H1: There is a significant relationship between the supervisor instructional supervision

and teacher effectiveness.

1.8 Significance of the study

The study significant wants concerning the import of the examination is that the
examination would alert the key instructive accomplices, first, those holding
administrative and authoritative situations, for instance, ministry of higher education of
Afghanistan, quality affirmation directorate, chancellor of colleges, informative
institutional pioneers to revive their vitality for speaker oversight in universities. These
accomplices would be helped with the understanding that there may be various factors
other than inspirations, perquisites, and training capacities that may affect the speaker's
work execution, and one of such factors is administrative practices, so to speak.

Also, the service of advanced education would be pushed to actualize

management based-getting ready, classes, workshops, and supplemental classes
countrywide for college senior instructors and administrators. After, even the people
who left behind an incredible chance of oversight course at the school or college are
most likely going to get the executive's aptitudes to become a compelling pioneer and
chief in their separate college. Thirdly, the investigation would be so useful to the level
of closure of the basic calm versus management of college and study hall direction by
college chancellor. Director would be roused to improve their managerial aptitudes and
practices as they impartially read this assessment report, disclosures, and proposals
wherefrom. Fourthly, since some instructive authorities and managers may have been
oblivious of the estimation of supervisor simply like a fundamental deliberate gadget to
watch the suitability of as of late realized projects.

At last, the study would give the researcher top to bottom knowledge into
instructional supervision and its measurements. It would in like manner out and out
making ready for other charmed instructive specialists to examine further the issue on
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the ground in different pieces of the nation or the globe whenever considered worth
doing as such.

1.9 Theoretical Framework

This research receive the psychology theory of supervision which is investigate

in education by Plant Root (2006), as per this theory, the association remains as a body
where it has different pieces of the body that cooperate and it has a head that delegate
obligations to different pieces of the association, this head observe in as a supervisor
who directs the capacity of each part of the association, This theory is in accordance
with my examination in which the chief stands as the supervisor boss who appoints and
supervise the performance of instructor in the educational institution. As indicated by
this psychological theory the management and development the of an association are
done by the utilization of the three pushed, existentialism, essentialism and
experimentalism. The supervisor will decide and coordinate all parts of the association
as indicated by these three dimensions. The supervision is considered as that period of
an instructive organization that helps in the effectiveness of instruction (Okumbe 1998).

1.10 Conceptual Framework

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The research aims to identify the influence of instructional supervision on

teacher effectiveness of universities in Kunar state, Afghanistan, with differentiating of
lecturing level, age, and teaching experience. Generally, the Independent variable for
this study is supervisor of the university, while the dependent variable is lecturers. That
is why the research aims to study the influence of instructional supervision on teacher
effectiveness of universities in Kunar state, Afghanistan, in terms of the level of
lecturing, age, and teaching effectiveness. The figure above shows several factors that
are capable of influencing the instructional supervision on teacher’s effectiveness. The
supervision of educational institution is all the genuine actions made by assign experts to
help the study of student’s instructors to enhance his development so he turned into a
staff pushing professional just as guaranteeing good setting for powerful educating and
learning (Ijaiya 1991).

1.11 Geographical Scope of the Study

Kunar state is situated in the northeast of Afghanistan. It borders with Nangarhar

Province toward the south, Nuristan Province toward the north, Laghman Province
toward the west, and has an outskirt with Pakistan in the east. The territory covers a zone
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of 4339 km2. About nine-tenths (86%) of the region is hilly or semi-uneven territory
while one eighth (12%) of the region is comprised of moderately level land. There are
only two universities in the study area were chosen defense for this example size was for
the researcher to have the option to get progressively solid and precise information, a
questionnaire was the instrument utilized for information assortment.

1.11.1 Content scope

This study concentrate on supervisor’s ‟ supervision of instructional and

lecturers’ effectiveness‟ in Kunar state universities. University supervisors‟ supervision
of instructional incorporate inside supervision, internal instructional, instructional
supervision, enquiry of lesson notes and examine of the plan of work while teachers‟
effectiveness performance incorporate an auspicious plan of work, convenient exercise
arranging, support of record of work secured, exercise conveyance/genuine teaching,
and teachers‟ physical nearness in the university.

1.12 Limitations of the study

During the way toward gathering information, the researcher confront the
limitation of meeting with the targeted members, for the most part are lecturers. At the
point when the researcher was circulating the questionnaire to lecturers, the researcher
understood that a major number of lecturers were instructing in various faculties in a
similar area of the investigation. Along these lines, it was difficult to disperse the
surveys to similar lecturers to whom the questionnaire was controlled before in different
universities. To beat this constraint, be that as it may, the researcher chose to expand the
number of universities to partake in the investigation; that is, two optional universities of
Kunar state, and the participation only happened in the Kunar state universities.

1.13 Definition of Terms

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This study comprises several terms that will be defined by the researchers
through this sub-section in detail so readers can gain a thorough understanding of the
research conducted. Terms among this study are:

1.1 1.13.1 instructional supervision

The supervision is considered as that period of an instructive organization that

helps in the effectiveness of instruction (Okumbe 1998). The helping measure of
supervision includes encouraging, supporting, directing, and helping teachers to improve
their exhibition expertly. The motivation behind this supervision is to see that instructors
keep up and improve their academic experiences, the supervisor play the supervising
capacity by offering warning and consultancy benefits in the territories of subject
specialization and provide approach guidance and direction which additionally assists
with improving educators performance, the supervisor who is the head of university
guarantees that classes are held, students work are stamped and check, instructors get
ready and have the plan of work and exercise plan, timeliness of instructors and
students, observing and reasonable examination of all educators performance. In the
other hand Supervisor of university and assistants who are the head instructors assume a
significant job in helping lecturers to develop expertly through staff advancement
preparing programs. He likewise offers direction on the chancellor instructional in
classroom teaching in order to improve instructor performance.

1.13.2Teacher effectiveness

Teachers‟ effectiveness is indicating to exercise arrangement, the inclusion of

co-curricular exercises of work, students discipline and management, advising, and
direction, partaking in staff gatherings, real instructing, routine evaluation of students,
support of record of work secured, and learners‟ records and time the management.
Performance infers a blend of carrying out a responsibility adequately and effectively,
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with a base level of representative made interruptions (Decenzo and Robbins, 1998). In
this study, instructor effectiveness is conceptualized as the degree to which the lecturer
accomplishes university targets through exercise arrangements which include making
plans of work, exercise designs, a record of work done, getting ready and utilizing
learners‟ registers, real homeroom instructing, appraisal and assessment of the students,
going to staff gatherings, the executives of learners‟ discipline, inclusion in co-curricular
exercises, directing, and direction, are largely implies by which teachers‟ performance
can likewise be accomplished.

1.13.3Lecturer
A person who gives lectures, especially as an occupation at a university or
college of higher education. Basically, lecturer and teacher are the same terms, to use; by
the different, that lecturer is for a person who teaches in a university. Collin dictionary
also defines lecturer as: A lecturer is a teacher at a university or college. According to
Wikipedia lecturer is a scholarly position, inside numerous universities, and the
significance of the term is unique concerning one place to another. It for, the most part,
indicates a scholarly master who is contracted to instruct on a full or low maintenance
premise, they may likewise direct research.” The purpose of this study, lecturer refers to
the university lecturers in Kunar state, Afghanistan.

1.13.4 Kunar state universities

There are two universities in Kunar state Kunar university and Tanweer
university. Kunar university officially started its academic, scientific and administrative
activities in the year (2010), by the leadership board of the university on same year. The
University currently has (94) administrative and service staff and (5) faculties that have
18 separate departments that provide scientific and academic services to (3921) students
through (120) competent academic Lecturers. Tanweer institute of higher Education is
also located in Kunar province. the institute was officially approved in the framework of
two faculties, Law and Political Science, and Economics and officially started his
academic, scientific and administrative activities in the year of 2012, by the board of
 15

directors of the organization. The University currently has (35) administrative and
service staff and (3) faculties that have 7 separate departments that provide scientific and
academic services to (1800) students through (60) competent academic lecturers.

1.14 Summary
This research study allowed university supervisor ‟ supervision of instructional
and lecturers‟ effectiveness is introduced because of study directed in Kunar state
universities, Afghanistan. The targets of the study were to determine the chancellor
instructional supervision, to inspection teachers‟ effectiveness, and to build up the
connection between supervisor‟ instructional supervision and lecturers‟ performance.
The researcher utilized a descriptive correlational plan. The correlational plan was
utilized to discover the connections between the two factors chancellor’s ‟supervision of
instructional and lecturers‟ execution.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The study utilize a comparative review to explore configuration to gather

information from university lecturer. The populace contain all universities lecturers in
Kunar state, Afghanistan. A sample of 160 university lecturers are draw through a
balanced outlined straightforward random sampling method. This part presents the
research design, target populace of the research, sample size, sampling technique,
instruments, validity and reliability, information gathering methodology, analysis of
data, moral thought, and limitation of the research. As indicated by Nwankwo (2013),
separated inspecting guarantees the portrayal of each layer.

The instrument that is utilize for information assortment was a questionnaire with
fourteen closed-ended questions. The information gathered is utilized to register the
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unwavering quality coefficient utilizing Cronbach Alpha, which yielded a dependability

coefficient of 0.85, which demonstrated high interior consistency of things of the
instrument. It was a 4 point like an alternative survey of Strongly Agree (SA), Agree
(A), Disagrees (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD).

The researcher utilize direct conveyance strategies in the organization of the

instrument with the help of research assistance. In every nearby government visit,
duplicates of the questionnaire are control on the chose respondents; they are permit to
react to the things before recovering the filled questionnaire. These techniques are intend
to limit the odds of loss of questionnaire things and to clarify any point the respondents
may not see quite well. Out of the 160 duplicates, appropriated questionnaire things, 164
copies are recover and utilize for the study. The information gather to investigate
utilizing mean and standard deviation for the research questions, while the null
hypothesis is try at 0.05 degree of significant utilizing t-test insights.

3.2 Location of study and Background of Participants

The research study, which is the Influence of Instructional Supervision on

Teachers' effectiveness, is direct in Asadabad district of Kunar State, Afghanistan.
Asadabad is situated in northeast part of Afghanistan, at 276km away from Kabul, the
capital city of Afghanistan.

Kunar state has 2 universities. The objective populace of the study, however,
contained 160 instructors all from the chose two universities including one public and
one private university in Kunar Province, Afghanistan.

3.3 Research Design

The design adopt in this research is Descriptive Correlational structure.

Henceforth the avocation for utilizing correlational design is to discover the connections
between the two factors university supervisor’ instructional supervision and teacher
 17

effectiveness‟. As indicated by Robinson (1976), Borg and Gall (1979), correlation

study incorporate all examination extends in which an endeavor is made to find or
explain connections using the correlational statistical strategies. It is significantly a
quantitative research type with the end goal that the specialist expected to increase an
inside and out comprehension of instructors' information on, disposition toward, and
point of view of general and instructional supervision in universities, and how
supervision is rehearse in universities.

3.4 Population

Kunar state has two universities. The objective populace of the study, however,
contained two chancellors, two vice chancellors and 160instructors all from the chose
two universities including one public and one private university in Kunar Province,
Afghanistan.
3.5 Sampling

All the study members are from the chosen universities of Kunar state. In
sampling the members, the researcher followed Krejcie and Morgan's (1970) strategy,
which infers the littler the populace the bigger the sample. Detail of the example size
appears in Table 2.1 gave beneath:
Table 1: Sample of Research Participants and sample size
Sample
No Category Papulation
size
1 Said Jamaluddin Afghan University chancellor and 2 2
vice chancellor
2 Tanweer University chancellor and vice chancellor 2 2
Lecturer 160 80
Total 164 84
Source: Ministry of Higher education, 2020

Research subjects who are rely upon to take an interest in the investigation
included 164 university lecturers, from chose both a private and government universities
of Kunar state as said before. The subjects of the investigation are choose randomly
 18

dependent on the specialist's enthusiasm for members from the specific universities. To
put it plainly, the investigation subject example size that is require to take an interest in
the study was 84.

3.6 Sampling Techniques

Generally sampling is use to select the chancellors, vice chancellors. Although

systematic random sampling method is use to sample, size of lecturers 160 from the
names got from both of universities.

3.7 Variables

This research has two variables. Independent variable, which is instructional

supervision (internal and external), and dependent variable teacher effectiveness.

3.8 Research Instrument

The researcher utilize the questionnaire as significant research tool to assemble

anticipated information and self-constructed closed ended fourteen question which
inquiries and dependent on examine goals and to assemble subjective information from
research participant. As indicated by Ordho (2004), questionnaire take into account
estimation possibly in support of a specific perspective and underline that a
questionnaire can gather a lot of data in a sensibly speedy space of time.
As respects questionnaire things, the researcher utilized five Likert scales, which
mandatory an individual member to react to a progression of articulations in the
questionnaire by demonstrating whether he/she strongly agree (SA), or agree (An), or is
unsure (U), or disagree (D), or strongly disagree (SD).
Table 2: Likert Scale, Coding, and Interpretation

Scale Coding Mean Interpretation

Strongly agree 5 4.50-5.00 Very high
Agree 4 3.50-4.49 High
Undecided 3 2.50-3.49 Moderate
Disagree 2 1.50-2.49 Low
Strongly disagree 1 1.00-1.49 Very low
 19

Source: Likert scales

3.9 Validity of the research Instrument

The validity of research instruments is find out by examining only by

questionnaire guide items with investigate universities lecturers, and afterward the
instruments are pass onto research advisor for additional evaluation and thought before
use. So as to test the validity of the instrument, the researcher profited the questionnaire
to specialists in the field to check everything for significance with respect to the
substance matter. Manga (2012).

The questionnaire is appraise under two-level of relevance that is relevance and

in-relevant, the questionnaire that is evaluate relevance and in- relevance is determine as
the proportion of the complete number of inquiries in the questionnaire and afterward.
The researcher Calculated the substance Validity index (CVI) utilizing the formula
underneath:
CVI= item rated as strongly agreed and agreed. (3 and 4)
Total number of items
30 /36 = 0.83
The adequate rate that the researcher favored was 0.7 that come about because of
the division of the rectified questions out of the all-out question.

Subsequently, the CVI was 0.83 so the instrument is view as valid. As indicated
by Amin (2005), CVI of 0.7 or more are viewed as valid.

3.10 Reliability of the research Instrument

Concerning the estimation of unwavering quality, then again, the researcher pilot
teste the instrument and applied Cronbach's Alpha coefficient to determine the interior
consistency of the research tool, in particular, the questionnaire. As appeared in Table
1.3, the SPSS calculation showed that Cronbach 's Alfa coefficient 0.850 > 0.70,
 20

consequently, the examination instrument was essentially dependable to be utilized to

assemble information. r = 0.850.

3.11 Data collection procedure

The sole wellspring of information, which is the essential source naturally, is the
subjects of concern lecturers of Kunar state universities. Expected information is gather by
method for directing a questionnaire to the said members is utilize to collect quantitative
information from the respondents.

3.11.1Before the data collection

In this step, the researcher got a transmittal letter from the Education Faculty,
Nangarhar University, which he introduce to the neighborhood experts in the field. He at
that point makes arrangements dependent on the conditions in the field of study. The
researcher make an evaluation of the climate condition, proficiency level, and semantics
qualities in the examination region in order to decide the best techniques to use just as
getting ready questionnaire.

3.11.2 During the data collection

1. The respondents are mention to answer all the things and not to leave any piece of
the inquiry unanswered.
2. The researcher and the aide underline the recovery of the questionnaire inside five
(5) days from the date of circulation.
3. On recovery, the completely return questionnaire is verify whether all are reply.

3.11.3 After the data collection

At this step, the researcher prepare the information got from the field efficiently
in anticipation of introduction analysis, and introduction, utilizing the statistical package
for social science (SPSS).
 21

3.12 Data Analysis

As to the investigation of information, the researcher applied a measurable

device, to be specific, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to dissect the
accumulated information. With this package, the researcher utilized descriptive
statistics, frequency, notably, rate, mean, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Pearson
Correlation is apply in breaking down information on questionnaire things under
research goals where the connection between the two factors is place into account.
Information on the remainder of the targets is investigate by utilizing descriptive
statistics, to be specific; recurrence, rate, and mean.

All procedure of information investigation is finish concerning research targets,

and discoveries to make proposals to lecturers. The main method of reasoning behind
the decision of Pearson Correlation Coefficient to quantify the relationship is that the
factors being refer to be estimate are just two; the gathered information was made
interim or coded for their simple section into SPSS investigation thereof.

Every gathering datum is appropriately code into SPSS Version 16.0 analyze
descriptive statistics and Pearson’s Linear Correlation Coefficient (PLCC). The previous
is utilize to break down to survey lecturers’ effectiveness and instructional supervision
of supervisor while the later is utilize to decide the connection between supervisor‟
instructional supervision and teacher effectiveness.

3.13 Location of the Study

The research study, which is the Influence of Instructional Supervision on

Teachers' effectiveness, is direct in Asadabad district of Kunar State, Afghanistan.
Asadabad is situated in northeast part of Afghanistan, at 276km away from Kabul, the
capital city of Afghanistan.
 22

Kunar state has 2 universities. The objective populace of the study, however,
contained 160 instructors all from the chose two universities including one public and
one private university in Kunar Province, Afghanistan.

3.13 Research Ethics

The research ethics refers to the researcher's misconduct such as forgery,

plagiarism, and so on. Kamat (2006) listed the research misconduct as fabrication,
falsification, or plagiarism in propositioning, conducting, or analysing research, or in
stating research findings. In this study, the researchers drew on some of the author's
articles and showed their provenance. This is do in order to recognize and respect their
research results. The study does not make any data on the makeup. All the data
displayed are truly valid and had not been modified. Therefore, the researcher statement
this research without violating the research ethics.

In addition, the researchers promise that all behaviors are ethical. The researchers
promise to firmly resist unethical behavior. For example, copying and pasting other
people’s works, submitting others’ research results, and using false information to
mislead research results. In simple terms, researchers do not modify any information for
deceptive purposes. All displayed information is true.

3.14 Summary

This chapter is head by the, the influence of supervision of instruction on teacher

effectiveness in Kunar state universities, Afghanistan and elaborates on the specific
methods and details of the research. This chapter contains introductions, research design,
sample types, population, sample size, study site, survey tools, data collection and data
analysis, reliability and validity of the study, and finally a brief description of research
ethics.
 23

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