MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

BY - AM S
1. The following table gives the daily income of ten workers in a factory. Find the arithmetic mean. By Assumed mean method

2. The following table gives production yield in kg per hectare of wheat of 150 farms in a village. Calculate the mean by step
deviation method
▪ Central Tendency

▪ A central tendency refers to a central value or a representative value of a statistical series.

According to Clark, “An average is a figure that represents the whole group”.
▪ Types of Statistical Averages

▪ Average are broadly classified into two categories

• Mathematical Averages
• Positional Averages
 Direct Method Assumed Mean Method Step Deviation Method
Individual Series OR Short Cut Method

σ𝑥 σ𝑑 -----------
𝑥ҧ = 𝑥ҧ = 𝐴 +
𝑛 𝑛
𝛴𝑥 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠
𝑛 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑋
𝑑 =X−A
Discrete Series σ 𝑓𝑥 σ 𝑓𝑑 σ 𝐹 𝑑′
𝑥ҧ = 𝑥ҧ = 𝐴 + 𝑥ҧ = 𝐴 + ×ⅈ
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑓𝑑 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑑
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑋 𝑑 ′ = d/I
N = Sum of Freq. ⅈ = Class difference
𝐹 𝑑 ′ = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑑′

Continuous Series σ 𝑓𝑚 σ 𝐹𝑑 σ 𝐹 ⅆ′
𝑥ҧ = 𝑥ҧ = 𝐴 + 𝑥ҧ = 𝐴 + ×ⅈ
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑑 =M−A ⅆ′ = 𝑴 − 𝑨/ⅈ
𝑓𝑚 = 𝑭 ∗ 𝑴
M = Mid Value
N = Sum of Freq.
 1. INDIVIDUAL SERIES

▪1.A Direct Method

σ𝑥
▪𝑥ҧ =
𝑛

▪𝛴𝑥 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠

▪ 𝑛 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠
STEPS OF CALCULATION

1. Sum the value of i.e. σ𝑥

2. Find out the no. of items i.e. n
3. Apply the formula
1.B. ASSUMED MEAN METHOD
OR
SHORT CUT METHOD
σ𝑑
▪𝑥ҧ = 𝐴 +
𝑛

▪𝐴 =
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑋
▪𝑑 = X − A
 STEPS OF CALCULATION

1. Find out the A i.e Assumed Mean

2. Find out the D by using the formula X-A
3. Sum the value of d i.e. σ𝑑
4. Find out the no. of items i.e. n
5. Apply the formula
2. DISCRETE SERIES
▪2.A. Direct Method

σ 𝑓𝑥
▪𝑥ҧ =
𝑁

▪𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑋
▪N = Sum of Freq.
STEPS OF CALCULATION

1. Multiply F * X i.e. FX
2. Calculate sum of frequency i.e. N
3. Sum of FX i.e. σ 𝑓𝑥
4. Apply the formula
2.B. ASSUMED MEAN METHOD
OR
SHORT CUT METHOD

σ 𝑓𝑑
▪𝑥ҧ = 𝐴 +
𝑁

▪𝑓𝑑 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑑
STEPS OF CALCULATION

1. Analyse Assumed mean from X i.e. A

2. Calculate D from X by using formula d = X-A
3. Multiply F *d i.e. Fd
4. Calculate sum of frequency i.e. N
5. Sum of Fd i.e. σ 𝑓𝑑
6. Apply the formula
2.C. STEP DEVIATION METHOD

෌ 𝐹 𝑑′
▪𝑥ҧ = 𝐴 + ×𝑐
𝑁

′
▪𝑑 = d/𝑐
▪c = Class difference
′
▪𝐹 𝑑 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑑′
 STEPS OF CALCULATION
1. Analyse Assumed mean from X i.e. A

2. Calculate D from X by using formula d = X-A

3. Calculate d’ by using formula X-A

C

4. Multiply F *d’ i.e. Fd’

5. Sum of Fd’ i.e. σ 𝑓𝑑 ′

6. Calculate sum of frequency i.e. N

7. Apply the formula

3.a. Direct Method

σ 𝑓𝑚
𝑥ҧ =
𝑁

𝑓𝑚 = 𝑭 ∗ 𝑴

M = Mid Value
N = Sum of Frequency
 STEPS OF CALCULATION

1. Calculate Mid Value i.e. M by using formula L1 + L2

2
2. Calculate FM by multiplying F*M

3. Sum of FM i.e. σ 𝑓𝑚

4.Sum of Frequency i.e. N

5. Apply the Formula

 σ 𝐹𝑑
𝑥ҧ = 𝐴 +
𝑁
𝑑 =M−A
STEPS OF CALCULATION
1. Calculate Mid Value i.e. M by using formula L1 + L2
2

2. Analyse Assumed mean from M i.e. A

3. Calculate d by using formula d= M-A

4. Calculate Fd by multiplying F*d

5. Sum of Fd i.e. σ 𝑓𝑑

6.Sum of Frequency i.e. N

7. Apply the Formula

 ′
σ𝐹𝑑
𝑥ҧ = 𝐴 + ×𝑐
𝑁
′
𝑑 = 𝑴 − 𝑨/𝒄
 STEPS OF CALCULATION

1. Calculate Mid Value i.e. M by using formula L1 + L2

2

2. Analyse Assumed mean from M i.e. A

3. Calculate D from M by using formula d = M-A

4. Calculate d’ by using formula M-A

C

5. Multiply F *d’ i.e. Fd’

6. Sum of Fd’ i.e. σ 𝑓𝑑 ′

7. Calculate sum of frequency i.e. N

8. Apply the formula

1. Eight workers earn the following income: Find out arithmetic mean
30,36,34,40,42,46,54,62

2. Pocket allowance of 5 students respectively are: Find out arithmetic mean.

125,75,150,175,200

3. Following is the height of 10 students, Calculate arithmetic mean using Direct and Short-cut Methods.
Students A B C D E F G H I J
Height (cm) 155 153 168 160 162 166 164 180 157 165

4. Weight of 15 persons is as follows

Weigsht 20 28 34 39 42 50 53 54 59 64 72 74 74 78 79
(kg)

Find out mean weight, using Direct Method as well as short-cut Method.

5. Following are the marks obtained by eight students in statistics. Calculate the arithmetic mean

Marks 15 18 16 45 32 40 30 28
▪ Arithmetic Mean

▪ Arithmetic Mean is the number which is obtained by adding the values of all the items of a series and
dividing the total by the number of items.

▪ Arithmetic Mean is generally written as X. It may be expressed in the form of following formula
▪ Objectives of Averages:

▪ (1) To Present a Brief Picture of Data

• Averages summarises data into a single figure, which makes it easier to understand and remember.

▪ (2) To Make Comparison Easier

• Averages are very helpful for making comparative studies as they reduce the bulky statistical data to a
single figure.

▪ (3) To Help in Decision-making

• Most of the decisions in research or planning are based on the average value of certain variables.

▪ (4) To Help in Formulation of Policy

• It is very useful in policy formulation.
For example: For the removal of poverty from India, government takes into consideration per capita
income.
Merits and Demerits of Arithmetic Mean

(a) Following Are Some of the Merits of Arithmetic Mean:

(1) Easy to Compute

•Its calculation is very easy because it requires knowledge of only simple mathematics i.e. addition, multiplication
and division of numbers.

(2) Simple to Understand

•It is also simple to understand the meaning of arithmetic mean i.e., the value per unit or cost per unit, etc.

(3) Based on All Items

•It takes into consideration all the values of data.
•It is considered to be more representative of the distribution.

(4) Rigidly Defined

•Its value is always definite because it is rigidly defined.

(5) Good Basis of Comparison

•It provides a sound basis of comparison of two or more group of data.
(6) Algebraic Treatment
• It is capable of further algebraic treatment. So, it is widely used in advance statistical analysis.

▪ Following Are Some of the Demerits of Arithmetic Mean:

▪ (1) Complete Data is Required

• It cannot be computed unless all the items of a series are available.

▪ (2) Affected by Extreme Values

• Since arithmetic average is calculated from all the items of a series, it can be unduly affected by extreme values
i.e. very small or very large items.

▪ (3) Absurd Result

• Sometimes arithmetic mean gives absurd results. For example, if a teacher says that average number of students
in a class is 28.75, it sounds illogical.

▪ (4) Calculation of Mean by Observation Not Possible

• Arithmetic mean cannot be computed by simply observing the series like median or mode.
(5) No Graphic Representation
•Arithmetic Mean cannot be represented or depicted on graph paper.

(6) Not Possible in Case of Open Ended Frequency Distribution

•In case of open ended class frequency distribution, it is not possible to compute arithmetic mean without making
assumption about the class size.

(7) Not Possible in Case of Qualitative Characteristics

•It cannot be computed for a qualitative data; like data on intelligence, honesty, smoking habit, etc.
▪ What Are the Essentials of a Good Average?

▪ (1) Easy to Understand

• It should be easy to understand so that a layman can use it.
▪ (2) Easy to Compute
• It should be easy to compute.
• Its calculation should not involve mathematical complexities.
▪ (3) Based on All Observations
• Average should be calculated by taking into consideration each and every item of the series.
▪ (4) Rigidly Defined
• It should have a definite and fixed value irrespective of method of calculations.
▪ (5) Capable of Further Algebraic Treatment
• It should be capable of further algebraic treatment so that it can be used advance analysis.
▪ (6) Not Affected Much by Extreme Values
• The value of an average should not be affected much by extreme values.
• One or two very small or very large values, should not affect the value of the average significantly.
Corrected Mean Corrected sum = Incorrect Sum – Incorrect Value + Corrected Sum

Weighted Mean σ 𝑊𝑥
𝑥𝜔
ҧ =
σ𝑊

Combined Mean 𝑁1 𝑥1ҧ + 𝑁2 𝑥ҧ2 + 𝑁3 𝑥ҧ3

𝑁1 + 𝑁2 + 𝑁3
▪ Calculation of Weighted Mean
According to this way, we find weighted mean from the following information

(i) Merits
• Simplicity
• Certainty
• Based on all items
• Algebraic treatment
• Stability
• Basis of comparison
• Accuracy test
▪ (ii) Demerits
• Effect of extreme value
• Mean value may not figure in the series at all
• Laughable conclusions
• Unsuitability
• Misleading conclusions
THANK YOU
BY –AM S