CHAPTER II (Review of Related Literature)

RRL  JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

- is a comprehensive examination and - it explains the uniqueness of the study being
investigated.
analysis of existing scholarly literature and
- it also explains that the limitations of the
research studies that are relevant to the
previous research will be put into considerations
topic or research question at hand. and will not become the limitations of the new
research
COMPONENTS OF CHAPTER II: - title ( author, year)
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - methods (sampling, instrument, research
- you to create graphic organizer design, locale, analysis)
- the outline of the key concepts - result
- limitations (recommendation)
- a model that serves as the foundation for a
- you need to make it in 3 – 4 sentences only
research study
Example:
This study is different from the previous study of
Author 1, Author 2, Author 3
_____________________________________________
Figure 1: Paradigm of the study _______________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________ CHAPTER III (METHODS AND PROCEDURES)
_________________________________________ - it outlines the specific procedures and
_________________________________ techniques
- research paradigm is just a part of COMPONENTS:
conceptual framework  RESEARCH DESIGN
- you need to discuss in paragraph form QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quasi – experimental
 RESEARCH LOCALE
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (wala) -discussed the specific characteristics of the area
- when the subjects are humans  SAMPLING METHODS
- theories supporting independent variables are a
- refers to the techniques and methods used
discussed.
to select a subset of individuals or elements
 RELATED READINGS
from a larger population
- discussion of independent variables
- introduce the definition and attributes of the
purposive sampling
independent variales  SUBJECT OF THE STUDY
Example: - lettuce
Cow dung _______(definition)_____________  RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
_____________________________________________ - the device the tools
_______________________________ mechanical devices – tools available in different
laboratories
clerical tools – like questionnaires, records
__________(attributes)__________________
_____________________________________________  RESEARCH PROCEDURE
_______________________________ Stages:
- you need to provide 3 – 4 research citation per 1) Entry protocol
independent variable  permission/ethics
 preparation
 RELATED STUDIES  gathering
- you have to look into published and unpublished 2) Experimental proper
reports on actual researchers done previously to
 Execute
know what have been done in the field in
relation to your topic 3) Exit protocol
- provide 3 – 4 related studies conducted
internationally  METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS
- provide 3 – 4 related study conducted nationally
 - refers to the systematic approaches and
techniques employed to examine, interpret,
and draw meaningful conclusions from
collect data.
Population & Sample
To make it clearer, let us define the terms
population, sample and sampling technique.
Population
- is the entire group of people, organisms or
things that share similar features and
characteristics which are of high relevance
to the research being conducted. In an
action research being conducted in a
particular school, all students can be
considered the population.
Sample
- refers to members of a certain population. A
sample is a representation of the entire
population carrying the same
characteristics.
- Taking the enrolled learners in a particular
school as population, two sections or
classes in that school may serve as sample.
The process of selecting the samples is
called sampling.
Sampling Technique
- pertains to the specific manner or ways of
selecting the sample which are discussed in
your previous classes in Research and
Mathematics. In quantitative research,
sampling may require statistical operations,
to ensure that the number of participants is
sufficient to collect the data needed; while in
qualitative research, selecting the specific
number of samples has no definite rules.
However, the consideration should be
ensured in terms of saturation of the data
about the topic and the variation that is
needed within the target population.
Sampling Procedures
Probability Sampling
- is the selection of individuals from the
population so that they are representative of
the population.
Simple Random Sampling.
- is a set of n objects in a population of N
objects where all possible samples are
equally likely to happen.
Here’s a basic example of how to get a simple
random sample: put 100 numbered bingo balls into
a bowl (this is the population N). Select 10 balls
from the bowl without looking (this is your sample
n).
Note that it’s important not to look as you could
(unknowingly) bias the sample. While the “lottery
bowl” method can work fine for smaller populations,
in reality you’ll be dealing with much larger
populations. A simple random sample is chosen in
such a way that every set of individuals has an
equal chance to be in the selected sample.
Systematic sampling
- is an easier procedure than random
sampling when you have a large population,
and the names of the targeted population
are available. Systematic sampling involves
selection of every nth (i.e., 5th) subject in
the population to be in the sample.
Suppose you had a list of 10,000 voters in your
school district and you wished to sample 400
voters to see if they supported special funding
for a new school program. We divide the
number in the population (10,000) by the size of
the sample we wish to use (400) and we get the
interval we need to use when selecting subjects
(25). In order to select 400 subjects, we need to
select every 25 person on the list. Before we
start selecting subjects, we need to select a
random starting point on the list. That starting
point must be with one of the first 25 names on
the list. We would use a random number table
to determine the starting point. Once we have
the starting point, we select that subject and
every 25th subject after that on the list.
Population Size / Desired Sample Size = Interval