CHAPTER3 HEA In the general case of volumetric thermal coefficient of solid, liquid and gas is expresse: ie war) AV = Volumetric change OT = Change in temperature V = Actual volume of the material P = At constant pressure V = Volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion Pressure does not have affect on solid and liquid. But in the case of gas, pressure play avery important role and coefficient of thermal expansion will vary, if pressure varie Coefficient of thermal expansion (Linear expansion) in a solid depends on the applic temperature. Pressure on a solid object does not cause change inside the object. Therefor in the case of solid, applied pressure is assumed to be negligible. 1(aL ot Be Pressure is negligible a, (24.)Phermal coefficient in the area of a solid Alar Coefficient of thermal expansion of a liquid is calculated by its coefficient of therm expansion in solid state and in gaseous state where, f=3a . Coefficient of thermal expansion in gases is volumetric expansion. Volume of the gas at constant pressure will increase if temperature increases and vice versa. As or | By = Volumetric thermal V = Actual volume P = At constant pressure The object whose shape and e changes duc to applied temperature can be used for son applications, like preparing thermometer. Thermal expansion can be seen in thermomete The principle at which the application of thermal expansion works is defined as t] expansion of materials at increasing temperature.UU LA bau ee AL Commonly Asked Question the thermal expansion of the ion is noticed during 1 Which kind of expansion is notice’ cA (B) Volumetric expansion 6 ik i a (D) All of these ») Isotopic expa (E) None of these Answer (B) mal expansion of ; : ee z flleninp eid be increased for increasing the thermal P' fol (B) Sound (D) All of these a solid is the linear expansion. Which one of: the (A) Light (C) Heat (E) None of these Answer (C) Transfer of Heat Heat is transferred from one medium to another by three ways. These are conduction, convection and radiation. In a solid, heat is transferred from one part to another by the conduction method. In liquid and gases, heat is transferred from one molecule to another by convection method, And in vacuum, where medium is not present, heat is transferred by radiation, Look at the Following Picture of Heat Transfer in Solid In the above picture an Part to whole the amount of iron rod ha Part. The rate of tr heat receive of the rod Sets he; radiation, been heated ‘ansfer of he, d by the rod from hi ‘ated by conduction, And th and heat is transferred from its rounded ‘at depends on the length of the rod and eat producing elements. The other parts rods around the heated rod get heat by immaCHAPTER3 Look at the following picture of the method of another HEAT heat transfer from one object to Conducti i Convection ‘ — ea Radiation Radiation In the above picture, a pan filled with water is heated by the radiation of heat from a stove. Water, at the lower level of the pan gets heated first because of its closeness with the heat radiating stove. Heated water goes upward and cold water comes down ward. Water inside the pan is heated by convection method. The whole part of the pan is heated by conduction of heat. AV, Commonly Asked Question 1. Which one of the following process is involved for heating the liquid inside the pan? (A) Conduction « (B) Convection (C) Radiation (D) Alllof these (E) None of these Answer (B) Heating of the Earth by the Sun is an example of: (A) Conduction method of heat (B) Convection method of heat (C) Radiation method of heat (D) All of these (E) None of these Answer (C): ees pnductor. AF CE GUID! pIAD EXCEL od of iron conduct: heat, OLYM! neat. Therefore is calleq juctors of Heat ich can conduct heat 18 ¢ alled heat €¢ A piece of poor conductor ol ly. aluminiw™ or t conduct h food preparation is possible d for the preparation of Cond ‘A device, whit heat conductor or 0! es no! f heat. The ar is use wood do hence it ish dconduc iron j or bad due to co! f heat Most conductor of food, as they are BO* «the following pictres of ¢ insulator nduction © heat. onductor of heat Look a cae An iron rod is: heated Copper wire Aluminium Ki nife Steel candle. Iron rod is 4 good In the above figure igure (1), an iron rod is he is heated by a burni urning rend. The property conductor of h heat because heat is because heat is transferred from one end to oth hel of the conductor led col ion he co for is called conducti in the figure (2), copper wire Yr t it transfers heat ), coppel is the conductor of heat b ecause, ¥ ansfers heat fro one end to other. is the conductor of heat, there! sils made of st nductor ¢ erefore, uten yi ns In the figure sti he fig (3), alloy stee are widely used for repar: m A ety he preparation off uminium is also a yi ctor 0 : ‘fore, use tensils for the good conduei cl heat and therefi fore, used , used as u the foo! preparation.S _ Cordray arsed MLAs 1. Copper and Iron are the good conductors of heat, Which one of the following is not a good conductor of heat? (A) Soil (B) Aluminium (C) Tungsten (D) Steel (E) None of these Answer (A) 2, Why aluminum metal is used for making utensils for food preparation? (A) Because it is a good insulator of heat (B) Because it is a good conductor of heat (C) Because it is good conductor of electricity (D) All of these (E) None of these Answer (B) Radiation of Heat Heat from the Sun comes down on the surface of the Earth through atmosphere. A major part of solar radiation is reflected into space by atmosphere. Only some part of radiation comes on the surface of the earth. In the figure below, 25% of solar radiation is reflected by wind and 3% of solar radiation is reflected by the earth surface. Look at the following picture of solar radiation Solar Radiation| OLYMPIAD EXCELLENCE GUID! In the figure below, a bundle of wood stick burns and radiates heat energy. Radiation 4 first and moves upward . To fill the air gap, cold air Air around the fire gets heate Our hands near the fire feel heat due to the comes around the fire and gets heated too. radiation of heat. is useful for the human being. The temperature of the human is heated due to convection is heated by the conduction Radiation of heat energy i body is 98.4°F and should be constant. Air, around the fire, of heat. Other end of the iron rod, which is away from fire, of heat. In the following figure, a solar plate converts solar radiation into electrical energy. Look at the following picture of radiation of heat ng Crea Come De 1C Current DC Current AC Current Pon] RadiationCHAPTER3 HEAT Qe TE 1. Which one of the following reflects more heat energy, coming from Sun, into space? (A) Surface of the earth (B) Atmosphere of the earth (C) Core of the earth (D) All of these (E) None of these Answer (B) 2, Whole part of the iron rod is heated by heating just its one end. Which one of the following features of iron is responsible for the same? (A) Iron is the poor conductor of heat (B) Iron is the good conductor of heat (C) Iron is the insulator of heat (D) All of these (E) None of these Answer (B) Absorption of Radiated Heat Every object absorbs more or less heat from atmosphere or from other heat producing sources. If we put anything in the sunlight, after some time it gets heated. The amount of heat to be absorbed by a body depends on its heat absorption capacity. It also depends on the amount of heat produced by the body. On the surface of the Earth, various colors are available. The heat absorption capacity of every object depends on its color also. Black color absorbs more heat than other colors. White color reflects more heat than others. The objects having dark color absorb more radiated heat than the objects of light color. In the figure below, there are two coffee cans taken for an experiment to show the absorption of radiant energy. Thermometers inside the coffee are used for the measurement of temperature. Now paint the coffee can by white and black color. After some time, we will see that the reading of the thermometer, which has been put inside the black coffee can, is increased. The thermometer inside the white coffee can will also show an increased reading,, but it is very low in comparison to that of black polished Coffee can. This experiment proves that the black colour of coffee has absorbed more heat than the white one.OLYMPIAD EXCELLENCE GUIDE ‘1 t energy Look at the following picture of absorption of hea White Asked Question People prefer to wear white colour during the hot summer session, as the white color of the clothes reflect more heat than other colours. Our house should be painted with light color, because it reflects more heat and protects us from warm summer session. Absorption of heat by the solar cooker is used to cook the food .The inner surface of the water heater is painted with the black colour because of its good absorption capacity of heat. Thermo Flask Look at the given picture Screw on top 2- Outer cover is of plastic or steel tes 3~ Outer layer is of glass or steel coated 4- Vacuum Inner layer is of lass &~ Support BESS oF steel coated Additional i insulation y, educes he, m ‘at lossCHAPTER 3 HEAT ‘Thermo flask is used for keeping ’ a liquid in its original form. A glass of hot water in a thermo flask remains hot long time due to its built up. A screw part on its top is used for inlet or outlet. It also protects liquid from lay down, Heat, produced by the hot liquid does not radiate. External heat or cold does not absorb by the liquid. Plastic and lead inside the flax is the poor conductor of heat therefore, these arc used for the making of flask. Steel body inside or outside of the flask reflec heat. Liquid inside the flask remains in its state due to convection of heat. The outer surface of the flask reflects radiant heat. The insulation between the outer surface and inner surface of the flask provides extra insulation. 1. The inner and outer surface of the flask is coated with plastic and steel. Why heat does not appear at the outer surface of the flask ,if flask contains hot liquid? (A) Due to conduction between inner and outer surface (B) Due to insulation between inner and outer surface (C) Due to radiation between inner and outer surface (D) Due to convection between inner and outer surface (E) None of these Answer (B) 2. Which one of the following is an insulator of heat? (A) Copper (B) Iron (C) Steel (D) Thermocoal (E) None of these Answer (D)