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Orbital Mechanics Reference Sheets Equations and Algorithms 1689515592
Orbital Mechanics Reference Sheets Equations and Algorithms 1689515592
𝜇 𝜇 Angular 𝑟𝑓 𝑟𝑖
𝑀(𝑡) = 𝑛𝑡 = √ ∙𝑡 𝑀(𝑡) = √ ∙ 𝑡 = 𝑒 ∙ sinh(𝐻) − 𝐻 Δ𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑡2,𝑎 − 𝑣𝑡1,𝑎 = √2𝜇 ( ) − √2𝜇 ( ) Pure Inclination Change
𝑎3 −𝑎3 Momentum 𝑟∗(𝑟𝑓 + 𝑟∗) 𝑟∗ (𝑟𝑖 + 𝑟∗ )
𝜃
𝜇 𝑟∗ Δ𝑣 = 2𝑣 sin ( ) → 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡
𝐸(𝑡) 1−𝑒 𝑓(𝑡) 𝐻(𝑡) 𝑒−1 𝑓(𝑡) 2
tan ( )=√ tan ( ) tanh ( )=√ tan ( ) ℎ⃗ = 𝑟 × 𝑣 Δ𝑣3 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑡2,𝑝 = √ − √2𝜇 ( )
π 𝜃
2 1+𝑒 2 2 𝑒+1 2 𝑟𝑓 𝑟𝑓 (𝑟𝑓 + 𝑟∗ )
Thrust direction = + → 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 𝛥𝑖
2 2
Δ𝑖
𝑓(𝑡) 1+𝑒 𝐸(𝑡) 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒+1 𝐻(𝑡) 1 𝑎13 𝑎23 2 sin ( ) √1 − 𝑒 2 cos(𝜔 + 𝑓) 𝑛𝑎
tan ( )=√ tan ( ) tan ( )=√ tanh ( ) ℎ = [𝜇𝑎(1 − 𝑒 2 )]2 (𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒) Δ𝑡 = 𝜋√ + 𝜋√ → 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 Δ𝑣 = 2 → 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 1−𝑒 2 2 𝑒−1 2 𝜇 𝜇 1 + 𝑒 cos 𝑓
1 Hohmann Rendezvous Maneuver Oberth Effect
Parabolic (𝒆 = 𝟏) Kepler’s 3rd Law ℎ = 𝑟𝑝 𝑣𝑝 = (𝜇𝑝)2 𝜃0 = 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 Δ𝑣1 Most efficient to burn fuel at periapsis – Does NOT hold for inclination change
1
𝜇 2𝜋𝑎𝑏 𝑎3 𝑇𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 3
𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 2 1 2 2
𝜀=− , 𝑣𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 0 , 𝛿 = 180° 𝑇= = 2𝜋√( ) ℎ2 = 𝜇(𝑟 + 𝑟 ∙ 𝑒) 𝜃0 = 𝜋 − 2𝜋 ( ) = 𝜋 − 2𝜋 ( 3 ) Δ𝐾𝐸 = Δ𝑣 + 𝑣 ∙ Δ𝑣 𝐾𝐸𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 = (𝑣𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 − Δ𝑣𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 )
2𝑎 ℎ 𝜇 𝑇𝑡𝑔𝑡 𝑟𝑡𝑔𝑡 2
3
ℎ2 𝑝 𝑑𝐴 1 2 𝑑𝑓 ℎ 1 𝑟 3
𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 (𝑟𝑖 + 𝑟𝑓 ) 𝜇
𝑟𝑝 = = 𝑎(1 − 𝑒) = = 𝑟 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑒= (𝑣 × ℎ⃗ − 𝜇 ) 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = Δ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝜋√ = 𝜋√ 𝑃𝐸𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 = −√
2𝜇 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝜇 ‖𝑟‖ 𝜇 8𝜇 𝑟
Minimum ∆v to Change Inclination
Given: a, e, Ω, ω, i 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝐵 : 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 Δ𝑣:
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎 : ℎ2 1 𝐼𝑓 𝑣⊥𝐵 < 𝑣⊥𝐴 :
𝑟𝑎 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑒) 𝑟𝑝 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑒) 𝑟𝐴 =
𝜇 1 + 𝑒 cos(𝑓𝐴 ) 𝛥𝑖
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑒: Δ𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑣⊥𝐵 sin ( )
ℎ2 1 2 𝑣(𝑡𝑘+ ) sin(Δ𝜃)
𝑁𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝐴: 𝑓𝐴 (𝑡) = 2𝜋 − 𝜔 𝑟𝐵 = 𝜃𝐹𝑃𝐴 = 𝜋 − sin−1 ( )
𝜇 1 + 𝑒 cos(𝑓𝐵 ) 𝐼𝑓 𝑣⊥𝐴 < 𝑣⊥𝐵 : Δ𝑣𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑁𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝐵: 𝑓𝐵 (𝑡) = 𝜋 − 𝜔
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠: 𝛥𝑖
𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑝 Δ𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑣⊥𝐴 sin ( )
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 ℎ: √2𝜇 √ ℎ ℎ 2
(𝑟𝑎 + 𝑟𝑝 ) 𝑣⊥𝐴 = 𝑣⊥𝐵 =
𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝐵
Algorithms
Given 𝒓𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑻 Orbital Elements 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑟1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣1: Propagate Orbit in Time 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑟1, 𝑣1, t, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠:
1 2 2 2 [ELLIPTICAL] [HYPERBOLIC]
1
2 3 𝑟1 = √𝑟1𝑥 + 𝑟1𝑦 + 𝑟1𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝑟1 = √𝑟1 ∙ 𝑟1
𝒂 𝑎3 2 𝑇 1−𝑒 𝑓 𝑒−1 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑇 = 2𝜋 ( ) → 𝑎 = [𝜇( ) ] 2 2 2 𝐸(𝑡) = 2 tan−1 (√ tan ( )) 𝐻(𝑡) = 2 tanh−1 (√ tan ( ))
𝜇 2𝜋 𝑣1=√𝑣1𝑥 + 𝑣1 𝑦 + 𝑣1𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝑣1 = √𝑣1 ∙ 𝑣1 1+𝑒 2 𝑒+1 2
𝑟𝑝 + 𝑟𝑎 𝑣1 ∙ 𝑟1
𝒓𝒂 𝑎= → 𝑟𝑎 = 2𝑎 − 𝑟𝑝 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑀(𝑡) = 𝐸(𝑡) − 𝑒 sin(𝐸(𝑡)) 𝑀(𝑡) = 𝑒 sinh(𝐻(𝑡)) − 𝐻(𝑡)
𝑟
2 𝑣𝑟 > 0 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖 𝑣𝑟 < 0 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖
⃗ℎ = 𝑟1 × 𝑣1 𝐸(𝑡) − 𝑒 sin(𝐸(𝑡)) 𝑒 sinh(𝐻(𝑡)) − 𝐻(𝑡)
𝒓𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒑 𝑡1 = 𝑡1 =
2𝜋 𝜇
ℎ = √ℎ⃗𝑥2 + ℎ⃗𝑦2 + ℎ⃗𝑧2 𝑜𝑟 ℎ = √ℎ⃗ ∙ ℎ⃗ 𝑇
√
−𝑎3
Δ𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 t = 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
ℎ ℎ⃗𝑧 𝜋 Δ𝑡
𝒉 𝑟𝑝 = → ℎ = 𝑟𝑝 𝑣𝑝 𝒊 = cos −1 ( ) → 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 > 𝑂𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = t 2 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 t = 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Earth-Centered Inertial
𝑣𝑝 ℎ 2 𝑇
𝑡2 = 𝑇 ∙ (𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑(𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ))
⃗ = [0 0 1] × ℎ⃗
𝑁 𝜇
ℎ2 𝑀(𝑡2) = √ 3 ∙ 𝑡2 𝜇
𝒑 𝑝= 𝑎 𝑀(𝑡2 ) = √ ∙𝑡 ̂ → 𝑰̂ = 𝑭𝑷𝑶𝑨
𝒙
𝜇 ⃗ 𝑥2 + 𝑁
𝑁 = √𝑁 ⃗ 𝑦2 + 𝑁
⃗ 𝑧2 𝑜𝑟 𝑁 = √𝑁
⃗ ∙𝑁
⃗
[𝑀𝑈𝑆𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝜋] −𝑎3 2
̂ → 𝑱̂ = 𝑹𝑯𝑹
𝒚
𝑝 𝑝 ⃗𝑥 𝐸1 = 𝑀 𝐻1 = 𝑀
𝑁 ̂ = 𝑵. 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝒛̂ → 𝑲
𝒆 𝑟𝑝 = → 𝑒= −1 ⃗ 𝑦 < 0 , Ω = 2π − Ω
𝛀 = cos −1 ( ) → 𝑖𝑓 𝑁 𝑀 − 𝐸𝑘 + 𝑒 sin(𝐸𝑘 ) (𝑀 − 𝑒 ∙ sinh(𝐻𝑘 ) + 𝐻𝑘 )
1+𝑒 𝑟𝑝 𝑁 𝐸𝑘+1 = 𝐸𝑘 − ( ) 𝐻𝑘+1 = 𝐻𝑘 +
𝑒 cos(𝐸𝑘 ) − 1 𝑒 ∙ cosh(𝐾𝑘 ) − 1
1 𝜇
𝑝 𝑒= ((𝑣 2 − ) ∙ 𝑟1 − 𝑟 ∙ 𝑣𝑟 ∙ 𝑣1) 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒:
𝜇 𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒:
𝒂 𝑝 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑒 2 ) → 𝑎 = 𝑀 − 𝑒 ∙ sinh(𝐻𝑘 ) + 𝐻𝑘 Perifocal Coordinates
(1 − 𝑒 2) |𝑀 − 𝐸𝑘 + 𝑒 sin (𝐸𝑘 )| > 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 | | > 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝒆 = √𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑦2 + 𝑒𝑧2 𝑜𝑟 𝑒 = √𝑒 ∙ 𝑒 𝑒 cosh(𝐻𝑘 ) − 1
𝑁⃗ ∙𝑒 1+𝑒 𝐸𝑘 𝑒+1 𝐻𝑘
Elliptical (0 < e < 1) Hyperbolic (e > 1) 𝝎 = cos −1 ( ) → 𝑖𝑓 𝑒𝑧 < 0 , 𝜔 = 2𝜋 − 𝜔 𝑓(𝑡2 ) = 2 tan−1 (√ tan ( )) 𝑓(𝑡2 ) = 2 tan−1 (√ tanh ( )) ⃗
𝒆
𝑁∙𝑒 1−𝑒 2 𝑒−1 2 ̂=
̂→𝑷
𝒙
𝒆
1 𝑝 1 𝑝 𝑒 ∙ 𝑟1 𝑎(1 − 𝑒 2) 𝑎(𝑒 2 − 1) ̂ = 𝑹𝑯𝑹
̂→𝑸
𝒚
𝒇(𝒕) 𝑓(𝑡) = cos −1 (( ) [ − 1]) 𝑓(𝑡) = cos −1 (( ) [ − 1]) 𝒇 = cos −1 ( ) → 𝑖𝑓 𝑣𝑟 < 0 , 𝑓 = 2𝜋 − 𝑓 𝑟2 = 𝑟2 =
𝑒 𝑟 𝑒 𝑟 𝑒∙𝑟 1 + 𝑒 cos(𝑓(𝑡2 )) 1 + 𝑒 cos(𝑓)
⃗
𝒉
̂=
𝒛̂ → 𝑾
1−𝑒 𝑓 𝑒−1 𝑓 ℎ2 1 ℎ2 1 2 1 2 1 𝒉
𝑬(𝒕) 𝐸(𝑡) = 2 tan−1 (√ tan ( )) 𝐻(𝑡) = 2 tanh−1 (√ tan ( )) 𝑟𝑝 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎 = ( ) 𝑣2 = √𝜇 ( − ) 𝑣2 = √𝜇 ( − )
1+𝑒 2 𝑒+1 2 𝜇 1+𝑒 𝜇 1−𝑒 𝑟2 𝑎 𝑟2 𝑎
𝜇 𝜇
(− ) (cos(Ω) (sin(𝜔 + 𝑓(𝑡2 )) + 𝑒 sin(𝜔)) + sin(Ω) (cos(𝜔 + 𝑓(𝑡2 )) + e cos(𝜔)) cos(𝑖)) −√ sin(𝑓(𝑡2 ))
𝜇 𝑀(𝑡) 𝜇 𝑀(𝑡) 2𝜋 3 ℎ 𝑝
𝑀(𝑡) = √ 3 ∙ 𝑡 → 𝑡= 𝑀(𝑡) = √ 3 𝑡 → 𝑡= 𝑇 = ( ) 𝑎2 𝜇
𝒕 𝑎 𝜇 −𝑎 𝜇 √𝜇 𝑣2𝐸𝐶𝐼 = (− ) (sin(Ω) (sin(𝜔 + 𝑓(𝑡2 )) + 𝑒 sin(𝜔)) − cos(Ω) (cos(𝜔 + 𝑓(𝑡2 )) + 𝑒 cos(𝜔)) cos(𝑖)) 𝑣2𝑃𝑄𝑊 =
√ √ ℎ 𝜇
𝑎3 −𝑎3 𝜇 √ (𝑒 + cos(𝑓(𝑡2 )))
( ) (cos(𝜔 + 𝑓(𝑡2 )) + 𝑒 cos(𝜔)) sin(𝑖) 𝑝
[ ℎ ]
[ 0 ]