Bryan Final

DETERMINANTS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN
BARANGAY DAYAP, CALAUAN, LAGUNA
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice Education
Laguna State Polytechnic University
San Pablo City Campus
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
By:
BRYAN REYES AQUINO
March 2015
THESIS ABSTRACT
The study is designed to determine the Determinants of
Violence against Women in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna.
The study looked into the demographic profile of the
respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status,
educational attainment and occupation. The study wanted to
answer the following questions: What are the determining
factors of violence against women in terms of a) family
issues b) economic abuse c) social status. Is there a
significant relationship on the demographic profile of the
respondents and the determining factors of violence against
women in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna in terms of a)
family issues b) economic abuse c) social status. In terms
of age distribution, majority of the respondents are young
ranging from 18-30 years old. Equal number of male and
female respondents were chosen. In terms of civil status,
the majority of the respondents are married. In terms of
educational attainment majority of the respondent is
elementary level. In terms of occupation the majority of the
respondents are housewives. The determining factors of
violence against women in terms of (a) Family Issues
revealed an overall weighted mean of 3.17 with a descriptive

Thesis Abstract
4
interpretation of “Agree”, (b) Economic Status revealed an
overall weighted mean of 2.96 with a descriptive
interpretation of “Agree”. (c) Social Status revealed an
overall weighted mean of 3.40 with a descriptive
interpretation of “Strongly Agree”. The relationship between
these three indicators was tested with the P-value at 0.00.
This reject null hypothesis whereas α having a value of 0.05
is more than the P-value of 0.00. This reveals that the
three indicators has significant relationship. From the
salient findings of the study, the conclusions are as
follows: the determining factors of violence against women
in terms of A) The determinants of violence against women in
Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna as to the family issues was
“Agree”. Though some women suffer from violence in the
barangay because of lack of knowledge to control the
problems; However there are assessed by the respondents to
be aware in determining it. B) As to the economic abuse,
some women “Agree”. In determining violence against women
upon the economic abuse, intimate partner has control over
the other partner’s access to economic resources that may
lead to violence because it diminishes the victim’s capacity
to support herself and forces her to defend on the
perpetrator financially and also illegal or unauthorized use
of personal property or money may lead to violence, C)

Thesis Abstract
5
Determinants of violence against women as to the social
status received an interpretation of “Strongly Agree”. They
“Strongly Agree” that violence may happen by means of the
position or rank of women in the society. Women may be
vulnerable in violence depending on their job or personal
appearance. Position or rank of women within the society may
affect them to be vulnerable in violence.
Keyword. Violence against Women

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives the researcher great pleasure in expressing
his gratitude to all those people who have supported him and
had their contributions in making this thesis possible.
First and foremost, he must acknowledge and thank The
Almighty God for the blessing, guidance He showered into the
study. He could never have accomplished this without the
faith he has in the Almighty.
The researcher offers his sincerest gratitude to his
adviser Ms. Jennifer M. Nayoyos who has supported him
throughout this study with her patience, encouragement and
effort. One simply could not wish for a better or friendlier
adviser.
Mr. Marlon Wankey, Associate Dean of College of
Criminal Justice Education, for his vital encouragement,
constant reminders and much needed motivation throughout
this study.
To Mr. Dan Brinas who serves as his statistician, for
tabulating those data and giving insightful comments
thoughtful criticism, time and attention during his busy
semester.
Acknowledgment
7
To Mr. Ronel Mendoza who serves as his language critic,
for correcting his grammar to make his research more
understandable by the readers.
The researcher is highly indebted to the barangay officials
of Barangay Dayap, Calauan Laguna and to their residents for
allowing the researcher to float questionnaire, for guidance
and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary
information.
Last but not the least, the researcher takes this
opportunity to extend his deep appreciation to his family
and friends for their understanding and support throughout
this study.
B. R. A.
DEDICATION
The researcher would like to dedicate his humble research
work to the following person who helped him in doing his
research study.
First and above all, to our Almighty God who gives him
wisdom, strength, patience and determination when he
conducts his research.
A special feeling of gratitude to his loving parents, who
supported him all the way since the beginning of his
studies, who have always loved him unconditionally and whose
good examples have taught him to work hard for the things
that he inspired to achieve.
This work is also dedicated to his friends who have been a
constant source and encouragement during the challenges of
college school and life. He is truly thankful for having
them in his life.
Adam
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Title page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Thesis abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chapter
1 The problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Objective of the study . . . . . . . . . .
31
Significance of the study . . . . . . . .
31
Theoretical framework . . . . . . . . . .
32
Conceptual framework . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Definition of terms . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Research paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Table of Contents
11
Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . 42
2 Research methodology . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Research design . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Population and locale of the study . . . . 44
Data gathering tool . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Data gathering procedure . . . . . . . . .
46
Treatment of data . . . . . . . . . .. . . 46
3 Presentation and analysis of data . . .49
Demographic Profile of the respondents
in terms of Age . . . . . . . . . . . 50
in terms of
Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
in terms of Civil Status . . . . . . . .
52
in terms of Educational
Attainment . . . .52

Table of Contents
12
in terms of Occupation . . . . . . . . . .
53
Determinants of Violence against Women
in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna in
terms of Family Issues . . . . . . . . .
54
terms of Economic Abuse . . . . . . . . .
59
terms of Social Status . . . . . . . . .
65
4 Conclusions and recommendations . . . . . . .
73
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Table of Contents
13
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
APPENDICES
A. Letter for the barangay chairman . . . . . . .
78
B. Letter for the
respondent . . . . . . . . . . .79
C. Republic Act no. 9262 . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
D. Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
E. Total distribution as respondents to the
Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
F. Anova Single
Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
CURRICULUM VITAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Title Page
1. Profile of the respondents . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2. Determinants of violence against women in terms of
family issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Economic Abuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Social Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5. Test of Significant relationship on the
Determinants of Violence against Women in
Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna . . . . . . . . . 73

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Figure Table Page
1. Research paradigm of the study . . . . . . . . . .41
2. Profile of the respondents in terms of age . . . .50
3. Profile of the respondents in terms of gender . . 51
4. Profile of the respondents in terms of civil
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
5. Profile of the respondents in terms of Educational
Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
6. Profile of the respondents in terms of occupation.53

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study
The role of the women nowadays is very important
because somehow all the society needs to know how is the
role of the women through the different cultures in the
world because God created men and women to build life
together and to complete one another all lifelong, and as
Leanne Evale (2014) has mentioned that: “Throughout the last
100-300 years the changes that women have seen and been
affected by have been phenomenal. Women have gained a lot
of ground in politics, the work force, and even more power
within their own households. There was a time in history
when women were unable to voice their opinion in politics
being unable to cast a vote or run for office, and now in
modern time there are more than one woman running in the
presidential campaign. Now women and men can both be the
bread winners, the stereotypical role place on women is
slowly dissolving and both spouse parents are sharing the
responsibilities that come with the house and family.”
Violence against women is a worldwide yet still
hidden problem. Freedom from the threat of harassment,
battering, and sexual assault is a concept that most of us
have a hard
The Problem
17
time imagining because violence is such a deep part of our
cultures and our lives (Simon, 2005).
According to Schuster (2006) violence against women is
woven into the fabric of society to such an extent that many
of us who are victimized feel that we are at fault. Many of
those who perpetrate violence feel justified by strong
societal messages that say that rape, battering, sexual
harassment, child abuse, and other forms of violence are
acceptable. Every day we see images of male violence against
women in the news, on TV shows, in the movies, in
advertising, and in our homes and workplaces. It is a fact
of life for women of all ages, races, and classes.
Every form of violence threatens all women and limits
our ability to make choices about our lives. Sexual violence
is particularly insidious because sexual acts are ordinarily
and rightly a source of pleasure and communication. It is
often unclear to a woman who has been victimized and to
society as a whole whether a sexual violation was done out
of sexual desire or violent intent or whether these
motivations are even distinguishable, because violence
itself has come to be seen as sexual or erotic (Cliff,
2006).
Johnson (2005) connoted that physical, sexual and
psychological violence strikes women in epidemic proportions

The Problem
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worldwide. It crosses every social and economic class, every
religion, race and ethnicity. From domestic abuse to rape as
a weapon of war, violence against women is a gross violation
of their human rights. It negatively affects women’s general
well-being and prevents women from fully participating in
society.
Violence not only has negative consequences for women but
also their families, the community and the country at large.
It has tremendous costs, from greater health care and legal
expenses and losses in productivity, impacting national
budgets and overall development.
Decades of mobilizing by civil society and women’s
movements have put ending gender-based violence high on
national and international agendas. An unprecedented number
of countries have laws against domestic violence, sexual
assault and other forms of violence. Challenges remain
however in implementing these laws, limiting women and
girls’ access to safety and justice. Not enough is done to
prevent violence, and when it does occur, it often goes
unpunished (Richards, 2006).
The United Nations defines violence against women as
"any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is
likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or
suffering to women, including threats of such acts,

The Problem
19
coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether
occurring in public or in private life."
Ibaka (2005) stated that violence against women in
Africa begins in childhood. African families show an obvious
preference for sons over daughters; African society views
sons as a credit to their family, while families that have
only daughters are stigmatized. Sons are often weaned later,
fed better and are more likely to be enrolled in school.
These societal norms set girls up to grow into women with
low self-worth and low self-esteem, thus perpetuating a
never ending cycle of violence. Violence against women in
Africa has been brought to the forefront by many non-profit
humanitarian groups. Great strides have been made toward
ending this violence; but the tradition of inequality
between men and women runs deep, and it will take many years
to break this dangerous cycle. Rape is a powerful tool in
violence against women. The unstable political climate in
many African countries has led to a high number of
conflicts; during these conflicts it is not uncommon for
rape to be used as a "weapon of war".
Meanwhile, Watts (2005) posits that violence against
women in Nigeria is a problem as in many parts of Africa.
There is a deep cultural belief in Nigeria that it is
socially acceptable to hit a woman to discipline a spouse.

The Problem
20
Domestic violence is widespread and shows no signs of
lessening in Nigeria. The CLEEN Foundation reports 1 in
every 3 respondents admitting to being a victim of domestic
violence. The survey also found a nationwide increase in
domestic violence in the past 3 years from 21% in 2001 to
30% in 2003. Violence takes many forms including physical,
sexual, emotional, and mental. Traditionally, domestic
violence is committed against females. Common forms of
violence against women in Nigeria are rape, acid attacks,
molestation, wife beating, and corporal punishment.
Whereas, according to the National Crime Records Bureau
of India, 65% of Indian men believe women should tolerate
violence in order to keep the family together, and women
sometimes deserve to be beaten. In January 2001, the
International Men and Gender Equality Survey Questionnaire
reported that 24% of Indian men had committed sexual
violence at some point during their lives (Oldenburg, 2006).
The Islamic Republic of Iran is perpetrating state
violence against women, often using religious pretexts to
justify such violence, affecting women regardless of their
backgrounds. State violence against women takes place on the
streets committed by Basij (State-sanctioned religious
police); in courts - when State violence takes the form of
legal codification that defies the very standards that Iran

The Problem
21
has committed itself to; and in jails – when it becomes part
of the method of extracting confessions in jail, with rape
condoned as a means of torture. Indeed anywhere in the
regime (Wee, 2005).
According to Miriam Puttick (2011), this inaction is
symptomatic of the authorities’ lack of interest in
addressing violence against women. ISIS is not the first
group to be involved in abducting and trafficking women.
Women have been disappearing off the streets of Iraq by the
hundreds ever since the start of the conflict. The silence
of the Iraqi and Kurdish authorities on this issue must end.
Violence against women in the Iraq conflict documents the
extensive use of violence against women in Iraq since the
2003 US-led invasion, with a particular focus on violations
perpetrated during the upsurge in violence over the past two
years. Whether driven by political, moral or sectarian
motives, attacks on women have become a tactic of war used
by parties on both sides of the conflict. The report draws
on new gender-disaggregated data on civilian casualties,
which indicates that the armed conflict in Iraq has led to
the violent deaths of approximately 14,000 women since 2003.
In addition to the women killed in bombings, shelling and
air attacks on civilian areas in Iraq, women have been

The Problem
22
deliberately targeted for assassination by both pro-and
anti-government militias across the country.
United Arab Emirates authorities are failing to respond
adequately to reports of domestic violence. The UAE’s
ratification of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) places it
under an obligation to publish adequate statistics and
documentation on the incidence of domestic violence. This
should include data, disaggregated by nationalities of both
victim and abuser, on the total number of complaints
received by the authorities, the number of successful
prosecutions and the sanctions imposed on offenders, Human
Rights Watch said. In addition, authorities should issue
guidance to ensure that police officers do not discourage
women from filing complaints of domestic violence (Stork
2011).
The United Nations in China has been excited to see and
support the on-going process of drafting and passing
national level legislation on family violence in China,
which will include a focus on violence against women within
the home. This is a much-awaited step in keeping China's
promises as a signatory to the Convention on the Elimination
of all forms of Discrimination against Women. National level

The Problem
23
legislation will give clearer direction to the work being
done to address domestic violence in provinces, counties and
villages, as well as send important signals both to the
general population and officials responsible for
implementing the law. There is no excuse for domestic
violence, it is a criminal offense and a human rights
violation, and we must use all means necessary to end it.
Every woman has the right to enjoy a life free of violence
(Broussard 2013).
According to Rajadamnoen (2012), 44% of women in
Thailand in 2005 reported having experienced physical and/or
sexual violence by an intimate partner. More than 7 in 10
women in rural Thailand agreed that there are reasons that
justify a man beating his wife. Only 20% of physically
abused women in Bangkok and 10% in Nakhonsawan had ever
turned to formal services (health, police, religious or
local leaders, etc.) for help. Intimate partner transmission
of HIV in Thailand is approximately 36% and women report
limited power to negotiate safe sex and that the main reason
for non-condom use is refusal by men. The One Stop Crisis
Center for victims of violence in all provincial hospitals
and in district hospitals is regarded as a good practice in
service delivery. Despite existing response services, multi-
sectoral coordination mechanisms remain a challenge.

The Problem
24
There is a tradition of subservience and inferiority of
women to men that makes the issue of domestic violence in
Cambodia a complex issue. The traditional code of conduct
ChbabSrey (Women’s Law) had taught women in Cambodia to be
subservient to men. The chbab cautions about leaving girls
unsupervised or giving them too much independence and
freedom. Up until 2007, the Chbab was taught within school’s
curriculum for how women should behave. In a 2014 study, it
was shown that the general attitude towards women to stay at
home to take care of their children and husband was at 78%.
One of the reasons for a woman to stay in a domestic violent
relationship is because of the economic reliance on the man.
Generally the men are the predominant income earner in the
household, this is extremely common for males in rural areas
(Brickell, 2008).
Whereas in the Philippines, the country has been among
the world’s most gender-fair countries since 2006. According
to the World Economic Forum's Gender Gap Report In 2014. The
Philippines ranked 9th globally and topped all of Asia in
terms of women’s participation in economy, education,
health, and political empowerment. While the world
celebrates a seemingly woman-friendly Philippines, the
number of VAW cases reported to the Philippine National

The Problem
25
Police (PNP) has increased by over 500% in the past 16 years
(Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2014).
The 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey
conducted by the National Statistics Office, one in five
Filipino women age 15-49 has experienced physical violence
since age 15. It is indeed alarming that despite efforts to
address the concern, VAW persists. VAW is deemed to be
closely linked with the unequal power relationship between
women and men otherwise known as “gender based violence.”
Societal norms and traditions dictate people to think men
are the leaders, pursuers, providers, and take on dominant
roles in society while women are nurturers, men’s companions
and supporters, and take on subordinate roles in society.
Women are also put to blame as the cause of their own
misery. In the home, some women are accused of being
“naggers” or neglectful of their duties as wife that is why
they are beaten by their spouses. Rape is sometimes
attributed to a raped woman’s “flirtatious” ways. A woman
filing for sexual harassment, in some instances is blamed
for being malicious by interpreting her employer’s
appreciation of her good looks. Many of the victims are
ashamed to relate their experiences while others tend to
dismiss their ordeal as a result of their lack of faith in

The Problem
26
the country’s justice system caused by frustrations over the
lack of results in filing complaints (Devega, 2006).
The country implemented the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act
in 1995, the amended Anti-Rape law in 1997, the Rape Victim
Assistance Act in 1998, and the Anti-VAWC Act in 2004.In
2004, VAW cases dropped by 13% from the previous year. The
decrease continued until 2006. In the succeeding years,
however, cases crept higher. This is despite the enactment
of the Magna Carta of Women in 2009, mandating the
government to ensure that women are “protected from all
forms of violence.” Although statistics do not paint the
full picture, the increasing trend could also suggest that
more Filipinos are speaking up and reporting abuse since
awareness on laws and services (Tolentino, 2005).
According to Santos (2006) violence comes in many
forms. It is not just physical, like a black eye or a
swollen face. Other forms of violence are less visible but
equally painful and damaging. Every woman’s experience of
abuse is different, and each one of them deserves respect
and support. Violence comes in different forms: Physical
such as bodily harm; Sexual such as rape, sexual harassment,
forced engagement in sexual activities, demeaning and
sexually suggestive remarks; Psychological such as

The Problem
27
intimidation, stalking, harassment, humiliation, verbal
abuse; and Economic such as destroying property, deprivation
of resources, making women financially dependent, banning
work opportunities.
The 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey
(NDHS) conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO)
introduced the "Women Safety Module" which aims to capture
the extent and types of VAW experienced by women (15-49
years old). Information was collected on spousal violence -
covering all forms of VAW: 1) physical violence; 2) sexual
violence; 3) emotional violence; and 4) economic violence
(the 3rd and 4th forms of VAW were grouped together in the
survey as "other forms of violence"). The module also
included questions on marital control, which may fall either
under emotional/psychological violence or economic violence
(Lagunda, 2008).
In physical violence, the NDHS revealed that one in
five women aged 15-49 has experienced physical violence
since age 15; 14.4 percent of married women have experienced
physical abuse from their husbands; and more than one-third
(37%) of separated or widowed women have experienced
physical violence, implying that domestic violence could be
the reason for separation or annulment. In sexual violence,

The Problem
28
one in twenty five women age 15-49 who have ever had sex
ever experienced forced first sexual intercourse. One in ten
women age 15-49 ever experienced sexual violence. In
physical violence during pregnancy, overall, 4 percent of
women who have ever been pregnant have ever experienced
physical violence during pregnancy. In spousal violence,
emotional and other forms of non-personal violence are the
most common types of spousal violence (23% of ever-married
women). One in seven ever-married women experienced physical
violence by their husbands while 8 percent experienced
sexual violence by their husbands. Patterns in prevalence of
spousal violence are similar to those of violence
experienced by woman 15-49, most likely higher among
separated, widowed and divorced; currently married women who
have married more than once; and in CARAGA region, Central
Visayas and SOCCSKSARGEN. In spousal violence by husband's
characteristics, spousal Violence tends to decline as
husband's age increases, education increases, and wealth
quintile increases (The Manila Times, 2013).
In 2013, the Philippine National Police (PNP) reported
an increased rate of VAW cases filed to them which was 49.4
percent higher than that of 2013. Furthermore, it is the
highest number of VAW cases filed since 1997. However, it is
not considered to be definite of a decreasing or increasing

The Problem
29
VAW incidence in the country since not all VAW cases are
filed to the PNP. Different VAW categories were implemented
in 2004 and the average violations of RA 9262 top at 57
percent within the ten year period of 2004 and 2013. There
are 218 reported cases under RA 9262 in 2004 and persistent
increase is noted over the years wherein 16,517 cases are
reported in 2013. The incessant information on the law and
its strict implementation might be the possible cause of the
accumulating trend.
One of the categories of the law is the physical
injuries category. If a woman filed a wife battering case,
it will fall on this category. It is noted that physical
injury is the second most common case from 2014 to 2013
having a 19.7 percent of all the reported VAW cases
nationwide. But, the statute of RA 9262 which penalizes
abusive husband and live-in partners partly attributes the
reported decrease on the said incidence in the concluding
years up to 2008. Yet it started to increase again in 2012
and 2013 (Malveda, 2014).
A man was caught in Zambales province after he was
accused of trying to set his own wife on fire, supposedly
after he joined a cult. National Bureau of Investigation
agents arrested Mari Gemar and may charge him with violation
The Problem
30
of the Violence against Women and their Children Act, GMA
News' John Consulta reported on "24 Oras" Wednesday, October
8, 2014. Gemar's wife, 21, said she noticed his attitude
started to change after he joined an alleged cult in Laguna.
She said he tried to convince her to join the cult but she
refused. One night, she said she woke to see the suspect
setting fire to the mattress she was lying on. Gemar showed
media a large tattoo on his chest, which he said had meaning
to the group he joined. While he denied the accusations
against him, he asked his wife for forgiveness. NBI
intelligence officer Dioscoro de Castro said their initial
findings showed Gemar was "obsessed" with the group he
joined. As for Gemar's wife, she slapped him when they
finally met at the NBI head office in Manila after his
arrest (Joel Locsin GMA News, 2014).
Gov. Ramil L. Hernandez and the Provincial Government
of Laguna (PGL) participated in the 18-Day Campaign Against
Gender-Based Violence. This campaign is held yearly on
November 25 to December 12 to increase awareness to end
Violence against Women (VAW) reinforcing the theme “End VAW
Now! It’s our Duty!” Department and unit heads, employees of
PGL and other national/local government units started the
campaign on November 25 with a parade dubbed “2014 Walk to
End VAW Activity.” PGL employees wore t-shirts according to

The Problem
31
their cluster colors in Sports fest 2014 and brought violet
flag lets. This was followed by a ceremonial signing of
Pledge of Commitment. VAW is a global campaign that
originated from the First Women’s Global Leadership in 1991
as a 16-day event. Then in the Philippines, Presidential
Proclamation 1172 was signed in 2006 extending the campaign
to 18 days. The country has been joining the annual
campaign which aims to increase awareness on VAW and
undertake the necessary actions to eliminate it. In 2013,
President Benigno S. Aquino III signed Republic Act 10398
declaring November 25 of every year as the National
Consciousness Day for the Elimination of Violence Against
Women and Children (Laguna News, 2014).
Montes (2011) went on that while VAW is a serious
social problem that should be addressed, given the trend
that Gabriela is seeing, VAW is also a political problem.
“While it’s true that in many cases of VAW including rape
the perpetrators are ordinary men; but in the last two
years, rapes and VAW are being committed by men in uniform:
members of the PNP, the Armed Forces of the Philippines
(AFP) and their paramilitary units,” she said. The Gabriela
leader said the Aquino government’s counter-insurgency
campaign Oplan Bayanihan has allowed the massive deployment
of soldiers in communities all over the country. Soldiers

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set up camp in the heart of communities – next to schools
and churches, or even within campuses themselves and inside
public buildings. It’s all part of the military’s campaign
to supposedly win the hearts and minds of the people, but
what often happens is devastating for civilians,” she said.
Officials and employees of the Municipal Agrarian
Reform Office in Teresa, Rizal recently attended the
orientation and awareness program focusing on issues on
violence against women and children as one of the highlights
of the Women’s Month celebration. Philippine National Police
(PNP) – Teresa, Rizal Senior Police Officer 1 Minerva
Evangelista, Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC) Desk
Officer discussed on the right of women and children when
victims of violence go to the barangay to report the
incident, the common response of the officials is to
reconcile the partners. However, Ellen Ramos, GAD office
staff, pointed out that an important aspect of VAWC that
needs to be addressed is maintaining economic stability in
the family in instances when the abuser is sent to prison.
Meanwhile, in celebration of the women’s month, the GAD
Office also conducted a seminar themed Juana, ang Tatag Mo
ay Tatag Natin sa Pagbangon at Pagsulong, last March 19 at
the GAD municipal office. Meanwhile, rape cases and acts of
lasciviousness ranked third and fourth garnering 8.6 percent

The Problem
33
and 5.5 percent, respectively of the total reported VAW
cases across a ten-year period from 2004 to 2013. Moreover,
Region 6 or the Western Visayas leads of having the highest
reported VAW cases from the period of January to December of
2013 with 20.3 percent of the total VAW cases nationwide or
4,833 cases in figure. (Manila Bulletin, 2013).
Objective of the Study
This study is intended to figure out the determinants
of violence against women in Barangay DayapCalauan, Laguna.
Specifically, it aims to determine the Determinants of
Violence against Woman.
Significance of the Study
Through this study, information was generated for the
following: women, men, society in general, and future
researchers. This would help them to be merely aware of the
matters on this research which is the determinants of
violence against women (VAW). They gained favorable effect
on having deliberated by VAW.
The study was conducted to serve as a great help in the
study of criminal justice system in our country, especially
to those researchers who will conduct the study similar to

The Problem
34
the topic. It can serve as a reference for others who want
to know the determinants of violence against women.
For the Society, this study will help them to gain
knowledge of what violence against women is all about,
because this study will determine the determinants of
violence against women. This study can also open the minds
of the people about this matter.
For the future researchers, this study might help them
to obtain more knowledge about the violence against women.
They can also use this as reference in conducting related
studies about the problem. Women will become knowledgeable
about their rights. Men will obtain knowledge from this
thesis their obligation as a husband to their wives.
Theoretical Framework
To further understand the determinants of violence
against women, the researcher presented three theories,
specifically, the Culture of Violence Theory, the Ecological
Theory and the Feminist Theory.
Culture of Violence Theory explains that in large,
pluralistic societies, some subcultures develop norms that
permit the use of physical violence to a greater degree than
the dominant culture. Thus family violence will occur more

The Problem
35
frequently in violent societies than in peaceful ones.
Peer-relationships that support patriarchal dominance in the
family and use of violence to support it are exemplary of
this subculture. This theory has also produced the theories
that examples from pornography and violent images on TV can
support a "culture of violence" against women (Gregg Barak,
2005).
On the other hand, the Ecological Theory attempts to
link violence in the family to the broader social
environment. This includes the culture, the formal and
informal social networks of the family, the closer family
setting and circumstances, and the family history. This
type of framework sets up a basis for a risk-theory of
domestic assault based on the given criteria (Urie
Bronfenbrenner, 2005).
Meanwhile, the Feminist Theory of domestic violence
asserts many different ideas. Focusing on M.Bograd’s
Feminist Perspectives on Wife Abuse, four common strains
were identified. These are: 1) that as the dominant class,
men have differential access to material and symbolic
resources and women are devalued as secondary and inferior,
2) intimate partner abuse is a predictable and common
dimension of normal family life, 3) women’s experiences are

The Problem
36
often defined as inferior because male domination influences
all aspects of life, 4) the Feminist perspective is
dedicated to advocacy for women (M.Bograd, 2007).
Conceptual Framework
This study is limited based on the simplification that
considers the salient idea of the determinants of Violence
against Women.
Family Issues
The inhumane treatment of family members by their
closest relatives—those who above all others should be their
protectors and allies—is not a new phenomenon, nor is it an
uncommon one. And no society is immune to it. Mostly hidden
and historically non-criminalized, family violence may take
the form of intimate-partner violence, child abuse, sibling
bullying or elder abuse. (For a discussion of the latter,
see “A Painful Secret”.) In addition to physical brutality,
researchers often extend the term to cover nonphysical forms
of maltreatment such as neglect and psychological abuse,
although there is some debate over just how far the
definition can be effectively applied (Ola Barnett 2006).

The Problem
37
Relatives and family members, as connected by blood or
marriage, including current and past spousal relationships,
relatives through kinship, cultural or religious grounds;
and situations where people's lives have become enmeshed
through the passage of time, trust and commitment; a level
of intimacy, whether sexual or not; frequency of contact; or
a level of dependency, such as in informal care arrangements
between people with disabilities and their caregivers
(Canberra, 2009).
According to Cindy L. (2006), complicating the family
issue is the fact that in some countries, many violent acts
between family members are still not considered crimes. For
instance, a United Nations study released in 2006 reported
that “at least 102 of the 192 Member States have no specific
legal sanctions against domestic violence, and marital rape
is not a prosecutable offence in 53 countries.” Even in the
United States, criminologists began to categorize certain
acts of interfamilial violence (such as marital rape) as
crimes only as recently as the 1970s.
Economic Abuse
Economic abuse is linked to violence in three primary
ways. First, although domestic violence occurs across
socioeconomic classes, poorer women are more likely to be

The Problem
38
survivors of domestic abuse than wealthier women, both due
to contextual (e.g. neighborhood) and individual (e.g. male
employment instability) factors. Second, women who are
economically dependent on their abusers are less able to
leave and more likely to return to abusive partners.
Further, the degree of women’s economic dependence on an
abuser is associated with the severity of the abuse they
suffer. Greater economic dependence is associated with more
severe abuse. Third, economic abuse is in itself a form of
domestic abuse since abusive partners may act in ways that
harm women financially and undermine their ability to become
financially independent. Examples of economic abuse include
limiting women’s access to funds and undermining their
ability to gain employment or attend school (Weaver et al.,
2005).
According to Bernard D. (2005) the relationship between
women’s economic abuse and domestic violence is well
established, research is far less clear on the effects of
policies and programs designed to enhance survivors’
financial capability.
Economic Abuse (also known as financial abuse) is a
type of abuse that has serious implications for the victim's
economic well-being and quality of life. Economic Abuse may

The Problem
39
deprive victims of their life savings and assets and, thus,
their economic foundation for independence. Although work to
date has provided some basic information on the risk factors
associated with financial exploitation and the potential
impact it may have on the older adults (and families) who
have been victimized, much remains to be learned about its
characteristics, causes, and consequences, and about
effective means to prevent or manage financial exploitation
(Brown, D. 2006).
Social Status
Exposure to violence transcends social status,
affecting all levels of income, education, and occupation.
Some research documents increased exposure to and severity
of violence among lower socioeconomic groups; however, much
of this research focused on associations between violent
offenders and economic status. The aim of the current fact
sheet is to emphasize how socioeconomic factors, such as
employment and education, are affected by exposure to
violence (Santos, 2012).
Women’s economic status is linked to domestic violence
in three primary ways. First, although domestic violence
occurs across socioeconomic classes, poorer women are more
likely to be survivors of domestic abuse than wealthier

The Problem
40
women, both due to contextual (e.g. neighborhood) and
individual (e.g. male employment instability) factors.
Second, women who are economically dependent on their
abusers are less able to leave and more likely to return to
abusive partners. Further, the degree of women’s economic
dependence on an abuser is associated with the severity of
the abuse they suffer. Greater economic dependence is
associated with more severe abuse. Third, economic abuse is
in itself a form of domestic abuse since abusive partners
may act in ways that harm women financially and undermine
their ability to become financially independent. Examples of
economic abuse include limiting women’s access to funds and
undermining their ability to gain employment or attend
school (Weaver, 2009).
Most people take acts of violence less seriously if the
woman is "poor," old, or institutionalized; or is a
prostitute, a lesbian, or a woman with physical or mental
disabilities. This is true for all women whose "male
protectors" are nonexistent, invisible, or socially less
powerful than other men. Older women have less freedom to
fight sexual harassment at their jobs or to leave a
battering husband, partly because age discrimination means

The Problem
41
they might not easily find other ways of supporting
themselves (www.worldhealthorg.com, 2011)
Definition of Terms
Terms here are conceptually and operationally defined
for better understanding of the readers.
Abuse. Treatment to (a person or an animal) with
cruelty or violence, especially regularly or repeatedly.
Economic Abuse. Is a form of abuse when one intimate
partner has control over the other partner's access to
economic resources, which diminishes the victim's capacity
to support him/herself and forces him/her to depend on the
perpetrator financially.
Social Status. Is the position or rank of a person or
group, within the society.
Family. Is a group of people affiliated by
consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence and/or shared
consumption.
Harassment. Aggressive pressure or intimidation.
Issue. An important topic or problem for debate or
discussion.
Physical injury. Damage to a person’s body.

The Problem
42
Rape. Unlawful sexual intercourse or any other sexual
penetration of the vagina, anus, or mouth of another person,
with or without force, by a sex organ, other body part, or
foreign object, without the consent of the victim.
Violence. the intentional use of physical force or
power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another
person, or against a group or community, which either
results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury,
death, psychological harm, mal development, or deprivation.
Women. Is a female human.
Research Paradigm
This study is intended to determine the determinants of
violence against women in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna.
The independent variable of this study includes the
demographic profile of the respondents in terms of Age,
Gender, Civil Status, Educational Attainment and Occupation;
The determining factors of violence against women in terms
of Family Issues, Economic Abuse and Social Status ; The
significant difference of the determinants of Violence
against women in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna in terms of
Economic Status and Family Issues; and the significant
relationship on the demographic profile of the respondents

The Problem
43
and the determining factors of violence against women in
Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna.
The dependent variable of this study is the
determinants of violence against women in Barangay Dayap
Calauan, Laguna.
Figure 1. Research Paradigm
Independent Variables Dependent

Variables
1. The demographic profile of the

respondents in terms of: Determinants of
Violence
1.1 Age; against Women
1.2 Gender; in Barangay
Dayap Calauan,
1.3 Civil Status; Laguna
1.4 Educational Attainment; and
1.5 Occupation,
2. Determining factors of
violence against women in terms
of:
2.1 Family Issues;
2.2 Economic Abuse; and
2.3 Social Status,
3. Significant relationship on
the demographic profile of the
respondents and the determining
factors of violence against women
in Barangay Dayap, Calauan,
Laguna in terms of:
The Problem
44
Moderating
Variables
Resident of
Barangay Dayap,
Calauan, Laguna
Statement of the Problem

This study concerns to determine the determinants of
Violence against Women in Barangay Dayap, Calauan, Laguna.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents
in terms of:
1.1 Age;
1.2 Gender;
1.3 Civil Status;
1.4 Educational Attainment; and
1.5 Occupation?
2. What are the determining factors of Violence against
Women in terms of:
2.1 Family Issues;

The Problem
45
2.3 Social Status?

3. Is there a significant relationship on the
demographic profile of the respondents and the
determining factors of Violence against Women in
Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna in terms of:
3.1 Family Issues;

3.3 Social Status?
Hypothesis:
There is no significant relationship on the demographic
profile of respondent and the determining factors of
violence against women in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna in
terms of: Family Issues, Economic Abuse and Social Status.

CHAPTER 2
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents and explains the methods and
procedures that were used as basis in conducting the study.
It discusses the following: the research design, population
and locale of the study, the data gathering tool, data
gathering procedure and treatment of data. The methods and
procedures that were used serve as a guide for the
researcher and enable to make an effective research.
Research Design
A descriptive survey method was utilized in this study
since it requires manipulation of variables to ascertain the
determinants of violence against women in Barangay Dayap,
Calauan, Laguna. For these reasons, the researcher chose a
survey method and designed a questionnaire survey instrument
which was supplemented by informal interview to assess the
perceptions about violence against women of the residents of
Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna.
Population and Locale of the Study.
The study was conducted in Barangay Dayap, Calauan, Laguna.
The barangay is composed of Seventeen thousand six hundred

seventy three (17,673) residents. Sixty (60) respondents
were
Design and Methodology
48
selected to answer the prepared questionnaire through
purposive sampling. The question administered was through
written form and accompanied with an informal interview.
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1
Barangay Male Female No.of
respondents respondents respondents
Dayap Thirty (30) Thirty (30) Sixty (60)
Data Gathering Tool
The instrument that was used in the study was composed
of the following and was administered to the respondents:
Part I included the respondents profile, Part II is composed
of questions that sought to know the Determinants of
Violence against Women in Barangay Dayap, Calauan, Laguna
according to; Family issues, Economic Abuse and Social
Status. This questionnaire was validated by members of the
panel and by the Barangay Chairman. The questionnaire was
primarily based on section 3 of R.A 9262 also known as the
“Violence against Women and their children.”

49
Data Gathering Procedures
Before conducting the study, a consent letter noted by
the College Dean was prepared by the researcher signed by
the barangay authority or officials.
The researcher administered the survey to the
respondents in Barangay Dayap, Calauan, Laguna with the
following profile: age, gender, civil status, educational
attainment and occupation. The determinants of violence
against women were described by the indicators: family
issues, economic abuse and social status. After the
respondents have answered the questionnaire, the researcher
conducted an informal interview to gather more information
about the respondents.
Treatment of Data
To respond the problems of the study dealing with the
Determinants of Violence against Women in Barangay Dayap,
Calauan, Laguna in terms of: a) Family issues, b) Economic
Abuse, c) Social Status and significant relationship of the
demographic profile of the respondents and the determining
factors of violence against women in Barangay Dayap,
Calauan, Laguna according to a) Family Problem, b) Economic
Abuse, c) Social Status, the following scale was used:

50
Numerical Rating Statistical Limit Descriptive
interpretation
4 3.26 - 4.00 Strongly Agree
(SA)
3 2.51 – 3.25 Agree (A)
2 1.76 – 2.50 Moderately Agree
(MA)
1 1.00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree
(SD)
For more valid and meaningful interpretation of the
data, the statistical measures were used such as frequency
distribution, means and standard deviation. It was applied
to the respondents profile and the respondent’s related
factors. To find out the relationship of the modified
independent and dependent variable, f-test or ANOVA of
statistic was used at 0.05 level of significance. Weighted
mean of the data gathered was computed to determine the
numerical and descriptive rating value of each sub-indicator
question. The differences between the three indicators were

51
determined through the use of standard deviation value of
statistic test done.
To aid the analysis and interpretation of the data,
frequency, mean and percentage was applied for the
respondent’s profile. Weighted mean was computed to
determine the rating and interpretation of each sub
indicator questions.
The relationship between the three indicators,
family issues, economic abuse and social status on its
significant relationship on the demographic profile of the
respondents and the determining factors of violence against
women were determined through the use of the standard
deviate on result of the f-test that was used.

CHAPTER 3
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This chapter presents the result of data collection
procedure on the formulated questions concerning the subject
under study. The study was designed to determine the
determinants of violence against women in Barangay Dayap,
Calauan, Laguna. Specifically, it sought to answer the
question which includes the demographic profile of the
respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status,
educational attainment and occupation in the said barangay.
The study also determined the determinants of violence
against women in terms of: a) Family Problem, b) Economic
Abuse, c) Social Status, and if there is a significant
difference in the determinants of violence against women in
Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna according to family problem,
economic abuse and social status. This chapter will also
show the reactions and comments given by the respondents on
the sub indicators.
Part I. Profile of the Respondents in terms of:
A. Age;
B. Gender;
C. Civil Status;
53
D. Educational Attainment;
E. Occupation;
A. Age
The Figure 2 presents the distribution of respondents
according to age. It is composed of (60) respondents aged
31-40, 41-50, aged 18-30 which revealed the highest
percentage with 27 or 45%.
Figure 2. Distribution of Respondents as to Age
Figure 2 shows that out of 60 respondents, 45% belong
to young 18-30 age brackets, 33% belong to middle 30-40 age
brackets, and the remaining 22% belongs to the old 41-50 age
bracket. Majority of the respondents in terms of age
distribution belongs to the young which ranges from 18-30
years of age.
54
B. Gender
according to gender. It is composed of (60) respondents, 50%
are male and 50% are female.
Figure 3 .Distribution of Respondents as to Gender
Figure 2 presents the distribution of respondents in
terms of their gender. According to the table above, out of
60 respondents 50% are male, and 50% are female.
C. Civil Status
according to civil status. It is composed of (60)
respondents. It revealed that 25% are single and 75% are
married.
55
Figure 4 .Distribution of Respondents as to Civil Status
Civil Status of Respondent

Single
25% Married
75%
terms of their civil status. According to the table above,
out of 60 respondents 25% are Single, and 75% are Married.
The majority of the respondents are married.
D. Educational Attainment
The figure 5 presents the distribution of respondents
according to educational attainment. It is composed of (60)
respondents. It revealed that 38% are elementary, 25% are
secondary level, 20% are under graduate and 17% are college
level.
Figure 5. Distributions of Respondents as to Educational
Attainment
56
Educational Attainment of Respondent

Elementary
17% Secondary
38% Under Graduate
20% College Level
25%
terms of their educational attainment. According to the
table above, out of 60 respondents, 38% belongs to
elementary level, 25% belongs tosecondary level, 20% belongs
to under graduate and only 17% belongs to college level.
Majority of the respondent is elementary level.
E. Occupation
according to occupation. It is composed of (60) respondents.
Housewife revealed the highest percentage with 20 or 34%.
Figure 6.Distributions of Respondents as to Occupation

57
terms of their occupation. The majority of the respondents
are house wife. According to the table above, out of 60
respondents, 25% are Driver, 34% are house wife, 12% are
factory worker, 8% are vendor, 5% are farmer, 8% are sales
representative and 8% are service crew.
PART II. Determinants of Violence against Women in Barangay
Dayap Calauan, Laguna in terms of:
a. Family Issues
b. Economic Abuse
c. Social Status
A. Family Issues
The Table 2 emphasized the determinants of violence
against women in terms of family issues. Based on the
computed total mean, the determinants of violence against
women are “Agree” in family issues with the total mean of
3.17. Some of the respondents supported that in the family
issues the residents are apprehensive in violence against
women. There are times that women suffer in violence because
of different family problems that lead to violence. And when
these violence occur, women had no choice but to admit.
Based on the interview conducted last November 2015,
majority of the respondents stated that violence happens in

58
families that having lack of knowledge in handling family
problems. If they cannot control the situation and cannot
control their partners in handling family problems it will
surely end up in violence.
Table 2. Determinants of Violence against Women in terms of
Family Issues
Sub-Indicator Mean Descriptive Rank

Interpretation
1. Financial problems can 3.55 Strongly Agree 2
lead to violence against
women.
2. Marital conflicts such as 3.78 Strongly Agree 1
cheating can lead to
violence against women.
3. Alcohol and drug abuse 3.47 Strongly Agree 4
can lead to violence against
women.
4. Gambling problems can 3.20 Agree 5
women.
5. Issues relating to 2.83 Agree 7
sexuality can lead to
6. Emotional problems can 2.63 Agree 10
women.
7. Psychological problems 2.72 Agree 9
can lead to violence against
women.
8. Parental abuse can lead 3.52 Strongly Agree 3
to violence against women.
9. Harsh punishment on 2.82 Agree 8
children can lead to
10. Physical disabilities 3.18 Agree 6
among family members can
women.
Overall Mean 3.17 Agree
59
The Table 2 presents the assessment of the respondents
with regards to family issues in connection to determinants
of violence against women in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna.
Sub-indicator 2 or “Marital conflict such as cheating can
lead to violence against women” received the highest rank
with the weighted mean of 3.78 with descriptive
interpretation of “Strongly Agree”. It shows that marital
conflict is always the issue that leads to violence because
marital conflict such as cheating is the main reason why
partners fight and have problems. And because of marital
conflict, partners decrease their trust and loyalty to their
partners that can cause conflict to each other. In the
interview conducted last November 2015 Mr. Hector Salinas
says that when he and she’s wife argue it will end up in
beating and hurting of his wife.
Second to the highest rank is Sub-indicator 1 or”
Financial problem can lead to violence against women” with
the weighted mean of 3.55 with the descriptive
interpretation of “strongly agree”. It shows that financial
problem is one of the main reasons why violence happens in
some families because a family that cannot provide primary
needs is vulnerable in having family problems. In the
interview with Mr. Joel Reyes last November 2015, he says

60
that whenever they had insufficient money and unable to buy
food for his family, his wife always say bad words to him
that results him to become mad that leads to violence.
Third to the highest rank is Sub-indicator 8 or
“Parental abuse can lead to violence against women” with the
weighted mean of 3.52 and has a descriptive interpretation
of “Strongly Agree”. It shows that maltreatment to children
is one of the family issues that can lead to violence. In
the informal interview directed last November 2015 with Mrs.
Diana Pacheco, she suggested that when her husband abuse
their children, she stops him for his terrible treatment
until they begin contending and results to be rebuffing her
by beating and battering.
Fourth to the highest rank is Sub-indicator 3 which
states that “Alcohol and drug abuse can lead to violence
against women” with the weighted mean of 3.47 and a
descriptive interpretation of “Strongly Agree”. It shows
that having a partner who has bad vices is one of the family
problems that can result to violence. In the informal
interview conducted last November 2015 with Mrs. Zamora, she
implied that they are always having conflict because her
husband always drinks alcohol and uses different types of
drugs inside their house without the concern that their

61
children will see what he is doing. With this, they are
always having conflict every time her partner is influenced
by alcohol and drugs.
Meanwhile, there are sub-indicators that received the
lowest rank which are as follows:
The lowest in rank is Sub-indicator 6 which indicates
that “Emotional problem can lead to violence against women”
with an average weighted mean of 2.63 and a descriptive
interpretation of “Agree”. It shows that if a person cannot
understand the condition of his/her partner especially when
having emotional problem, it can lead to violence because a
person suffering from emotional problem has sensitive
feelings. On an interview conducted with Mr. Gelorey Jay
Calong last November 2015, he said that when his wife
experienced jealousy issue that is the reason he generally
bolts his wife inside the room and keeps his wife from going
outside the house on the grounds that people will see he is
modest and without showing the state of his wife in hardship
and without freedom.
However, he doing this just for the safeties of his
wife because he know that there are some instances that will
happen that can harm to his wife because of her condition.

62
The second lowest in rank is Sub-indicator 7 which
indicates that “Psychological problem can lead to violence
against women” with an average weighted mean of 2.72 and a
descriptive interpretation of “Agree”. It shows that a
person suffering from psychological problem can be
vulnerable in violence because a person suffering from
psychological problem cannot distinguish and react normally
in particular situation. In the interview with Mr. Abel
Velasco last November 2015, he portrayed that his wife has a
mental issue and he is constantly disturbed by the state of
his wife. Each time he goes outside, individuals around him
is offending him in light of the fact that he has crazy
wife. In that circumstance, he is continually abuse his wife
physically,
The third lowest in rank is Sub-indicator 9 or “Harsh
punishment on children can lead to violence against women”
interpretation of “Agree”. It shows that harsh punishment
plays a big role to make women being vulnerable in the world
of violence because harsh punishment is one of the elements
of violence. In the interview directed last November 2015
with Mrs. Shirly Montesinos, she portrayed that her husband
is continually giving her a cruel discipline even when she
confers an exceptionally straightforward error like she

63
neglected to purchase sugar for their coffee. She was
rebuffed by giving blow in her diverse parts of the body
that results to physical injury.
However, some respondents doing harsh punishments just
because they want to discipline their children, but they
must avoid cruel discipline because it will result trauma in
his wife and children.
The fourth lowest in rank is Sub-indicator 5 which
states that “Issues relating to sexuality can lead to
violence against women” with an average weighted mean of
2.82 and a descriptive interpretation of “Agree”. It shows
that being a lesbian abusers have pretended to be victims of
intimate partner violence so that they could gain entry into
shelters and find their partner. A lesbian cannot hold
societal power over her partner like a man. She, too, is
oppressed by society.
Economic Abuse
against women in terms of economic abuse with the computed
total mean of 2.96 interpreted as “Agree”. When one intimate
partner has control over the other partner’s access to
economic resources it may result to violence, because it
diminishes the victim’s capacity to support herself and

64
forces her to defend on the perpetrator financially. The
respondents added that illegal or unauthorized use of a
person’s property or money may lead to violence this is from
the interview last November 2015.
Table 3. Determinants of violence against women in terms of
Economic Abuse.
Sub-indicators Mean Descriptive Rank

Interpretation
1. Deprivation of financial 2.93 Agree 8
resource can lead to violence
against women.
2. Threat of deprivation of 2.98 Agree 3
financial resources can lead to
3. Deprivation of the right to the 2.78 Agree 10
use and enjoyment of the conjugal,
community or property owned in
common can lead to violence against
women.
4. Threat of deprivation of the 2.90 Agree 6
right to the use and enjoyment of
the conjugal, community or property
owned in common can lead to
5. Withdrawal of financial support 2.97 Agree 7
can lead to violence against women.
6. Preventing the victim from 3.18 Agree 1
engaging in any legitimate
profession can lead to violence
against women.
engaging in any legitimate
occupation can lead to violence
against women.
engaging in any legitimate business
or activity can lead to violence
against women.
9. Destroying household property 3.17 Agree 2
65
10. Controlling the victim’s own 2.97 Agree 4

money or properties solely
controlling the conjugal money or
properties can lead to violence
against women.
Overall Mean 2.96 Agree
The assessment of the respondent with regards to
Economic Abuse in connection to determinants of violence
against women in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna Sub-
indicator 6 or “Preventing the victim from engaging
legitimate profession can lead to violence against women”
received the highest rank with the weighted mean of 3.18
with the descriptive interpretation of “Strongly Agree”. It
shows that preventing the victim from engaging legitimate
profession always happens and results in violence because it
also shows that it prevents a person from being successful
in his life and that prevention is violence. In interview
conducted last November 2015, Mrs. Loyola told that she
wants to work and use her skill to have a good profession
because she is a college graduate but her husband always
prevents her to make it happen. Her husband always insists
that it is better to stay her in house and take care their
children. In that way, Mrs. Loyola does not feel fortunate
enough.
66
Second to the highest rank is sub-indicator 9 or
“Destroying household property can lead to violence against
women” with the weighted mean of 3.55 with the descriptive
interpretation of “Agree”. It shows that if you have a
partner who cannot control himself when encountering a
problem especially when he is always destroying household
property can lead to violence. In the informal interview
conducted last November 2015 with Mrs. Villanueva, she told
that when her husband has problem or when they are arguing,
her husband always destroys the things inside the house
particularly the appliances and their furniture.
Third to the highest rank is Sub-indicator 2 or “Threat
of deprivation of financial resources can lead to violence
against women” with the weighted mean of 2.98 and a
descriptive interpretation of “Agree”. It shows that threat
of deprivation of financial resources is one of the major
reasons why violence against women happens because threat of
deprivation of financial resources is like controlling a
person to follow and that is violence. In interview
conducted last November 2015 with Mrs. Agonia she narrated
that she is always treated like an animal by her husband so
she always follows what her husband wants whether she likes
it or not because if not, she will not receive financial
support from her husband. She does not have choice but to
67
follow because if she does not follow, her children will
suffer from starving.
lowest ranks which are as follows:
The lowest in rank is Sub-indicator 3 or “Deprivation
of right to the use and enjoyment of conjugal or community
or property own in common can lead to violence against
women” with an average weighted mean of 2.78 and a
descriptive interpretation of “Agree”. It shows that
deprivation of right to the use and enjoyment of conjugal or
community or property in common is one of reasons why
violence happens in that area because obviating a person to
use conjugal property is like preventing a person to enjoy
his/her life and that is violence. In the interview
conducted last November 2015 with Mrs. Gomez, she said that
her husband always obviates her to use their conjugal
property, her husband always says that only he has the
rights to use their property because he is the one who
established it.
However, he have the rights to prevent his wife to use
his other property, but he is not authorized to prevent his
wife to use all his property because we have a law that says
conjugal property can use both of husband and wife because

68
when they married his wife have the rights to use the
property that own by his husband.
Second to the lowest in rank is Sub-indicator 8 or
“Preventing the victim from engaging in any legitimate
business or activity can lead to violence against women”
interpretation of “Agree”. It shows that some women are not
too active in establishing any legitimate business because
their husband prevents them to make it. In informal
interview last November 2015 with Mrs. Legaspi, she said
that she is too bored for being a wife because all day long
all she does is take care of their house and do house work.
So, she suggested her husband to have a business even she is
in the house but her husband refused.
However, in some instances he can prevent his wife from
engaging legitimate business if he thinks that it is not the
right business, but if he prevents his wife just because he
wants to use the money in gambling that is worst because
that is a cruel manner for his wife.
Third to the lowest in rank is Sub-indicator 1 or
“Deprivation of financial resources can lead to violence
descriptive interpretation of “Agree”. It shows that

69
deprivation of financial resources is one of main reasons
why violence against women exists because it also shows that
it prevents a person to have a meaningful life if you
prevent them to have financial resources. In the interview
conducted last November 2015 with Mrs. Masood, she narrated
that one of her son died because of lack of primary needs
especially foods because her husband does not give her money
for their daily needs. She was only hoping to their
neighborhood and relatives that sometimes giving her support
even it is not enough to survive in a day. She said also
that she only eats once a day and sometimes goes to sleep at
night with empty stomach my husband do not have work that
way he cannot get a job to feed his family and he has an
addiction of using Shabu.
However, she cannot quit to their relationship because
of their children and because of their financial needs and
shelter but if she do not quit, time will come that she will
blame herself because of worst life that they will suffer.
Social Status
against women in terms of social status with the computed
total mean of 3.40 interpreted as “Strongly Agree” in. Some
of the respondents supported that in the social status the

70
position or rank of a woman within the society may affect
her to be vulnerable in violence because if they are poor
and cannot support themselves they have the tendency to
cling to their partners even if they abuse her physically,
emotionally, mentally and sexually. There are times when
women are involved in violence because of their low position
or rank in society particularly based on their work and
appearance this is from the interview last November 2015.
Table 4. Determinants of violence against women in terms of
social status.
Sub-indicators Mean Descriptive Rank

Interpretation
1. Being a female is a factor 3.67 Strongly Agree 2

leading to Violence against
Women.
2. Being young is a factor 3.50 Strongly Agree 6
Women.
3. Being mentally disabled is a 3.15 Agree 8
component prompting Violence
against Women.
4. Alcohol abuse or other 3.58 Strongly Agree 4
substance abuse is a component
prompting Violence against
Women.
5. Having many sexual partners 3.53 Strongly Agree 5
is a component prompting
Violence against Women.
6. Being a sex worker is a 3.73 Strongly Agree 1
against Women.
7. Physical attractiveness is a 3.13 Agree 9
factor leading to Violence
against Women.
8. Being incarcerated is a 3.22 Agree 7
71
factor leading to Violence

against Women.
9. Being previously raped or 3.65 Strongly Agree 3
sexually abuse is a factor
Women.
10. Becoming more educated and 2.80 Agree 10
economically empowered, at
least were sexual violence
perpetrated by an intimate
partner is concerned is a
against Women.
Overall Mean 3.40 Strongly Agree
The assessment of the respondent with regards to
Economic Abuse in connection to determinants of violence
against women in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna Sub-
indicator 6 or “Being a sex worker is a component prompting
to violence against women” received the highest rank with
the weighted mean of 3.73 and a descriptive interpretation
of “Strongly Agree”. It shows that if a woman is a sex
worker they are most vulnerable in violence because of their
work. In the interview conducted last November 2015 with
Mariposa, she said that a sex worker does not receive
respect from the people around her, sometimes people think
that they are dirty women and they are devalued because of
their being a sex worker.
Second to the highest rank is Sub-indicator 1 or “Being
a female is a component prompting to violence against

72
women”. It shows that if you are a female, it is being
natural that you will be vulnerable to violence because a
female is less able to fight or powerless in any instances.
It is second to the highest rank with the weighted mean of
3.67 with a descriptive interpretation of “Strongly Agree”
because majority of the respondents are aware that being a
female can lead to violence against women. Mr. Tolentino, a
resident in Dayap Calauan Laguna says that female cannot
fight or struggle especially when their opponent is a male
that is why female are more susceptible in violence.
Third to the highest in rank is Sub-indicator 9 or
“Being previously rape can lead to violence against women”
interpretation of “Strongly Agree”. Mostly, being previously
raped is one reason in having conflict with their partner.
The trust and respect of one’s partner will decrease because
of this situation. In the interview conducted last November
2015 with Mrs. Amparo, she told that her husband was too
cold to her after the incident had happened. She is always
blamed by her husband when they are having problem. Her
husband cannot admit that he had a wife who is previously
raped so they are always having conflict.

73
lowest rank which are as follows:
The lowest in rank is Sub-indicator 10 or “Becoming
more educated and economically empowered at least were
sexual violence perpetrated by an intimate partner is
concerned is a component prompting to violence against
women” with an average weighted mean of 2.80 and a
descriptive interpretation of “Agree”. It shows that if a
woman is more educated and economically empowered, their
partner’s think that it will decrease their being a man that
is why mostly it will result to conflict with their
partners. One of the residents in Dayap Calauan Laguna said
that he always feels irritated of himself because his wife
is working while he is a house husband and sometimes his
wife is blaming him because even he is a male his wife is
the one who works for them and when they are having conflict
his wife always says that he is lazy that is why it turns
him to become mad and end up with battering his wife.
However, if he try his best to look for a job but he
cannot hired because of some lack of abilities it is not his
problem because he tried but if he will not do anything to
have a work and also do not do his part inside the house or
74
not make a better father for their children that is a worst
violence problem.
The second lowest in rank is Sub-indicator 7 or
“Physical attractiveness can lead to violence against women”
interpretation of “Agree”. Majority of the respondents are
agree that physical attractiveness can lead to violence
against women. It shows that having a beautiful or
attractive partner may lead to violence because of jealousy
by their partners. In the informal interview conducted last
November 2015 with Mrs. Arban, she narrated that her husband
is always jealous to any people she talks even if they are
her friends or cousins. And sometimes her husband chooses
the dress she will wear, whether she likes it or not. She is
always prevented to go outside the house that is why they
are always arguing and having conflict and end up in
inflicting injuries to her.
The third lowest in rank is Sub-indicator 3 or “Being
mentally disabled is a component prompting to violence
descriptive interpretation of “Agree”. It shows that being
mentally disabled was one of the major factors that can lead
to violence against women because a person suffering from

75
mental disability cannot distinguish right from wrong. In
the interview conducted last November 2015 with Lando, he
witnessed that his neighborhood who is mentally disabled was
sexually abused by one of the residents in Dayap Calauan
Laguna but he did not mention the name because he was afraid
that it will come back and revenge if he tells it.
Part III. Significant relationship on the demographic
profile of respondents and the determining factors of
violence against women in barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna in
terms of: a. Family Issues b. Economic Abuse c. Social
Status
This section presents the significant relationship on
the demographic profile of respondents and the determining
factors of violence against women according to family
issues, economic abuse, and social status.
Table 4 shows the relationship of the main indicators
of this study namely; family problems, economic issues and
social status. The relationship between these three
indicators was tested the P-value at 0.00. This rejects null
hypothesis whereas α having a value of 0.05 is more than the
P-value of 0.00. This reveals that there is a significant
relationship between the three indicators. There is
significant relationship on the three indicators. Because of

76
the relationship on how the violence against women is
introduce to the community.
Table 4.Significant Relationship on the Determinants of
Violence against Women in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna.
Table 5 shows the source of variations of family issues,
economic abuse, and social status. The test statistic used
F-test/ANOVA, and for the p-value 0.00 which was tested in
the level of significance of 0.05. Therefore, the decision
is to reject null hypothesis.
ANOVA
Source of SS df MS F P-value F crit
Variation
Between Groups 200.94 29 6.93 19.82 0.00 1.47
Within Groups 618.82 1770 0.35
Total 819.76 1799
This study implies that there is a significant
relationship on the demographic profile of respondents and
the determining factors of violence against women in terms
of family issues, economic abuse, and family issues in
Dayap, Calauan Laguna.

77
Based on the aforementioned findings, majority of the
respondents were from the age bracket of 18-30 years old.
The result indicates that in the gender the respondents
revealed that 30 were male and 30 were female. However,
according to civil status the highest percentage
distribution revealed 75% or 45 were married. In educational
attainment it shows that majority of respondents are in the
elementary level with the percentage of 38% and according to
occupation it shows that the highest percentage distribution
revealed 20 or 34% were housewives.
Moreover, they agree in regards to the family. In
economic abuse they are also agree. While in the social
status there is a significant relationship in determining
violence. In there are strongly agree. Because of the status
of work they chosen. Like being sex workers who are most
vulnerable in violence because they are not treated fairly
like other normal people because of their work. Some
respondents added that based on their observation women that
had a work like a sex worker do not received respect and
sometimes treated above normal by the people around her.
Mariposa said that a sex worker did not received respect by
the people around her, sometimes people think that they are
dirty women and they are devalued because of being a sex
worker this is from the interview last November 2015.

CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary and recommendations
from the data gathered in this study.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the conclusions are
as follows:
1. The determinants of violence against women in Barangay
Dayap Calauan, Laguna as to the family issues was agree
because some of the respondents supported that in the family
issues the residents are apprehensive in violence. Some
women suffered from violence in the barangay because of lack
of knowledge to control the problems. However there are some
families that even they’re suffer from violence they
accepted that situation because they have no choice but to
admit it because they are willingly suffered hardships so
that their children would have a better life.
2. As to the economic abuse some women were agree because
some of the respondents want to know how to prevent or
control problems particularly problems like economic abuse.
In determining violence against women in economic abuse

intimate partner has control over that may lead to
violence
Conclusions and Recommendations
80
because it diminishes the victim’s capacity to support
herself and forces her to defend on the perpetrator
financially and also illegal or unauthorized use of personal
property or money may lead to violence. Moreover, some of
the respondents want to know their rights and obligations
and limitations about conjugal property.
3. Determinants of violence against women as to the social
status received an interpretation of strongly agree because
they agree that violence may happen by means of the position
or rank of a woman in the society. Women may be vulnerable
in violence depending on their job or personal appearance.
Position or rank of a woman within the society may affect
her to be vulnerable in violence. Moreover, some of the
respondents have lower self-confidence and dignity, that’s
why they are vulnerable in violence.
Recommendations
In the view of the findings and conclusions drawn from
the study, the researchers recommend the following:
1. In the family issues it is better to conduct seminars
about the importance of a woman and also a seminar that
tackles how to control or prevent different types of family
problems or issues. The people involved in this seminars are
the people having a partner or spouse especially the

81
partners who are always having a conflict or problems.
Seminars will be conducted at least twice a week for the
better result. It is better to conduct in wide places and
convenient places to make people be relaxed and have
interest to participate in seminar. It should be implemented
to make people gain knowledge about the issues because this
knowledge will help them to control or prevent them from
being a victim of violence. It will be implemented by the
DSWD because they are most knowledgeable about the issues
and will make it more efficient by the help of the barangay
officials in the target area.
2. In the economic abuse barangay must have attorney’s
office to help the residents determine what they should do
if they encounter some instances involving economic abuse.
All residents on that barangay can consult on that office
whenever they have a concern about their problems.
Attorney’s office must be open Monday to Friday at least (8)
hours a day. Attorney’s office must be placed near the
barangay hall to make it easy to find by the residents and
to make the office secured by the help of barangay
officials. Attorney’s office will help residents gain
knowledge about their rights and obligations and to know
their limitations on those issues especially to inform them
about their rights and obligation and limitations about

82
their conjugal properties. Barangay officials must
coordinate to their municipality mayor to help them seek
assistance to have an attorney’s office in their barangay.
3. In the social status barangay officials can conduct
projects and other activities like “Mutya ng Barangay”
pageant for the women in their barangay. All women can join
the pageant as long as they are a resident of the barangay
no matter what their work, religion, status or what group
they belong. It will be conducted in barangay fiesta and it
should be administered in wide places like in barangay
basketball court because many people are expected to watch
the event. It should be implemented to help women increase
their self-confidence and dignity by means of this activity.
This activity will be implemented by the barangay officials.

REFFERENCES
Publish Materials
Books
Brickell (2005). “Criminal and civil liability in husband-
wife assaults”. In Steinmetz S, Straus M. Violence in the family.
New York: Harper & Row. (pp. 88–91).
Oldenburg (2006). “A tale of two cities: social and
environmental influences shaping risk factors and protective
behaviors in two Mexico-US border cities”. (Pp. 999–1005).
Simon (2005). Violence against Women “Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health” (pp.818-821).
Stork (2011). "Cruelty in Maternity Wards: Fifty Years
Later". The Journal of Perinatal Education, Vol. 19(3), (pp. 33-
42).
Watts (2009). Towards a Post-Patriarchal Gender Order:
Confronting the universality and the particularity of violence
against women. SociologiskForskning (pp. 61-70).
Wee (2005), "No Right to Choose: Mandated Victim
Participation in Domestic Violence Prosecutions," Harvard Law
Review, 1996, Vol. 109, (pp.1850–1910).

NewsPaper
Cantos G. (July 18, 2010) Philippine Star
Cinco M. (January 5, 20113) Manila Times
Locsin J. (July 7, 2014) GMA News
Magsino M. (March 20, 2014) Philippine Daily
Inquirer
Malveda D. (January 12, 2014) Manila Times
Ramos A. (August 12, 2014) Laguna News
Reyes O. (September 22, 2014) Laguna News
Santos L. (September 22, 2014) Philippine Daily
Inquirer
Quizon W. (November 22, 2013) Manila Bulletin
Zaide J. (August 10, 2013) Manila Bulletin

Appendix A
November 13, 2015
Hon. MICHAEL FORTUNA

Barangay Chairman, Barangay Dayap
Calauan, Laguna
Greetings!
The undersigned 4th year BS Criminology student of Laguna State
Polytechnic University-San Pablo City Campus is currently
conducting a research entitled “DETERMINANTS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST
WOMEN IN BARANGAY DAYAP CALAUAN, LAGUNA”, in partial fulfillment
on the subject Criminological Research.
In this regard, the researcher wishes to ask permission from your
good office, to conduct a survey thru a checklist type
questionnaire to the purposively selected residents from your
barangay who will serve as respondents of the said study.
The researcher is looking forward for your positive response over
this matter. Thank you!
Respectfully yours,
BRYAN R. AQUINO
Researcher
Approved by:
Crmgst. JENNIFER M. NAYOYOS
Adviser
Noted by:
Crmgst. MARLON M. WANKEY, MSCJ
Associate Dean, CCJE
Appendix B
Republic of the Philippines
October 14, 2015

Dear Respondents:
Greetings!
The undersigned 4th year BS Criminology student of Laguna
State Polytechnic University-San Pablo City Campus is
currently conducting a research entitled “DETERMINANTS OF
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN BARANGAY DAYAP CALAUAN, LAGUNA”,
in partial fulfillment on the subject Criminological
Research.
In this regard, the researcher choses you to be one of the

respondents that would be of great help in the success of
the study. The datas gathered will be treated with outmost
confidentiality.
I am Hoping for your positive response over this matter.

Thank you!
Respectfully yours,
BRYAN R. AQUINO
Researcher
Approved by:
Crmgst. JENNIFER M. NAYOYOS
Adviser
Noted by:
Crmgst. MARLON M. WANKEY, MSCJ
Associate Dean, CCJE
Appendix C
Republic of the Philippines
Congress of the Philippines
Metro Manila
Twelfth Congress
Third Regular Session
Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-second
day of July, two thousand three.
Republic Act No. 9262 March 08, 2004
AN ACT DEFINING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN
SECTION 5. Acts of Violence against Women and Their
Children.-The crime of violence against women and their
children is committed through any of the following acts:
CHILDREN, PROVIDING FOR PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR VICTIMS,
PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFORE, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the Philippines in Congress assembled

Appendices
89
SECTION 1. Short Title.- This Act shall be known as the
"Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of
2004".
SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy.- It is hereby declared
that the State values the dignity of women and children and
guarantees full respect for human rights. The State also
recognizes the need to protect the family and its members
particularly women and children, from violence and threats
to their personal safety and security.
Towards this end, the State shall exert efforts to address
violence committed against women and children in keeping
with the fundamental freedoms guaranteed under the
Constitution and the Provisions of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, the convention on the Elimination of all
forms of discrimination Against Women, Convention on the
Rights of the Child and other international human rights
instruments of which the Philippines is a party.
SECTION 3. Definition of Terms.- As used in this Act,
(a) "Violence against women and their children" refers
to any act or a series of acts committed by any person
against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or

Appendices
90
against a woman with whom the person has or had a
sexual or dating relationship, or with whom he has a
common child, or against her child whether legitimate
or illegitimate, within or without the family abode,
which result in or is likely to result in physical,
sexual, psychological harm or suffering, or economic
abuse including threats of such acts, battery, assault,
coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of
liberty. It includes, but is not limited to, the
following acts:
A. "Physical Violence" refers to acts that include
bodily or physical harm;
B. "Sexual violence" refers to an act which is
sexual in nature, committed against a woman or her
child. It includes, but is not limited to:
a) rape, sexual harassment, acts of
lasciviousness, treating a woman or her child
as a sex object, making demeaning and
sexually suggestive remarks, physically
attacking the sexual parts of the victim's
body, forcing her/him to watch obscene
publications and indecent shows or forcing

Appendices
91
the woman or her child to do indecent acts
and/or make films thereof, forcing the wife
and mistress/lover to live in the conjugal
home or sleep together in the same room with
the abuser;
b) acts causing or attempting to cause the
victim to engage in any sexual activity by
force, threat of force, physical or other
harm or threat of physical or other harm or
coercion;
c) Prostituting the woman or child.
C. "Psychological violence" refers to acts or
omissions causing or likely to cause mental or
emotional suffering of the victim such as but not
limited to intimidation, harassment, stalking,
damage to property, public ridicule or
humiliation, repeated verbal abuse and mental
infidelity. It includes causing or allowing the
victim to witness the physical, sexual or
psychological abuse of a member of the family to
which the victim belongs, or to witness
pornography in any form or to witness abusive

Appendices
92
injury to pets or to unlawful or unwanted
deprivation of the right to custody and/or
visitation of common children.
D. "Economic abuse" refers to acts that make or
attempt to make a woman financially dependent
which includes, but is not limited to the
following:
1. withdrawal of financial support or
preventing the victim from engaging in any
legitimate profession, occupation, business
or activity, except in cases where in the
other spouse/partner objects on valid,
serious and moral grounds as defined in
Article 73 of the Family Code;
2. deprivation or threat of deprivation of
financial resources and the right to the use
and enjoyment of the conjugal, community or
property owned in common;
3. destroying household property;

Appendices
93
4. controlling the victims' own money or
properties or solely controlling the conjugal
money or properties.
(b) "Battery" refers to an act of inflicting physical
harm upon the woman or her child resulting to the
physical and psychological or emotional distress.
(c) "Battered Woman Syndrome" refers to a
scientifically defined pattern of psychological and
behavioral symptoms found in women living in battering
relationships as a result of cumulative abuse.
(d) "Stalking" refers to an intentional act committed
by a person who, knowingly and without lawful
justification follows the woman or her child or places
the woman or her child under surveillance directly or
indirectly or a combination thereof.
(e) "Dating relationship" refers to a situation wherein
the parties live as husband and wife without the
benefit of marriage or are romantically involved over
time and on a continuing basis during the course of the
relationship. A casual acquaintance or ordinary
socialization between two individuals in a business or
social context is not a dating relationship.

Appendices
94
(f) "Sexual relations" refers to a single sexual act
which may or may not result in the bearing of a common
child.
(g) "Safe place or shelter" refers to any home or
institution maintained or managed by the Department of
Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) or by any other
agency or voluntary organization accredited by the DSWD
for the purposes of this Act or any other suitable
place the resident of which is willing temporarily to
receive the victim.
(h) "Children" refers to those below eighteen (18)
years of age or older but are incapable of taking care
of themselves as defined under Republic Act No. 7610.
As used in this Act, it includes the biological
children of the victim and other children under her
care.
SECTION 4. Construction.- This Act shall be liberally
construed to promote the protection and safety of victims of
violence against women and their children.
(a) Causing physical harm to the woman or her child;

Appendices
95
(b) Threatening to cause the woman or her child
physical harm;
(c) Attempting to cause the woman or her child physical
harm;
(d) Placing the woman or her child in fear of imminent
physical harm;
(e) Attempting to compel or compelling the woman or her
child to engage in conduct which the woman or her child
has the right to desist from or desist from conduct
which the woman or her child has the right to engage
in, or attempting to restrict or restricting the
woman's or her child's freedom of movement or conduct
by force or threat of force, physical or other harm or
threat of physical or other harm, or intimidation
directed against the woman or child. This shall
include, but not limited to, the following acts
committed with the purpose or effect of controlling or
restricting the woman's or her child's movement or
conduct:
(1) Threatening to deprive or actually depriving
the woman or her child of custody to her/his
family;
Appendices
96
(2) Depriving or threatening to deprive the woman
or her children of financial support legally due
her or her family, or deliberately providing the
woman's children insufficient financial support;
(3) Depriving or threatening to deprive the woman
or her child of a legal right;
(4) Preventing the woman in engaging in any
legitimate profession, occupation, business or
activity or controlling the victim's own mon4ey or
properties, or solely controlling the conjugal or
common money, or properties;
(f) Inflicting or threatening to inflict physical harm
on oneself for the purpose of controlling her actions
or decisions;
(g) Causing or attempting to cause the woman or her
child to engage in any sexual activity which does not
constitute rape, by force or threat of force, physical
harm, or through intimidation directed against the
woman or her child or her/his immediate family;
(h) Engaging in purposeful, knowing, or reckless
conduct, personally or through another,that alarms or

Appendices
97
causes substantial emotional or psychological distress
to the woman or her child. This shall include, but not
be limited to, the following acts:
(1) Stalking or following the woman or her child
in public or private places;
(2) Peering in the window or lingering outside the
residence of the woman or her child;
(3) Entering or remaining in the dwelling or on
the property of the woman or her child against
her/his will;
(4) Destroying the property and personal
belongings or inflicting harm to animals or pets
of the woman or her child; and
(5) Engaging in any form of harassment or
violence;
(i) Causing mental or emotional anguish, public
ridicule or humiliation to the woman or her child,
including, but not limited to, repeated verbal and
emotional abuse, and denial of financial support or
custody of minor children of access to the woman's
child/children.
Appendices
98
Appendix D
QUESTIONNAIRE
This is an assessment on the “DETERMINANTS OF VIOLENCE
AGAINST WOMEN IN BARANGAY DAYAP, CALAUAN, LAGUNA”.
Profile of respondent
Direction: please fill in the necessary information or put a
check mark (√) on the option provided that gives your
personal information.
Name: (Optional)
Age:
Gender: ( ) Male ( ) Female
Civil Status: ( ) Single ( ) Married
Educational Attainment:
( ) Elementary
( ) Secondary
( ) Under Graduate
( ) College level
Occupation:
DETERMINANTS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN BARANGAY DAYAP,
CALAUAN, LAGUNA
Direction
Please read each item carefully and put a check mark
(√) in the appropriate column that corresponds to your
answer. Please do not leave any single item unanswered
(Unless it is not appropriate to you). Kindly rank the
different variables below about the determinant of violence
against women in Barangay Dayap, Calauan, Laguna. Thank you
so much to your honesty and patience in answering the item
below.
Numerical Rating Statistical Limit Descriptive
interpretation
4 3.26 - 4.00 Strongly Agree
(SA)
3 2.51 – 3.25 Agree (A)
2 1.76 – 2.50 Moderately Agree
Appendices
99
(MA)
1 1.00 – 1.75 Strongly
Disagree(SD)
Family Problems
Rate the Determinants of violence against women in terms of

family problems.
Sub-indicators (SA) (A) (NA) (D)

4 3 2 1
1.1 Financial problems can lead to
1.2 Marital conflicts such as cheating
1.3 Alcohol and drug abuse can lead to
1.4 Gambling problems can lead to
1.5 Issues relating to sexuality can
lead to violence against women.
1.6 Emotional problems can lead to
1.7 Psychological problems can lead to
1.8 Parental abuse can lead to
1.9 Harsh punishment on children can
lead to violence against women.
1.10 Physical disabilities among
family members can lead to violence
against women.
Economic Abuse
Appendices
100
Rate the Determinants of violence against women in terms of

economic abuse.
4 3 2 1
2.1 Deprivation of financial resource
2.2 Threat of deprivation of financial
resources can lead to violence against
women.
2.3 Deprivation of the right to the
use and enjoyment of the conjugal,
community or property owned in common.
2.4 Threat of deprivation of the right
to the use and enjoyment of the
conjugal, community or property owned
in common.
2.5 Withdrawal of financial support.
2.6 Preventing the victim from
engaging in any legitimate profession.
engaging in any legitimate occupation.
engaging in any legitimate business or
activity.
2.9 Destroying household property.
2.10 Controlling the victim’s own
money or properties solely controlling
the conjugal money or properties.
Appendices
101
Social Status
4 3 2 1
3.1 Being a female is a factor leading
to Violence Against Women.
3.2 Being young is a factor leading to
Violence Against Women.
3.3 Being mentally disabled is a
component prompting Violence Against
Women.
3.4 Alcohol abuse or other substance
abuseis a component prompting Violence
Against Women.
3.5 Having many sexual partners is a
Women.
3.6 Being a sex worker is a component
prompting Violence Against Women.
3.7 Physical attractiveness is a
factor leading to Violence Against
Women.
3.8 Being incarcerated is a factor
leading to Violence Against Women.
3.9 Being previously raped or sexually
abuse is a factor leading to Violence
Against Women.
3.10 Becoming more educated and
economically empowered, at least were
sexual violence perpetrated by an
intimate partner is concerned is a
Women.
Appendix E
Respon Age Gen Civi Educat Occupa Famil Econo Soc tot
dents der l ional tion y mic ial al
Stat Attain Issue Abuse Sta
us ment s tus
R1 18 1 S E D 29 33 34 96
R2 39 2 M E HW 31 30 36 97
R3 35 1 M S D 30 29 36 95
R4 44 2 M S FW 28 31 36 95
R5 31 2 M E HW 29 30 33 92
R6 20 1 S S D 33 29 32 94
R7 46 1 M E D 33 28 34 95
R8 25 2 M U HW 33 29 34 96
R9 43 2 M E HW 30 29 35 94
R10 22 1 M U FW 31 30 34 95
R11 34 2 S S V 30 30 34 94
R12 38 2 M E HW 33 29 39 101
R13 30 1 M S D 32 29 32 93
R14 35 2 M S HW 27 28 35 90
R15 41 1 M E D 32 25 33 90
R16 19 1 S C SC 35 27 34 96
R17 49 1 M S D 31 28 33 92
R18 38 2 S E V 30 31 36 97
R19 39 2 M S HW 28 30 34 92
R20 25 1 S E D 31 32 36 99
R21 28 2 M S HW 31 29 34 94
R22 38 1 M E D 30 31 34 95
R23 43 2 M U HW 34 30 33 97
R24 18 1 S E D 30 28 34 92
R25 37 1 M U F 28 33 32 93
R26 23 2 M E HW 32 30 34 96
R27 33 1 M C SR 34 30 35 99
R28 21 2 S S FW 30 30 34 94
R29 45 1 M E D 29 33 36 98
R30 21 2 S E V 34 29 38 101
R31 20 1 S U SC 36 30 33 99
R32 33 2 M E HW 31 29 32 92
R33 29 2 S C SR 28 31 32 91
R34 48 1 M C SR 30 32 35 97
R35 29 1 M E D 32 28 33 93
R36 48 2 M C HW 32 28 31 91
R37 32 1 M U SR 35 30 32 97
R38 27 2 S E V 31 30 34 95
R39 32 1 M U F 33 28 37 98
R40 50 2 M S HW 35 32 34 101
R41 30 2 M E HW 32 29 32 93
R42 47 2 M C SR 36 31 35 102
R43 23 1 M E D 30 27 32 89
R44 35 1 M U SC 33 29 32 94
R45 20 2 M E HW 33 31 34 98
R46 36 1 M S FW 31 31 33 95
R47 28 1 M E D 31 31 32 94
R48 24 2 M E HW 33 28 33 94
R49 21 2 S S FW 33 31 35 99
R50 40 1 M E D 34 27 35 96
R51 19 1 S S FW 32 28 35 95
R52 38 2 M S HW 37 28 32 97
R53 23 2 M E HW 32 30 34 96
R54 50 1 M U FW 31 31 32 94
R55 21 2 M E HW 30 29 34 93
R56 37 1 M U F 34 28 36 98
R57 27 1 M E V 31 34 34 99
R58 49 1 M U SC 32 32 34 98
R59 40 2 M E HW 30 29 32 91
R60 30 2 S U SC 36 29 35 100
Appendix F
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 60 213 3.55 0.25
Column 2 60 227 3.78 0.17
Column 3 60 208 3.47 0.25
Column 4 60 192 3.20 0.50
Column 5 60 170 2.83 0.48
Column 6 60 158 2.63 0.34
Column 7 60 163 2.72 0.38
Column 8 60 211 3.52 0.25
Column 9 60 169 2.82 0.32
Column 10 60 191 3.18 0.46
Column 11 60 176 2.93 0.37
Column 12 60 179 2.98 0.42
Column 13 60 167 2.78 0.31
Column 14 60 174 2.90 0.43
Column 15 60 178 2.97 0.41
Column 16 60 191 3.18 0.42
Column 17 60 175 2.92 0.48
Column 18 60 173 2.88 0.41
Column 19 60 190 3.17 0.48
Column 20 60 178 2.97 0.47
Column 21 60 220 3.67 0.23
Column 22 60 210 3.50 0.25
Column 23 60 189 3.15 0.37
Column 24 60 215 3.58 0.25
Column 25 60 212 3.53 0.25
Column 26 60 224 3.73 0.20
Column 27 60 188 3.13 0.39
Column 28 60 193 3.22 0.44
Column 29 60 219 3.65 0.23
Column 30 60 168 2.80 0.26
ANOVA
Source of SS df MS F P- F
Variation value crit
Between 200.94 29 6.93 19.82 0.00 1.47
Groups
Within 618.82 1770 0.35
Groups
Total 819.76 1799

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DETAILS/INFORMATION
Name: Bryan R. Aquino
Date of Birth: March 12, 1990
Place of Birth: Calauan, Laguna
Address: 419 Sitio Pook Barangay Mabacan
Calauan,Laguna
Permanent Address:419 Sitio Pook Barangay Mabacan Calauan, Laguna
Height: 167 cm
Weight: 65 kg
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Name of Father: Raul R. Aquino
Occupation: Tricycle Driver
Name of Mother: Flor R. Aquino
Occupation: Barangay Health Worker
Educational Attainment
Tertiary: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
2012-in progress
Laguna State Polytechnic University – San Pablo City Campus
Brgy. Del Remedio, San Pablo City, Laguna
Secondary: (2002-2006)
(Dayap National High School)
(DayapCalauan Laguna)
Primary: (1996-2002)
(Mabacan Elementary School)
Curriculum Vitae
106
(Mabacan Calauan Laguna)
TRAININGS/SEMINARS ATTENDED
Drug Education and Vice Control held on October 5, 2015 at the
LSPU-SPCC San Pablo City Campus Laguna
Human Rights Based Approach to Good Governance and Code of

Conduct of Law Enforcement Officials held on December 3, 2015 at
the AVEC, LSPU-SPCC San Pablo City,Laguna.
I hereby certify that the above information are true and correct
to the best of my knowledge.
Bryan R. Aquino

Bryan Final

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DETERMINANTS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN

BARANGAY DAYAP, CALAUAN, LAGUNA

Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Criminal Justice Education

Laguna State Polytechnic University

San Pablo City Campus

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

BRYAN REYES AQUINO

The study is designed to determine the Determinants of

Violence against Women in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna.

The study looked into the demographic profile of the

respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status,

educational attainment and occupation. The study wanted to

answer the following questions: What are the determining

factors of violence against women in terms of a) family

issues b) economic abuse c) social status. Is there a

significant relationship on the demographic profile of the

respondents and the determining factors of violence against

women in Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna in terms of a)

family issues b) economic abuse c) social status. In terms

of age distribution, majority of the respondents are young

ranging from 18-30 years old. Equal number of male and

female respondents were chosen. In terms of civil status,

the majority of the respondents are married. In terms of

educational attainment majority of the respondent is

elementary level. In terms of occupation the majority of the

respondents are housewives. The determining factors of

violence against women in terms of (a) Family Issues

revealed an overall weighted mean of 3.17 with a descriptive

interpretation of “Agree”, (b) Economic Status revealed an

overall weighted mean of 2.96 with a descriptive

interpretation of “Agree”. (c) Social Status revealed an

overall weighted mean of 3.40 with a descriptive

interpretation of “Strongly Agree”. The relationship between

these three indicators was tested with the P-value at 0.00.

This reject null hypothesis whereas α having a value of 0.05

is more than the P-value of 0.00. This reveals that the

three indicators has significant relationship. From the

salient findings of the study, the conclusions are as

follows: the determining factors of violence against women

in terms of A) The determinants of violence against women in

Barangay Dayap Calauan, Laguna as to the family issues was

“Agree”. Though some women suffer from violence in the

barangay because of lack of knowledge to control the

problems; However there are assessed by the respondents to

be aware in determining it. B) As to the economic abuse,

some women “Agree”. In determining violence against women

upon the economic abuse, intimate partner has control over

the other partner’s access to economic resources that may

lead to violence because it diminishes the victim’s capacity

to support herself and forces her to defend on the

perpetrator financially and also illegal or unauthorized use

of personal property or money may lead to violence, C)

Determinants of violence against women as to the social

status received an interpretation of “Strongly Agree”. They

“Strongly Agree” that violence may happen by means of the

position or rank of women in the society. Women may be

vulnerable in violence depending on their job or personal

appearance. Position or rank of women within the society may

affect them to be vulnerable in violence.

Keyword. Violence against Women