CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

The importance of light to every mankind cannot be over emphasized, even when
the earth was created; the earth was illuminated with light which makes it a place
of living. This means, without light, the whole world is in darkness and as a result
of this, living things be it plants, animals or human beings cannot exist.
When talking about lighting, it comes from two different sources, which
could be natural or electrical. The former comes from the Creator (God) while the
latter is a result of our natural resources being utilized effectively by human
beings. Since there is need for lighting, electric energy generation is employed to
solve the problems people are facing during the day, especially at night when there
is total darkness everywhere.
Since the invention of electrical energy for lighting, it is quite obvious that it
requires human intervention to control the switch either off when not in use or
ONM when the need arises. Due to this factor and poor supply of electricity, we
have been able to find and alternative way of generating electricity for the purpose
of illumination which is highly efficient and effective through the energy from the
sun known as solar energy.

Changes in the current pattern of human life, much due to the rapid development of
technology that many provide all forms of ease in the use of devices or tools that
are directly related to human life. This tool is designed to ensure the safety of the
room can be detected by the user of the tool either while indoors or not in the
room. This will also reduce costs when compared to using the services of security
guards and improve the security of a room. In pengoprasiannya, this tool utilizes
the LDR sensor whereas this sensor will detect the movement of the door of the
room through the light it receives.
Scientific discoveries delivered us luxury and comforts. Technology has become
vital and essential part of our lives. Tremendous advancement in technology is
succeeded in last few years. Electrical energy has become a crucial part of human
life. In recent years the people are looking forward for the automation in their day

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to day life, and even now the people are excited to save energy consumed to reduce
the expenditures.

People are getting lazy to even do simple tasks like switching off the lights while
going outdoors, which results in large amount of energy wastage. Such kind of
carelessness is generally seen in public and private buildings, industries, schools,
colleges and most of us are disinterested to switch off electronic appliances such as
fans and lights when not in use. This has resulted in increased power consumption
in home area on a large scale. Moreover, unusable power consumption occurs in
the absence of human being in public and private sectors. The proposed system
can resolve above mentioned problems. So, using automatic lights controller
system, user can reduce electricity usage and save some amount of money thereby.
When there is no human presence or motion the lights will get switched off on
their own. It is an efficient way to save energy and human effort.

1.2 Aims and objective

The aim of this project is to design and construct an automatic light control.

The specific objectives of this project are;

 To design and construct an automatic light controller using an LDR sensor

and Arduino Uno
 To develop a code that will be used to run the Arduino.
 To produce light in a room or street during the night.

1.3. Scope of project

This project deals with making an automatic light controller that will enable
itself when it is dark or when there is an obstacle i.e. The bulb will turn on when
the environment is dark or when is an obstacle. The system requires a
microcontroller , a sensor and a power supply to make the project a reality.

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1.4 Advantage of proposed system

It is easy to integrate with lighting system such as automatic lighting system. It is

used for energy consumption or energy management by automatic control of
brightness level in mobile phones and auto on/off of street lights based on ambient
light intensity (i.e. Photoresistor) based light sensors are available in different
shapes and sizes. Light sensors need small voltage and power for its operation.
Photoresistors are lower in cost, bi-directional and offer moderate response time.
Photodiodes offer quick response time, lower in cost and provide digital output.
Phototransistors are very fast and provide immediate output compare to
photoresistors. Phototransistors generate high current compare to photodiodes.

1.3 Applications of the project

I. Garage Lights
II. Bath Lights
III. Security Lights
IV. Night Light Control
V. Street Light Control

1.4 Project Limitation

The only problem noticed in this work is that the intelligent operation of the
system may stop working as soon as the sensor stop working.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview of the study

Saving electrical power is very important, instead of using the power

in unnecessary times it should be switched off when not in use. In any

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city “Street Light” is one of the major power consuming factors. Most
of the time, street lights are during all- n i g h t l o n g u n t i l t h e s u n r i s e .
T h u s , a l a r g e a m o u n t o f e n e r g y a n d p o w e r h a s b e e n wasted when it
is not needed. In this project, Light dependent resistor (LDR) will be used
for our Automatic Light which to ensure this system will save the power
consumption. The Automatic Light will only work it is dark and the lamp will only
glow when there is an obstruction to light on the LDR sensor.

All the body makes some glow essentialness as infrared which is indistinct to
human eyes. Regardless, it might be distinguished by electronic sensor. LDR is a
light dependent instrument, whose resistance decreases when light falls on them
and increases in darkness. When a light dependent resistor is kept dark, it has very
high resistance. Each living body exudes a couple of radiations, and if the body is
all the more sizzling, the more radiations are transmitted. LDR sensors normally
consolidate two IR touchy parts with backwards polarization, which are housed in
a hermetically fixed metal with a window made of IR-transmissive material the
structure can send irregular pictures and alerted messages through MMS and SMS;
get remote direction, and remote screen family contraptions. In the meantime, the
introduction of a grouping of sensors and the redesign of unfaltering quality
guaranteed that the sharp remote checking system can be accountable for home
security. The gear and programming structure and system execution are clarified in
nuances. Moreover, with the help of a modified light control system, you need not
worry over power as the lights get therefore off when there is no person. Thusly, in
this errand, has realized Automatic Lights using Arduino and LDR Sensor.

Typically, historic homes capitalize on natural light via large windows and
building orientation. The first fabricated light was likely a torch, while the first
lamps were shells or hollow rocks filled with fuel such as dried grasses or wood. In
4500 BC, lamps came into use, whose fuel source later evolved to methane,
ethylene, and kerosene. In the 1790s, the gas lamp was invented in England and
brought to the United States. These lamps were popular, as the same fuel source,
gas, was also distributed to homes for cooking. In the early 1800s, the first electric
lamps were designed, followed by light bulbs in the 1830s. In the 1840s, the arc
light was introduced to Paris. Early arc lights, or “limelight’s,” for theatre lighting
were created by directing an oxyhydrogen flame at a cylinder of calcium oxide.
While this is no longer a source of theatre lighting, the expression “in the
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limelight” is still in common use. In the early 1860s, fluorescent lights were
invented. Thomas Edison developed the carbon filament incandescent light bulb in
1879, which became the standard of lighting for decades. In the early 1880s, direct
current electricity scaled to citywide levels, followed by alternating current in the
late 1880s. In 1901, the mercury vapor light using standard power was invented.
Following this, a variety of types of high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting were
developed, high-pressure sodium, mercury vapor, and metal halide. When neon
lights were introduced, they used argon or krypton gas in a closed tube, and
electricity caused it to glow. Most recently, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were
invented; these did not require a glass bulb like earlier lights, but merely a
semiconductor, which became much more energy-efficient and less expensive over
time.

The number of elements with which a light is manufactured depends on the time
period of the light, but basically, a light fixture consists of a light source (bulb or
flame), an energy source (electric, gas, or solid fuel), and the fixture’s body. The
body takes many forms, from ceiling mounted to wall mounted to floor standing to
portable. Typically, historic lights include arms to support multiple light sources,
since the wattage was not as high as is available today. A socket is mounted at the
end of the arm, and frequently a shade is placed over the light source (a glass panel
or globe, or a metal frame with fabric or paper over it), attached by a harp or
bracket. All lights have some sort of base, whether it is weighted for a table or
floor lamp, a plate for wall-hung lights, or a bell-shaped fitting for ceilings. Other
parts could include a chain or rod to hang the lamp and/or individual crystals or
chains to adorn it.

2.2 Review of the related study

There are several journal papers that have been published based on the smart
lighting which is the hot topic in the current research. Efforts are made to improve
the current approaches for the lighting system for better efficiency and low power
consumption with hybrid approach. Richu Sam Alex et al. proposed a system
which reduces the power consumption of the street lighting system about 30%

5
compared to conventional design. This system is fully automated. It also uses
arduino so that control station can also analyze all the performances of the system.
[1] Daeho Kim et al. worked on smart LED lighting system by using Infrared and
Ultrasonic sensors together. Here they proposed a model which continuously
tracks the human motion. Output based on the human tracking data which is
obtained by these sensors are responsible for determining the On-Off control of the
LED lighting. Previously existing system fails in continuously monitoring the
motion of an object by using each sensor separately. For the same reason, the
efficiency of the existing system is low. By the hardware implementation they
developed a model to improve the efficiency which helps in smart lighting.

2.3 Proposed System

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Basic of the system

Automatic Lights System using Arduino is a very useful project as you need not
worry about turning on and off the switches every time you want to turn on the
lights especially during the night. The main components of the Automatic Lights
project are Arduino, LDR Sensor and the Relay Module.

Out of the three components, the LDR Sensor is the one in focus as it is the main
device that helps in detecting darkness and light. In fact, the Automatic Lights
project can be considered as one major application of the LDR Sensor.

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3.2 Block diagram

8
3.3 Circuit diagram

9
3.4 Description of the components used

3.4.1 Hardware components

1. Arduino Uno
2. 2 channel 5v relay module
3. LDR sensor
4. Jumper wires
5. Bulb
6. Bulb holder
7. 5v battery (for Arduino)
8. Plug and wire
9. Wooden board
10. Resistor
11.5v DC battery

3.4.2 Software

1. Proteus
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 2. Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is an open-supply microcontroller board principally based at the

Microchip AT mega 328P microcontroller and progressed through Arduino’s. The
board is furnished with units of virtual and simple enter/yield (I/O) sticks that
might be interfaced to assorted development gatherings and various circuits. The
board has 14 virtual I/O pins, 6 simple I/O sticks, and is programmable with the
Arduino IDE, through a sort B USB link. It very well may be controlled by means
of the USB link or by means of an external 9volt battery, through it acknowledges
voltages among 7 and 20 volts. The word Uno implies one in Italian and was
picked to stamp the underlying arrival of Arduino software. The Uno board is the
first in a progression of USB-based Arduino sheets; it and variant 1.0 of the
Arduino IDE were the reference forms of Arduino, which have now developed to
more up to date delivers. The ATmega328 on the board comes prearranged with a
bootloader that permits transferring new code without the utilization of an outside
equipment software engineer.

The highlights of Arduino Uno ATmega328 incorporates the accompanying:

1. The working voltage is 5V

2. The suggested input voltage will go from 7v to 12V

3. The input voltage goes from 6v to 20V

4. Digital input/yield pins are 14

5. Analog I/p pins are 6

6. DC Current for each info/yield pin is 40 7. mA

7. DC Current for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA

8. Flash Memory is 32 KB

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Benefits:

1. It is modest

2. It accompanies an open stockpile

3. equipment highlight that grants clients to build up their own unit

4. The programming of the Arduino is appropriate with a wide range of in activity

frameworks like Linux, Windows, and Macintosh, and so on

5. It additionally accompanies open

6. inventory programming framework highlight that grants extreme programming

framework designers to utilize the Arduino code to converge with the common
programming language libraries and might be expanded and changed.

7. For novices, it is easy to utilize.

8. The utilizations of Arduino Uno incorporate the accompanying:

9. Arduino UNO is utilized in Do-it-Yourself projects prototyping.

10. In creating projects dependent on code-based control

11. Development of Automation System

12. Designing of fundamental circuit plans.

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fig 3.4.1 Arduino Uno

2 channel Relay modules

A power relay module is an electrical switch that is operated by an electromagnet.

A Relay Module is a very useful component as it allows Arduino, Raspberry Pi or
other Microcontrollers to control big electrical loads. We have used an active high
relay module.

a) On-board EL817 photoelectric coupler with photoelectric isolating anti

interference ability strong

b) On-board 5V, 10A / 250VAC, 10A / 30VDC relays

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c) Relay long life can absorb 100000 times in a row

d) Module can be directly and MCU I/O link, with the output signal indicator

e) Module with diode current protection, short response time.

fig 3.4.2- 2 channel relay module

LDR Sensor

Light dependent resistors, LDRs or photoresistors are electronic components that

are often used in electronic circuit designs where it is necessary to detect the
presence or the level of light.

LDRs are very different to other forms of resistor like the carbon film resistor,
metal oxide film resistor, metal film resistor and the like that are widely used in
other electronic designs. They are specifically designed for their light sensitivity
and the change in resistance this causes.

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fig 3.4.3- LDR sensor

Jumper wires

Jumper wires are simply wiring that have connector pins at each end, allowing
them to be used to connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper
wires are typically used with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to
make it easy to change a circuit as needed. Fairly simple. In fact, it doesn’t get
much more basic than jumper wires.

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Fig 3.4.4- Jumper wires

Light Bulb

Light bulb is a device used to convert electricity into light, consisting of a source
of illumination (e.g. an electric filament or one or more LEDs) enclosed within a
transparent or translucent shell, typically having a rounded shape and designed to
be fitted into a socket in a lamp.

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Fig 3.4.5- Light bulb

Lamp holder

Lamp holders are mechanical devices that support lamps and connect them to
electrical circuits. They hold light bulbs and make electrical contact to provide a
bulb with power. Lamp holders are used with most light sources for incandescent,
fluorescent, and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL).

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Fig 3.4.6- Bulb holder

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3.6 Cost estimation of components

COMPONENTS UNIT (S) PRICE

Arduino UNO 1 12,000

LDR sensor (motion sensor) 1 6,000

2-channel 5V relay module 1 8,700

Jumper wires 5 1,500

Light bulb 2 1,000

Bulb holder 2 1,000

Centre tapped transformer 1 700

IC 7805 1 500

Resistor 4 500

Plug 2 1000

Wire 5 yards 2,000

Cooling fan 1 1000

Jack plug 1 500

2kohms Resistor 1 200

Voltage Regulator 1 700

IN 4001 4 600

Miscellaneous 10,000

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TESTING AND RESULT
4.1 Construction procedure

The VCC of both sensors with the 5V of the relay module is connected to the
5v on the Arduino. The ground of both the sensor and the relay is connected
with the ground of the Arduino. The output of the LDR sensor is connected
to the analog pin number AO of the Arduino . The input pin of the relay is
connected digital pin number 8 of the Arduino. You can use any digital pin
according to the programming.
The bulb is connected to the Com and NO (normally closed) of the relay.
A 9v Dc battery is used to power the Arduino.

Now to control the LEDs during day and night we will use LDR. LDR is
light dependent resistor whose resistance changes with the intensity of
light. LDR gives us analog output and we will give it to the AO pin of the
Arduino. You can use any analog pin from the Arduino. When the light
intensity will be changing the resistance of the LDR will be change and
according to that we will take the decision whether to turn on or off the
bulb. We will connect the one terminal of the LDR with the 5V and other
terminal will be connected with the AO. The same terminal will be
connected with the ground through 10KΩ resistor. This will create a voltage
divider.

After uploading the code to the Arduino when the object is in front of the
sensor the led will light up or when there is darkness the led will turn on.

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4.2 Coding of the project
Code

The code for the Automatic Lights using Arduino and LDR Sensor is given below.

int sensorPin = A0;

int relayPin = 8;

,.m, mngf

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT);

pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);

void loop()

int sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);

if( sensorValue <= 25 ) // Change the value as per your requirement

digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW);

Serial.println(sensorValue);

delay(100);

else

digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH);

Serial.println(sensorValue);

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 }

4.3 Working principle of the project

The Automatic Lights using Arduino and LDR Sensor is a simple project, where
the light will automatically turn on upon detecting a human motion or darkness and
stay turned on until the person has left or there is light.

Working of this project is very simple and is explained here.

Initially, when there is light, the LDR Sensor becomes low and its OUT pin stays
LOW. But when there is darkness, the change in infrared radiation in the is
detected by the LDR Sensor.

As a result, the output of the LDR Sensor becomes HIGH. Since the Data OUT of
the LDR Sensor is connected to ANALOG Pin A0 of Arduino, whenever it
becomes HIGH, Arduino will activate the relay by making the relay pin LOW (as
the relay module is an active LOW module).

This will turn the Light ON. The light stays turned ON as long as there is
movement in front of the sensor or darkness.

If the person takes a nap or leaves, the Radiation will become stable (there will be
no change) and hence, the Data OUT of the LDR Sensor will become LOW. This
in turn will make the Arduino to turn OFF the relay (make the relay pin HIGH) and
the light will be turned OFF.

4.4 Applications of automatic light controller

1. Make automated Street Light system that will ON during night and OFF during
day.
2. You can make your own home automation using LDR sensor.
3. Image base street light control.
4. Industrial lighting.

22
4.5 Installation of the design

23
24
4.5 Testing and Results
This automatic light control system was test by plugging the relay to a 240v Ac
power supply, the Arduino was supplied with 9v Dc to activate the input of the
relay and also the LDR sensor.

After confirming all the connection, we made the room dark and the sensor value
became low and the signal in the relay is high thus the bulb is OFF.

When there was light in the room the value of the sensor increased thus the bulb is
ON.

This was repeated using and object to obstruct light from hitting the sensor the
bulb turn om and it turn off when the object was removed.

This process was repeated until we are convinced that the project is working.

25
 CONCLUSION
We can conclude that lights can be controlled automatically using this system.
Nowadays a large amount of electricity is wasted by us unknowingly. Using this
system, a huge energy and power can be conserved. This project can lead to
automation in every individual’s day to day life. The total cost of system is very
less and hence can be implemented by everyone. This system can be coupled with
various technologies and thus giving vast applications. The advantages of these
project are good than the disadvantage. The main drawback back of this project is
that it cannot detect how many members are present in that area instead, it detects
only the motion of the body and darkness.

5.1 FUTURE SCOPE

This system can be improved and made more accurate by implementing following
technological changes: -

1. Using GSM, we can receive notifications of the current state of system.

2. A pressure sensor can be used to calculate occupancy outside the house thus
helping in control and security purpose.
3. Instead of LDR sensor a digital camera can be used to detect a person’s
presence using image processing technique.
4. Along with LDR sensor a LDR can also be used for better working of the
system.

26
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