1 CHAPTER 1-5 Current

THE IMPACT OF RELIGION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM
AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY OF NIGERIA (A STUDY OF LAGOS

STATE)
Abstract
This study focused on the Impact of Religion on the Development of Tourism and
Hospitality Industry of Nigeria: A study of Lagos State. Specifically the study
examined the major religious tourism activities, the social benefits of religious
tourism, economic benefits of religious tourism and the challenges hindering the
development of religious tourism in Lagos. The study employed the survey
research method for collecting primary data through the administration of
questionnaire. Secondary data were collected from relevant material such as
textbooks, journal articles, seminar papers, and periodicals. The study used the
entire population of 110 respondents selected from major religious tourism
destination in Lagos. Chi-square was used as analytical techniques. The study is
anchored on Systems approach theory. The study found that religious tourism,
improves social wellbeing & quality of life, Promote morality in tourism
communities. It was also discovered that Religious tourism increases job
opportunities and Contributes to the income and standard of living. The study
therefore recommends that there should be development of infrastructure by
building world-class accommodation and efficient transport system that connects
with religious sites to develop religious tourism products and services. Also
religious administrators should enhance the safety and security measures to make
visitors, comfortable and protected during their stay in tourism sites.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Tourism in Nigeria is one of the fast growing sectors of her economy. The industry
was given priority status in 1990 when the National Tourism Policy was launched.
The main thrust of Government policy on tourism was to generate foreign
exchange earnings, create employment opportunities, promote rural enterprises and

national integration among other things. Nigeria offers a wide variety of tourist
attractions such the Old Oyo National Park, Olumo Rock, Ikogosi Warm Spring,
Erin Ijesha Waterfall, unique wildlife, vast tracts of unspoiled nature ranging from
tropical forest, magnificent waterfalls, some new rapidly growing cities and
climatic conditions in some parts particularly conducive to holidaying. Other
attractions include traditional ways of life preserved in local customs; rich and
varied handicrafts and other colourful products depicting or illustrative of native
arts and lifestyle, and the authentic unsophisticated but friendly attitude of many in
the Nigerian population.
Tourism according to Mcintosh and Gupta (1977) as any voluntary activity that
temporarily takes person away from his or her usual place of residence in order to
satisfy a need either for pleasure, excitement, experience or relaxation. Tourism
many be seen to consist senses of encounter in which visitors interact with their
hosts.
Tourism of late has been revealed to be one of the fastest growing sectors of an
economy. An analysis by Mani (2003), revealed an annual growth rate of 4% by
the tourist sector of countries like UK, Italy, Spain, USA; including some African
countries like Tunisia, morocco, Egypt, Kenya and South Africa. He added that
there is an increase in the tourism sector due to increase in tourists arrivals.

The religion has over the time has a great effect on the development of the country.
This is due to the fact that religion has influenced the tourism scene in an
outstanding manner. Notably, there are very many religious sites that also double
as key tourist attraction sites. As such, it goes without saying that these two sectors
are interrelated with each other as they are dependent of each other. One of the
greatest things about religion is that it is very old. The history of religion dates
back to at least two thousand years ago. As such, the history of religion is quite
important in that it constitutes a very important aspect of tourism; that of learning
more about how religion has grown and developed over the years.
Religion being a universal entity has been discussed by several scholars including
J.S Mill, Emile Durkheim and E.B Idowu. It is as old as man, dates back to about
2000 years ago. Both religion and tourism cannot exist without humans, this stands
to mean that both religion and tourism are practiced by humans. It has been
discovered from a study that in other to understand and relate well with man, one
has to have knowledge of his religion; reason being that it is the pivot with which
other aspects of his life revolves. Due to some practices and acts attached to
religion, most especially African religion, the wave of westernization seems to be
blowing it into extinction ( Awolalu & Dopamu, 2005: 278).
The coming of the whites alongside the introduction of their own religion
(Christianity) has contributed to the death and epileptic state of our African
customs, beliefs and values. Africans have been brain washed that we do not attach
respect, interest, and value to our African religion any more Awolalu & Dopamu,
2005: 284). African religion is characterized with a lot of challenges. A good
example is a case where priesthood is hereditary and when it gets to a person’s
turn, it is discovered that the person has left to further his education.
Irrespective of the challenges tied to religion, it still remains a viable tool in
achieving sustainable development. It is also pertinent to state that religion has a
great effect on tourism. Religion has influenced the tourism sector tremendously,
even as some religious sites have over the years helped in promoting tourism.
Religion according to Socrates (A Greek philosopher, 1912) is defined as the
practice that depicts the belief of people which are of more importance to their
everyday life. It controls the laws, how you think and act, what you believe in,
value etc. These have led to a dramatic increase in knowledge about their cultures,
norms and also the establishment of economic and social histories of progress.
History has it that the starting point of religion was from the tribal band whose
religion is amonistic and involved shamans (a medicine man from a similar region)
and totems (an object; species, plant, natural phenomenon symbolising a family).
Since the group was tribal, there was no permanent sanctuary for worship with
cultic rites centre on identification with wild animals and appeasing spirits of the
hunted animals.
Hospitality industry, an aspect of Tourism which cannot be overlooked is defined
according to “the prospectors act 1956. section 1 (3) as an establishment held out
by the proprietors offering foods and drinks if so required sleeping accommodation
without special contract to any traveller presenting himself to be in a fit state of
mind to be received and is willing and able to pay for the services rendered to him
by the establishment. Its history can be traced to the early civilization of the mind
16th century when the Romans built roads between the main cities and towns of
the time along which posting houses known as stabuli were set up to provide
holding, food drinks. Thus, every city/town at this time had an ale house which
provides only drink which later advanced to the building of what we now call the
hospitality industry (hotel).
In tourism, there is a very exclusive sector referred to as religious tourism, one of
the greatest pillars of tourism presently. Religious tourism can be best described as
a unique type of tourism whereby people travel either individually or in groups to
visit different places for purposes such as missionary work or pilgrimage among
other religious activities. For countries with deep roots in religion, this tourism
edges out as the leading form of tourism. This is specifically the case in Jerusalem,
one of the largest religious cities across the globe. This is a perfect example of the
exceedingly great effects of religion on tourism.
The impacts of religion on tourism are quite diversified in that they affect tourism
in so many ways. For instance, religious sites in Nigeria are the main tourist
attraction sites for the tourism sectors of these countries. These sites account for
millions of tourists (both international and local tourists) throughout the year.
Some of the notable tourist religious sites in Nigeria such as Osun Osogbo, Ogun
and Sango festivals in Oyo, Ojude Oba festival in Ijebu Ode, Udju Iwhurie Festival
in Delta State, Iriji Festival in Igbo Land among others have contributed largely to
the development of the country. The success of tourism and its subsequent growth
is based on the existence of exclusive attraction sites that are bound to keep tourists
coming back from time to time. Therefore, religion has gone a long way in the
sustenance of tourism mainly due to the fact that it keeps the tourism sector active
all year round.
It is safe to religion and tourism coexist mutually especially due to the fact that an
increase in religious activities leads to a similar increase in tourism. This applies to
both local and international tourism with the latter being the most favored. On an
annual basis, it is estimated that the global religious tourism sector enjoys a flow of
hundred millions of tourists from all across the globe. This is quite significant
especially bearing in mind that the global tourism sector boasts of almost a billion
tourists annually. The impacts of religion on tourism are not overrated in any way.
This is mainly due to the fact that the impacts have direct influences in the tourism
sector.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the economic contributions of religion on the development of tourism in
Nigeria and the large numbers of people they attract both locally and
internationally, the government has failed to encourage the development of some
of the religious tourist centres in the country.
Also, other problems hindering the impact of religion on the development of
hospitality and tourism in Nigeria include insufficient disposable income to partake
and enjoy the various religious activities, transportation problems, accommodation
and food and beverages services, and the major things that affects tourist from
engaging in the religion tourism. In fact, there are at least three broad approaches
to understanding this relationship: spatial, historical, and cultural. Each of these
illuminates different implications for religious life when tourists enter a sacred
precinct and the major things that affects tourist from engaging in the religion
tourism. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of religion on the
development of the tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria.
1.3 Objective of the study

The main objective of the research work is to examine the impact of religion on the
development of the tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria. Other specific
objectives of the study are stated below as follows:
1. To identify the major religious tourism activities taking place in Lagos,

Nigeria.
2. To determine the social benefits of religious tourism activities in Lagos.
3. To determine economic benefits of religious tourism activities in Lagos.
4. To establish real challenges hindering the development of religious tourism

in Lagos.
1.4. Research Questions
The study came up with the following research question so as to ascertain the
above stated objectives. The research questions are as follows:
i. What are the major religious tourism activities taking place in Lagos.
ii. What are the social benefits of religious tourism activities in Lagos.?
iii. What are the economic benefits of religious tourism activities in Lagos.?
iv. What are the challenges hindering the development of religious tourism in
Lagos.?
1.5 Research hypothesis
Ho1 Religious tourism activities in Lagos have no significant social benefit

Ho2 Religious tourism activities in Lagos have no significant economic
benefits
Ho3 The development of religious tourism in Lagos is not hindered by many

Challenges.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study is meant to inform, educate and enlighten the general public,
government and policy makers on the impact of religion on the development of the
tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria.
This study aims at educating the general public on the importance of religion on
the development of the tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria. It is meant to
remind the general public that they have a role to play in development of the
tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria.
This study also seeks to remind the government of Nigeria that a greater junk of
the work on the development of tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria lays on
them. It is meant to spur them to be on their toes towards achieving this.
Finally, policy makers equally play a part towards achieving the impact of religion
on the development of the tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria. It is
expected that they should come up with policies that will support the development
of the tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria.

1.7 Scope of the Study
Scope of the study refers to the elements that will be covered in a research project.
It defines the boundaries of the research. This study is restricted on the impact of
religion on the development of the tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria.
Content Scope: this study will be delimited to Religion dimensions such as
mythological, Ritual, Experiential and material dimensions, and indices of Tourism
and Hospitality, which include, attractions, activities, accommodation and
amenities
Geographically, this study will be delimited to Lagos Tourism and hospitality
industry
Unit Scope: the study covered the, management, staff and visitors of major
tourism and hospitality sites in Lagos.
1.8 Limitations of the study
During the course of this research work, the researcher encountered a lot of
challenges as well as opposition which ranges from financial constraints, time
factor. These factors in their own ways slowed down the speedy progress of this
work that resulted to the researcher not being able to finish the research work on
time as is required.
Also, within the area of study the researcher was faced with some other forms of
constrains that contributed to the limitation of this researcher work, like

accessibility to data, information and facts concerning the present study due to
some reasons or the other, some workers are not willing to give out information.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Religion: the term religion in this study referred to as personal set or
institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices.
Tourism: Tourism is here is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which
entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual
environment for personal or business/professional purposes.
Hospitality Industry: The hospitality industry is a broad category of fields within
the service industry that includes lodging, food and drink service, event planning,
theme parks, travel and tourism. It includes hotels, tourism agencies, restaurants
and bars.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Review of Related Literature
This chapter reviewed related literature on religion and tourism and hospitality
industry from different sources such as: text books, journals, academic papers and
web articles, to provide an overview of the study. This chapter reviewed the key
issues and assumptions of the current study under the following headings:
conceptual review, empirical studies and theoretical review, gap in the literature.
Finally, the chapter concludes with a brief summary of reviewed literature.

2.1 Conceptual Review
2.1.1 Religion
Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (2013), opines that religion is a range of social-
cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs,
worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that
generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements.
Harper (2021) maintains that the term religion comes from both Old French and
Anglo-Norman (1200s AD) and means respect for sense of right, moral obligation,
sanctity, what is sacred, reverence for the gods.[15][16] It is ultimately derived from
the Latin word religiō.
According to Stibich (2021), Religion is a set of organized beliefs, practices, and
systems that most often relate to the belief and worship of a controlling force, such
as a personal god or another supernatural being. He explained that religion often
involves cultural beliefs, worldviews, texts, prophecies, revelations, and morals
that have spiritual meaning to members of the particular faith, and it can
encompass a range of practices, including sermons, rituals, prayer, meditation, holy
places, symbols, trances, and feasts.
According to Hegel (2017) religion is the knowledge possessed by the finite mind
of its nature as absolute mind. He maintains that religion is man’s faith in a

supernatural power and to satisfy this power or establish a relationship with this
power he organizes worship and service.
2.1.2 Dimensions of Religion
Mythology:
According to Smart (1998), the mythological (or narrative) dimension describes
the storytelling aspect of religion, whether the stories are believed to be true,
fictitious, historical or mythological.
Religions are often sustained through the practice of repeating narratives that help
to explain why the world exists, and what our place is in it. Myths can also store
information in symbols, without stating the underlying meaning outright; they can
help to communicate across generations important ideas about what it means to be
human.
The preservation of these myths and narratives can be oral, written, or pictorial.
Ritual:
The ritual and practical dimension of religion covers all aspects of performed
religion, this includes formal ritual (activities with rules surrounding the
performance and motivation) as well as more informal, every day practices
(activities with a religious motivation or character).

Some examples of ritual are Christian baptism, Hindu yajna, and Zoroastrian
navjote ceremonies. This dimension also encompasses other activities that may not
be strictly regulated, but which nonetheless form a consistent practice - for instance
yoga, prayer, and meditation (Smart 1998).
Experiential:
The experiential (or emotional) dimension relates to personal experiences felt by
the individual, for example joy, bliss, mystery, anger, despair, and so on, where
these experiences are in relation to a religious experience.
It can also encompass more than just emotion, but the quality of experience of
entering a mosque, embarking on a pilgrimage, or taking amrit (the Sikh initiation
ceremony).
Equally, we can find examples throughout the history of religion of encounters
with deities, spirits, demons, and other experiences which indicate some sort of
contact with an unseen world, sources of inspiration, and moments of revelation
(Smart 1998).
Material:
Smart (1998) states that material dimension describes how religions lead to the
creation of material artefacts – from sculptures and artwork to buildings and cities.
The material dimension of religion provide evidence for historians and

archaeologists, but also enriches the lives of contemporary religious adherents as
their beliefs and traditions find life in the world through physical media.
Tourism types and forms
Tourism can be categorized in different forms and kinds and it can be based on the
number of visitors, age, goal, time, destination and etc. (Holloway, 1998).
if the number of tourists are taken into consideration it can be classified into
individual tourism, mass tourism and group tourism and based on the age of visitor
it will be divided into youth, adult and over 65 (third age) furthermore tourism
grouped according to level of tourist income and wage that is named social-
economic tourism and it is suitable for labors or retired ones. Another form of
categorization of tourism is based on the season that could be winter or summer
and sometimes it is grouped by dense scale and high or low season forms of
tourism are described. Also some other forms of tourism exist like health tourism
or religious tourism, business and sport event which are formed based on the
purpose of journey.
2.4.1 Religious tourism
As Travelling to sacred destinations is considered a composition of religious
experience and journey, it can be characterize as religious tourism. If religious
tourism just considered as the religious journey, it would be impossible to pay
attention to other dimensions and impacts of tourism such as economical or

cultural influences therefore, this concept will be one-dimensional.as it is
suggested it can be ranged from secular to pilgrimage tourism (Dadpour & Sirat,
2009).
Tourism has been known as the suitable way for economy growth and
development and in order to culture or religious and also peoples attitude,
fundamental of tourism will be framed and formed (Khaksari et al., 2014).
Religious tourism has been considered as the physical travel for finding a truth and
in search of some sophisticated answers for some important questions such as what
is the meaning of life or even more specific questions like what is the meaning of
my life (Wilson et al., 2013).
According to Olsen & Timothy (2006) religious tourism has been assumed as the
oldest form of non economic journeys and approximately 240 million of people
visit holy places annually. Most of these people are Christian, Muslims and
Visitors are interested to visit holy places for different reasons, as a contribution in
heritage or culture, for sense of curiosity or even to enjoy the landscape of that
place or site (Wong et al., 2013). Drule et al. (2012) pointed out that the concept of
tourism happens based on two main reasons. The first one rooted on internal
stimuli and that force people to follow their motivations and try to gain what they
desired such as pleasure seeking or recreation and etc.

The second one occurs when people are fascinated by external factors and
expectations such as the natural sources and etc. Even so it should be mentioned
that these two factors are intertwined and intertwisted and they should be
considered and defined simultaneously. However, motivation has an important role
on the tourism process and travelling in term of pilgrimage and religious tourism,
internal factors are considered as the main reasons and travel itself has fewer
priorities for religious tourists (Drule et al., 2012). Drule et al (2012) stressed that
the sense of being a better human is the main factor of religious journeys.
The main importance of tourism and especially religious tourism has became
manifest since human has been experienced the sense of curiosity in terms of
knowledge about cultures, natures, shrines and etc. Necessity of tourism has been
appeared based on the purpose of tourism and according to this concept; variety of
this phenomena has been formed. The concept of travel helps people to gain a
better understanding towards human values, common respect as long as economic
growth and prosperity and religious tourism has been playing a deceive role for
unifying humanity and bringing development in social scales and to build and
reconstruct humans and human personality.
Religious tourism is almost known as the oldest form of tourism and travelling and
pilgrimage is considered as the heart of this phenomenon. Although in the past
years, travel to holy places did not have reasonable and strong support but the main
reason for such a movement has been considered faith and motivation (Tala &
Padurean, 2008).
Nowadays ,the concept of religious tourism include a journey for making a strong
relationship with others with like mind and strengthening and improving
relationship and beliefs in a sophisticated way (Wong et al., 2013).
Religious tourism which sometimes named as a spiritual tourism has been achieved
determinant role all around the world. Income and technology are brought to
countries which are planned in the field of tourism and people were able to gain
knowledge about other religious cultures (Tala & Padurean, 2008).
Tourist behavior can be influenced by tourism and religious tourism; for example,
destination and visitor product will be determined by the aim of journey and also
based on form of tourism facilities must be provided for tourists. Religious tourism
as any other form of tourism are seeking for costumer and there should be
competition for attracting more customers (Weidenfeld & Ron, 2008).
Maybe it is imagined that religious tourism is only about Hajj and Pilgrimage and
some other religious issues but some other complicated concepts are included .in
Islamic point of view, the Islamic and secular style of life are strongly twisted and
related together (Jafari & scot, 2013).
According to Zamani-Farahani & Musa (2012), religious can be imagined as a
sophisticated way to influence on peoples mind and their behavior. The concept of
pilgrimage is formed and recognized in any culture of religious countries all
around the world for instance Hinduism or Islamic ideology; Judaism and
Christianity are some of these well known religious ideas. The concept of
pilgrimage is described as “A journey resulting from religious causes, externally to
a holy site, and internally for spiritual purposes and internal understanding”
(Barber, 1993), but nowadays this concept has been changed and it is consist of
deeper issues and characterized in different forms and defined as modern and new
secular travelling or traditional and old pilgrimage and these kind of concepts are
experiencing a serious juvenescence all over the world (Digance, 2006).
Nowadays, a very large number of people travel to holy places to achieve spiritual
affection and holy soul and it is interesting that religious tourism is still known the
most concentrated form of tourism. For instance, Hind followers reach to 70
million (Tala & Padurean, 2008).Muslim who gathered for hajj ceremony in Saudi
Arabia are approximately 3 to 5 million) and approximately 5 million people visit
Lourdes in France (Collins-Kreiner, 2009).Based on the information which
received from World Religious Travel Association (WRTA)almost 300 million
visitors had a journey to sacred sites and it was estimated approximately 18 billion
(Wright, 2007).Hence, many people have been attracted to visit these kind of sites
every year.
In 2012, it is officially reported that the number of people who have made
pilgrimage journey to Mecca for hajj is around 3.16 million that 1.7 million of
these pilgrims went to Makah from countries out of kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(Jafari & Scot, 2013).
Based on the Islamic lessons, any healthy Muslim who has ability and afford for
visiting Mecca should be a part of hajj at least once during life (Hanandeh, 2013).
Also during the past decades, the number of people who are fascinated to visit and
attend on hajj increased. For instance, between years of 2000 to 2012, the number
of religious tourist who visited Mecca grew by 46% and by consideration of
international pilgrims, it grew 34%.so many awareness of people and also
economic growth in the source countries (Hanandeh, 2013).
Some critical factors have playing roles on this issue such as the growth of
population and level of spiritual According to OIC (organization of the Islamic
conference), most of the Muslim countries are located in Middle East and the
number of member countries are around 57(Arasteh & Eilami, 2011).
Nowadays, almost 50000 religious organizations are serving the tourism and
pilgrims and they are trying to organize religious ceremonies and pilgrims journeys
(Wright, 2007).
Concept of Tourism
Tourism involves activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside
their usual environment for leisure, business and other purposes. Getis et al (2004)
on the other hand, defined tourism as undertaking for the purpose of recreation
rather than business. Tourism has become not only the most important single
tertiary sector activity but is, as well, the world’s largest industry in jobs and total
value generation. Tourism, from socio-economic and political perspectives have
been globally acknowledge and accepted as a relatively new innovation in the
human history of planned development (Dawaki, 2005).
Anyanwu and Anyanwu (2012) describe tourism as a multi-dimensional,
multifaceted activity which touches lives and business activities. The business
activities may include, restaurants, hotels, motels, travel agencies, car rentals and
transport companies.
According to Adebayo, Anyanwu and Nwachukwu (2010) tourism as a journey
one embarks on from his normal residence to another place for reasons connected
with recreational purposes, which could also be religious, educational and
sightseeing. Tourism is important, and in some cases, vital for many countries. It
was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as "an
activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social,
cultural, educational and economic sectors of national societies and on their
international relations”. Tourism brings in large amounts of income in payment for

goods and services available, accounting for 30% of the world's exports of
services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and services. It also creates
opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy, associated with
tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines,
cruise ships and taxicabs; hospitality services, such as accommodations, including
hotels and resorts; and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos,
shopping malls, music venues and theatres, (Dickinson and Lumsdon 2010).
Today, tourism has been recognised world over as a special economic endeavour
that showers the global society with better chances of understanding one another; a
tool for enhancing economic values as avenue through which the menace of
unemployment and incessant rural urban migration could be addressed. In the
middle and high income countries, tourism supports a diversified share of domestic
expenditures through transportation-related costs, roadside services, entertainment,
national parks visits, and the like. International tourism, on the other hand,
generates new income and jobs of growing importance in developing countries
(Oruonye and Abubakar, 2008).
DIMENSION OF TOURISM
Tourism destination Attraction
The attractiveness of a tourism destination is often referred to the opinions of
visitors about the destination’s perceived ability to satisfy their needs. Research
has shown that attractiveness studies are necessary for understanding the elements
that encourage people to travel (Formica, 2018). The more a destination is able to
meet the needs of tourists, the more the destination is perceived to be attractive and
the more the destination is likely to be chosen in preference to competing
destinations. Thus, the major value of destination attractiveness is the pulling effect
attractiveness has on tourists (Kim & Lee, 2017).
Mayo and Jarvis (2018) define destination attractiveness as “the relative
importance of individual benefits and the perceived ability of the destination to
deliver these individual benefits”. This ability is enhanced by the specific attributes
of a destination that makeup the destination such as attractions, infrastructure or
services and people providing these services. According to Hu and Ritchie (2013),
a tourism destination is therefore a combination of destination attributes mostly
tourist facilities and services. In an assessment of the attractiveness of a destination
tourists evaluate the perceived ability of the destination attributes to meet their
needs (Mayo & Jarvis, 2018). It is generally believed that the attractiveness of a
destination is enhanced the more attributes the destination has. In order to attract
visitors destinations develop facilities and services to enhance its attractiveness.
The attractiveness of a destination diminishes in the absence of these attributes.
More- over, in the absence of destination attractiveness tourism would not exist
and there could be little or no need for tourist facilities and services (Kim & Lee,
2017). However, some destinations such as isolated tropical islands or small
coastal towns offer a limited range of facilities and services and as isolated tropical
islands or small coastal towns offer a limited range of facilities and services and
destination competitiveness. While the attractiveness of a destination depends on
the relationship between the availability of existing attractions and the perceived
importance of such attractions (For- mica & Uysal, 2016) and their ability to
deliver benefits to tourists (demand), destination competitiveness depends on the
availability of resources and a destination ability to use these resources effectively
over the long term to attract visitors (supply) (Ritchie & Crouch, 2013).
Tourism destination Activities.
Tourism activities in a destination are defined as the attractiveness and
facilities which are developed to enhance recreational and relaxing tourism
such as golf, theme parks, entertainment complex, zoos, aquarium, parks and
other activities.
These tourism destination activities allow tourists to have participation in such
activities such as sports, shopping or activities related to business, agriculture and
industry. Even though tourists pay attention to destination and facilities as the
first priority, tourism activities play the important role in attracting tourists in
participating in these activities (Merchant, 2015).

Consequently, tourism destination activities are regarded as another important
component of tourism. If tourists hold favorable and pleasant attitudes
towards tourism activities, the future intention to visit the tourism
destinations will be elevated. The tourism activities give tourists opportunities to
engage in historical and cultural activities such as the sightseeing and learning of
the identity of ancient places and objects, the background of historical and
ancient places, works of art, local handicrafts, local culture and traditions,
folk wisdom and local souvenirs and products (Thailand Institute of
Scientific and Technological Research (2017).
Moreover, tourism activities also include boat trips for the sightseeing of
natural scenery, the scenery along the canal, the worship of holy things and
photographing (Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, 2015). The
tourism along the rivers is associated with tourism destinations with
identities of cultures and traditions. The findings of the examination of the
number of tourists’ participation in activities revealed that the sightseeing of
scenery, museums, works of art and historical places resulted in the repeated
travelling and positive recommendation to others (Taks, Chalip, Green, Kesenne,
& Martyn, 2019).
Tourism Accommodation
Akyeampong (2017) defines tourist destination accommodation as an
establishment which offers its facilities and services to individuals or groups.
Examples include, but are not limited to hotels, motels, guesthouses, and company
apartments/chalets. However, in its entirety, it can be defined as any facility that
provides a psychological base for tourists or individuals who are temporarily away
from their usual place of residence or work (Mensah & Dei-Mensah, 2016).
Basically, bedrooms are the primary products that accommodation facilities offer
to their clients. This, notwithstanding, a host of other facilities and services
offered for sale include restaurants and bars (food and beverage), recreational
amenities (swimming pools, tennis courts, horse riding), health facilities (spas) and
conference and meeting facilities among others for use by visitors. In modern
times, accommodation facilities place great emphasis on conferencing and
meetings as a result of the growth in business tourism.
Destination accommodation facilities are diverse and can generally be classified as
serviced or non-serviced/self-catering (Middleton, Fyall & Morgan, 2019).
Serviced accommodation comprises facilities that provide bed, meals and
housekeeping duties (making beds and general cleaning) for its patrons
(Akyeampong, 2017). They include hotels (motels and resorts), guesthouses, bed-
and-breakfast facilities and inns.

Contemporary tourism forms – agro/agric and ecological tourism have necessitated
the development of accommodation facilities such as farmhouses and eco-lodges to
meet the accommodation needs of such patrons (Dziedzoave, 2015).
Akyeampong (2017) argues that tourism accommodation provision involves
stakeholders ranging from small families to giant multi-national companies. He
posits that the main determinants of key actors in tourism accommodation
development are the geo-political factors and historical antecedents of nations,
which could place the sector wholly in private hands or in the public sector or a
combination of the two.
Tourism Amenities
Amenity means roads, streets, open spaces, parks recreational grounds, play
grounds, gardens, water supply, electric supply, street lighting, sewerage, drainage,
public works and other utilities, services and conveniences.
Amenities include basic facilities and services that help a visitor feel comfortable
and secure in a tourism destination. Sometimes referred to as the “pleasantness” of
a place, they play an important role in shaping the visitor experience and include
things like public restrooms, signage, connectivity, emergency services, postal
facilities, roads, sidewalks, safe drinking water, etc. And while it can be tempting
to take these elements for granted, ready access to them plays a major role in
determining whether visitors will plan a return visit or recommend a destination to
others. While providing all of these visitor amenities is certainly not solely role of
destination management, collaborating with local service providers, city officials,
stakeholders, and support personnel to ensure tourism destination are well-
equipped to meet these expectations.
Tourism Development
Chen (1981) pointed out tourism development as “a kind of environment in which
people can engage in tourism activities, experience beauty, gain spiritual, physical
enjoyment and knowledge and have fun. It involves natural, social, economic and
political environments as well as scientific and technological conditions”.
Tourism is supposed to be one of the most significant forces which crystalized our
world. In economical point of view, tourism brings prosperity and wealth for
residents, it is the greatest earner of global export and foreign exchange and job
opportunities will be provided by these phenomena. In addition tourism has
influence on culture, environment and society. It helps to people to improve the
sense of well being by travels and journeys and satisfy their human needs. Tourism
has been contributed on cultural preservation and protection and environment
conservation is another impact of tourism nature. Better Understanding between
people and nations and peace are considered the most significant benefit of tourism
industry (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2006).

Tourism and Tourism Development
According to WTO definition: tourism comprises the activities of persons
travelling to and staying in places outside their unusual environment for not more
than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.
Some disparities exist in the two term of tourism and it is wrong to consider all the
travels as tourism and there are some critical characteristics that should be
involved in the tourism:
• Duration: overnight stay can be considered or not
• Purpose of journey: it should be done by variety of goals
• Displacement: it has to be outside of usual place and it is mentioned the most
important factor of definition.
Holloway (1998) explains that a person who travels and visits any place with the
purposes which are mentioned in the tourism definition is known as a tourist and
also the duration of travel should be at least more than one night. The concept of
tourism is assumed as the mixture of some serious factors like food and beverage
or transportation system or facilities and also accommodation and there should be
provided for tourist who wants visit a place .the industry of tourism is influenced
by some changes and trends like fashion or even pleasure and it is necessary for
tourism sectors to adopt themselves by these kind of alternations to survive in the
market (Holloway, 1998).
Development of tourism has been considered as a multidimensional concept and it
is not just focused on economical growth, some other concepts like social, cultural
and even political impacts are included in this definition and also tourism
development as a holistic definition should be addressed as a critical factor and
also it is important to recognize and understand theories which are included in the
term of tourism development. Critical ideologies which shaped and formulated
tourism development should be investigated as well (Sharpley & Telfer, 2002).
Dieke (2008) describe that development of tourism is briefed in there different
stages. The stage of finding and targeting a suitable place to visit by tourist,
broadcasting some news about chosen place and response of community to this
kind of interest which can be defined in some plans like development of services or
buildings. Surely, tourism development should be considered as a holistic and
homogeneous process that so many factors have been playing an important role on
these criteria (Dieke, 2008).
Concept of hospitality Industry

According to Jaucourt, Louis and chevalier (2013) hospitality is the relationship
between a guest and a host, wherein the host receives the guest with some amount
of goodwill, including the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or
strangers. Louis, chevalier de Jaucourt describes hospitality in the Encyclopédie as
the virtue of a great soul that cares for the whole universe through the ties of
humanity.
The word hospitality comes from a French word “hospice” which means a place of
rest. And rest has to do with relaxation and comfort(Louis 2000). Hospitality is
therefore the act of offering refreshment, entertainment and accommodation by a
person or a set of people or an establishment to another person or persons for the
purpose of achieving maximum comfort. Hospitality as an academic discipline is
the study that deals with hotels, restaurants, snack bar cafeteria, coffee shops, etc
which provide services that make for comfort, entertainment and relaxation away
from home (Louis 2000).
Those public areas are where the public can obtain hospitable services at a fee
hospitality is offering a cup of kindness (Walker, 2007:14) it is also about
customer service.
According to Onyeneho, (2009), the primary purpose of hospitality is to enhance
the lives of those customers to whom we are dedicated to serve. Service is the
treatment we render to our guests or customers whether positive or negative. For us
in hospitality industry our aim is to treat them well be simply offering them a cup
of kindness. Hospitality offers this cup of kindness by understanding what their
needs (i.e. customers) are, offering them welcome so that they can feel at home,
comfortable and important,
Apaokagi, (2011) opines that hospitality industry is the business where providing
services such as catering and entertainment takes place. Apaokagi also asserts that
Nigerians are traditionally very hospitable people and their culture allow for people
welcoming guests into their houses, entertaining, feeding and even housing them at
no cost. This right from birth, people imbibes the habit of welcoming and
entertaining people.
In another development Okoro-Ugo (2007) explains that the hospitality industry
covers or embraces business activities involving the provision of accommodation,
foods, drinks, leisure, entertainment and catering for others. In the list of
hospitality industry are hotels, motels, public houses, fast food centers, restaurants
and cafeteria. Transport catering and bed and breakfast establishment. Hospitality
industry also expands coverage to industrial and institutional catering and has
tentacles in the hospitality consultancy business, tour and travel operations.

The industry is a significant and distinctive economic force in the service
economies of the world. It is distinctive for several reasons:
 It is considered to be a fragmented industry comprising food service
establishment and labour intensive.
 It is both capital and labour intensive.
The ownership of the assets deployed the industry often do not belong to those
who are managing them instead real estate investment groups, insurance
companies, public and private investors along with international business ventures
have expanded considerable amount of capital to acquiring of the industry, and
have employed specialized hospitality companies to manage them, (Okoli, 2001).
In the ever shrinking, fast- moving world of today, boats, trains, aeroplanes and
cars carry travelers all over the glove either as tourists or in the normal course of
their business. These travelers normally require food, lodging, hospitality and
service of food standard.
Progressive and enterprising caterers and hotel proprietors constantly study and
analyze in detail the current trends and developments in the industry in order to
provide a high standard of accommodation and services at reasonable prices and to
improve the efficiency of their establishment. They are also aware of the need to
make their establishments bright and cheerful with all the modern conveniences,
whilst also preserving the spirit and traditions of the Irins of older times, (WTO).
2.5Theoretical Review
A theory presents a systematic way of understanding behaviours, events and/or
situations. Theories use plausible principles, concepts, and propositions to predict
or explain events, situations or phenomena. Though many argue that theories are
abstract, it cannot be denied that they (theories) have general or broad applications
(Ohmer, 2010). This study is anchored Systems (Holistic) Approach theory.
2.5.1 The Systems (Holistic) Approach to Religious Tourism
The Holistic or Systems approach theoretical method is a multifaceted framework
in research study. Using it to account for religious tourism means that tourism will
be represented from a structure opinion. It places religion in the framework of the
bigger atmosphere, which is the tourism industry, and studies the role of religion in
the whole. The quantities are vital; however, the most important is the
interconnection between components since they work hand in hand to achieve the
core idea of the entire system. The systems approach is ideal for understanding
interdependency, which needs a method of intelligence different from the
investigation; it needs coordinated brainstorming (Jere Jakulin 2017: 19).
According to Jere Jakulin (2017: 20), the systems approach makes use of various
processes. It categorizes the system in a broader context of the environment of

which it is a part and studies the role it plays in the larger whole. The parts are no
longer the primary focus. The parts are essential but what is more important is the
interrelationship between the parts as they work together to fulfil the purpose of the
whole system. A systems approach is ideal for the idea of interdependency, which
demands an innovative, unusual, and unique from scrutiny; it requires systems
thinking (Jakulin 2017: 20). The systems approach to religious tourism can be best
explained by Figure 2.2:
Figure 2.2: Interdependency of the tourism system and other tourism sub-
systems (Jere Jakulin 2017: 20)
Jere Jakulin (2017) views religious tourism as part of tourism which is a bigger
system that includes various forms of tourism. It deduces that the explanation of
the system is dependent on the goal the research requires to attain. The word
“complex” is applied to pinpoint the fact that the problematic issue singled out in
this study may not be presented in quantitative associations and that the greatest
applicable morals are qualitative. The consideration here is also that the complex
systems as linkages created of many components, which interact among each other
in a nonlinear way, may evolve through self-organization, such that they are
neither completely regular nor completely random (Sayama 2015).
Using a systems approach to unpack the potential of unleashing religious tourism
into the mainstream of the tourism industry in Lagos Nigeria will enable
exploration of all variables that are to be considered for this inquiry. Firstly, taking
a systems approach from a conception of complex systems will enable the research
to identify religious activities associated with religious tourism as subsystems of
the tourism sector. Secondly, such activities from an optimistic perspective of
systems approach will be present in the system within which has the complexity of
interactions among system elements thus playing a major role in leading us to
evaluate the benefits associated with religious tourism.
Furthermore, since these fundamentals are structures themselves and for this cause,
the behaviour of a scheme at large can be difficult to predict: the classification of
schemes, which interchange energy and evidence with their surroundings while in
a journey, modulated by internal and external effects giving the researcher the
aptitude to analyse challenges that hinder the development of religious tourism in
Lagos Nigeria.
Lastly, since the systems of tourism are multifaceted for the reason of the
prevailing relations and nesting of its subsystems, the researcher utilizes this to
proffer possible strategies that can be used to ensure that adopting religious
tourism and unlocking its potential is properly realized (Jakulin 2017: 20).
2.6Empirical Studies
Ziyenge (2021) carried out a study on “Unlocking the Potential of Religious
Tourism in Imbabwe”. The objectives of the study were to identify the major
religious tourism activities taking place in Harare, determine their socio-economic
benefits, challenges hindering the development of religious tourism, and offer
possible strategies that can be adopted to promote the growth of religious tourism
in the City of Harare. A mixed-method data collection approach, which included
the use of questionnaires and interviews, were used to gather data. A sample of 100
randomly selected respondents was chosen to participate in the study. Semi-
structured interviews were also conducted using a sample comprised of pilgrims,
church leaders, Zimbabwe Tourism Authority management, and the City of Harare
Municipal Authority. The study found that conventions and Christian-based camps
are the most prevalent religious tourism activities in Harare attracting the highest
number of religious tourists compared to other religious activities in the city of
Harare. Furthermore, the study revealed that the growth of religious tourism has
led to several social and economic benefits. The social benefits attributable to
religious tourism include improved quality of life, social cohesion, enhanced
cultural education and conservation, and improved faith among congregants. The
economic benefits related to religious tourism include increased job opportunities,
increased municipal tax revenue, and improved public utility infrastructure.
Nonetheless, the development of religious tourism in Harare has been hampered by
factors such as inadequate accommodation facilities, inferior quality of existing
restaurants, lack of government support, environmental pollution, safety and
security issues, and poor infrastructural development. Therefore, it was
recommended that the regulatory board, the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority, leads
the promotion of religious tourism. Tourism stakeholders should collectively
strategize to unlock and harness the potential of religious tourism in the country.
Additionally, the study recommended that church authorities offer tourist facilities,
such as adequate and standard guest houses, restaurants, cafeterias, lodges, and
bathing rooms.
Lin et al (2021) investigates how the Development of Religious and Cultural
Tourism Build a Sustainable and Friendly Life and Leisure Environment for the
Elderly and Promote Physical and Mental Health. This research adopted a mixed
method, collected 700 questionnaires, used SPSS 22.0 statistical software, and
analyzed basic statistics, t-test, and PPMCC test. Then, the researchers conducted
semi-structured interviews, collected the opinions of six interviewees, and finally
analyzed with multiple checks Law discussion. The results found that people of
different genders and stakeholders had different opinions about DIY activities on
leisure satisfaction, featured itineraries, relaxation areas, signs and instructions,
community association and service center services, historical landmarks, and
public transportation. They found people’s life satisfaction in physical and mental
health was increased, their headaches or pressures on the top of their heads were
relieved, backache problems were reduced, and they were no longer anxious and
lost tempers. They had a greater willingness to revisit some places and share
experiences. This study found significant differences among these topics (p <
0.01). Women, residents, and tourists had different opinions. In addition, although
the natural environment landscape and feelings have the greatest influence, the
better the physical and mental health was improved, the better the willingness to
travel. However, the more perfect the local construction and development, the less
favorable to attract people to engage in leisure activities or tourism consumption.
Olawale and Yina (2019) investigated the impact of religion tourism on
community: case studies of Synagogue church of all nations in Lagos, Nigeria
using questionnaire, personal observation and interview techniques. Purposive
sampling technique was used to select 250 respondents comprises of tourists,

residents and tourism service providers who have attained 18 years of age to ensure
that all the respondents are mature enough to understand the research issues. Data
collected from the survey were collated and analysed with the aid of descriptive
statistics and chi-square statistics method. Findings from the study revealed that up
to 84% of respondents agreed that religious tourism has increased economic
activities in Ikotun Egbe community thereby reducing the level of unemployment
in the areas. It was also discovered that despite immense contributions of religion
tourism activities in the area the level of infrastructure facilities in terms of good
quality road, uninterrupted power supply and communication facilities leave much
to be desired. In view of this, the study recommended among others good
management strategies in form of public-private partnership in provision of
necessary infrastructure facilities in the study areas to enhance quality of service
delivery to tourists as well as local communities.
Ele (2017) carried out a study on religious tourism in Nigeria: the economic
perspective. The methodology employed in the study is descriptive– observational
which means that religious tourist and the stakeholders in the sector were observed
and studied over time. Data collected from the survey were collated and analysed
with the aid of descriptive statistics and chi-square statistics method. This paper
seeks to know the economic characteristics of religious tourism and its positive or
negative impacts on the economy of Nigeria. It advocates for an enhancement of

the faith – based tourism status of Nigeria with the view to improving the
economic and general wellbeing of all Nigerians. The findings of this work
influenced the recommendations proffered in it in order to facilitate and sustain
this essential sector which has received less emphasis over the years in the country.
Iman (2014) examined the Role of Religious Tourism in the development and
growth of urban Metropolis in Mashhad, Iran. The study aims to examine three
dimensions of development, namely, economic, environment, and social-cultural
issues caused by religious tourism in Mashhad. A quantitative method used to
investigate 288 residents’ perceptions who are settled around the Imam Reza holly
shrine. Mean and standard division of the variable is calculated to understated to
what extend respondents are agreed about positive impacts of religious tourism in
terms of economic, environment, and social-cultural development. ANOVA was
performed to compare mean scores of economic, environment, and social-cultural
dimensions by educational level, income level, and residency lengths. The results
show that from perspective of residents, development of religious tourism provides
economic contribution in Mashhad. In contrast, negative effects of religious
tourism are reported by respondents. According to the findings of the study, there
is a census about improvement of social-cultural issues caused by religious tourism
in Mashahd. According to the ANOVA results, respondents with different
educational level have significant different perception about economic impacts.

Similarly, perception of respondents about economic, environment, and social-
cultural effect of religious tourism varies based on income level and lengths of
residency. It was suggested that local people need to get benefit directly and
indirectly through development of tourism.
2.7 Gap in the literature
In the literature reviewed, there is evident that many studies have been done in the
area of tourism and most of the research was conducted outside Nigeria. However,
few studies addressed the relationship religion and development of tourism
industry in Lagos. This shows that there is insufficient literature on the impact of
religion on the development of tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria. The
insufficient research in this area necessitated the need to fill the gap. Therefore this
research filled the gap in the literature by using various indices to study how
religion impact on the development of tourism industry in Lagos Nigeria.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the data collection method and the analytical approaches
used in the current study. The chapter describes in depth the research design,
population, sample size, sampling method/technique, methods of data collection,
validity, reliability of research and method of data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
Research design is the master plan for collection and analysis of data which aids in
answering the research questions. It is the general plan of how the researcher
would go about answering research questions, specifies the sources from which the
researcher would collect data, measurement and analysis of data, (Saunders, Lewis
& Thornhill, 2009). This study adopted the use of descriptive design. Orodho,
(2004) contends that, to produce information that is of interest to policy makers
even in business, descriptive design is helpful. This involved collection of
information by administering questionnaire and interviewing a sample of
individuals. The descriptive study is undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to
describe the characteristics of the variable of interest in a situation (Kothari, 2008).
3.2 Method and Sources of data collection
Primary data was utilized in this study.

a. Primary Data: The primary source was copies of questionnaire.
Respondents representing the staff and distributors were major respondents
that completed the filling of the questionnaire given to them.
3.3 Population of the Study
Data was not collected from the entire study population in Lagos. Rather, due to
time and financial limitations, research data was only collected from a sample of
participants from tourist sites with similar characteristics to represent the target
population. To that end, self-completion questionnaires were used for collecting
data. In sync with descriptive research design, surveys were employed to provide a
quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population
by studying a sample of that population (Creswell 2014: 201).
This research study chose a target population of one thousand people, in the Lagos
city, comprising of pilgrims from the Prophetic Healing and Deliverance churches
and orthodox churches at their places of convergence in Lagos and their leaders.
Male and female pilgrims who were aged 18 and above constituted the targeted
population, primarily because they are in one way or the other familiar with
religious tourism-related matters in Nigeria and around the globe in general. More
so, with the limited time and resources, this target population was deemed
manageable.
3.4 Sample Size Determination
In this study, a sample size of one hundred (100) respondents was chosen to be
representative of the target population, representing ten percent of the target
population. The sample comprised of eighty (80) pilgrims from the Prophetic
Healing and Deliverance churches and orthodox churches and twenty (20)
management staff drawn from the Nigeria Tourism Authority and Church
leadership In Lagos as illustrated in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Sample Distribution
Category SAMPLE SIZE

Questionnaires Questionnaires for
for Management/ church
Pilgrims leaders
Nigeria Tourism 5 8
Authority
Lagos City 5 8
Prophetic Healing and 40 2
Deliverance churches
Orthodox churches 40 2
Sub-total 80 20
Total 110
The size was determined in such a way that it was not too small or too many but
were chosen as tolerable representation of the many that were not sampled.
3.5 Sampling Techniques
Ude (2004) classified sampling techniques into two namely; probability (simple
random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster) and non-probability

(convenience, judgmental, and quota sampling). The probability sampling
techniques, specifically the simple random sampling technique was used to select
the sample. The motive behind the adoption of simple random sampling technique
was to give all members of the population an equal chance of being selected, and
to reduce standard error by providing some control over variance sample.
3.6 Description of Research Instrument
The research questionnaire was used to collect data on relationship marketing and
sales performance of restaurants in the study area. The questionnaire construction
was designed on a five points Likert Scale (SA = Strongly Agrees, ID,=
Undecided, A = Agree, SD = Strongly Disagree, and D = Disagree). Thus, the
respondents were requested to select their own choice of the Likert scale
alternatives in order to specify their level of agreement or disagreement on each
statement.
3.7 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument
This study achieved validity because the researcher ensured that the questionnaire
instruments/items cover the objectives of the study. Also, validity was achieved in
the sense that questionnaire was given to at least two experts including the
supervisor for scrutiny to ensure that the questionnaire items actually measure what
they intended to measure.

In reliability test, this work used the test-retest method where the questionnaire was
distributed to 30 individuals that are not among the original respondents. The
questionnaire was distributed again in two days time to the same respondents and
their responses achieved reliability or consistency.
3.9 Data Analysis Techniques
This work used simple percentage and chi-square to analyse the data generated.
The simple percentage was used to describe or interpret the responses of the
respondents and the chi-square was adopted to test the hypotheses.
3.9.1 Chi-square Analytical Technique
X2 = fo-fe
fe
Where X2 = completed value of chi-square
fo =The observed frequency in each use
fe =The expected frequency in each use
In chi-square (x2) computation, the degree of freedom was calculated as
Degree of freedom (Df) = (r-1) (c-1)
Where; r= Number of rows
C=Number of Columns
Decision rule
A decision rule is a procedure that the researcher uses to decide whether to accept
or reject the null hypothesis. It spells out the circumstances under which the
researcher would reject or accept the null hypothesis., it states that null hypothesis
(Ho) is to be rejected if the chi-square calculated chi-square calculated value is
selected in a matter of chance or if the chi-square value is greater than critical
value while the alternative hypothesis (H1) is to be accepted if the calculated chi-
square value is less than the critical value.
Note that a small p – value (typically ≤ 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the
null hypothesis so you reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative
hypothesis. Whereas a large p –value (typically > 0.05) indicates weak evidence
against the null hypothesis, so you accept the null hypothesis and reject the
alternative hypothesis.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the data generated in the course of the study as well as the
analysis of data results and test of hypotheses using methods proposed in chapter
three. The data analyses were done using simple percentage and the hypotheses
were tested using chi-square. Moreover, it should be noted that 110 questionnaires
were properly filled and returned. Therefore, the 110 is our sample size.
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Section A: Demographic variables of the respondents

Item 1: Sex of the respondents
Table 4.1: Sex distribution
Option No of Respondents % of Responses
Male 70 63.6
Female 40 36
Total 110 100
Source: field survey (2023)
According to table 4.1 above, 63.6% of the respondents are males whereas 36% of
the respondents are females.
Item 2: Age
Table 4.2: Age distribution of the respondent

20-25 50 45.6
26-30 30 27.1
31-35 20 18.1
36-40 10 9.2
Total 110 100
According to table 4.2, 45.6% of the respondents are 20-25 years, whereas 27.1%
of the respondents are between 26-30 years, 18.1% of the respondents are 31-35
years while 9.2 % of the remaining respondents are 36-40 years and above. This
shows that majority of the respondents are between age 20-25years
Item 3: Marital status
Table 4.3: Marital status of respondents

Married 40 36
Single 70 63.6
Total 110 100
The preceding table has shown that 36% of the respondents are married, and 63.6%
of them are single. This show that majority of the respondents are single.
Item 4: Academic Qualification
Table 4.4: Academic qualification of respondents

Below first degree 60 54.5
First degree 30 27.2
Above first degree 20 18.1
Total 110 100
Analysis in the above table has shown that 54.5% of the respondents have below
first degree, 27.2% of the other respondents have first degree, while 18.1% have
above first degree. This shows that majority of the respondents academic
qualifications are below first degree.
Item 5: Religion of the respondents
Table 4.5: Religion of the respondents

Christianity 60 54.5
Islam 30 27.2
African tradition 20 18.1
Total 110 100
The above table has shown that 54.5% of the respondents are Christians, and
27.2% are Muslim while 18.1 are African traditional religion.
SECTION B: The subject matter (based on research questions and hypotheses)

Item 6: RESEARCH QUESTION ONE: REASON FOR ENGAGING IN
RELIGIOUS
TOURISM
Table 4.6: Missionary Travels is the reason for religious tourism

SA 50 45.4
A 25 22.7
D 20 18.1
SD 15 13.6
Total 110 100
Source: field survey (2023).
The above analysis has shown that 45.4% of the respondents strongly agree, 22.7%
of the respondents agree, 18.1% of the respondent disagree and the remaining
13.6% respondents strongly disagree. This shows that majority of the respondents
strongly agree that missionary travels is the reason for religious tourism in Lagos
state.
Table 4.7: Faith Based Crusades is the reason for religious tourism

SA 45 40.0
A 30 27
D 25 22.7
SD 10 9.0
Total 110 100
The above analysis has shown that 45.4 %of the respondents strongly disagree,
27.2% of the respondents agree, 18.1% disagree 9.% of the remaining respondents
strongly disagree. This shows that majority of the respondents strongly agree that
faith based crusades is the reason for religious tourism in Lagos State.
Table 4.8: Religious Camping is the reason for religious tourism

SA 60 54.5
A 25 22.7
D 15 13.6
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
In the above analysis, 54.5 % of the respondents strongly agree, 22.7% of the
respondents agree, 13.6% disagree and 9% of the remaining respondents strongly

disagree. This shows that majority strongly agree that religious camping is the
reason for religious tourism in Lagos State.
Table 4.9: Conventions/Conferences is the reason for religious tourism

SA 15 13.6
A 20 18.
D 35 31.8
SD 40 36.6
Total 110 100
In the analysis above 13.6 % of the respondents strongly agree, 18.% of the
respondents agree, 31.8 % of the respondent disagree and the remaining 36.6%
respondents strongly disagree. This is evidence that most of the respondents
strongly disagree that conventions/conferences is the reason for religious tourism
in Lagos.
Table 4.10: Monastery Visits is the reason for religious tourism

SA 15 13.6
A 20 18.1
D 25 22.7
SD 50 45.4
Total 110 100
of the respondents agree, 22.7% disagree and 45.4% the remaining respondents
strongly disagree. Monastery visits is the reason for religious tourism in Lagos.
Table 4.11: Historical Religious Sites is the Reason for Religious Tourism

SA 10 9
A 25 22.7
D 35 31.8
SD 40 36.6
Total 110 100
The above analysis has shown that 36.6% of the respondents strongly disagree.
31.8% of the respondents agree, 22.7% disagree and 9% of the remaining
respondents strongly agree. This showed that majority of the respondent strongly
disagree that historical religious sites is the reason for religious tourism in Lagos.
Item 12: RESEARCH QUESTION TWO: SOCIAL BENEFITS OF

RELIGIOUS TOURISM
Table 4.12: Religious Tourism improves social wellbeing & quality of life
SA 60 54.5
A 25 22.7
D 15 13.6
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
of the respondents agree, 13.6% disagree and 9% of the remaining respondents
strongly agree. This shows that Religious Tourism improves social wellbeing &
quality of life.
Table 4.13: Religious Tourism Promote morality in tourism communities

SA 10 9
A 20 18.1
D 30 27.9
SD 50 45
Total 110 100
The above analysis has shown that 9% of the respondents strongly agree, 18.1% of
the respondents agree, 27.9% disagree and 45% of the remaining respondents
strongly disagree that Religious Tourism Promote morality in tourism
communities.
Table 4.14: Religious Tourism solves social problems through cultural

education & conservation
SA 50 45
A 30 27.9
D 20 18.1
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
The above analysis has shown that 45% of the respondents strongly agree, 27.9%
strongly disagree. This shows that majority of respondents strongly agree that
Religious Tourism solves social problems through cultural education &
conservation
Table 4.15: Religious Tourism lead to Spiritual enlightenment of the tourist

SA 60 54.5
A 25 22.7
D 15 13.6
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
strongly disagree. This showed that most of the respondents strongly agree that
Religious Tourism lead to Spiritual enlightenment of the tourist.
Table 4.16: Religious Tourism Brings cohesion to religious family, and a sense
of belonging

SA 48 43.6
A 27 24.5
D 21 19
SD 14 12.7
Total 110 100
of the respondents agree, 18.1% of the respondent disagree and the remaining
13.6% respondents strongly disagree. This shows that Religious Tourism Brings
cohesion to religious family, and a sense of belonging.
Table 4.17: Religious Tourism improves ones’ religious faith

SA 55 50
A 25 22.7
D 20 18.3
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
strongly disagree. This is evident that majority of the respondents strongly agree
that Religious Tourism improves ones’ religious faith.
Item 18: ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF RELIGIOUS TOURISM
Table 4.18: Increases job opportunities

SA 56 50.9
A 24 21.8
D 20 18.3
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
of the respondents agree, 18.3%, disagree and 9% of the respondents strongly
disagree. This shows that most of the respondents agree that Religious tourism
increases job opportunities.
Table 4.19: Contributes to the income and standard of living

SA 55 50
A 25 22.7
D 20 18.3
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
of the respondents agree, 18.3%, disagree and 9% of the respondents strongly
disagree. This shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that Religious
tourism Contributes to the income and standard of living of the people.
Table 4.20: Improves the local economy

SA 40 36.3
A 35 31.8
D 20 18.3
SD 15 13.6
Total 110 100
of the respondents agree, 18.3% disagree and 13.6% respondents strongly disagree.
This shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that religious tourism
improves the local economy.
Table 4.21: Improves personal Income

SA 56 50.9
A 24 21.8
D 20 18.3
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
of the respondents agree, 18.3% disagree and 9% respondents strongly disagree.
brings about improvement in personal income.
Table 4.22: Improves investment and development

SA 50 45.4
A 30 27.2
D 20 18.1
SD 10 9.0
Total 110 100
The above analysis has shown that 45.4% of the respondents strongly agree,
27.2% of the respondents agree, 18.1% disagree and 9.0% respondents strongly
disagree, This shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that religious
tourism contributes to improvement in investment and development of the people
and host communities.
Table 4.23: Revamping or building or new facilities

SA 60 54.5
A 25 22.7
D 15 13.6
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
The above analysis has shown that 54.5% of the respondents strongly agree 22.7%
brings about revamping or building or new facilities.

Item 24: CHALLENGES AFFECTING RELIGIOUS TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
Table 4.24: Inadequate accommodation facilities

SA 54 49
A 24 21.8
D 20 18.3
SD 12 10.9
Total 110 100
This shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that inadequate
accommodation facilities is among the challenges affecting religious tourism
development in Lagos State.
Table 4.25: Absence of government attention

SA 65 59.
A 20 18.1
D 15 13.6
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
The above analysis has shown that 59.% of the respondents strongly agree, 18.1%

This shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that lack of government
attention is among the challenges affecting religious tourism development in Lagos
State.
Table 4.26: Safety and security issues

SA 50 45.4
A 30 27.2
D 20 18.1
SD 10 9.0
Total 110 100
This shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that Safety and security
issues are among the challenges religious tourism development in Lagos State.
Table 4.27: Deficiencies in parking space

SA 65 59.
A 20 18.1
D 15 13.6
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
The above analysis has shown that 59.% of the respondents strongly agree, 18.1%
This shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that Deficiencies in parking
space is a challenges to religious tourism development in Lagos State.
Table 4.28: Excessive traffic causing inaccessibility

SA 55 50
A 25 22.7
D 20 18.3
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
of the respondents agree, 18.3% disagree and 9% respondents strongly agree. This
shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that excessive traffic causing
inaccessibility is a challenge to religious tourism development in Lagos State.
Table 4.29: Poor Religious administrational structure

SA 50 45
A 20 18.1
D 30 27.9
SD 10 9
Total 110 100
This shows that majority of the respondents strongly agree that poor religious
administrational structure is among the challenges facing religious tourism
development in Lagos State.
4.2 TESTING OF HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY
Re-statement of hypothesis one
Ho1: Religious tourism activities in Lagos have no significant social benefit

To test this hypothesis, the data in table 4.6 and 4.7 were employed
Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Total

50 45 95
25 30 55
20 25 45
15 10 25
Total= 110 Total 110 220
Fe = RT x CT/N
Where Fe = Frequency expected
RT = Row Total
Ct = Column Total
N = Grand total
Level of significance = 5% 0.05
Degree of freedom = (R-1) (C-1)

= (5-1) (2-1)
= (4) (1)
=4
X2 tab for 2df at 0.05 level of significance = 3.84
R1C1 Fe = 95 x110/220 = 47.5
R1C2, Fe = 95 x110/220 = 47.5
R2C1, Fe = 55 x110/220 = 27.5
R2C2, Fe = 55 x110/220 = 27.5
R3C1, Fe = 45 x 110/220 = 22.5
R3C2, Fe = 45 x 110/220 = 22.5
R4C1, Fe = 25x 110/220 = 12.5
R4C2, Fe = 25x 110/220 = 12.5
Fo Fe Fo-Fe (Fo-Fe)2 (Fo-Fe)2/Fe

50 47.5 2.5 6.25 0.1315
45 47.5 2.5 6.25 0.1315
25 27.5 2.5 6.25 0.2272
30 27.5 2.5 6.25 0.2272
20 22.5 2.5 6.25 0.3777
25 22.5 2.5 6.25 0.3777
15 12.5 2.5 6.25 0.5
10 12.5 2.5 6.25 0.5
2.4728
Decision Rule
Since the calculated value of Chi-square, 2.4728is more than the tabulated value,
3.488, the alternative hypothesis is hereby accepted and the null hypothesis
rejected, hence we conclude that religious tourism activities in Lagos have
significant social benefit.
RE-STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS TWO
Ho2: Religious tourism activities in Lagos have no significant economic

benefits
To test this hypothesis, the data in table 4.11 and 4.12 were employed

60 10 70
25 20 45
15 30 45
10 50 60
Total 110 110 220
Fe = RT x CT/N
RT = Row Total
Ct = Column Total
N = Grand total

= (5-1) (2-1)
= (4) (1)
=4
R1C1 Fe = 70 x 110/220 = 35
R1C2, Fe = 70 x 110/220 = 35
R2C1, Fe = 45 x110/220 = 22.5
R2C2, Fe = 45 x110/220 = 22.5
R2C1, Fe = 45 x110/220 = 22.5
R2C2, Fe = 45 x110/220 = 22.5
R3C1, Fe = 60 x110/220 = 30
R3C2, Fe = 60 x110/220 = 30

60 35 25 625 17.857
10 35 -22 625 17.857
25 22.5 2.5 6.25 0.277
20 22.5 2.5 6.25 0.277
15 22.5 -7.5 -15 0.666
30 22.5 -7.5 -15 0.666
10 30 -20 -40 -1.333
50 30 -20 -40 -1.333
34.934
Decision Rule
Given that the calculated value of Chi-square, 34.934 is more than the tabulated
value, 3.488, the alternative hypothesis is hereby accepted, and the null hypothesis
rejected; hence we conclude that Religious tourism activities in Lagos have
significant economic benefits.
RE-STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS 3
Ho3: The development of religious tourism in Lagos is not hindered by many

Challenges
To test the above hypothesis three, the data in table 4.16 and 4.17 were used.

55 40 95
25 35 60
20 20 40
10 15 25
Total 110 110 220
Fe = RT x CT/N
RT = Row Total
Ct = Column Total
N = Grand total
= (5-1) (2-1)
= (4) (1)
=4
R1C1 Fe = 95 x 110/220 = 47.5
R1C2, Fe = 95 x 110/220 = 47.5
R2C1, Fe = 60 x 110/220 = 30
R2C2, Fe = 60 x 110/220 = 30
R3C1, Fe = 40 x 110/ 220 = 20
R3C2, Fe = 40 x 110/ 220 = 20
R4C1, Fe = 25 x 110/220 = 12.5
R4C2, Fe = 25 x 110/220 = 12.5

55 47.5 7.5 56.25 1.226
40 47.5 -7.5 -15 -0.315
25 30 -5 -10 -0.333
35 30 5 25 0.833
20 20 0 0 0
20 20 -0 0 0
10 12.5 -2.5 -5 -0.416
15 12.5 2.5 6.25 0.5
3.308
Decision Rule
Given that the calculated value of Chi-square, 3.308 is more than the tabulated
value, 3.84, the alternative hypothesis is hereby accepted and the null hypothesis
rejected, therefore we conclude that the development of religious tourism in Lagos
is hindered by many Challenges.
4.3 Discussion of Findings
The questionnaire, which contained questions specific to the study's objectives,
was used for the evaluation of the Impact of Religion on the Development of
Tourism and Hospitality Industry of Nigeria: A study of Lagos State. The results
were therefore discussed thus:
Response from Missionary Travels is the reason for religious tourism shows that
45.4% of the respondents strongly agree, 22.7% of the respondents agree, 18.1% of
the respondent disagree and the remaining 13.6% respondents strongly disagree.
This shows that majority of the respondents strongly agree that missionary travels
is the reason for religious tourism in Lagos state.
Response from Faith Based Crusades is the reason for religious tourism shows that
45.4 %of the respondents strongly disagree, 27.2% of the respondents agree,
18.1% disagree 9.% of the remaining respondents strongly disagree. This shows
that majority of the respondents strongly agree that faith based crusades is the
reason for religious tourism in Lagos State.
Answers from Religious Camping are the reason for religious tourism proves that
54.5 % of the respondents strongly agree, 22.7% of the respondents agree, 13.6%
disagree and 9% of the remaining respondents strongly disagree. This shows that
majority strongly agree that religious camping is the reason for religious tourism in
Lagos State.
On weather Conventions/Conferences is the reason for religious tourism 13.6 % of
the respondents strongly agree, 18.% of the respondents agree, 31.8 % of the
respondent disagree and the remaining 36.6% respondents strongly disagree. This
is evidence that most of the respondents strongly disagree that
conventions/conferences is the reason for religious tourism in Lagos.
Question on is Monastery Visits is the reason for religious tourism shows that
13.6% of the respondents strongly agree, 18.1% of the respondents agree, 22.7%
disagree and 45.4% the remaining respondents strongly disagree. Monastery visits
is the reason for religious tourism in Lagos.
Responses from questions on if Historical Religious Sites is the Reason for
Religious Tourism has shown that 36.6% of the respondents strongly disagree.
31.8% of the respondents agree, 22.7% disagree and 9% of the remaining

respondents strongly agree. This showed that majority of the respondent strongly
disagree that historical religious sites is the reason for religious tourism in Lagos.
RESPINSES OF RESEARCH QUESTION TWO: SOCIAL BENEFITS OF

RELIGIOUS TOURISM
Responses on if Religious Tourism improves social wellbeing & quality of life has
shown that 54.5% of the respondents strongly agree, 22.7% of the respondents
agree, 13.6% disagree and 9% of the remaining respondents strongly agree. This
shows that Religious Tourism improves social wellbeing & quality of life.
Questions on if Religious Tourism Promote morality in tourism communities
proves that 9% of the respondents strongly agree, 18.1% of the respondents agree,
27.9% disagree and 45% of the remaining respondents strongly disagree that
Religious Tourism Promote morality in tourism communities.
On if Religious Tourism solves social problems through cultural education &
conservation has shown that 45% of the respondents strongly agree, 27.9% of the
respondents agree, 18.1% disagree and 9% of the remaining respondents strongly
disagree. This shows that majority of respondents strongly agree that Religious
Tourism solves social problems through cultural education & conservation.
On Religious Tourism lead to Spiritual enlightenment of the tourist shows that
54.5% of the respondents strongly agree, 22.7% of the respondents agree, 13.6%
disagree and 9% of the remaining respondents strongly disagree. This showed that
most of the respondents strongly agree that Religious Tourism lead to Spiritual
enlightenment of the tourist.
The question on whether Religious Tourism Brings cohesion to religious family,
and a sense of belonging shows that 45.4% of the respondents strongly agree,
22.7% of the respondents agree, 18.1% of the respondent disagree and the
remaining 13.6% respondents strongly disagree. This shows that Religious
Tourism Brings cohesion to religious family, and a sense of belonging.
Answers on if Religious Tourism improves ones’ religious faith proves that 50% of
the respondents strongly agree, 22.7% of the respondents agree, 18.3% disagree
and 9% of the remaining respondents strongly disagree. This is evident that
majority of the respondents strongly agree that Religious Tourism improves ones’
religious faith.
RESPINSES OF ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF RELIGIOUS TOURISM
Question on if religious tourism Increases job opportunities shows that 50.9% of
the respondents strongly agree, 21.8% of the respondents agree, 18.3%, disagree
and 9% of the respondents strongly disagree. This shows that most of the
respondents agree that Religious tourism increases job opportunities.
Answers from whether religious tourism Contributes to the income and standard of
living shows that 50% of the respondents strongly agree, 22.7% of the respondents
agree, 18.3%, disagree and 9% of the respondents strongly disagree. This shows
that most of the respondents strongly agree that Religious tourism Contributes to
the income and standard of living of the people.
On whether religious tourism improves the local economy 36.3% of the
respondents strongly agree, 31.8% of the respondents agree, 18.3% disagree and
13.6% respondents strongly disagree. This shows that most of the respondents
strongly agree that religious tourism improves the local economy.
Question on if religious tourism improves personal Income shows that 50.9% of
the respondents strongly agree, 21.8% of the respondents agree, 18.3% disagree
and 9% respondents strongly disagree. This shows that most of the respondents
strongly agree that religious tourism brings about improvement in personal income.
Answers on if religious tourism improved investment and development indicate
that 45.4% of the respondents strongly agree, 27.2% of the respondents agree,
18.1% disagree and 9.0% respondents strongly disagree, This shows that most of
the respondents strongly agree that religious tourism contributes to improvement in
investment and development of the people and host communities.
On whether religious tourism leads to Revamping or building or new facilities,
responses shows that 54.5% of the respondents strongly agree 22.7% of the
respondents agree, 13.6% disagree and 9% respondents strongly disagree. This

shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that religious tourism brings
about revamping or building or new facilities.
RESPINSES ON THE CHALLENGES AFFECTING RELIGIOUS

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Response on whether Inadequate accommodation facilities is among the challenges
hindering religious tourism in Lagos state shows that 49% of the respondents
strongly agree, 21.8% of the respondents agree, 18.3% disagree and 10.9%
respondents strongly disagree. This shows that most of the respondents strongly
agree that an inadequate accommodation facility is among the challenges affecting
religious tourism development in Lagos State.
Response from Absence of government attention as challenges hindering religious
tourism shows that 59. % of the respondents strongly agree, 18.1% of the
respondents agree, 13.6% disagree and 9% respondents strongly disagree. This
shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that lack of government
attention is among the challenges affecting religious tourism development in Lagos
State.
Question on whether Safety and security issues is a challenge hindering religious
tourism shows that 45.4% of the respondents strongly agree, 27.2% of the
respondents agree, 18.1% disagree and 9.0% respondents strongly disagree. This
shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that Safety and security issues
are among the challenges religious tourism development in Lagos State.
Answers on whether Deficiencies in parking space is hindering religious tourism
proves that 59.% of the respondents strongly agree, 18.1% of the respondents
agree, 13.6% disagree and 9% respondents strongly disagree. This shows that
most of the respondents strongly agree that Deficiencies in parking space is a
challenge to religious tourism development in Lagos State.
Response on whether Excessive traffic causing inaccessibility is a challenge to
religious tourism in Lagos state proves that 50% of the respondents strongly agree,
22.7% of the respondents agree, 18.3% disagree and 9% respondents strongly
agree. This shows that most of the respondents strongly agree that excessive
traffic causing inaccessibility is a challenge to religious tourism development in
Lagos State.
Finally response on whether Poor Religious administrational structure is a
challenge hindering religious tourism shows that 50% of the respondents strongly
agree, 18.1% of the respondents agree, 27.9% disagree and 9% respondents
strongly disagree. This shows that majority of the respondents strongly agree that
poor religious administrational structure is among the challenges facing religious
tourism development in Lagos State.

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter concentrates on the analysis and interpretation given in chapter four.
A lot of findings emerged from the study following the presentation and analysis of
data based on the Impact of Religion on the Development of Tourism and
Hospitality Industry of Nigeria.
5.1 Summary of Findings
Based on the results obtained from the analyses of data in chapter four, the
following findings were made:
1. Missionary travels, faith based crusades and religious camping and are the
major reason for religious tourism in Lagos State.
2. Religious Tourism, improves social wellbeing & quality of life, Promote
morality in tourism communities, solves social problems through cultural
education & conservation, lead to Spiritual enlightenment of the tourist, Brings
cohesion to religious family, and a sense of belonging and improves ones’
religious faith.
3. Religious tourism increases job opportunities, Contributes to the income and
standard of living of the people, improves the local economy, brings about
improvement in personal income, contributes to improvement in investment and

development of the people and host communities and brings about revamping
or building or new facilities.
4. Inadequate accommodation facilities, lack of government attention, Safety and
security issues, deficiencies in parking space, excessive traffic causing
inaccessibility and poor religious administrational structure are the major
challenges facing religious tourism development in Lagos State.
5.2 Conclusion
Based on the summary of findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
Religious tourism has been positively welcomed because of its contribution to the
socio-economic development of Lagos state and the country at large through the
creation of employment, revenue generation through taxation and services
utilization, improvement in the socio-economic status and wellbeing of people
through income generation hence contributing to improved livelihoods, the overall
contribution of the sector into national and local economic development. In the
same breath, the respondents pointed out that religious tourism brings economic
and social benefits, improvement in public utilities and infrastructure revamping or
building of new facilities.
Challenges that are a hindrance to the adoption of religious tourism include among
others inadequate accommodation facilities, lack of government attention, Safety
and security issues, Deficiencies in parking space, excessive traffic causing

inaccessibility and poor church administration among others. These challenges
stem from socio-economic and security challenges that has been a menace to the
state and entire nation for over a decades.
Also, based on the test of the hypotheses which justified the objective of this
research work it has been shown that;
1. Religious tourism activities in Lagos have significant social benefit.
2. There is relationship between Religious tourism activities in Lagos and
economic benefits.
3. The development of religious tourism in Lagos is hindered by many
Challenges.
5.3Recommendations
In line with the findings and conclusions above, the following recommendations
were made by the researcher:
1. It is recommended there should be development of infrastructure by building

world-class accommodation and efficient transport system that connects with
religious sites to develop religious tourism products and services in Lagos
2. There is a need for the church authorities to offer tourist facilities, which
include tourist information centres, adequate, and standard guesthouses,
restaurants, cafeterias, lodges as well as bathing rooms for pilgrims and
religious travellers.
3. Religious leadership should also come up with various strategies and financial
plans that can be useful in developing their facilities to permit huge gatherings.
4. Religious administers should enhance the safety and security measures to make
visitors welcome, comfortable, and protected during their stay. Safety and
security are important tools that can be used to build the reputation of religious
tourism sites and destinations in Lagos and Nigeria in general.
5. Management should endeavour to creates good access to tourist destinations in

order to increase revenue
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QUESTIONNAIRE
THE IMPACT OF RELIGION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM

AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY OF NIGERIA (A STUDY OF LAGOS
STATE)
Department of Hospitality and

Tourism Management
……………………….
April, 2023.
Dear Respondent,
This research is on “The Impact of Religion on the Development of Tourism and Hospitality
Industry of Nigeria (A Study of Lagos State)”. The questionnaire is aimed at gathering data or
information from you in this regard.
All information given will be treated as strictly confidential and only for the purpose of this
research. With the highest esteem and regards, the researcher expects you to respond to the
questions as frankly as possible, without indicating your name.
Thanks for your cooperation,
Researcher
APPENDIX
SECTION A
PERSONAL DATA:
Age distribution of respondents:
20-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
Level of Education:
Below first degree
First degree
Above first degree
Master And Above
Marital status:
Married
Single
Sex of the respondents:
Male
Female
SECTION B
Please indicate your response by ticking options of your choice

√
SA = Strongly Agreed
A = Agreed
D = Disagreed
SD = Strongly Disagreed
S/N ITEMS SA A ID D SD
REASON FOR ENGAGING IN RELIGIOUS

TOURISM
1 Missionary Travels is the reason for religious tourism

2 Faith Based Crusades is the reason for religious tourism
3 Religious Camping is the reason for religious tourism
4 Conventions/Conferences is the reason for religious
tourism
5 Historical religious sites is the reason for religious tourism
6 Monastery Visits is the reason for religious tourism

SOCIAL BENEFITS OF RELIGIOUS TOURISM
7 Religious Tourism Improves social wellbeing & quality of
life
8 Religious Tourism Solves social problems through
cultural education & conservation
9 Religious Tourism Promote morality in tourism
communities
10 Religious Tourism lead to Spiritual enlightenment of
the tourist
11 Religious Tourism Brings cohesion to religious family,

and a sense of belonging
12 Religious Tourism Improves ones’ religious faith
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF RELIGIOUS

TOURISM
13 Increases job opportunities
14 Contributes to the income and standard of living
15 Improves the local economy
16 Improves personal Income
17 Improves investment and development
18 Revamping or building or new facilities
CHALLENGES AFFECTING RELIGIOUS

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
19 Inadequate accommodation facilities
20 Absence of government attention
21 Safety and security issues
22 Deficiencies in parking space
23 Excessive traffic causing inaccessibility
24 Poor Religious administrational structure

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THE IMPACT OF RELIGION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM

AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY OF NIGERIA (A STUDY OF LAGOS

1.1 Background to the Study

The main thrust of Government policy on tourism was to generate foreign

exchange earnings, create employment opportunities, promote rural enterprises and

climatic conditions in some parts particularly conducive to holidaying. Other

varied handicrafts and other colourful products depicting or illustrative of native

the Nigerian population.

satisfy a need either for pleasure, excitement, experience or relaxation. Tourism

economy. An analysis by Mani (2003), revealed an annual growth rate of 4% by

there is an increase in the tourism sector due to increase in tourists arrivals.

important in that it constitutes a very important aspect of tourism; that of learning

religion, most especially African religion, the wave of westernization seems to be

blowing it into extinction ( Awolalu & Dopamu, 2005: 278).

2005: 284). African religion is characterized with a lot of challenges. A good

example is a case where priesthood is hereditary and when it gets to a person’s

Irrespective of the challenges tied to religion, it still remains a viable tool in

achieving sustainable development. It is also pertinent to state that religion has a

Religion according to Socrates (A Greek philosopher, 1912) is defined as the

Hospitality industry, an aspect of Tourism which cannot be overlooked is defined

by the proprietors offering foods and drinks if so required sleeping accommodation

without special contract to any traveller presenting himself to be in a fit state of

hospitality industry (hotel).

In tourism, there is a very exclusive sector referred to as religious tourism, one of

a unique type of tourism whereby people travel either individually or in groups to

exceedingly great effects of religion on tourism.

all year round.

increase in religious activities leads to a similar increase in tourism. This applies to

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite the economic contributions of religion on the development of tourism in

internationally, the government has failed to encourage the development of some

of the religious tourist centres in the country.

Also, other problems hindering the impact of religion on the development of

hospitality and tourism in Nigeria include insufficient disposable income to partake

and enjoy the various religious activities, transportation problems, accommodation

to understanding this relationship: spatial, historical, and cultural. Each of these

tourism. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of religion on the

development of the tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria.

1.3 Objective of the study

1. To identify the major religious tourism activities taking place in Lagos,

2. To determine the social benefits of religious tourism activities in Lagos.

3. To determine economic benefits of religious tourism activities in Lagos.

4. To establish real challenges hindering the development of religious tourism

1.4. Research Questions

1.5 Research hypothesis

Ho1 Religious tourism activities in Lagos have no significant social benefit

Ho3 The development of religious tourism in Lagos is not hindered by many

1.6 Significance of the Study

tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria.

the development of the tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria. It is meant to

tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria.

them. It is meant to spur them to be on their toes towards achieving this.

on the development of the tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria. It is

of the tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria.

religion on the development of the tourism and hospitality industry of Nigeria.

Content Scope: this study will be delimited to Religion dimensions such as

mythological, Ritual, Experiential and material dimensions, and indices of Tourism

and Hospitality, which include, attractions, activities, accommodation and