LABORATORY MANUAL

For
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
(III B.Tech: ECE, II Semester, Regulation: R16) Lab Code: R1632048
Academic Year: 2020-21

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
POTTI SRIRAMULU CHALAVADI MALLIKARJUNA RAO COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved by AICTE New Delhi)
KOTHAPET, VIJAYAWADA-520 001.

Name :
Regd. No :
Class :
Year :

1
 VISION
To be a leading center for education and research in electronics and communication engineering,
making the students adaptable to contemporary technologies with sound knowledge and socio-ethical
values in an integrated learning environment.

MISSION
M1: To produce knowledgeable and technologically competent engineers for providing services to the
society.
M2: To have a collaboration with leading academic, industrial and research organizations for
promoting research activities among faculty and students.
M3: To create a unified learning environment for sustained growth in electronics and communication
engineering and related areas

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS):

PEO1: ENGINEERING FOUNDATION

To produce graduates with firm foundation in electronics and communication engineering.

PEO2: CORE COMPETENCE

To motivate graduates to analyze, design, develop, optimize and implement electronic systems with
competent spirit.
PEO3: BREADTH KNOWLEDGE
To enable graduates with sufficient breadth in electronics and its related fields to solve general
engineering problems in an eco-friendly environment.
PEO4: SOFT SKILLS
To make graduates with a professional outlook who can communicate effectively and interact
responsibly with colleagues, clients, employers and society.
PEO5: KNOWLEDGE ENHANCEMENT
To prepare graduates who pursue lifelong learning and professional development including higher
education.

2
 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

AIM: In this lab, it is aimed to design and study multiplexing, pulse digital modulation
techniques, digital modulation techniques and different error detection and correction methods.
COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the course, the student will be able to

➢ Study the multiplexing and de-multiplexing techniques

➢ Understand pulse digital modulation systems such as PCM, DPCM and DM.
➢ Understand various digital modulation techniques
➢ Study the need for source coding.
➢ Study Block codes, cyclic codes and convolution codes.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
CO1: Examine Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Technique and test for generation
and detection of digital modulation technique, such as ASK, PSK, FSK and DPSK.
CO2: Demonstrate Pulse digital modulation Techniques, such as PCM, DPCM, and DM
CO3: Perform experiment with “A” law and “µ”law commanding systems
CO4: Construct Source encoding and decoding using Huffman coding technique to find the
efficiency
CO5: Develop different channel encoding and decoding (Linear block codes, Cyclic codes &
Convolution codes) Techniques
CO6: Test for generation and detection of digital modulation technique, such as ASK, PSK, FSK and
DPSK

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’s): Program Outcomes or POs are abilities that a graduating
engineer of Electronics and Communication Engineering program should have after successful
completion of the program. The graduates of electronics and communication engineering program
will be able to:
PO1: Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences
PO3:Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration
for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations
PO4:Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5:Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations 3
 PO6:The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.

PO7:Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO 8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

PO9:Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10:Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions
PO11:Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in
a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12:Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change. Recognize the
need for adapting to technological changes and engage in lifelong learning.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’s):

PSO 1: The ECE Graduates will be Equipped with knowledge of complete design flow from
specification to silicon in areas of both digital and analog VLSI Design and will be able to work in IC
Design companies.
PSO 2: The ECE Graduates will be Equipped with microprocessor and microcontroller based system
design skills and can work as design and verification engineers in the area of Embedded Systems
Design.
PSO 3: The ECE Graduates will be able to apply engineering knowledge for design and
implementation of projects pertaining to signal processing and Communications.
PSO 4: The ECE Graduates will be Incorporated with necessary soft skills, aptitude and technical
skills to work in I.T and Public sector.

4
CO, PO’s MAPPING:

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

C318.1 3 3 3 3 3
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
C318.2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
-- -- -- -- --
C318.3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
-- -- -- -- `--
C318.4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
-- -- -- --
C318.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
-- -- -- --
C318.6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
-- -- -- --
C318 3 3 3 3 3 3
-- 3 -- -- 3 --

CO, PSO’s MAPPING:

COx PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4

C318.1 - - 3 -
C318.2 - - 3 -
C318.3 - - 3 -
C318.4 - - 3 -
C318.5 - - 3 -
C318.6 - - 3 -
C318 - - 3 -

5
 LAB CODE

1. Students should report to the lab as per the time table schedule & should sign in the Login
register.
2. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment
scheduled for the day.
3. After completion of the experiment, certification of the concerned staff in-charge in the
observation book is necessary.
4. Students should bring observation book and should enter the readings/observations into
the note book while performing the experiment.
5. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the experiment
performed in the immediate last session should be submitted and certified by the staff member
in-charge
6. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from stores in-
charge after duly filling in the requisition form.
7. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them, and
should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose .Any damage of the
equipment or burn-out of components will be viewed seriously by putting penalty.
8. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.
9. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment coming to Laboratory.
Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the students’ groups should be maintained neatly and
to be returned after the experiment.

6
Regulation: R16
III B.Tech, ECE, II Sem. Lab code: R1632048

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB SYLLABUS

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Time division multiplexing.
2. Pulse code modulation.
3. Differential pulse code modulation.
4. Delta modulation.
5. Frequency shift keying.
6. Phase shift keying.
7. Differential phase shift keying.
8. Companding
9. Source Encoder and Decoder
10. Linear Block Code-Encoder and Decoder
11. Binary Cyclic Code - Encoder and Decoder
12. Convolution Code - Encoder and Decoder
13. Amplitude Shift Keying
.

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 INDEX SHEET

Expt Name of the Experiment Date Page Signature

No No.
1 Time division multiplexing
2 Pulse code modulation.
3 Differential pulse code modulation.
4 Delta modulation
5 Frequency shift keying.
6 Phase shift keying.
7 Differential phase shift keying
8 Companding
9 Source Encoder and Decoder
10 Linear Block Code-Encoder and Decoder
11 Binary Cyclic Code - Encoder and Decoder
12 Convolution Code - Encoder and Decoder
13 Amplitude Shift Keying

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Expt No: 1
Date:

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DE-MULTIPLEXING

AIM: To Study the operation of Time Division multiplexing and de-multiplexing.
APPARATUS:
S.No Apparatus Quantity

1. Time Division Multiplexing and De- 1

multiplexing kit
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 1
3. Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY: Time division multiplexing is a technique used for transmitting several

analog message signals over a single communication channel, by dividing the time
frame in to number of slots, i.e. one slot for each signal. Here there are four input signals; all
are band limited to fx by the input Low pass filters, and all these are sequentially
sampled at the transmitter by using a rotary switch i.e. commutator. This commutator makes
fs revolutions per second and extracts one sample from each input during each revolution.
The output of the switch is a PAM wave form containing samples of the input signals
periodically interfaced with time.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1(a) Multiplexer

9
 Fig. 1(b) De-multiplexer
TDM PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the TDM trainer kit to the mains and switch on the power supply.
2. Observe the output of the AF generator -1 using CRO it should be a sine wave of 400Hz
frequency with 3 Vpp amplitude.
3. Observe the output of the AF generator -2 using CRO it should be a sine wave of 200Hz
frequency with 3 Vpp amplitude.
4. Observe the output of clock generator using CRO, it should be a square wave of 500Hz to
15KHz frequency with 5Vpp amplitude.
5. Now connect the CH-1 and CH-2 inputs of the TDM multiplexer to the outputs of the AF
generator 1 and 2 respectively.
6. Connect control input of the TDM multiplexer to the output of the logic source.
7. Observe the TDM wave using CRO at the output of TDM multiplexer.
8. Connect the TDM de-multiplexer trainer kit to the mains and switch on the power supply.
9. Connect the clock output of TDM multiplexer to the clock input of de-multiplexer.
10. Connect the TDM output to the input of de-multiplexer.
11. Observe CH-1 and CH-2 outputs.
12. Connect CH-1 And CH-2 outputs to low pass filters and observe the outputs of the filters
and compare them with frequency of AF signals (at multiplexer inputs) using CRO.
13. The output of the filters are given to the amplifier to increase the amplitude level of the
input signal.

10
OBSERVATIONS:-

Type of signal Amplitude Time period Frequency

CH-1 Input
CH-2 Input
Clock signal
TDM Multiplexer
CH-1 Output
CH-2 Output

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be tight.
2. Waveforms must be noted carefully.

11
MODEL WAVE
FORMS:

Fig. 2(a) Multiplexer

Fig. 2(b) De-multiplexer

RESULT:

12
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by multiplexing technique and what are the different types of
Multiplexers?
2. Briefly explain about TDM & FDM?
3. What is the transmission band width of a PAM/TDM signal?
4. Define crosstalk effect in PAM/TDM system?
5. What are the advantages of TDM system?
6. What are major differences between TDM&FDM?
7. Give the value of Ts in TDM system?
8. What are the applications of TDM system and give some example?
9. What is meant by signal overlapping?
10. Which type of modulation technique will be used in TDM?

Signature of the Faculty

13
Expt No: 2
Date:
PULSE CODE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To convert an analog signal into a pulse digital signal using PCM system and
to convert the digital signal into analog signal using PCM demodulation system.
APPARATUS:
S.No Apparatus Quantity
1. PCM trainer kit. 1
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 1

3. Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY: In the PCM communication system, the input analog signal is sampled and these
samples are subjected to the operation of quantization. The quantized samples are applied to
an encoder. The encoder responds to each such a sample by generation unique and
identifiable binary pulse. The combination of quantize and encoder is called analog to digital
converter. It accepts analog signal and replaces it with a successive code symbol, each
symbol consists of a train of pulses in which the each pulse represents a digit in arithmetic
system. When this digitally encoded signal arrives at the receiver, the first operation to
be performed is separation of noise which has been added during transmission along
the channel. It is possible because of quantization of the signal for each pulse interval; it has to
determine which of many possible values has been received.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 PCM Modulator and Demodulator

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the PCM trainer kit to the mains and switch on the power supply.
2. Observe the output of the AF generator using CRO it should be a sine wave of 1 KHz
frequency.
3. Connect the output of AF generator to the input of LPF using patch cord.
4. Observe the output of the sampler (4 KHz or 8 KHz) using CRO, it should be a square
wave.
5. Observe the out of encoder using CRO and it should be train of pulses.
6. Observe the demodulated signal at the output of level shifter using CRO and it should be a
sine wave of 1 KHz frequency.
OBSERVATIONS:-
Type of signal Amplitude Time period
Input signal
Bit clock
PCM Signal
Demodulated
Output

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be tight.
2. Waveforms must be noted carefully.
MODELWAVEFORMS:

RESULT:

15
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the expression for transmission bandwidth in a PCM system?

2. What is the expression for quantization noise /error in PCM system?
3. What are the applications of PCM?
4. What are the advantages of the PCM?
5. What are the disadvantages of PCM?

Signature of the Faculty

16
Expt No: 3
Date:
DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To study the Differential Pulse Code Modulation & Demodulation Techniques

APPARATUS:

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1. DPCM trainer kit. 1
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 1
3. Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY: DPCM is a good way to reduce bit rate for voice transmission. However it causes
some other problems that deal with the voice quality. DPCM quantizes and encodes
the difference b/w a previous sample input signal and a current sample signal. DPCM
quantizes the difference signal using uniform quantization. Uniform quantization generates an
SNR that is small input samples and large for large input samples signals. Therefore the voice
quality is better at higher signals.
The first part of DPCM works exactly like PCM. The input signal is sampled
at a constant sampling frequency. Then these samples are modulated. At this point, a
DPCM process takes over. The sampled input signal stored in what is called a
predictor. The predictor takes the stored sample signals and sends it through a
differentiator. The differentiator compares previous sample signal and sends its difference to
the quantizing and coding phase of PCM. After quantizing and coding the difference signal is
transmitted to its final destination. At the receiving end of the network, everything is
reversed. First the difference signal is decoded and de-quantized. This difference is
added to sample signal stored in the predictor and send through Low Pass Filter that
reconstructs the original input signal.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 2 DPCM Modulator and Demodulator

17
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the DPCM trainer kit to the mains and switch on the power supply.
2. Observe the output of the Sine wave generator using CRO it should be a sine wave.
3. Connect the output of Sine wave generator to the input of LPF using patch cord.
4. Observe the output of the sampler using CRO it should be a square wave.
5. Observe the out of parallel to serial converter using CRO and it should be train of pulses
which is DPCM signal.
6. Observe the demodulated signal at the output of parallel to serial converter using CRO
and it may be a distorted sine wave.
7. Observe the demodulated signal at the output of Low Pass Filter using CRO and it should
be a sine wave.
OBSERVATIONS:-
Type of signal Amplitude Time period
Input Signal
Sampler Output
DPCM Output
Demodulated
Output

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:

18
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the expression for transmission bandwidth in a DPCM system?

2. What is the expression for quantization noise /error in DPCM system?
3. What are the applications of DPCM?
4. What are the advantages of the DPCM?
5. What are the disadvantages of DPCM?

Signature of the Faculty

19
Expt No: 4
Date:
DELTA MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: To transmit an analog message signal in its digital form and again reconstruct back the
original analog message signal at receiver by using Delta modulator.

APPARATUS:

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1. Delta modulator and demodulator trainer kit. 1
2. Digital oscilloscope 1
3. Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY: Delta modulator is an advanced version of PCM system, so it is also known as

‘Single bit PCM system’. It generates the output signal by comparing the input signal with its
quantized approximated output i.e. if the step size increases to+▲ it gives binary value ‘1’ and if
step downs to -▲it gives binary value ‘o’. In this way it reduces the transmission channel
band width.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 2 Delta Modulator and Demodulator

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Delta Modulation and de-modulation trainer kit to the mains and switch on the
power supply.
2. Observe the output at the Transmitter clock using CRO it should be a square wave.

20
3. Observe the output of the modulating signal generator using CRO it should be a sine
wave.
4. Connect the output of modulating signal generator to the input of LPF using patch cord.
5. Observe the output of the sampler using CRO it should be a square wave.
6. Observe the out of parallel to serial converter using CRO and it should be train of pulses
which is DPCM signal.
7. Observe the demodulated signal at the output of parallel to serial converter using CRO
and it may be a distorted sine wave.
8. Observe the demodulated signal at the output of Low Pass Filter using CRO and it should
be a sine wave.
OBSERVATIONS:-
Type of signal Amplitude Time period
Clock Signal
Input signal
Modulated Output signal

Demodulated signal

PRECAUTIONS:
1.Connections must be tight.
2.Note down the reading carefully.

21
MODEL WAVEFORMS

t Transmitter Clock

t
Message Signal

DM Signal
t

t Message Signal

22
RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the advantages of Delta modulator?
2. What are the disadvantages of delta modulator?
3. How to overcome slope overload distortion?
4. How to overcome Granular or ideal noise?
5. What are the differences between PCM & DM?
6. Define about slope over load distortion?
7. What is the other name of Granular noise?
8. What is meant by staircase approximation?
9. What are the disadvantages of Delta modulator?
10. Write the equation for error at present sample?

Signature of the Faculty

23
Expt No: 5
Date:
FSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To Study the operation of FSK modulation and demodulation and plot the FSK wave
forms
APPARATUS:
S.No Apparatus Quantity
1 FSK Modulation and Demodulation kit 1
2 Digital oscilloscope 1
3 Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY: In FSK, the waveform is generated by switching the frequency of the carrier
between two values corresponding to the binary information which is to be transmitted. Here the
carrier frequency varies from lowest to highest point i.e. carrier swing is known as
Frequency shift keying. FSK signaling schemes find a wide range of applications in low
speed digital data transmission systems.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Modulator and Demodulator

24
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the FSK trainer kit to the mains and switch on the power supply.
2. Observe the output of data signal using oscilloscope. It should be a square wave of 20Hz
10Vpp by varying the frequency using potentiometer.
3. Connect the data output to the data input of FSK modulator.
4. Connect FSK modulator output to oscilloscope and observe the modulated signal by
varying F0 and F1 and measure high and low frequency.
5. Connect the FSK modulator output to the FSK demodulator and observe the output which
is similar to the data signal.
OBSERVATIONS:-
Type of signal Amplitude Time period
Message Signal
Carrier Signal
FSK Output
Demodulated Output

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be tight.
2. Waveforms must be noted carefully.
MODEL WAVEFORMS:

Fig. 2 Modulator and Demodulator

PRECAUTIONS:
1 Connections must be tight.
2 Waveforms must be noted carefully.

25
RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define Binary FSK signal?

2. What is meant by carrier swing?
3. Define Frequency deviation of FSK signal?
4. What are the advantages of this FSK signal?
5. Give the differences between FSK & FM?

Signature of the Faculty

26
Expt No: 6
Date:
PSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To generate the phase shift keying signal for the given binary data & demodulate to
receive the transmitted binary data.

APPARATUS:

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 PSK Modulation and Demodulation kit 1
2 Digital oscilloscope 1
3 Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY: Phase shift keying or discrete phase modulation is another technique available for
communicating digital information over band pass channels. In PSK signaling schemes the
waveforms s1(t) = -Acoswct & S2(t) = Acoswct are used to convey binary digits 0 &
1 respectively. The binary PSK waveform Z (t) can be described by, Z (t) = D (t) Acosw ct .
Where D (t) is a random binary waveform with period T b & levels -1 & 1. The
only difference between the ASK & PSK waveform is that in the ASK scheme the
carrier is switched on &off whereas in the PSK scheme the carrier is switched between levels
+A & - A. The differentially coherent PSK signaling scheme makes use of a clever
technique designed to get around the need for a coherent reference signal at the receiver.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 PSK Modulator and Demodulator

27
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the PSK trainer kit to the mains and switch on the power supply.
2. Observe any one of the data output signals (D1, D2, D3 or D4) using oscilloscope. It should be a
square wave and is known as transmitting data.
3. Observe the carrier signal by connecting carrier output to the CRO. It should be a sine wave.
4. Connect the data input ((D1, D2, D3 or D4) to the data input of PSK modulator.
5. Connect the carrier output to the carrier input of the PSK modulator.
6. Connect the output of the PSK modulator to the CRO and observe the PSK modulated signal
7. Connect the PSK modulator output to the PSK demodulator.
8. Connect the carrier output to the carrier input of the PSK demodulator.
9. Connect the output of the demodulator to the CRO and observe the demodulated output which is a
square waveform.
OBSERVATIONS:-
Type of signal Amplitude Time period
Carrier wave
Transmitted data(D1)
PSK Output
Wave(modulated)
Demodulated wave
MODEL WAVEFORMS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1 Connections must be tight.
2 Waveforms must be noted carefully.

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the bandwidth requirement of BPSK?

2. What is the expression for error probability of BPSK reception using coherent matched filter
detection?
3. What are the draw backs of BPSK?
4. Draw the Power spectral density of BPSK?
5. What are the major differences between PSK&FSK?

Signature of the Faculty

Expt No: 7
Date:
DIFFERENTIAL PSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To generate differentially phase shift keying signal and recover the original binary data.

APPARATUS:
S.No Apparatus Quantity
1 DPSK Modulation and Demodulation kit 1
2 Digital storage oscilloscope 1
3 Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY:
We may view DPSK as the non-coherent version of PSK. It eliminates the need for adjustment coherent
reference signal at the receiver by connecting two basic operations at the transmitter.
1. Differential encoding at the transmitter.
2. Phase shift keying
Hence differential encoding means the given input data will be done EX-OR operation with the previous
encoded bit. Now the process of Phase shift keying will be done for both differentially encoded data and
the carrier signal.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the DPSK trainer kit to the mains and switch on the power supply.
2. Observe any one of the data output signals (D1, D2, D3 or D4) using oscilloscope. It should
be a square wave and is known as transmitting data.
3. Observe the clock signal by connecting clock output to the CRO.
4. Observe the carrier signal by connecting carrier output to the CRO. It should be a sine wave.
5. Connect any one of the data outputs ((D1, D2, D3 or D4) to the data input of DPSK
modulator.
6. Connect the carrier output to the carrier input of the DPSK modulator.
7. Connect the clock output to the clock input of the DPSK modulator.
8. Observe the difference data output by connecting difference data to the CRO.
9. Connect the output of the DPSK modulator to the CRO and observe the DPSK modulated
signal
10. Connect the DPSK modulator output to the input of DPSK demodulator.

22
 11. Connect the carrier output to the carrier input of the DPSK demodulator.
12. Connect the output of the demodulator to the CRO and observe the demodulated output which is a
square waveform.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Data
input MODULATION
Cloc 1 +5v 16 3
k DPSK
outp 6
ut
2 3 4051 output
4 11
5 14
Carrie -5v 7
r 13
output 5 R2
Clock 3 2
input +12V
747 Diff.data R1
4 Carrier
2
input 741
3 6
- Demod
Output
DEMODULATIO + R8
N 5
v
R9 Q4
R2
Data +5v
utputs R3 12
D1 R7
DPSK Q1 +5v
Input
D2 11
9
8
R4 R6 13
D3 +5v
10 Q3
D4 R5
GN
Carrier Q2
input 7474
Cloc
k
Inpu
t

Fig. 1 DPSK Modulator and Demodulator

OBSERVATIONS:

Type of signal Amplitude Time period

Clock signal
Modulating Input signal
Difference signal
Carrier signal
DPSK output signal
Demodulated output signal

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections should be tight.

2. Note the output wave forms carefully.

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between PSK&DPSK?
2. What is the band width requirement of a DPSK?
3. Explain the operation of DPSK detection?
4. What are the advantages of DPSK?
5. What is meant by differential encoding?
6. In Differential encoding technique which type of logic gates are used?

Signature of the Faculty

24
Expt No: 8
Date:
COMPANDING

AIM: To Study the Companding technique.

APPARATUS:
S.No Apparatus Quantity
1 Companding trainer kit 1
2 Digital storage oscilloscope 1
3 Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY: A process called CAMPANDING, a word formed by process of compressing and

expanding can materially improve the dynamic range. Companding is the process of
compressing the signal amplitudes before transmission and expanding the compressed
signal amplitudes after reception.
The dynamic range of Delta Modulation system is limited. The maximum input level is
limited by slope overload and minimum input level is limited by quantization noise. This
dynamic range can be increased by Companding. Companding is accomplished by using
Compander, which is consisting of compressor and expander. Companding improves the system
performance since the large amplitude input signals can be transmitted and received. The Delta
Modulation system encodes the compressed analog signal with fewer errors. The digital signal is
decoded and fed as input to the expander. The expander increases the larger amplitudes that had
been reduced by the compressor forming the reconstructed analog signal.

25
BLOCK
DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Companding

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the companding trainer kit to the mains and switch on the power supply.
2. Select the input signal sin/DC signal and measure the amplitude with the multimeter.
3. Keep the mode selection switch in A-LAW position and companding position.
4. Observe the input based on the LED ON/OFF state.
5. Observe the output of compressor based on the LED ON/OFF state.
6. Observe the output of expander as indicated by LED state.
7. Compare the input LEDs with the expander output LEDs.
8. Repeat the steps from 5 to 7 for µ-LAW also.
9. Observe the states of LEDs and fill the table.
OBSERVATIONS:

Coder CH 1 Decoder Error End CH 1 Decode Error End

input 12 code 7bit output 12 signal signal code 7 r output digital signal
bit lower 5 bit lower bit 12 bit
bits get 15 bit get
count out 0’s

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Note the outputs carefully.

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define companding
2. Define compression and expansion
3. What is A law and µ Law.

Signature of the Faculty

Expt No: 9
Date:
SOURCE ENCODER AND DECODER

AIM: To encode and decode the information by applying a source coding technique using Huffman code.

APPARATUS
:
S.No Apparatus Quantity
1 Source encoder and decoder kit 1
2 Digital storage oscilloscope 1
3 Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY: Huffman's scheme uses a table of frequency of occurrence for each symbol (or
character) in the input. This table may be derived from the input itself or from data which
is representative of the input. For instance, the frequency of occurrence of letters in normal English
might be derived from processing a large number of text documents and then used for encoding all
text documents. We then need to assign a variable-length bit string to each character that
unambiguously represents that character. This means that the encoding for each character must have
a unique prefix. If the characters to be encoded are arranged in a binary tree: An encoding for each
character is found by following the tree from the route to the character in the leaf: the encoding is
the string of symbols on each branch followed.

String Encoding
TEA 10 00 010
SEA 011 00 010
TEN 10 00 110

Encoding tree for ETASNO Decoding for TEN Table for encoding
The decoding procedure is deceptively simple. Starting with the first bit in the stream, one then
uses successive bits from the stream to determine whether to go left or right in the decoding tree.
When we reach a leaf of the tree, we've decoded a character, so we place that character onto the
(uncompressed) output stream. The next bit in the input stream is the first bit of the
next character.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Source encoder and decoder

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the source encoder and decoder trainer kit to the mains and switch on the power
supply.
2. Observe the signal chain and verify how many bits are taken to transmit ABKDR in normal
mode.
3. To send an input symbol, push any one of the input symbol keys, to transmit a letter A and
press the key marked A.
4. Observe how many bits are being transmitted for this key and the bit code for the same ., and
note down the bits being transmitted on the LEDS(1=Red,0=Green)
5. Observe if the corresponding output LED glows corresponding to the symbol pressed at the
input.
6. Observe the signal chain and verify how many bits are taken to transmit ABKDR in source
coded mode.
7. Repeat step 3 to step 5.
8. Pushing Demo mode switch will give a brief description of implementation of kit.
 OBSERVATIONS:
Normal mode:
Input Compressed Output Message
Message Data

Code mode:
Input Compressed Output Message
Message Data

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections should be tight.

2. Note the outputs carefully.

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define source encoder.
2. Define source decoder.
3. Give some examples of source encoding method
4. What is Huffman coding

Signature of the Faculty

Expt No: 10
Date:
LINEAR BLOCK CODE-ENCODER AND DECODER

AIM: To Study the Error Check Code Logic using Hamming Code.
APPARATUS:
S.No Apparatus Quantity
1 Linear block codes-encoder and decoder kit 1
2 Digital storage oscilloscope 1
3 Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY: Hamming Code Generator generates the coded sequence, which consists of 4 bits of
data plus 3 bits of error Check Bits (K1, K2, K3) for the transmission. The 3 least significant bits
(B1, B2, and B3) of the data word from the ADC are neglected. The coded sequence will be:K1,
K2, K3, B4, B5, B6, B7 (MSB).Hamming Error Detection/Correction Logic computes
K1*, K2* K3* at the receiver and locates the error bit position. Once the error bit position is
located, the error is corrected by bit reversal.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Linear block code-encoder and decoder

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the linear block code encoder and decoder trainer kit to the mains and switch on the
power supply.
2. To initiate coding process keep mode selection switch in code position and DEMO switch in
OFF position.
3. Select the four bit(D3,D2,D1,andD0)input databypressingbitvaluesetswitches0or1.
4. Note down the input bit sequence based on the status of the corresponding LED’s.
5. PresscodeAbitswitchtogenerate3bithammingcodeinanencoderandnotedownthecodebit
sequence based on the status of LED’S (D2, D1, and D0).
6. Press code all switch to generate 7 bit encoded data.
7. The7bitencodeddataisobservedinthechannelcodeblockandnotedowntheencodeddatabit
sequence based on the status of LED’S (D6,D5,D4,D3,D2,D1,D0).
8. Press decode switch to decode the encoded data.
9. DecodeddataisobservedintheoutputdatablockbasedonthestatusofLED’S(D3,D2,D1,and D0).
10. In this case both LED error detect and LED error correct are OFF.
11. Select the four bit(D3,D2,D1,andD0)input databypressingbitvaluesetswitches0or1.
12. Note down the input bit sequence based on the status of the corresponding LED’s .
13. PresscodeAbitswitchtogenerate3bithammingcodeinanencoderandnotedownthecodebit
sequence based on the status of LED’S (D2,D1,D0).
14. Press code all switch to generate 7 bit encoded data.
15. Select any one of the 7 bits using bit select switch in channel code.
16. Seterrorinaselectedbitpositionbypressingerrorset,thecorrespondingbitiscomplemented
17. The7bitencodeddataisobservedinthechannelcodeblockandnotedowntheencodeddatabit
sequence based on the status of LED’S (D6,D5,D4,D3,D2,D1,D0).
18. Press decode switch to decode the encoded data
19. DecodeddataisobservedintheoutputdatablockbasedonthestatusofLED’S(D3,D2,D1,D0).
20. In this case both LED error detect and LED error correct are ON.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections should be tight.

2. Note the outputs carefully.
OBSERVATIONS:

NORMAL MODE:

Input Data Bit Encoded Data Encoded Data O/P data

Sequence Sequence Sequence with Error Sequence

CODE MODE:

Input Data Bit Encoded Bit Sequence Encoded Data O/P data bit
Sequence Sequence with Error Sequence

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are Linear Block Codes?
2. Give some examples of Linear Block Codes.
3. What are Hamming codes?
4. What are parity codes?

RESULT:

Signature of the Faculty

Expt No: 11
Date:
BINARY CYCLIC CODE - ENCODER AND DECODER

AIM: To study CRC (cyclic redundancy codes) encoder and decoder..

APPARATUS:
S.No Apparatus Quantity
1 Binary cyclic codes-encoder and decoder kit 1
2 Digital storage oscilloscope 1
3 Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY: A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) or polynomial code checksum is a non-

secure hash function designed to detect accidental changes to raw computer data, and is
commonly used in digital networks and storage devices such as hard disk drives. A CRC-
enabled device calculates a short , fixed-length binary sequence, known as the CRC code or just
CRC, for each block of data and sends or stores them both together. When a block is read or
received the device repeats the calculation, if the new CRC does not match the one calculated
earlier, then the block contains a data error and the device may take corrective action such as
rereading or requesting the block be sent again. CRC are so called because the check (data
verification) code is a redundancy (it adds zero information) and the algorithm is based on
cyclic codes. The term CRC may refer to the check code or to the function that calculates it,
which accepts data streams of any length as input but always outputs a fixed-length code. CRCs
are popular because they are simple to implement in binary hardware, are easy to analyze
mathematically, and are particularlygood at detecting common errors caused by noise in
transmission channels.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Binary cyclic code-encoder and decoder

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the binary cyclic code encoder and decoder trainer kit to the mains and switch
on the power supply.
2. To initiate coding process keep mode selection switch in code position and DEMO
switch in OFF position.
3. Selectthefourbit(D3,D2,D1,andD0)inputdatabypressingbitvaluesetswitches0or1.
4. Note down the input bit sequence based on the status of the corresponding LED’s.
5. PresscodeAbitswitchtogenerate3bithammingcodeinanencoderandnotedownthecode bit
sequence based on the status of LED’S (D2, D1, and D0).
6. Press code all switch to generate 7 bit encoded data.
7. The7bitencodeddataisobservedinthechannelcodeblockandnotedowntheencodeddata bit
sequence based on the status of LED’S(D6,D5,D4,D3,D2,D1,D0).
8. Press decode switch to decode the encoded data.
9. DecodeddataisobservedintheoutputdatablockbasedonthestatusofLED’S(D3,D2,D1,and D0).
 10. In this case both LED error detect and LED error correct are OFF.
11. Selectthefourbit(D3,D2,D1,andD0)inputdatabypressingbitvaluesetswitches0or1.
12. Note down the input bit sequence based on the status of the corresponding LED’s .
13. PresscodeAbitswitchtogenerate3bithammingcodeinanencoderandnotedownthecode bit
sequence based on the status of LED’S (D2,D1,D0).
14. Press code all switch to generate 7 bit encoded data.
15. Select any one of the 7 bits using bit select switch in channel code.
16. Seterrorinaselectedbitpositionbypressingerrorset,thecorrespondingbitiscomplemented
17. The7bitencodeddataisobservedinthechannelcodeblockandnotedowntheencodeddata bit
sequence based on the status of LED’S(D6,D5,D4,D3,D2,D1,D0).
18. Press decode switch to decode the encoded data
19. DecodeddataisobservedintheoutputdatablockbasedonthestatusofLED’S(D3,D2,D1,D0).
20. In this case both LED error detect and LED error correct are ON.

OBSERVATIONS:

NORMAL MODE:

S.No I/P Data bit Encoded bit Encoded data

sequence sequence Sequence O/P data
with Error Sequence
1
2
3
4
5
CODE MODE:

S.No I/P Data bit Encoded bit Encoded data

sequence sequence Sequence O/P data
with Error Sequence
1
2
3
4
5
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections should be tight.

2. Note the outputs carefully.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are Binary cyclic codes?
2. What are cyclic redundancy codes?
3. How error detecting is done in CRC ?

RESULT:

Signature of the Faculty

Expt No: 12
Date:
CONVOLUTION CODE - ENCODER AND DECODER

AIM: To study convolution encoding and decoding techniques.

APPARATUS:
S.No Apparatus Quantity
1 Convolution code –encoder and decoder kit 1
2 Digital storage oscilloscope 1
3 Connecting cords and probes Few

THEORY: A convolution code works by adding some structures redundant information to the
user’s data and then correcting errors using this information. A convolution encoder is a linear
system. A binary convolution encoder can be represented as a shift register. The outputs of the
encoder are 4 module 2 sums of the values in the certain register’s cells. The input to the encoder
is either the un-encoded sequence (for non-recursive codes) or the un-encoded sequence added
with the values of some register’s cells (for recursive codes).
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Convolution codes encoder and decoder

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the convolution block code encoder and decoder trainer kit to the mains and
switch on the power supply.
2. To initiate coding process keep mode selection switch in code position and DEMO
switch in OFF position.
3. Select the input data by pressing bit value set switches 0 or 1.
4. Note down the input bit sequence based on the status of the corresponding LED’s.
5. Press code all switch to generate code bit sequence.
6. Theencodeddataisobservedinthechannelcodeblockandnotedowntheencodeddatabit
sequence based on the status of LED’S.
7. Press decode switch to decode the encoded data.
8. Decoded data is observed in the output data block based on the status of LED’s.
9. In this case both LED error detect and LED error correct are OFF.
10. Select the input data by pressing bit value set switches 0 or 1.
11. Note down the input bit sequence based on the status of the corresponding LED’s .
12. Press code all switch to generate code bit sequence.
13. Select any one of the code bits using bit select switch in channel code.
14. Seterrorinaselectedbitpositionbypressingerrorset,thecorrespondingbitiscomplemented
15. Theencodeddataisobservedinthechannelcodeblockandnotedowntheencodeddatabit
sequence based on the status of LED’s.
16. Press decode switch to decode the encoded data
17. Decoded data is observed in the output data block based on the status of LED’s.
18. In this case both LED error detect and LED error correct are ON.
 OBSERVATIONS:

NORMAL MODE:

S.No I/P Data Encoded Data Encoded data O/P data bit
Sequence with Sequence
Error
1
2
3
4
5

CODE MODE:

S.No I/P Encoded Data Encoded data O/P data bit

Data Sequence with Error Sequence
1
2
3
4
5

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Note the outputs carefully.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are convolution codes?
2. How error correcting is done in convolution codes.
3. What are recursive codes?
4. What are non-recursive codes?

RESULT:

Signature of the Faculty

Expt. No: 13
Date:

AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To verify Amplitude shift keying using built-in functions in SCILAB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Personal computer.
2. Software SCILAB.
PROGRAM:
// Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) using Scilab
//operating system:windows
//scilab version:6.0.2
//Tool box used-No
//Caption:Illustrating Amplitude Shift Keying
clc;
clear all;
clf;
t=[0:0.02:5*%pi];//time period
fc=10;//carrier frequency
A=1;//amplitude

Vm=squarewave(t,40); // The second parameter in the squarewave

//function is the percent of the period in
//which the signal is positive.

Vc=A/2.*cos(fc.*t);//carrier signal
Va=(1+Vm).*(Vc);//ask signal

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,Vm,'red');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of Message Signal")

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,Vc, 'green');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of Carrier Signal")

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,Va, 'blue');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of ASK Signal")
PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the SCILAB icon/click on start button->go to programs->SCILAB.
2. Click on File Menu->New->Blank file
3. Enter the required program in the current editor.
4. Then save the current file by using .m extension
5. Execute the program by using run button./ go to debug menu-> click on save file and
run.
6. Output waveforms will be displayed on the screen by using figure window.

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why we are not preferred ASK over PSK & FSK?
2. What is the another name of ASK modulation scheme?
3. What is the effect of carrier amplitude, frequency, Vcc on the output?

Signature of the Faculty