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Cancer Notes
Cancer Notes
Cancer Notes
is not a single disease with a single cause; rather c. Cell-Signaling Protein: Kirsten Ras
(KRAS/KRAS2)
it is a group of distinct diseases with different
causes, manifestations, treatments, and PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CANCER
prognoses. Proliferative patterns
the word cancer comes from the greek word Characteristics of malignant cancer
carninoma which means crab. a. Tumor-Specific antigens
tumor comes -> neoplasia -> new growth 1. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
benign tumor is not that dangerous (slow 2. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
growth) Invasion and metastasis
a. Lymphatic and hematogenous spread
CARCINOGENESIS
is a multistep mechanism and is caused by an accumulation ANGIOGENESIS
of cellular and chemical errors, particularly concerning
Angio -> blood vessels
the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of a
cell. How cancer cells make their own blood vessels
GENERAL FEATURE OF CANCER CELLS TUMORS (NEOPLASM)
Perform cellular proliferation Benign
Contact inhibition loss Malignant
1. Synthesize protein and glucose a. Vascular system
2. Abnormally large nuclei b. Lymphatic system
3. Strong attraction to growth factors. c. Implantation
INITIATION d. Seeding
1. Carcinogens
a. Chemical DESTRUCTIVE ENZYMES OF MALIGNANT CELLS
b. Physical Proteinases
c. Biologic agents
PROMOTION Collagenases
1. Alteration of environment in favor of mutated cell Plasminogen activators -> promote fibrolysis ->
ANTINEOPLASTIC THERAPY
What is chemotherapy?
Overall goal:
- destroy the cancer cells within
RADIATION THERAPY
Uses ionizing radiation to kill or limit cancer cells
TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATION
Electromagnetic
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
1. Initiate bleeding precautions and observe for
bleeding tendency
2. Report any unexplained temperature elevation.
3. NO ACTIVE VACCINATIONS while client is
receiving medication.
4. Report any unusual fatigue
5. Decrease invasive procedures
6. provide diet diet high in IRON.
HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM:
1. Void exposure to there substances:
Fresh fruits, vegetables, flowers, and live plants.