ACCE 1-M: Engineering Utilities 1

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION

Prepared by:
Engr. Sheina R. Pallega-Aniban
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
o Understand the history of electricity.
o Determine the importance of electrical engineering in
the environment.
o Understand the importance of fundamental concepts.
SEATWORK 1
1. How does electricity discovered and developed?
2. List down at least 5 famous personalities and
specify their contributions in electrical
engineering.
3. What is electrical engineering and specify its
classifications?

File Name: LastName_SW1.pdf

HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Static Electricity (600 BCE)
About 600 BCE, Thales of Miletus, a Greek mathematician,
documented what eventually became known as static electricity. Thales
recorded that after rubbing amber, a yellowish, translucent mineral, with
a piece of wool or fur other light objects such as straw or feathers were
attracted to the amber. This distinctive property was unique to amber.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
William Gilbert’s Theory (1600)
• About 1600, William Gilbert, an English scientist, describes the
electrification of many substances. He coined the term electricity,
which is derived from the Latin term electricus, originally means “of
amber” or “to produce from amber by friction”.
• In 1663, Otto von Guericke, a German experimenter, built the first
electric generator, which produced static electricity by applying
friction in the machine. It was constructed of a ball of sulfur, rotated
by a crank with one hand and rubbed with the other.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
William Gilbert’s Theory (1600)
• In 1729, Stephen Gray, a British chemist, distinguished between
materials that were conductors and nonconductors. He is credited
with discovering that electricity can flow.
• In 1746, Ewald Georg von Kleist, a German inventor, and Pieter van
Musschenbroek, a Dutch physicist of University of Leyden, working
independently, invented an electrical storage device called Leyden
jar, named after the city, a glass jar coated inside and outside with tin
foil. It demonstrated that electricity could be stored for future use.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Benjamin Franklin’s Theory (1747)
• In 1747, Benjamin Franklin, an American inventor and statesman,
suggested the existence of an electrical fluid and surmised that an
electric charge was made up of two types of electric forces, an
attractive force and a repulsive force which are named positive and
negative.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Benjamin Franklin’s Theory (1747)
• In 1752, Benjamin Franklin conducted his famous kite experiment. He
flew a kite with a stiff wire pointing upward as a thunderstorm was
about to break. He attached a metal key to the other end of the
hemp string, and let it hang close to a Leyden jar. Rain moistened the
string, which could then conduct electricity. Spark jumped form the
key to the jar. Although there was no lightning, there was enough
electricity in the air to prove that electricity and lightning are the
same thing.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Volta Electric Battery (1800)
• In 1786, Luigi Galvani, an Italian anatomy
professor, observed that a discharge of static
electricity made a dead frog’s leg twitch.
Galvani then concluded that the frog’s legs
contained electricity and was released when
the legs touched metal.
• Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist, expanded
Galvani’s findings and built the voltaic pile, an
early type of electric cell or battery.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Amperes – Current in a Circuit (1820)
• In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish
physicist, discovered that a magnetic field
surrounds a current carrying wire, by
observing that electrical currents affected
the needle on a compass.
• Within two years, Andre Marie Ampere, a
French mathematician, observed that a coil
of wires acts like a magnet when electrical
current is pass through it.
• Shortly, Dominique Francois Arago, a French,
invented the electromagnet and Joseph
Henry, an American, demonstrated an
electromagnetic device that was capable
of lifting over a thousand pounds.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Morse Code (1831)
• In 1831, as well, Samuel Morse, an
American, conceived the idea of
sending coded messages over wires
using the electromagnetic telegraph and
a code of electrical impulses identified as
dots and dashes that eventually became
known as “Morse Code”. The first
message sent by the electric telegraph
was “What hath God wrought”, from the
Supreme Court Room in the US Capitol to
the railway depot at Baltimore on May
24, 1844. Morse’s electric telegraph is
recognized as the first practical use of
electricity and the first system of
electrical communication.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
DC Electric Motor and Generator (1870)
• In 1831, Michael Faraday, an Englishman, developed a crude electric
motor as a result of the newly discovered electromagnet, but a
practical motor was not developed until 1870. Both Faraday and
Henry, working independently, invented the electric generator with
which to power the motor.
• Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, French engineer, was the first person to
measure the amount of electricity and magnetism generated in a
circuit.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Incandescent Light (1879)
• In 1879, Thomas Edison, an American, and
Joseph Swan, an Englishman, developed
independently a practical incandescent
lamp. Edison was the first to patent the
commercially feasible incandescent lamp
so he is recognized as the inventor.
• In 1882, Edison Electric Light Company, later
known as General Electric, successfully
demonstrated the use of artificial lighting by
powering incandescent streetlights and
lamps in London and New York City.
Edison’s designs still serve as the basis of
how we distribute electricity from power
stations with the exception that Edison’s
systems were direct current systems.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Alternating Current System (1883)
• In 1883, Nikola Tesla, an American of Croatian decent, one of Edison’s
former employees and a rival of Edison at the end of the 19th century,
began experimenting on generators and discovered the rotating
magnetic field. This phenomenon serves as the basic principle of the
alternating current generator. Tesla then developed plans for an
alternating current induction motor, which become the first step
towards the successful utilization of alternating current.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Alternating Current System (1883)
• In 1883, Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs announced the first
transformer. This allowed alternating current power to be generated
at low voltage, then stepped up to high voltage for efficient
transmission, and then stepped down to an even lower voltage for
safety reasons.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Alternating Current System (1883)
• In 1885, George Westinghouse, head of the Westinghouse Electric
Company, bought the patent rights to Tesla’s alternating current
system.
• In 1886, in America, the first alternating current power station was
placed in operation, but as no alternating current motor was
available, the output of this was limited to lighting.
• In 1888, the alternating current motor was introduced and ultimately
became the most commonly used electric motor in buildings (e.g., for
fans, air conditioners, and refrigerators)
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Large-Scale Generation and Transmission (1895)
• On August 25, 1895, large-scale electric power distribution began
when water flowing over Niagara Falls was diverted through a pair of
high-speed turbines. The Niagara project clearly demonstrated that
large-scale generation and transmission of electricity was
conceptually sound, technically feasible, and economically practical.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Large-Scale Generation and Transmission (1895)
• By about 1930, most of the occupants of large cities in the United
States had electricity, yet only 10% of the Americans who lived in rural
area had electricity.
• In 1935, Rural Electric Administration (REA) was created to bring
electricity to those rural areas.
• In 1965, 1977, and 2003, power failures blacked out much of the
northeastern United States and Canada because the developed
world has become extremely dependent on electricity, thus problems
like this have occurred. The effects of shortages and blackouts
experienced by the general public have underscored the
significance of electricity in everyday life.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Inventors and Contributions
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Inventors and Contributions
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
▪ A branch of engineering that specializes in production, generation,
transmission and usage of electricity.
▪ Design, develop, plan, test and supervise electrical systems as well as
wiring installation and commissioning of lightings, motors and other
electrical equipment in buildings, automobiles, watercrafts and related
areas are the basic responsibilities of an electrical engineer.
▪ Electrical engineers may also be responsible for research, design,
development, manufacturing and management of complex hardware
and software systems that adhere to the technological advancement
nowadays.
▪ Some may consider computer engineering and software engineering to
be sub disciplines of electrical engineering while its specializations are
electronics engineering, optical engineering, power engineering, control
engineering and telecommunication engineering.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Communication System
The design, development and maintenance of technology for communications, ranging
from telephones to internet systems.
Computer System
The development, testing and evaluation of software and personal computers by
combining the knowledge of engineering, computer science and math analysis.
Control System
The understanding on how the process can be managed by automation devices and
the implementation of the process into operation.
Power System
The generation, transmission, distribution, uses, maintenance and control of electrical
power, as well as the devices connected to such systems, including generators, motors
and transformers.
Signal Processing System
The analysis, design, manipulation and modification of necessary devices for carrying out
the processing of analog and digital signals.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SI UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
Two major systems of units used:
1. English units – also known as the imperial system. English units were
historically used in nations once ruled by the British Empire but United
States is the only country that still uses English units, extensively.
2. SI units – also known as the metric system. As agreed upon by scientists
and mathematicians, the SI units which was originally derived from
Système International D'unités, its French translation, is considered as the
standard system to be used and also used for modern engineering
applications. It was also formerly called as meter-kilogram-second (mks).
 SI BASE UNITS FOR BASIC PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
BASIC PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
QUANTITY UNIT SYM DEFINITION OF UNITS
The distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299792458 of the
Length meter m
duration of 1 second.
FUNDAMENTAL

The mass of the International Prototype Kilogram (a cylinder of

Mass kilogram kg
platinum – iridium alloy).
The duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation
Time second s corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.
The constant current which, if maintained in two straight
parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular
Electric Current ampere A cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would
produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7
newton per meter of length.
SECONDARY

Thermodynamic The fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of

kelvin K
Temperature the triple point of water.
The amount of substance of a system which contains as many
Amount of
mole mol elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of
Substance
carbon 12.
The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that
Luminous emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz
candela cd
Intensity and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt
per steradians.
 SI DERIVED UNITS FOR OTHER PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
OTHER PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
QUANTITY UNIT SYM DERIVATION QUANTITY UNIT SYM DERIVATION
Plane Angle radian rad m∙m-1 = 1 Capacitance farad F C/V

Solid Angle steradian sr m2∙m-2 = 1 Electric ohm Ω V/A

Resistance
Frequency hertz Hz s-1 Electric siemens S A/V
Conductance

Force newton N m∙kg/s2 Magnetic Flux weber Wb V∙s

Pressure pascal Pa N/m2 Magnetic Flux tesla T Wb / m2
Density
Energy joule J N∙m Inductance henry H Wb / A
Power watt W J/s Celsius degree °C K
Temperature Celsius
Electric coulomb C A∙s Luminous Flux lumen lm cd ∙ sr
Charge
Electric volt V W/A Illuminance lux lx lm / m2
Potential
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NUMBER NOTATIONS
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION OR STANDARD FORM
• It is expressed as a number from 1 to 9 multiplied by a power of 10.
• Power of 10 is equal to the number of places the decimal point has been
moved.
• Note that the power is positive if the decimal point is moved from right to
left and negative if the decimal point is moved from left to right.
ENGINEERING NOTATION OR ENGINEERING FORM
• Somehow similar to scientific notation but a number from 1 to 999 is used
and multiplied by a power of 10 which should be a multiple of 3.
• Power of 10 is equal to the number of places the decimal point has been
moved by group of 3.
• Note that the power is positive if the decimal point is moved from right to
left and negative if the decimal point is moved from left to right.
 SI UNITS NUMBER PREFIXES
PREFIX SYMBOL NUMBER PREFIX SYMBOL NUMBER
yocto y 10-24 Yotta Y 1024
zepto z 10-21 Zetta Z 1021
atto a 10-18 Exa E 1018
femto f 10-15 Peta P 1015
picto p 10-12 Tera T 1012
nano n 10-9 Giga G 109
micro μ 10-6 Mega M 106
milli m 10-3 kilo K 103
*centi c 10-2 *hecto h 102
*deci d 10-1 *deka da 101
Note: * The following have equivalent prefixes but are not applicable for
engineering notation because it is not a multiple of three.
HOMEWORK 1
IDENTIFICATION:
A. Identify which famous scientist discovered the following
electrical concepts or phenomenon.
1. He formulated a law showing the relationship between volts,
amps, and resistance.
2. He observed that a discharge of static electricity made a
dead frog’s leg twitch.
3. He recorded that after rubbing amber with a piece of fur
other light objects were attracted.
4. He was the first to patent the commercially feasible
incandescent lamp.
5. He developed plans for an alternating current induction
motor.
HOMEWORK 1
IDENTIFICATION:
B. Identify the concept or phenomenon described for
each item.
1. A branch of engineering that specializes in production,
generation, transmission and usage of electricity.
2. It is considered as the standard system to be used and
also used for modern engineering applications.
3. The analysis, design, manipulation and modification of
necessary devices for carrying out the processing of
analog and digital signals.
4. The distance travelled by light in vacuum in
1/299792458 of the duration of 1 second.
5. A glass jar coated inside and outside with tin foil.
HOMEWORK 1
PROBLEM SOLVING:
A. Express the following numbers in scientific notation or
vice versa. Take note of the sign of the exponents as well.
1. 1230000
2. 0.0000002535
3. 4.5657 x 10-10
4. 2.334 x 10-11
5. 5.623 x 109
HOMEWORK 1
PROBLEM SOLVING:
B. Express the following numbers in engineering notation
and change it to an S.I. prefix. Be sure to have a derived
unit first, before putting a prefix.
1. 32546 m∙kg/s2
2. 0.00000704 A∙s
3. 98.765 x 10-19 V/A
4. 35700 x 1013 s-1
5. 0.35 x 10-7 N∙m/s