HISTORY OF COMPUTER

OBJECTIVES
Familiarize the different discoveries during the
different periods.

Identify the different inventions and

discoveries during electro-mechanical age that
lead to the inventions of today’s technology.

Determine the different technologies and their

improvements during the different
generations.
 PICTURE
ANALYSIS
The first use of the word
"computer" was recorded in
1613, referring to a person who
carried out calculations, or
computations, and the word
continued to be used in that
sense until the middle of the
20th century.
Earliest Computers originally
calculations were computed by
humans, whose job title was
computers.

• These human computers were

typically engaged in the
calculation of a mathematical
expression.

• The calculations of this period

were specialized and expensive,
requiring years of training in
mathematics.
TALLY STICKS
A tally stick was an ancient memory
aid device to record and document
numbers, quantities, or even
messages.
ABACUS
The abacus was invented in
Babylonia in 2400 B.C.

• The abacus in the form we are

most familiar with was first used in
China in around 500 B.C.

• It used to perform basic arithmetic

operations
NAPIER’S BONES
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.

• Allowed the operator to multiply,

divide and calculate square and
cube roots by moving the rods
around and placing them in specially
constructed boards.
SLIDE RULE
Invented by William Oughtred in
1622.

• Is based on Napier's ideas about

logarithms.

• Used primarily for – multiplication –

division – roots – logarithms –
Trigonometry

• Not normally used for addition or

subtraction.
PASCALINE
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.

• It was its limitation to addition and

subtraction.

• It is too expensive.
JACQUARD LOOM
The Jacquard loom is a
mechanical loom,
invented by Joseph-
Marie Jacquard in 1881.

• It is an automatic loom
controlled by punched
cards.
ARITHMOMETER
• A mechanical calculator invented
by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,

• The first reliable, useful and

commercially successful calculating
machine.
• The machine could perform the
four basic mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced
calculating machine.
DIFFERENCE ENGINE
AND ANALYTICAL
ENGINE
It an automatic, mechanical
calculator designed to tabulate
polynomial functions.

• Invented by Charles Babbage in

1822 and 1834

• It is the first mechanical computer.

FIRST COMPUTER
PROGRAMMER
• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron
suggests to Babbage that he use
the binary system.

• She writes programs for the

Analytical Engine.
SCHEUTZIAN
CALCULATION ENGINE
• Invented by Per Georg
Scheutz in 1843.

• Based on Charles Babbage's

difference engine.

The first printing calculator.

TABULATING
MACHINE
Invented by Herman
Hollerith in 1890.

• To assist in summarizing
information and accounting.
HARVARD MARK 1
Also known as IBM
Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator
(ASCC).

• Invented by Howard H.
Aiken in 1943

• The first electro-

mechanical computer.
Z1
The first programmable
computer.
Created by Konrad Zuse in
Germany from 1936 to 1938.
To program the Z1 required
that the user insert punch
tape into a punch tape
reader and all output was
also generated through
punch tape.
ATANASOFF-BERRY
COMPUTER (ABC)
• It was the first electronic
digital computing device.

• Invented by Professor
John Atanasoff and
graduate student Clifford
Berry at Iowa State
University between 1939
and 1942.
ENIAC
ENIAC stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
• It was the first electronic
general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.
UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer 1) was the
first commercial computer.

• Designed by John Presper

Eckert and John Mauchly.
EDVAC
EDVAC stands for Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer

• The First Stored Program

Computer

• Designed by Von Neumann in

1952.

• It has a memory to hold both a

stored program as well as data.
THE FIRST PORTABLE
COMPUTER
• Osborne 1 – the first portable
computer.

• Released in 1981 by the

Osborne Computer Corporation.
THE FIRST COMPUTER
COMPANY
• The first computer company
was the Electronic Controls
Company.
• Founded in 1949 by John
Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
PREMECHANICAL
The premechanical age is the
earliest age of information
technology. It can be defined as
the time between 3000B.C. and
1450A.D. We are talking about a
long time ago. When humans first
started communicating they
would try to use language or
simple picture drawings known
as petroglyths which were
usually carved in rock. Early
alphabets were developed such
as the Phoenician alphabet
PREMECHANICAL
As alphabets became more
popular and more people were
writing information down, pens
and paper began to be
developed. It started off as just
marks in wet clay, but later paper
was created out of papyrus plant.
The most popular kind of paper
made was probably by the
Chinese who made paper from
rags.
PREMECHANICAL
Now that people were writing a
lot of information down, they
needed ways to keep it all in
permanent storage. This is where
the first books and libraries are
developed. You’ve probably
heard of Egyptian scrolls which
were popular ways of writing
down information to save. Some
groups of people were actually
binding paper together into a
book-like form.
PREMECHANICAL
Also, during this period were the
first numbering systems. Around
100A.D. was when the first 1-9
system was created by people from
India. However, it wasn’t until
875A.D. (775 years later) that the
number 0 was invented. And yes,
now that numbers were created,
people wanted stuff to do with
them, so they created calculators. A
calculator was the very first sign of
an information processor. The
popular model of that time was the
abacus.
MECHANICAL
The mechanical age is when we first
start to see connections between
our current technology and its
ancestors. The mechanical age can
be defined as the time between
1450 and 1840. A lot of new
technologies are developed in this
era as there is a large explosion in
interest with this area.
MECHANICAL

Technologies like the slide rule

(an analog computer used for
multiplying and dividing) were
invented. Blaise Pascal invented
the Pascaline which was a very
popular mechanical computer.
Charles Babbage developed the
difference engine which tabulated
polynomial equations using the
method of finite differences.
MECHANICAL

There were lots of different

machines created during this era
and while we have not yet gotten
to a machine that can do more
than one type of calculation in
one, like our modern-day
calculators, we are still learning
about how all of our all-in-one
machines started.
MECHANICAL

Also, if you look at the size of the

machines invented in this time
compared to the power behind
them it seems (to us) absolutely
ridiculous to understand why
anybody would want to use them,
but to the people living in that
time ALL of these inventions were
HUGE.
ELECTROMECHANICAL
Now we are finally getting close to
some technologies that resemble
our modern-day technology. The
electromechanical age can be
defined as the time between 1840
and 1940. These are the beginnings
of telecommunication. The
telegraph was created in the early
1800s.
ELECTROMECHANICAL
Morse code was created by
Samuel Morse in 1835. The
telephone (one of the most popular
forms of communication ever) was
created by Alexander Graham Bell
in 1876. The first radio developed
by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All
of these were extremely crucial
emerging technologies that led to
big advances in the information
technology field.
ELECTROMECHANICAL

The first large-scale automatic

digital computer in the United
States was the Mark 1 created by
Harvard University around 1940.
This computer was 8ft high, 50ft
long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons
- HUGE. It was programmed using
punch cards.
ELECTROMECHANICAL

How does your PC match up to this

hunk of metal? It was from huge
machines like this that people
began to look at downsizing all the
parts to first make them usable by
businesses and eventually in your
own home.
ELECTRONIC
The electronic age is what we
currently live in. It can be defined
as the time between 1940 and right
now. The ENIAC was the first high-
speed, digital computer capable of
being reprogrammed to solve a full
range of computing problems. This
computer was designed to be used
by the U.S.
ELECTRONIC
Army for artillery firing tables. This
machine was even bigger than the
Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet
and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It
mainly used vacuum tubes to do its
calculations.
ELECTRONIC

There are 4 main sections of digital

computing. The first was the era of
vacuum tubes and punch cards like
the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating
magnetic drums were used for
internal storage. The second
generation replaced vacuum tubes
with transistors, punch cards were
replaced with magnetic tape, and
rotating magnetic drums were
replaced by magnetic cores for
internal storage.
ELECTRONIC

Also during this time high-level

programming languages were
created such as FORTRAN and
COBOL. The third generation
replaced transistors with integrated
circuits, magnetic tape was used
throughout all computers, and
magnetic core turned into metal
oxide semiconductors.
ELECTRONIC

with the advanced programming

language BASIC. The fourth and
latest generation brought in CPUs
(central processing units) which
contained memory, logic, and
control circuits all on a single chip.
The personal computer was
developed (Apple II). The graphical
user interface (GUI) was developed.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
THE FIRST GENERATION

The first computers used vacuum

tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.
They were very expensive to
operate and in addition to using a
great deal of electricity, generated
a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions.
THE FIRST GENERATION

First generation computers relied

on machine language, the lowest-
level programming language
understood by computers, to
perform operations, and they could
only solve one problem at a time.
Input was based on punched cards
and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts.
THE SECOND GENERATION

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes

and ushered in the second
generation of computers. One
transistor replaced the equivalent
of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing
computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy-
efficient and more reliable. Still
generated a great deal of heat that
can damage the computer.
THE SECOND GENERATION
Second-generation computers moved
from cryptic binary machine language
to symbolic, or assembly, languages,
which allowed programmers to
specify instructions in words.
Secondgeneration computers still
relied on punched cards for input and
printouts for output. These were also
the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory, which
moved from a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology.
THE SECOND GENERATION

Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco

Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM
7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090
series
THE THIRD GENERATION
The development of the integrated
circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers. Transistors
were miniaturized and placed on
silicon chips, called semiconductors,
which drastically increased the speed
and efficiency of computers. It could
carry out instructions in billionths of a
second. Much smaller and cheaper
compare to the second-generation
computers.
THE FOURTH GENERATION
The microprocessor brought the
fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip. As
these small computers became more
powerful, they could be linked
together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of
the Internet. Fourth generation
computers also saw the development
of GUIs, the mouse and handheld
devices.
THE FIFTH GENERATION
Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Still in development. The use of
parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality. The goal
is to develop devices that respond to
natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-
organization. There are some
applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today.
 LET Practice Questions!

In the delivery of distance education, what computer

application is used to organize instructions and track
students’ records and progress?
A. Computer-based Multimedia
B. Computer-assisted Instruction
C. Computer-mediated Education
D. Computer-managed Instruction
 LET Practice Questions!

In the delivery of distance education, what computer

application is used to organize instructions and track
students’ records and progress?
A. Computer-based Multimedia
B. Computer-assisted Instruction
C. Computer-mediated Education
D. Computer-managed Instruction
 LET Practice Questions!

Which of the following is NOT an example of a communicative

tool?
a. Chat
b. Electronic mail
c. Teleconferencing
d. Multimedia encyclopedia
 LET Practice Questions!

Which of the following is NOT an example of a communicative

tool?
a. Chat
b. Electronic mail
c. Teleconferencing
d. Multimedia encyclopedia
 LET Practice Questions!

Your father wanted to finish his long dreamed course but he

wanted to do it at home during his free time. Would you
recommend an online learning?
a. Yes, because online learning is the “in” thing
b. No, because online learning inhibits student-teacher
interaction.
c. No, because hiring a helper would enable him to attend
regularly in his class.
d. Yes, because he could learn at his own pace using a wide
spectrum of technologies.
 LET Practice Questions!

Your father wanted to finish his long dreamed course but he

wanted to do it at home during his free time. Would you
recommend an online learning?
a. Yes, because online learning is the “in” thing
b. No, because online learning inhibits student-teacher
interaction.
c. No, because hiring a helper would enable him to attend
regularly in his class.
d. Yes, because he could learn at his own pace using a wide
spectrum of technologies.
THANK YOU!!