WEEK # 01

1.1 Review of Functions

1.2* Basic Classes of Functions
1.5* Exponential Functions

1.1 Review of Functions

Relations involving real numbers may be represented in four ways:

1) Verbally 2) Graphically 3) Analytically and 4) Numerically.

Ex: 1) Verbal: R consists of all points (x, y) that are (?,?) units from the origin.

2) Graphical:
3) Analytic (i.e., an equation): y=2x+3

4) Numerical (a list of ordered pairs) or a table):

y
x y

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Function: A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly one element,
called f(x) in a set E

Domain & Range

x →  f  → f ( x)
Input Output
(DOMAIN) ( RANGE )

Domain: The set of all possible input values (commonly x-variable) which produce a valid
output from a particular function is called a domain. It is the set of all real numbers for
which a function is mathematically defined.

Range: It is the complete set of all possible resulting values of the dependent variable
(usually ‘y’) after we have substituted domain. The range is the resulting y-values we get
after substituting all the possible x-values.

a
F F(x)

F(a)

c F(c)

DOMAIN Function (F) RANGE

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 A few Shortcuts to find domain of different kind of functions.
1) Polynomials function : Domain is ( − ,  )
f ( x)
2) Rational function provided g ( x)  0
:
g ( x)
For domain use g ( x)  0
3) Function ' s with square root = H ( x)
For domain use H ( x)  0
4) Function ' s with rational & radical =
f ( x)
Type A) : for domain use g ( x )  0
g ( x)
f ( x)
Type B) : for domain use f ( x )  0 & g ( x )  0
g ( x)

Example: Find domain and range of the relation

{(2,-3), (4,6), (3,-1), (6,6), (2,3), (0,-3)}
Solution: Domain: {0, 2, 3, 4, 6}
Range: {-3,-1, 3, 6}
Note: It is important to list these in numerical order but it is not required. Don’t duplicate
technically.
Example: Find domain and range of the relation
{(-4,7),(-3,7),(-2,7)(-1,7),(0,7),(1,7)}
Solution: Domain: {-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1}
Range: { 7 }

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 3x 2 + 2 x − 1
Example: Find Domain of y= 2
x − 4x − 5
Solution: As we know domain is all the values that x is allowed to take on. Here the only
problem is with denominator. So, I will set the denominator equal to zero and solve. My
domain will be everything else

x2 − 4 x − 5 = 0
(x-5)(x+1) = 0 OR x = 5 , x = -1
Thus domain is all x not equal to -1 or 5

Example : Find Domain and Range of y =− − 4x + 6

Solution : The only problem is , we can not take negative values inside radicals(Square-
root).So I will set the inside value greater than or equal to zero

and will solve it….

y-axis

The Result will be any domain for -4x+6  0

x-axis
3
x = 1.5
2
3 3
So Domain is all x  or x  ( -  , ]
2 2
For Range : The graph starts at y = 0 and goes down further as we proceed with values (As
shown in graph)
The Range is y  0 or y  (-  ,0]

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Example : Find Domain and Range of y = − x4 + 4
Solution : There are no denominator and no radicals. These kinds of functions are called
GARDEN VARIETY POLYNOMILAS.

There are no problems/restrictions with a polynomial. There are no values that I can’t plug
in for x. When I have a polynomial, the answer is always “ALL x”.

For Range: It is clear from graph it goes high only as y = 4 but goes low as we like.
So range “ y  4”

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Example : Find Range of f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 6 x − 1 Without taking help from graph.

2
 3
 x +  0
Sol. f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 6 x − 1  2
= 2[ x 2 + 3 x] − 1  3
2

 2 x +   0
 9 9   2
= 2  x 2 + 3x +
− −1 
 4 4   2
 3 11 11
 9  9  2 x +  − −
= 2  x 2 + 3x + − −1  2 2 2
 4  2 11
2  f ( x)  −
 3 11 2
= 2 x +  −
 2 2
 11 
Hence Range = y =  − ,
 2 
NOTE: The method used above is called the complete squaring method.

Example : Find Range of f ( x) = − 3 x 2 + 6 x − 1 Without taking help from graph.

Solution :

f ( x) = − 3x 2 + 6 x − 1
( x − 1) 2  0
= −3[ x − 2 x] − 1
2

 − 3( x − 1) 2  0
= − 3[ x − 2 x + 1 − 1] − 1
2

 −3( x − 1) 2 + 2  0 + 2
= − 3[ x − 2 x + 1] + 3 − 1
2

 f ( x)  2
= − 3( x − 1) 2 + 2
Hence Range = y = (− , 2]

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TRY SIMILAR EXAMPLES:

1) f(x) = 2x 2 + 4 x − 19 2) g (x) = − 2x 2 − 4 x + 19
3) h(x) = − 2x 2 − 6 x − 11 4) g (x) = 3x 2 + 9 x − 13
5) f(x) = x 2 + 6 x − 3 6) g(x) = x 2 + 4 x + 4

TRY MORE

Find the Domain of the following:

−11x + 6 4x2 + 3
a) b) 3x − 27
2
c)
2ecos x −1 x−6

4 x 2 + 3 −11x + 6
f ( x) = − cos x −1 + 3x 2 − 27
d)
x−6 2e

SOLUTION

−11x + 6
a) f(x) =
2ecos x −1

Clearly denominator can not be equal to zero. Also, there is no restriction for numerator.
So domain in this case is set of all real numbers.
OR Domain is (-  ,  ).

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b) f(x)= 3x2 − 27 is a rational Function and so should be greater or equal to zero.

3 x 2 − 27  0
3( x 2 − 9)  0
3( x − 3) ( x + 3)  0
x  3 OR x  − 3
Domain is (-  ,- 3 ] U [ 3,  )

NOTE:

1) if x 2  a 2  x  a  − a  x  a  x  [− a , a ]
2) if x 2  a 2  x  a  − a  x  a  x  (−, −a]U [a, )

4x2 + 3
c) f(x) =
x−6
Clearly in numerator power for x is 2 so there is no restriction on x for numerator.
While in Denominator, it can’t be equal to zero.
So x-6  0 or x  6
Domain is x  6 OR (-  ,6)U(6,  )

4 x 2 + 3 −11x + 6
f ( x) = − cos x −1 + 3x 2 − 27
d)
x−6 2e
Combining Results of (a), (b) & (c) we get

Domain of f(x) = (-  ,-3] U [3, 6) U (6,  )

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TRY SIMILAR EXAMPLES:

x2 + 1 4 x + 6
1) f ( x) = − cos x + 2 x 2 − 8
x −5 e

Answer :(−, −2]U [2,5) U (5, )

x 2 + 9 −6 x + 2
2) f ( x) = − s in ( x −1) + 2 x 2 − 32
x−9 3e

Answer :(−, −4]U [4,9) U (9, )

Find the domain of the following :

3sin( x) − 1
1) f ( x) = 2 + x + 2 x(2 x − 4 x ) + sin( x − 2) 2) f ( x) =
5

x 4 + 3x 2

−3cos( x) + 1 3cos x − 1
3) f ( x) = 4) f ( x) =
x 4 + 3x 2 x x2 + 3

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 f ( x + h) − f ( x )
DIFFERENCE QUOTIENT Formula:
h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
Question: If f(x) = 5x − 2 x + 1 Evaluate:
h
Solution:

f ( x + h) − f ( x) (5x + h − 2( x + h) + 1) − (5x − 2 x + 1)
=
h h
x+h
5 − 2 x − 2h + 1 − 5 x + 2 x − 1
=
h
5x (5h − 1)
= −2
h
Try the similar examples:

1) f(x) = 4 x + 3x + 1 2) f(x) = 3x + 2

3) f(x) = 4 − a x − 2x 4) f(x) = 2 x2 − 5x + 1

5) f(x) = 3x 2 − 6 x − 7 6) f(x) = 6x2 − 4x + 4

2x −1 −3x − 1
7) h(x) = 8) g(x) =
x+2 x − 12
2x2 −1 −3x 2 − 4 x − 1
9) g(x) = 10) f(x) =
3 − 2 x2 x − 12 x 2

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SYMMETRY 1) EVEN FUNCTION
2) ODD FUNCTION

1) EVEN FUNCTION: If a function f satisfies f(-x) = f(x) for every number x in its domain,
it is called an even number.

Example: f(x) = x2
AS f(-x) = (− x)2 = x2 = f(x)

2 −3 x 2 + 7
Also 1- x 4 , x 4 +7 x -8 , all are examples of Even functions.
−6 − 4 x 2

2) ODD FUNCTION: If a function satisfies f(-x)= -f(x), for every number x in its domain,
then f is called an odd function.

Example: f(x) = x3
As f(-x)= (− x) = − x = - f(x)
3 3

−3x3 + 7 x 5
Also x3 − 3 x , , x − 3 x all are examples of Odd functions.
−6 − 4 x 2
NOTE: If f (-x)  f(x) OR If f (-x)  - f(x)
Then f(x) is neither even nor odd

GEOMETRICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The graph of an even function is symmetric to y-axis.
The graph of an odd function is symmetric to origin.

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Find Even & Odd Functions of the following:

1) x 5 − 3 x 3) 1 − x4 5) 5 x + x(2 x − 4 x ) + cos( x )
2 2

2) x5 − 3 x − 5 4) x − x2 6) 8 x + x (2 x − 4 x ) + sin( x )
3 3 5 2

3sin( x) − 1
7) 2 + x + 2 x(2 x − 4 x ) + sin( x − 2) 8) f ( x) =
5

x 4 + 3x 2
−3cos( x) + 1 3cos x − 1
9) f ( x) = 10) f ( x) =
x 4 + 3x 2 x x2 + 3

Increasing and decreasing Functions:

A linear function f(x)=mx + c is increasing over its domain if its slope ‘m’ is positive. It is
decreasing over its domain if its slope ‘m’ is negative. It is constant over its domain if its
slope is zero.

Note: Out of the various definitions of increasing and deceasing functions, we will use only
the definition as discussed below:

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 For x1 , x2  R if x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
 f ( x) is increasing function
For x1 , x2  R if x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
 f ( x) is decreasing function
Q.1 Check if f ( x) = 2 x + 1 is increasing or decreasing.
Sol. Let x1 , x2  R s.t x1  x2
 2 x1  2 x2
 2 x1 + 1  2 x2 + 1
 f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
Thus x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
Hence f ( x ) is an increasing function.

Q.2 Check if f ( x) = −2 x + 1 is increasing or decreasing.

Sol. Let x1 , x2  R s.t x1  x2
 2 x1  2 x2
 − 2 x1  − 2 x2
 − 2 x1 + 1  − 2 x2 + 1
 f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
Thus x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
Hence f ( x ) is a decreasing function.
TRY the following for Increasing and decreasing nature of given functions/curves

1) 3x + 3 2) − 3 + x
3) 2 x 2 + 5 4) − 4 x 2 + 1

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COMBINATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

COMPOSITE FUNCTION
If f and g are two functions then f g is called composite function
and is given by : (f g ) x = f ( g ( x) )
Note :This is also called composition of f and g.

Beside this f and g can be combined to form new functions as :

f + g , f − g , fg & f / g in a manner similar to the way add , subtract,
multiply and divide.
( f + g ) x = f ( x) + g ( x) , ( f − g ) x = f ( x) – g ( x)
( f . g ) x = f ( x)  g ( x) , ( f / g ) x = f ( x) / g ( x)

Example : If f ( x) = 3 x 2 and g ( x) = 3 − 2 x
Find ( f g ) x and ( g f ) x ?
Sol. ( f g ) x = f ( g ( x) ) = f ( 3 − 2 x ) = 3 ( 3 − 2 x )
2

(g f ) x = g ( f ( x) ) = g ( 3x 2 ) = 3 − 2 ( 3x 2 ) = 3 − 6 x 2

Example: If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 3. Find fog and gof ?

Example: If f(x) = x and g(x) = 2− x .

Find a) fog b) gof c) fof d) gog ?

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 3x
Example : Find (f g h ) , if f ( x) =
, g ( x) = x 5 , h( x) = 3 − x.
x+2
Sol. ( f g h ) = f  g h  = f  g ( 3 − x ) 

= f ( 3 − x ) 
5
 
3(3 − x )
5

=
(3 − x ) +2
5

TRY FEW:

x−4 x+2
1) Consider the function f ( x) = and g ( x) =
x+7 x −3
Find the following
a) fog b) gof c) fof d) gog
2) For the given functions f and g find :
a) f o g b) g o f c) f o f d) g o g
Also find the domain in each case.

a ) f ( x) = 2 x + 3 ; g ( x) = 3 x
b) f ( x ) = − x ; g ( x ) = 2 x − 4
j ) f ( x) = x − 2 ; g ( x) =1 − 2 x
c) f ( x) = 3 x + 1 ; g ( x) = x 2
k ) f ( x) = x 2 + 1 ; g ( x) = 2 x 2 + 3
3 2
d ) f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 1 1
x −1 x l ) f ( x) = ; g ( x) =
x x
x −4
e) f ( x ) = ; g ( x) = m) f ( x ) = x + 5 ; g ( x) = x − 5
x −1 x
n) f ( x ) = x 3 ; g ( x) = 3
x
f ) f ( x) = x ; g ( x) = 2 x + 3
( x + 6)
g ) f ( x) = x 2 + 1 ; g ( x) = x − 1 o) f ( x ) = 2 x − 6 ; g ( x) =
2
x−5 x+2
h) f ( x ) = ; g ( x) = 1
x +1 x − 3 p) f ( x) = ax + b ; g ( x ) = ( x − b)
a
2x −1 x+4
i ) f ( x) = ; g ( x) =
x−2 2x − 5

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3) For the given functions f and g find:
a) f o g (4) b) g o f (2) c) f o f (1) d) g o g (0)

1
a ) f ( x) = 2 x 2 ; g ( x) = 1 − 3 x 2 f ) f ( x) = x ; g ( x) =
x +1
2

b) f ( x ) = 3 x + 2 ; g ( x) = 2 x 2 − 1 3
g ) f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 3 x
c) f ( x) = x + 1 ; g ( x) = 3 x x +1
d ) f ( x) = 2 x g ( x) = 3 x 2 + 1 h) f ( x) = x3/ 2 2
; ; g ( x) =
1 x +1
e) f ( x ) = 4 x 2 − 3 ; g ( x) = 3 − x 2 i ) f ( x) = x ; g ( x) = 2 x
2
4) Find the functions f and g so that fog = H.

a ) H ( x) = ( 2 x + 9 ) e) H ( x) = (1 + x 2 )
6 3

b) H ( x ) = ( x 2 + 9 )
3
f ) H ( x) = 1 − x5
c) H ( x) = 2 x − 7 2 − x2
g ) H ( x) =
d ) H ( x) = x3 −  5
x −1
h) H ( x ) =
3

SOME DIFFERENT EXAMPLES

Question: Given F(x) = cos ( x + 9) .Find functions f, g and h such that F(x) =fogoh(x)
2

Solution: Since F(x) = cos2 ( x + 9) , the formula for F suggest that:

First add 9, then take the cosine of the result and finally square.
So we let h(x) = x+9 , g(x) = cosx, f(x) = x 2

Then (fogoh)x = f(g(h(x))) = f(g(x+9))=f(cos(x+9))= [cos( x + 9)] OR cos ( x + 9)

2 2

Thus fogoh(x)= cos2 ( x + 9) = F(x)

TRY SIMILAR EXAMPLES: Find f, g and h if fogoh = H(x) and

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1) H(X) = x −1

2) H(X) = 8 2+ x

4
3) H(X) = Sec ( x )

A few more Different Examples

If f(x) = -2x+1 and h(x) = 4 x2 − 4 x −1 .Find a function g such that fog = h.

Solution: fog(x) = f(g(x)) = -2 g(x) + 1
But fog = h

-2 g(x) +1 = 4 x2 − 4 x −1
-2 g( x ) = 4 x2 − 4 x − 2
g(x) = −2 x + 2 x + 1
2

TRY SIMILAR EXAMPLES: Find g in following cases :

1) f(x) = - x +4 and h(x) = 3x2 − 6 x − 5

2) f(x) = 2x+4 and h(x) = 4 x2 + 2 x − 2

3) f(x) = - 5x -6 and h(x) = 3x2 + 6 x + 5

4) f(x) = 2x+4 and h(x) = 7 x2 + 7 x −1

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 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

In general, an exponential function is a function of the form

f(x) = a x , where a is a constant and positive.

If x=n, a +ve integer

Then an = a.a.a.a.a.a........a
n − factors

1) If x= 0 , then f(0) = a0 = 1

2) If x= -n, f(-n) = a−n = 1

an
p
3) If x is a rational number x= ,
q

ax = a p/q = ( a p ) = ( a ) p
q q
Then

LAWS OF EXPONENTS

If a and b are positive numbers and x and y are real numbers, then
x+ y x− y ax
1) a = a .a
x y
2) a = y
a
3) ( a x ) = a xy 4) ( ab ) = a xb x
y x

Also a 0 = 1

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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF y = 2x
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 8 16

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF y = 2− x
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16

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EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= 5 - 2 x and find its domain & Range.

Solution: First we reflect the graph of y = 2 x to get y = - 2 x , then we will shift graph of y =
- 2 x upward 5 units to obtain graph of y = 5 - 2 x .
From Graph we found that
DOMAIN = (-  ,  )
RANGE =(-  ,3)

GRAPH OF y = 2 x

GRAPH OF y = - 2 x

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GRAPH OF y = 5 - 2 x

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 Helping Table for Graphing Techniques

To Graph Draw the Graph of f and : Functional Change to

f(x)
VERTICAL SHIFTs:
y = f(x) + c , c>0 Raise the graph of f by c units Add c to f(x).

y = f(x) – c , c>0 Lower the graph of f by c units Subtract c from

f(x)
HORIZONTAL SHIFTs:
y = f( x + c) , c > 0 Shift the graph of f to left c units Replace x by x + c

y = f (x - c) , c>0 Shift the graph of f to right c units Replace x by x - c

COMPRESSING OR
STRETCHING
y = k f(x), k>0 Multiply each y-coordinate of y = f(x) by k. Multiply f(x) by k
Stretch the graph of f vertically if k > 1
Compress the graph of f vertically if 0 < k <
1

y = f (kx), k>0 Replace x by kx

Multiply each x-coordinate of y = f(x) by 1/k.

Stretch the graph of f horizontally if 0<k<1
Compress the graph of f horizontally if k>1

REFLECTION ABOUT X-
AXIS
y=-f(x) Reflect the graph of f about the x-axis Multiply f(x) by -1

REFLECTION ABOUT Y-
AXIS
y=f(-x) Reflect the graph of f about the y-axis Replace x by –x

(Pearson: ISBN-13 978-00321-97907-0)

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 EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= 5 - 3x and find its domain & Range.

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= 2 - 2− x and find its domain & Range.

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= -2 + 2− x and find its domain & Range.

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= 2 + e− x and find its domain & Range.

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= -1 - e− x and find its domain & Range

Note: Your instructor owns the copyright to recorded and streamed lessons, which are
provided to you for your personal study only. Recordings and streams may not be
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References:

Stewart, J. (2016). Single Variable Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th ed.). Australia:
Cengage Learning, ISBN: 0176824480.
Sullivan, M.(2016). Precalculus(10th ed.). Boston: Pearson
Openstax.org Calculus : licensed under an Attribution-Non Commercial-Share alike 4.0
International License (CC BY-NC-SA)

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