ASSIGNMENT

TASK 1
Name: Mehr Amin https://science4fuhdihon.info/kingdoms/
The five kingdoms discussed are;
● Animalia
● Plants
● Fungi
● Protozoans (protists)
● Monera (bacteria)

https://www.deviantart.com/sarinasunbeam/art/The-6-Kingdoms-of-L
(Sources of images have been mentioned alongside) ife-GIF-564984366
 1- ANIMALIA
The kingdom of animals is
Animalia
● They are multicellular organisms i.e. they
consist of more than one cell
Examples include :
● humans
● tigers
● giraffes
● polar bears
● Alligators
● Birds
● houseflies
● mosquitos
● Frogs
● Fish
https://www.dkfindout.com/us/animals-and-n
● Turtles ature/animal-kingdom/
 ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE
● The mains parts of an animal cell are
the nucleus, cell membrane and
cytoplasm
● The fells do not have cell walls
● The don’t contain chloroplasts, hence
they can’t carry out photosynthesis
● may store carbohydrates and glycogen

Animals usually have nerves or nervous

systems for coordination, and they are able
to move from place to place
wikipedia .com
2- PLANTAE
The kingdom of plants is Plantae

● They are multicellular organisms -

consist of many cells that work
together

Examples include;

● Cereals (such as maez)

● Peas
● Beans
● Corn
● Berries
● flowers
● Water plants such as water lily, lotus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant
etc
PLANT CELL STRUCTURE
Plant cells contain the same parts as
animals, with additional ones;

● Chloroplasts - contains
chlorophyll to carry out
photosynthesis. They store
carbohydrates such as starch or
sucrose.
● Cell wall - made of cellulose.
● Permanent vacuole - gives plant
shape, contains cell sap which
stores nutrients and waste https://www.twinkl.co.uk/teaching-wiki/plant-cell
products.
3- FUNGI
● They can be multicellular and
unicellular organisms.

Examples of multicellular fungi;

● Mushrooms
● Toadstools
● Moulds (such as Mucor)

Example of unicellular;

● yeast

https://biology-igcse.weebly.com/fungi-kingdom.html
FUNGAL CELL STRUCTURE
● Fungal cells have cell wall made
of chitin

● They are of 2 types; true hyphae

(multicellular fungi) and yeasts
(unicellular fungi)

https://examplespedia.com/fungi-structure/
 4- MONERA
The kingdom of bacteria is called Monera
● Bacteria are microscopic, unicellular
organisms
Examples include;
● Lactobacillus bulgaricus
(a rod-shaped bacterium used to
make yoghurt from milk)
● Pneumococcus
( a spherical bacterium that acts as
a pathogen that causes pneumonia)
https://news.usc.edu/135660/how-bacteria-adap
it’s a pathogen i.e. organism that t-to-hostile-environments/
causes disease.
BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE
● Bacteria cells have a cell wall made
of polysaccharides and proteins.
● They do not have a nucleus.
● Instead of a nucleus, they have
circular chromosome of DNA
● They also have small extra circles
of DNA called plasmids.

Other features;
Some bacteria can carry out
photosynthesis, but most bacteria
feed from other organisms (living or https://examplespedia.com/bacteria-structure/
dead)
 5- PROTISTA
Protista is the kingdom of protists.
● Protists are microscopic, unicellular
organisms.
Some protists have features like
animal cells, others have features
similar to plant cells.
Examples;
● Amoeba - have features like an animal
cell
● Chlorella - have chloroplasts and are
more like plants.
Some protists are pathogens, for example; https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced
Plasmodiumis, the pathogen that causes -concepts/section/12.1/
malaria.
VERTEBRATES
Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone
inside their body.

Examples include;

● Humans
● Whales
● Frogs
● Birds
● Snakes
● Lizards
● Tigers
https://www.twinkl.co.uk/teaching-wiki/vertebrates
SUB-GROUPS OF VERTEBRATES
The major groups include;

● Amphibians
● Reptiles
● Birds
● Mammals
● Bony Fish

https://www.twinkl.co.uk/teaching-wiki/vertebrates
 AMPHIBIANS
Amphibians are small vertebrates that
need water, or a moist environment, to
survive.

● They usually have lungs but they can

also absorb oxygen through their
moist skin
● Their body temperature also varies
according to their surroundings
● They reproduce by external
fertilisation and lay eggs.

Examples of species in this group;

frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian

BIRDS
Birds are a group of warm-blooded
vertebrates

● They have lungs, feathers, and

beaks.
● They can maintain their body
temperature (organisms that can
do this are called homeotherms)
● They reproduce by internal
fertilization and lay eggs.
https://www.thespruce.com/types-of-birds-385446
FISH
● They absorb oxygen through their
gills and they have wet scales
● Their body temperature varies
according to their surroundings
● They reproduce by external
fertilization and lay eggs (they are
oviparous)
Examples include;
Guppy fish, clown fish, snakehead
murrel, siamese fighting fish.
https://giphy.com/explore/school-of-fish
MAMMALS
● They have lungs and fur
● They can maintain their body
temperature
● They reproduce by internal
fertilization
● They give birth to live young
(they are viviparous)

https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/441634307183975381/
REPTILES
● They have lungs and dry
scales.
● Their body temperature
varies according to their
surroundings.
● They reproduce by internal
fertilization and lay eggs. https://pin.it/1EyR1q3
INVERTEBRATES
Invertebrates are animals without
backbones.

They include;

● Annelids
● Nematodes
● Molluscs
● Arthropods
● Porifera

https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/invertebrate/437406
DICHOTOMOUS
KEY
Does it have a backbone?
Woodland Animals
No
1. Butterfly Yes
2. Hummingbird
3. Frog Does it Butterfly
4. Sloth have 4
5. Squirrel legs No
6. Alligator Yes
Does it respire
7. Deer Hummingbird
through it’s skin?
8. Mouse
Yes
9. Tiger No
Frog
Does it have fur?

Yes No

Sloth Are they

omnivorous?
 Yes No

Squirrel Does it
have dry
scales?
Yes
No

Does it have
Alligator antlers?

No
Yes
Is it a
feline?
Deer
Yes No

Tiger Mouse
 Are their middle
DICHOTOMOUS parts yellow?

KEY No Yes

Woodland Plants Do they blossom late winter Primroses

to mid-spring
1. Wood Anemones
2. Primroses
3. Red Campion Yes No
4. Foxgloves
5. Erythroniums Wood Are they purple
6. Solomon’s Seal Anemones in colour?
7. Ivy
Yes No

Red
Campion Are their bulbs
fang shaped?

Yes No
Erythroniums
Are they tube
shaped?

Yes No

Foxgloves Does it produce

arching stems?

Yes No

Solomon’s seal Ivy

 TASK : 2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Plants get their energy from the Sun, through a
process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is
a process used by plants and other organisms to
convert light energy into chemical energy that,
through cellular respiration, can later be PRODUCER 1ST
released to fuel the organism's activities. TROPHIC
The small bird and the
grass LEVEL
grasshopper (primary
consumers) need the grass
(producer) for food, because
they can’t produce their PRIMARY 2ND
Small bird
own food. CONSUMER TROPHIC
The fox eats the little LEVEL
bird, and snake eats the
Grasshopper
grasshopper (fox and
snake are secondary SECONDARY
consumers), they come CONSUMER 3RD TROPHIC
in 2nd Trophic Level)
LEVEL
fox snake
When the fox and snake die, they
are decomposed by the worms in
the soil, which provides essential
nutrients and minerals to the soil DECOMPOSER
for more plants like grass
(producers) to grow, and the
4TH TROPHIC
cycle continues. worms LEVEL
 TASK: 3

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/
16/science/bedbugs-dinosaurs-evolut
ion.html

Features controlled by genes,

but influenced by environment
EVOLUTION OF BED BUGS
1- They had wings;
Bed bugs evolved from what were once insects much like mosquitos. Did the environment have a bigger influence on
Their evolutionary ancestors used to have wings like other bugs. But bed bugs
got rid of them over time so that they could hide in smaller spaces. They still their evolution, or their genes?
have wing muscles in their thorax, but there are no wings attached.
The atrophied remains of wings can be found upon the backs of bedbugs, and I believe the environment had a bigger impact on their evolution,
bedbugs still sometimes appear with the elongated aerodynamic body shape of because the environment is what caused the genetic mutations to
a flying insect. occur, for the insect to adapt to its surroundings. The genetic
2- Their body shape; variants caused the mutations to take place, which then lead to their
Their body’s shape used to be tubular and more rounded.A typical bed bug evolution.
now has body shape that is flat and narrow, which is a shape which allows If the environmental conditions were suitable to them, they would
bedbugs to slip through even very narrow cracks. not need to adapt as they would have already been adapted.
3- Resistance against pesticides;
Like pyrethroids, DDT kills insects by acting on the sodium pores in their nerve cells — and it just so happens that many of the same mutations that protect an insect
against DDT also happen to protect it from pyrethroids. When DDT was first introduced, such mutations were probably extremely rare. However, with the widespread use
of DDT in the 1950s and 60s, such mutations became much more common among bed bugs through the process of natural selection. Though DDT is rarely used today
because of its environmental effects, these mutations have stuck around and are still present in modern bed bug populations. Because of the action of natural selection in the
past (favoring resistance to DDT), many bed bug populations today are primed with the right sort of genetic variation to evolve resistance to pyrethroids rapidly.
 WINGS; BODIES; THICKER CUTICLES
Bed bugs used to Their bodies started (exoskeleton)
have wings, but due to get rounder and penetration resistance
to genetic mutations, more tubular, which through thickening or
they got rid of them allowed them to fit remodelling of the cuticle
to fin into smaller through narrow helps the bedbug to become
spaces. cracks. resistant against pesticides.
ILLUSTRATION OF
EXTINCT ANIMAL