Professional Documents
Culture Documents
سلسلة بيسان في ملف واحد
سلسلة بيسان في ملف واحد
Page No.
Pronouns
.1
10
The Verb
.2
11
.3
.4
13 - 18
Helping Verbs
13
Verb To Be
.5
15
Verb To Do
.6
16
Verb To Have
.7
17
Defective Verbs
.8
.9
19 - 52
19
.10
23
.11
26
Conjugation of Verbs
.12
32
.13
36
.14
39
.15
42
.16
44
.17
49
.18
52
.19
53
58
IF
59
72
90
Adjectives
94
97
Answers
103
104
105
Kinds of Sentences
IF
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
The Statement
.30
105
.31
106
.32
.33
105 - 209
107 - 120
2
Subject
.1
.34
.2
.35
3. Coordinating Adversative
.3
.36
114
4.Coordinating Alternative
.4
.37
116
5. Coordinating Illative
( ) .5
.38
121 - 199
.39
.40
.41
.1
.42
107
1. Coordinating Copulative
112
113
122
123
124
130
130
133
Relative Pronouns
143
146
148
148 - 199
( ) .2
( )
.43
.44
( ) ( )
.3
.48
.49
( ) .1
.50
.51
150
150
152
154
158
158
162
163
169
Clauses
of
Result
.46
.47
5.
Adverbial
(Consequence)
.45
150
167
.52
( ) .2
.53
)
(
.54
( ) .3
.55
.56
( ) .4
.57
.58
( ) .5
.59
.60
.61
.6 )( )(
6.
Adverbial
(Concession
of
Contrast
173
175
178
179
181
183
) (
)(
.62
)(
.63
.7 ) (
.64
.65
.8
.66
.67
.9 ) (
) /(
.68
of
Clause
Clauses
185
185 - 190
.69
.1 ) (
185
.70
.2 ) (
186
186
187
188
.3 ) (
.71
) (
.72
.4 ) (
.73
If
Omit of If
.74
/ /
unless = if..not
188
.75
If
190
191
193
193
194
194
195
195
.76
.77
.10 ) (
.78
.79
.11 ) (
.80
.81
.12 ) (
.82
) (
.83
.13 ) (
.84
.85
.86
.87
of
of
Clause
Clause
Clause
196
196
197
200
202
4
203
204
210
Answers
228
Letters Writing
244
Composition
254
Dialogue
260
262
References
.88
Phrase Clause
.89
.90
.91
.92
.93
.94
.95
Pronouns
: :Personal Pronouns1
Subject
Plural
We
He
She
Singular
It
You
They
Object
Plural
me
us
him
her
Singular
it
You
you
them
you
Examples
1.
I am a doctor.
2.
3.
He is my friend.
4.
I welcomed him.
5.
6.
7.
I invited them.
8.
9.
. )(
10.
.
.
.
- : Possessive Pronouns 2
Singular
my
mine
his
his
her
hers
its
its
your
yours
Plural
our
their
your
ours
theirs
yours
.( )( Possessive Adjectives) .1
.( ) .2
Examples
.
1.
It is my pen.
2.
It is mine.
3.
It is not yours.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
.
.( )
.
.
.
.
.
Reflexive or EmphasingPronouns 3
: ).
.( selves) ( ) self ( )
.(
Singular
Plural
myself
He
himself
She
herself
It
itself
You
yourself
We
ourselves
They
themselves
You
yourselves
( / )
( / )
/
( / )
Examples
. /
1.
I blamed myself.
2.
He blamed himself.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
. /
. /
. /
. /
.( )
.
: DemonstrativeAdjectives4
.
.
this
these
that /
those
.(noun)
1.
2.
This is my pen.
.( )
3.
.
.
Examples
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Exercise No. 1
The Verb
).(Verb
) (
1.
) (
2.
- write ........ buy ).(verb
.1 .
.2 .
.3 ).(Passive
.
) (not :
.
)(
:
He is a doctor.
1.
?Is he a doctor
2.
10
Forms of Verb
The Infinitive
to to ( base)
: (base infinitive)
(to) play
(to) sing
(to) be
The Present
: are I am : to be to
play
sing
am (are)
.( s) ( - s)
plays
sings
is
The Past
played
sang
.(Verbs
was (were)
played
sung
been
.( ing) ( -ing)
11
singing
being
Infinitive
(base)
Present
3
Present with 3rd
person singular
(to) play
(to) sing
(to) be
play
sing
am (are)
(-s form)
plays
sings
is
.(Verbs
playing
5
Past Participle
Past
played
sang
was (were)
(-ed form)
played
sung
been
6
Present
Participle
(-ing form)
playing
singing
being
.1 ) (to be :
being
been
were
was
are
is
am
to be
.2 ) (s ) .(ing
: ) (present ) (past ) past
(participle ) (base ) (infinitive ):(to
Past participle
Past
smiled
smiled
smile
brought
brought
bring
risen
rose
Present
rise
.3 ) (Finite Verbs
.
.5 ) (
:
)(finite + non-finite
)(finite + non-finite
Dina is playing.
1.
2.
Finite Verb
12
Helping Verbs
Verb To Be
Verb To Do
Verb To Have
Defective Verbs
1- Verb To Be
be , am , is , are , was , were , been , being
Pronoun
Present
Past
was
is
was
are
were
am
He , She , It
We , They , You
be
am, is
was
been
are
were
Examples
1.
I am a teacher.
2.
He is a doctor.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Today, he is better.
9.
10.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Verb To Be .1
.
Exercise No. 2
(n't) not
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
3.
4.
5.
14
: are is am
: were was
2- Verb To Do
do, does
Pronoun
Present
I , We , They , You
do
He , She , It
does
Past
did
do + play = play
does +
= s +
did +
do
did
. .1
.( n't) not .2
do not = don't
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
( )
Exercise No. 3
*) Put (do), (does) or (did) in the spaces:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
15
: did does do
3- Verb To Have
have, has
had
Present
I , We , They , You
have
He , She , It
has
Pronoun
Past
had
. not
Examples
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
.
.
.
.
Exercise No. 4
*) Put (have ) or (has) in the spaces :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
: has have
16
4- Defective Verbs
Present
shall
can
may
Past
should
could
might
Present
will
ought to
would
must
Past
) ( .1
. go went gone :
.( ) to ( s) .3
. We I shall .4
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
17
Exercise No. 5
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
-:
. be, have, do .1
18
.( Tense)
-:
Present
Simple
Continuous
Past
Perfect
Simple
Continuous
Future
Perfect
Simple
( s) ( )
1.
drink + s = drinks
2.
play + s = plays
3.
He eats a cake.
eat
4.
I play basketball
play
+ s = eats
wash + es = washes
watch + es = watches
wish + es = wishes
teach + es = teaches
finish + es = finishes
mix + es = mixes
go + es = goes
fix + es = fixes
do + es = does
pass + es = passes
cross + es = crosses
match + es = matches
( ies)
19
(y) ( y) .2
-:
tries
try
cries
cry
studies
study
flies
fly
.3 ) ( y ) ( ) ( s
) ( y-:
obey + s = obeys
play + s = plays
say + s = says
stay + s = stays
buy + s = buys
enjoy + s = enjoys
( a, e, i , o, u )vowels
2) Usage:
(fact) .1-:
.
1.
2.
(habit) .2-:
.
.
1.
2.
3) Key words
:
never
always
generally
often
frequently
usually
rarely
sometimes
seldom
) (...
every.
.1 ) (every .
.2
) (fact ) (habit -:
) . ) (move .
.3 ) (to .
20
4) The Present Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:-
.( + don't + )
(s) .1
.(Do + + ...?)
(s) .2
.( + doesn't + )
( es) ( s) .3
.(Does + + ...?)
( es) ( s) .4
Examples
Negative
Interrogative
1.
I speak English.
2.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
.
.
.
Exercise No. 6
I) Choose the correct verbs in the brackets:
-:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
3.
4.
21
-:
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
22
1) Formation:-
.
1.
I watched TV yesterday.
2.
3.
.
.
|
(irregular)(regular)
: ( ) ( ed) .1
travel + ed = travelled
stop + ed = stopped
-: (ied) ( y) ( y ) ( ed) .2
study + ed = studied
deny + ed = denied
carry + ed = carried
cry + ed = cried
( y) ( ed) ( y) .3
-: (ied)
enjoy + ed = enjoyed
play + ed = played
: (ed) ( d) ( e) ( e) .4
invite + d = invited
prove + d = proved
smile + d = smiled
exercise + d = exercised
:(Irregular Verbs)
2) Usage:-
-:
. .1
. .2
23
-: .3
-: .4
.
yesterday
ago
last...
last night
last month
one day
just now
in the past
in olden times
once
: .1
did not
: .2
Did?
Examples
Negative
Interrogative
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
24
.
.
.
.
.
Exercise No. 7
*) Correct the verbs in brackets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
25
Conjugation of Verbs
Ordinary or Regular or Weak Verbs
Meaning
Past
Past participle
prove
proved
proved
help
helped
helped
burn
burnt
burnt
|
.(d) ( e) .1
Present or infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
arrive
arrived
arrived
change
changed
changed
invite
invited
invited
.( ed) ( i) ( y) ( y) .2
Present or infinitive
( ed)
Meaning
Past
Past participle
cry
cried
cried
marry
married
married
study
studied
studied
( y) (( )y) .3
.
Present or infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
enjoy
enjoyed
enjoyed
obey
obeyed
obeyed
play
played
played
stay
stayed
stayed
.( ( ed) .4
Present or infinitive
26
Meaning
Past
Past participle
stop
stopped
stopped
travel
travelled
travelled
Present or
infinitive
Meaning
act
damage
ask
believe
attack
blink
arrive
belong to
boil
call
borrow
carry
change
chase
check
clean
close
climb
compare
collect
compute
condense
correct
cook
control
copy
correct
count
crawl
cross
dance
27
Past
Past
participle
acted
damaged
asked
believed
attacked
blinked
arrived
acted
damaged
asked
believed
attacked
blinked
arrived
belonged to
belonged to
boiled
called
borrowed
carried
changed
chased
checked
cleaned
closed
climbed
compared
collected
computed
condensed
corrected
cooked
controlled
copied
corrected
counted
crawled
crossed
danced
boiled
called
borrowed
carried
changed
chased
checked
cleaned
closed
climbed
compared
collected
computed
condensed
corrected
cooked
controlled
copied
corrected
counted
crawled
crossed
danced
Present or
infinitive
describe
die
disappear
dive
dream
drop
earn
end
enjoy
erupt
evaporate
exercise
explain
explode
finish
float
fold
follow
form
guess
happen
hate
heat
hope
hurry up
introduce
join
jump
kick
kill
land
Past
Past
participle
described
died
disappeared
/ dived
dreamed
dropped
earned
ended
enjoyed
( )erupted
evaporated
exercised
explained
exploded
finished
floated
/ folded
followed
formed
guessed
happened
hated
heated
hoped
hurried up
introduced
joined
jumped
kicked
killed
landed
described
died
disappeared
dived
dreamed
dropped
earned
ended
enjoyed
erupted
evaporated
exercised
explained
exploded
finished
floated
folded
followed
formed
guessed
happened
hated
heated
hoped
hurried up
introduced
joined
jumped
kicked
killed
landed
Meaning
Present or
Past
infinitive
Meaning
Past
participle
Present or
infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
lift
like
listen
live
load
look after
look at
look for
look good
lifted
liked
listened
lived
loaded
looked after
looked at
looked for
looked good
lifted
liked
listened
lived
loaded
looked after
looked at
looked for
looked good
remember
replay
report
rest
revise
sail
scream
shop
shout
look up
looked up
looked up
love
marry
match
measure
mend
milk
loved
married
matched
measured
mended
milked
remembered
replayed
reported
rested
revised
sailed
screamed
shopped
shouted
remembered
replayed
reported
rested
revised
sailed
screamed
shopped
shouted
slope
sloped
sloped
loved
married
matched
measured
mended
milked
sow
start
stay
stop
support
store
sowed
started
stayed
stopped
supported
stored
sowed (sown)
switched on
switched on
talked
tasted
tied
thanked
touched
trained
translated
talked
tasted
tied
thanked
touched
trained
translated
travelled
travelled
started
stayed
stopped
supported
stored
miss
missed
missed
switch on
move
need
open
order
own
paint
pass
moved
needed
opened
ordered
owned
painted
passed
moved
needed
opened
ordered
owned
painted
passed
talk
taste
tie
thank
touch
train
translate
phone
phoned
phoned
travel
pick
plant
picked
planted
picked
planted
try
turn
tried
turned
tried
turned
play
played
played
type
typed
typed
plough
point to
post
pour
practice
prefer
ploughed
pointed to
posted
poured
practiced
preferred
ploughed
pointed to
posted
poured
practiced
preferred
use
visit
wait
want
wash
watch
used
visited
waited
wanted
washed
watched
used
visited
waited
wanted
washed
watched
pretend
pretended
pretended
water
watered
watered
pronounced
pulled
pushed
rained
received
pronounced
pulled
pushed
rained
received
weigh
welcome
work
worry
pronounce
pull
push
rain
receive
28
/
/
weighed
welcomed
/ worked
worried
weighed
welcomed
worked
worried
:The Irregular Verbs
Present or
infinitive
abide
agree
am
are
arise
awake
be
bear
bear
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bet
bid
bid
bind
bite
bleed
blend
blend
blow
break
breed
bring
bring up
broadcast
build
burn
burst
buy
can
cast
catch
choose
cling
29
Meaning
/
/
/
/
/
Past
abode
agreed
was
were
arose
awoke
was / were
bore
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bet
betted
bade
bid
bound
bit
bled
blent
blended
blew
broke
bred
brought
brought up
broadcast
built
burnt (burned)
burst
bought
could
cast
caught
chose
clang
Past
participle
abode
agreed
been
been
arose
awoken
been
born
borne
beat (en)
become
begun
bent
bet
bet
bidden
bid
bound
bitten
bled
blent
blended
blown
broken
bred
brought
brought up
broadcast
built
burnt
burst
bought
---cast
caught
chosen
clung
Present
or
infinitive
Meaning
Past
clothe
come
cost
creep
cut
dare
deal
dig
do/does
draw
dream
drink
drive
dwell
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fit
flee
fling
fly
forbid
forecast
foretell
forget
forgive
forsake
freeze
get
give
go
grind
grow
hang
Past
participle
clothed
came
cost
crept
cut
clothed
come
cost
crept
cut
dared (durst)
dared (durst)
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt (ed)
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fit (fitted)
fled
/ / flung
flew
forbade
/
forecast
foretold
forgot
/ forgave
/ forsook
froze
got
/
gave
went
ground
/ / grew
hung
dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fit (fitted)
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forecast
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung
/
/
/
/
Present or
infinitive
hang
have / has
have to
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
is
Meaning
Past
Past participle
Present
or
infinitive
Meaning
hanged
had
had to
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
was
hanged
had
had to
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
been
say
see
seek
sell
send
set out
set aside
sew
shake
Past
Past
participle
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set out
set
sewed
shook
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set out
set
sewn
shaken
keep
kept
kept
shed
shed
shed
kneel
knelt
knelt
shine
shone
shone
knit (knitted)
knit
shoe
shod
shod
shot
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sat
sank
slew
slept
slid
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sat
sunk
slain
slept
slid
slung
slung
smelt (ed)
smelt (ed)
sowed
sped
sown
sped
spent
spent
spilt
span
spat
split
ran
rose
sawed
sold
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole
spilled
spun
spat
split
run
risen
sawn
sold
knit
know
knew
known
shoot
lade
lay
lead
lean
leap
learn
leave
lend
let
laded
laid
led
leant (leaned)
leapt
laden
laid
led
leant (leaned)
leapt
lie
learned (learnt)
learned (learnt)
left
lent
let
left
lent
let
show
shrink
shut
sing
sit
sink
slay
sleep
slide
lay
lain
sling
lied
lit (lighted)
lost
lied
lit (lighted)
lost
smell
sow
speed
lie
light
lose
make
made
made
spend
may
mean
meet
mistake
mow
overcome
pay
put
quit
read
rid
ride
ring
/
/
/
might
meant
met
mistook
mowed
overcame
paid
put
quit
read
rid
rode
rang
---meant
met
mistaken
mown
overcome
paid
put
quit
read
rid
ridden
rung
spill
spin
spit
split
run
rise
saw
sell
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal
30
/
/
spoilt (ed)
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
Present or
infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past
participle
stick
sting
stink
stride
strike
string
strive
swear
sweep
swell
swim
swing
take
teach
tell
think
throw
thrust
tread
undergo
understand
undertake
upset
wake
wear
weave
wed
weep
win
wind
wring
write
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
//
/ /
stuck
stung
stank
strode
struck
strung
strove
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swang
took
taught
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
underwent
understood
undertook
upset
woke (ed)
wore
wove
wedded
wept
won
wound
wrung
wrote
stuck
stung
stunk
stridden
struck
strung
striven
sworn
swept
swollen
swum
swung
taken
taught
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden
undergone
understood
undertaken
upset
woken (ed)
worn
woven
wedded
wept
won
wound
wrung
written
31
3.The Present Continuous Tense
1) Formation:-
-:
I
He, She , It
am
is
are
They, You, We
+ + ing
1.
I am watching TV now.
2.
3.
2) Usage:
-: .1
I am writing now.
.
-: .2
.
: .3
1.
2.
.
.
3) Key words
:
now
still
while
as
at this moment
Look!
at the present
Listen!
! /!
Smell!
! / !
as long as
-:
He is going to buy some sugar.
32
( )
.1
-: (ing) ( e)
give +
.2
ing = giving
: (ing) ( ee)
.3
: (ing)
.4
shut + ing
dig + ing
= shutting
= digging
swim + ing
= swimming
.( t)
. (r)
: (ing) ( y) ( ie)
/
.5
: )
.6
-: (( )
:(Verbs of Sense)
see
notice
hear
taste
smell
observe
touch
:(Verbs of Thinking)
understand
suppose
feel
know
mean
believe
think
: (Verbs of Emotion)
love
like
desire
hate
want
refuse
forgive
dislike
care
wish
: ( Verbs of Possessing )
own
33
possess
belong
Verb To Have, Verb To Be Helping Verbs
:
appear
disobey
seem
suit
fit
contain
obey
/
/
consist of
matter
(Emphasis) ( ).
( Threat) ( )
Examples
.
1.
2.
3.
.!
4.
.!
5.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
34
Negative
Interrogative
I am not playing.
Exercise No. 8
I) Choose the correct verbs between brackets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(Do you listen - Are you listening - Do listen) to what I (say-says-am saying)?
Look! Azza (type - types - typing - is typing) letters.
Mother (make - is making - made) coffee now.
Now, they (welcome - welcomes - are welcoming) the new pupil.
The people (is standing - stand - are standing) at the bus stop at this moment.
At the present time, my father (builds - building - is building) a house.
I (answer - am answering - is answering) the teachers question now.
She (do - does - is doing) her homework now. She usually (do-does-is doing) it in the evening.
. I (am wearing-not wearing-am not wearing) a coat as it is not raining.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
35
1) Formation:
-:
I, He, She , It
was + + ing
They, You, We
were + + ing
.
1.
2.
3.
2) Usage :
. .1
.
1.
2.
. drive sit 2
: .2
While she was driving her car, a policeman stopped her.
.
. stop .1
. drive .2
3) Key words:
36
while
as
still
when
: as while .1
While he was reading the newspaper, his wife was watching TV.
.
: when .2
.
) .3
: (......
1.
2.
. while as .4
.
.1
Examples
1.
2.
I was working.
Negative
Interrogative
Examples
1.
2.
3.
The teacher was giving us a lesson, when a cat walked into the
room.
4.
5.
Exercise No. 9
I) Choose the correct verbs in brackets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
37
.2
.
.
.
.
I (meet - met - was meeting) your brother, while I was studying in London.
While you (played - plays - were playing) the piano, I (write - was writing - wrote) a letter.
I (find - found - was finding) the ring as I (dig - dug - was digging) in the garden.
When I (arriving - arrive - arrived - was arriving) at the house, he (still sleeping - was still sleeping - still
slept).
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
He (sits - sat - was sitting) in a restaurant, when I (see - saw - was seeing) him.
What story (does Samy tell - did Samy tell - was Samy telling) you, when I came into the room.
Last night, somebody (shouted - will shout - was shouting), while I (studying - was studying - studies).
She (lived - was living - living) in England, when war (begin - beginning - began - was beginning).
The phone rang while I (get - got - was getting) a bath.
She (was talking - talked - talking) to her neighbor, when the baby (begin - began - was beginning) to cry.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
38
1Formation: )
-:
have has
have + P.P
has + P.P
Examples
1.
2.
3.
.
.
.
2) Usage :
: ( ) .1
.( ) .
: .2
.( ) .
: .3
We have already written the letter.
Or: We have written the letter already.
.( ) .
:
.4
) .
.(
3Key words :
:
already
just
ever
( )
since
yet
for
never
recently
lately
39
.1 )( )(.
.
.3 ) yet ( -:
)(.
.4
) ever ( .
.5 ) never( ever.
.6 ever -:
)(
)(
)(
.7 ) recently( ) (P.P -:
.8 ) since(
.
since + 1985, yesterday, April, 7 o'clock, last etc
1995.
.9 ) for(
.
for + 3 weeks, along time, an hour, six years ..etc
.10 since .
.
not ) : have.(has
) : have (has )(
.
40
Examples
1.
2.
Negative
Interrogative
Exercise No. 10
41
1) Formation:
:
had + past participle (P.P)
1.
2.
2) Usage:
.
After they had eaten their breakfast, they went to school.
.
3) Key words :
:
before
until
after
by the time
as soon as
till
.( ( ) before Before) before .1
(past perfect
before
(had + P.P)
(past simple)
after
(Past perfect
(had + P.P)
. : .3
1.
2.
42
.
.
4) The Past Perfect Tense Negative and Interrogative:
.(had) not
. )( ( had)
Examples
1.
2.
Negative
Interrogative
Exercise No. 11
43
7.The Future Simple Tense
1) Formation:
:
: We I ( shall ).1
(I , We
shall + Infinitive)
-: ( will ).2
will + infinitive)
.
1.
2.
3.
2) Usage:
. .1
.
1.
2.
.
. .2
.
3) Key words:
:
tomorrow
next .....
... /
in the future
tonight
soon
Examples
44
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
|
.'( ll ) shall will .1
.( ) shan't
shall not
.( ) won't
will not
: .2
am / is / are + going to
.
()
(Planning) ()
Examples
Negative
Interrogative
I shan't go to school.
.
2.
3.
1.
I shall go to school.
Exercise No.12
I) Choose the correct verb in the brackets:1. They (will go - are going - is going) to move to a new house.
2. He (studies - will study - is studying) all morning tomorrow.
3. We (starts- shall start - will start) work next week.
4. Tomorrow, I (swam - swim - shall swim) in the sea.
5. Ali (will built - built - will build) a new house in the future.
45
II) Correct the verbs between brackets:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
46
Exercise No. 13
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
I (borrow - borrows - borrowed) three books from the library last week.
2.
3.
4.
After I (had - had had - have had) some biscuits, I had a drink.
5.
While she (was making - makes - made) tea, they (open - opened - are opening) her bag.
6.
I have not met Ali (for - ago - since) the last two weeks.
7.
47
8.
9.
She (didn't finish - hasn't finished - hadn't finished) her new book yet.
10.
11.
Before I (go - went - had gone) home, they (left - had left - leave).
13.
Last night, I (sleep - am sleeping - slept) for six hours when I (receive - received - was receiving) a telephone
call.
We (move - will move - shall move) those stones soon.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
While I (am walking - was walking - walked) in the street I (see - saw - seen) my friend.
19.
20.
By the time, he (finishes - had finished - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring - rang - rung).
21.
As soon as he (had finished finishes - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring -rang - rung).
22.
23.
What (they were doing - they did - were they doing) when the teacher
24.
I (lived - have lived - has lived) here since I (was - were - am) a little boy.
25.
He (feel - felt - feels) sick after he (eats - ate - had eaten) three cakes.
12.
48
entered?
Tense
Formation
:
The Present Simple
:
I, You, We, They
s +
Examples
1) I play football.
.
2) He reads a story.
.
Negative
don't +
He, She, It :
He doesn't read a story.
The Present
Continuous
Does + +. ?
He, She, It :
Does he read a story?
1) I am writing now.
.
didn't +
Did +...?
.
1) They didn't watch TV.
.
2) He didn't study the lesson.
.
am, is, are + not + ing
2) Did he study the lesson?
Am, Is, Are + + + ing ?
2) He is reading a story.
.
2) Is he reading a story?
.
.
.
49
He, She, It
:
Do + . ?
Do you play football?
doesn't +
Interrogative
Tense
The Past
Continuous
Formation
:
was, were + + ing
Examples
Negative
1) I was running.
.
2) She was making tea.
.
.
2) She was not making tea.
.
The Present
Perfect
:
had + P.P
The Past
Perfect
.
.
.
3) They have not played basketball.
.
had + not + P.P
.
.
.
50
3) Were they drinking milk?
Interrogative
2) Had she cooked the food?
3) Had you done the work?
Tense
The Future
Simple
Formation
:
shall will +
we I :
shall
:
will
He, She, It, They, You
Examples
Negative
51
Interrogative
Shall Will + + .?
1) Will you visit me tomorrow?
2) Will he arrive next Friday?
Tense
The Present
Simple
Key
Words
always
often
usually
sometimes
generally
every.. .
frequently
/
never
/
rarely
52
once
one day
just now
The Present
Continuous
now
The Past
Continuous
while
at the present
when
at this moment
as /
Look!
still
The Present
Perfect
/
already
just /
ever
( )
/
never
/
yet
in olden times
Smell!
since
in the past
while
as
last .
....
still
recently
lately
as long as
after
for
before
as soon as
until
till
Listen!
ago
The Past
Perfect
by the time
The Future
Simple
tomorrow
soon
in the future
tonight
next ...
(next month, year,
day)
(..
Conditional Sentences (If Rules) (Conditionals)
. ( if)
.( if)
. ( if)
.
:
if + Present Simple
Present Simple
2) Usage:
100
. ( if) ( , ) ( if)
Examples
1.
( ).
2.
( ).
3.
( ).
1) Form:
if + Present Simple
Future Simple
shall / will +
2) Usage:
53
.(Probable) ( )
50
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
.
should / would +
if + Past Simple
2) Usage:
-:
10Improbable
If he won the prize, he would buy a new car.
.( ) . /
1.
2.
3.
.( : ). ( I ) ( was) ( were)
.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
54
.( )
.
.
.
.
3.The Third Conditional
1) Form:
if + Past Perfect
( Impossible)
2) Usage:
0 .
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
55
.
)
.(
.( ) .
.
.
If
Should - ) ( if )
)( (( ) ) ( Had - Were
. ( should) ( if ) ( 1
1.
2.
()
()
.
.
. ( were) ( if ) ( 2
1.
2.
.
.
.if were. to
. ( Had) ( if ) ( 3
. had
. had
1.
2.
3.
()
()
If they had obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
= Had they obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
()
.unless ( 4
unless = if..not
.
. ( unless)
1.
2.
3.
4.
56
.
.
.
.
Exercise No. 14
If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.
Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).
If you (to eat) too much, you will be sick.
Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.
If he played well, he (win) the match.
57
If
The Zero
Conditional
If
Probability
percentage
%100
Form
if + Present Simple
Present Simple
Usage
The First
Conditional
If
%50
if + Present Simple
The Second
conditional
If
%10
Future Simple
(will, shall + )
if + Past Simple
should, would +
if + Past Perfect
.()
Time
any time
future
future
The Third
Conditional
If
%0
*
.
*
.
past
Examples
58
Active Voice and Passive Voice
.( subject) ( Active Voice) .1
1.
2.
.
.
Verb To Be
by
*
.
1.
2.
.
.
(Statement)
59
(Order)
(Question)
1. Statement
7
:Passive Active
.1 ) (.
.2 ) ( Verb To Be ) (.
.3 ) .( Verb To Be
.4 by
.
Verb To Be
by
1
( .
( .
( ) . (.
.2 by
active -:passive
you
they
we
it
she
he
you
them
us
it
her
him
me
To Be
Tenses
Verb To Be
am, is, are
was, were
Present Simple
Past Simple
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
had been
Past Perfect
Future Simple
60
be
:
will, would, shall, should can,
could, must, had to, ought to
was, were
being
been
Examples
Active Voice
1.
2.
3.
5.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
.
We were congratulated by them.
A chair has been mended by him.
.
They have built the road.
.
.
We met them.
17.
13.
16.
He drives a car.
15.
12.
14.
.
Many books were bought by her.
.
4.
6.
Passive Voice
.
.
.
.
.
Much noise was being made by it.
.
It has been remembered by me.
A bridge will be built.
.( the government )
|
: ( Defective Verb) .1
The Defective Verb + be + P.P
be
61
will would shall should can could may might must - ought to (had to).
Active Voice
1.
2.
3.
Passive Voice
-: .2
have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) +
-: ( Passive)
have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) + be +
Active Voice
1.
Passive Voice
. orders
2.
3.
( project is are
The new lessons are going to be prepared.
.
.(Passive ) Verb To Be
Active Voice
1.
2.
3.
4.
.4
Passive Voice
The mistake is not made by him.
.
The lesson was not written by me.
.
Ali has not been met by them.
.
The letter won't be written by her.
.
62
Active Voice
1.
I have a car.
Passive Voice
XX
I had a car.
. ( Adverb of Manner) .6
Active Voice
1.
2.
3.
Passive Voice
. ( Preposition) .7
Active Voice
1.
2.
3.
Passive Voice
) (
) .8
.(
to )( }to
.{( )
63
(2)
. ) (
Active Voice
Passive Voice
2.
1.
.
Or: I was given a present by them.
.
They were taught many lessons by him.
.
Or: Many lessons were taught to them by him.
.
.9
:
( to + ) (to + ).10
-:
tell
advise
send
ask
expect
offer
Active Voice
Passive Voice
- :
Active Voice
Passive Voice
( ) .11
-: (Passive)
people
someone
64
somebody
the police
nobody
the government
Active Voice
1.
2.
Passive Voice
.( )
. The police
.
Someone
3.
People say
Doctors believe
Scientists know
People think
-:
Active Voice
People say.
People said .
Doctors believe....
People knew.
The police allege.
Passive Voice
It is said....
....
It was said .
....
It is believed .
It was known .
....
....
....
It is alleged.
Examples
Active Voice
People say that he is mad.
Passive Voice
It is said that he is mad.
Or: He is said to be mad.
1.
2.
3.
65
. /
.
It is thought that the Earth is not exactly round.
( Reflexive Pronoun) ( / )Let .13
-:
Active Voice
1.
2.
Passive Voice
Don't let yourself (or: yourselves) be heard.
. )(
He let himself be cheated.
.
66
2.Order
.
-:
be
Active Voice
1.
2.
3.
.
Let this medicine be kept away from heat.
.
Passive Voice
.
Let your book be given to me.
.
Or: Let me be given your book.
.
67
3. Question
Question
(Yes, NO question)
.( ) .1
.( Passive ) .2
( ) .3
.
(Wh- question)
Whom)
Passive Voice
1. She helped him.
2. He was helped by her.
3. Was he helped by her?
1.
2.
3.
Were they playing football?
4.
Have they painted the walls?
5.
Why are you making a fuss?
6.
68
Will Ali write the lesson?
7.
Where did she hide it?
8.
9.
10.
Whom did you meet?
11.
69
Exercise No. 15
:
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ) (
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
17.
18.
I am having a car.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
70
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
)(
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
71
Direct and Indirect Speech
Reported Speech
.( )
-:() Indirect Speech
.
- :
Sentences
(Statement)
begin with
a question word
(Question)
(Command)
begin with
helping verb
(Request)
(Exclamation)
(Yes / No - questions)
1. Statement
indirect(direct)
: ( : )1
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
say
say - declare
says
says - declares
say to
tell - declare
says to
tells - declares
said - declared
told - declared
said
said to
shall say
. ( ( )that) )( .2
. .3
. ) ( .4
- : ) ( .5
72
Direct Speech
Present Simple
Past Simple
Present Perfect
Indirect Speech
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Indirect Speech
shall
should
will
would
can
could
may
might
must
had to (must)
ought to
to ought
should +
would +
could +
might +
) ( )( .6
73
- :
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
/
this
that
these
those
here
there
thus
now
then / at once
today
that day
the same day
that night
tonight
yesterday
the day before yesterday
yesterday afternoon
tomorrow
tomorrow morning
the day after tomorrow
last night
/
/ /
last ....
ago
so
the previous ..
the .....before
the previous night
the night before
/
...
before / previous
a year before
come here
go there
bring this
take that
." ":
He agreed.
He said," No".
." " :
He refused. / He disagreed.
. /
a year ago
." " :
." " :
He thanked me.
. ) (
74
Examples
Direct Speech
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Indirect Speech
.(
She says that she is very happy today.
.
. ( says)
.( says)
.( said to)
6.
7.
8.
." " :
9.
10.
|
. .1
Direct Speech
1.
2.
Indirect Speech
The boy said that he had written his lessons the day
before.
.
." "
Direct Speech
1.
75
Indirect Speech
He says that he feels hungry.
." " :
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
2.
3.
-: ) ( .3
Direct Speech
1.
2.
Indirect Speech
" " :
Our teacher said to us, "The earth moves round the
sun".
." " :
.
Our teacher told us that the earth moves round the sun.
.
. .4
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
.5
(and added ) ( and that )
Direct Speech
1.
Indirect Speech
She said to him, "I cannot pay. I lost my bag. She told him that she could not pay, that she
I hung it to this chair. Now, I do not find it".
had lost her bag, that she had hung it to that
chair and then she did not find it.
. . " :
. .
2.
I prepared my passport yesterday", Mary said. Mary said that she had prepared her passport
"Tomorrow I shall travel abroad ".
the day before and that (and added that) the
" . " " next day she would travel abroad.
."
.
3.
Khalil said to Ahmed, "You have come very Khalil told Ahmed that he had come very late
late. I was about to leave when I saw you".
and that he had been about to leave when he
had
seen him.
. " :
."
.
.( and) .6
Direct Speech
Samy said, "I found this book". "It is my book",
said Ahmed.
. " "." " :
76
Indirect Speech
Samy said that he had found that book and Ahmed said that
it was his book.
.
Exercise No. 16
1.
''I'll bring you some tea when you have finished'', he said to them.
2.
3.
4.
." " :
5.
." " :
6.
Hassan says, ''When I get up, I find a cup of milk beside my bed".
7.
She said to him, ''I stayed with my brother in our house this
morning''.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
She said to him," I want to come with you to see with myself'".
15.
16.
She said to him," No. I cannot sign this contract unless you pay
300.000 dollars for me now".
17.
18.
She said to me, "I shall help you. I can lend you some books. I
have many useful books on this subject".
19.
." " :
." " :
" :
."
." " :
." " :
."
" :
." " :
."
." " :
." ":
. ":
." 300.000
." " :
. . ":
."
." " :
77
2.Questions
begin with
begin with
a question word
a helping verb
(Yes / No - questions)
Examples
1.
2.
(Direct)
(Indirect)
." " :
.
(Direct)
." " :
(Indirect)
Indirect Direct
. .1
-: .2
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
ask
saysay to
enquire
want to know
question
sayssays to
asks
enquires
wants to know
asked
said / said to
enquired (inquired)
wanted to know
shall say
shall say
shall enquire
.( ) .3
: .5
78
When - Why - Who - Which - Whom - Whose - What - Where - How - How many - How much etc
) (.
.6 ) : ( ) (.
.7 )( ) (.
.8 )?( ).(.) (Full stop
.9 :
( ) ( .
( ) (
Indirect Speech
Direct Speech
" :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
11.
12.
8.
9.
10.
13.
|
.1 asked said told
.
79
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said to me, "It is too late. Where are you going now?"
" . " :
.
.and asked .2
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
"Do you want to go to the sea?" "How will you go there?" said
Ramy.
. : " " ""
: .1
Direct
What about..?
Why don't you ..?
Indirect
...
suggest
.....
advise
ask
.....
Could I have... ?
Would you like.?
....
offered
offered to +
......
( ... ) Will you...? / (.... ) Would you? / (.... ) Could you ...? .2
.
Examples
Direct Speech
1.
Indirect Speech
He suggested flying.
." " :
2.
3.
4.
5.
80
.
.
He asked me to sign the book.
.
6.
He offered me a drink.
He offered to wait for me.
7.
81
Exercise No. 17
Change Into Indirect Speech:1.
2.
:
." " :
." " :
." " :
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
." " :
10.
." " :
11.
12.
13.
." " :
15.
." " :
16.
17.
18.
." " :
19.
." " :
14.
I replied, "Yes".
Or: I replied, "No".
82
." " :
." " :
." " :
" " " :
."
: ." " :
."
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
." ":
." ": :
3. Command (Order)
4. Request
-: .1
The teacher said to us, "Clean the floor".
(Direct)
." " :
(Indirect)
.
-: .2
(Direct)
." " :
(Indirect)
-:
1.
2.
." " :
.
.( )
: .1
. begged ... not to ordered ... not to advised ... not to ... said to (
)( )( to + ) ( )( ).2
.(....( ) not to + )Don't (
.( ) ( ) .3
.( ) .4
Examples
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said to the manager, "Let me have an other He begged the manager to give him an other chance
to prove his honesty and ability.
1. chance to improve my honesty and ability".
.
." " :
83
2.
3.
Ali asked his friend to give him his bicycle for half an
hour.
.
." " :
." " :
4.
5.
6.
7.
|
( )
that ( ) .1
.asked
Direct Speech
1.
Indirect Speech
2.
"
Examples
Direct Speech
"Let's go to the cinema", Mary said.
." ":
1.
Indirect Speech
Mary suggested that they (we) should go to the
cinema.
. )(
Or: Mary suggested going to the cinema.
.
84
He said, "Let's not say anything about this subject".
." ":
2.
3
.asked said
.Please (
Direct Speech
"Please, take a seat", he said to me.
Indirect Speech
He asked me to take a seat.
." " :
85
Exercise No. 18
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
." / " :
." " :
9.
10.
. :" "
. " :
."
" :
."
." " :
86
5. Exclamation
.
Ugh!
Alas!
Oh!
Hurrah!
. that .1
-: .2
.... / /
1.
2.
.... / /
3.
.... / /
4.
5.
.... / /
6.
.... / /
7.
.... / /
8.
.... / /
.... / /
.( ) .3
( Tense) .4
. ( )
Examples
Direct Speech
1.
2.
Indirect Speech
3.
." " :
4.
5.
6.
He said, "Congratulation".
." ":
He congratulated me.
7.
He said, "Liar".
." ":
He called me a liar.
87
." " :
.
.
.
Exercise No. 19
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
." " ! :
." ":
." " ! :
." "! :
." . "! :
."! " :
." . "! :
." " ! :
." "! :
." " ! :
88
Exercise No. 20
-:
1.
2.
. " :
! . .
!
! " :
. .
." .
89
Adjectives
.1 ..... .
.2 .
.3 ) ) :
(.
Examples
He is clever.
1.
She is clever.
2.
3.
.1 .
an old woman
a new house
/ .
a clever boy
a red book
-
.2 Verb to Be-:
Examples
.
Fadi is polite.
1.
She is tall.
2.
I am happy.
3.
|
.1 the -:
the poor
poor
the rich
rich
the brave
brave
.2 -:
...
...
? Which
? How much
...
? What sort
...
?How many
Numerous people buy these micros because they are such reliable machines.
.
.1 ) (numerous )?.(How many...
.2 ) (these )?.(Which
90
Comparison of adjectives
-: )(
-: (Positive Degree) .1
.
1. He is a tall man.
. (Comparative Degree) .2
. (Superlative Degree ) .3
-: ( ) .1
expensive
dangerous
beautiful
important
wonderful
/ /
valuable
-: ( ) .2
short
big
quick
fat
cold
old
tall
hot
thin
-:
. than more (
more + + than
91
1.
2.
. )( the most ( ( )
the most +
-:
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.
. )(
. than ( er) ( ) (
er than
er
-:
1.
2.
.( est) the ( )(
the + est
1.
2.
.
.
92
1.
2.
3.
.
. )(
.
|
(( est)
(er) : )
-:
fat
fatter than
the fatter
big
bigger than
the bigger
hot
hotter than
the hotter
thin
thinner than
the thinner
+ r + than)
( er) ( r) ( e)
-: (the + + st)
( est) ( st) (
large
( )
larger than
the largest
nice
nicer than
the nicest
simple
simpler than
the simplest
fine
finer than
the finest
(er) ( i) ( y) ( y)
-:
easier than
the easiest
happy
happier than
the happiest
Funny
funnier than
the funniest
heavy
heavier than
the heaviest
noisy
noisier than
the noisiest
pretty
prettier than
the prettiest
) (
-:
93
.3
easy
.2
( est)
.1
good
better than
the best
bad
worse than
the worst
ill
worse than
the worst
far
further than
the furthest
little
less than
the least
less
lesser than
the least
many
more than
the most
much
more than
the most
old
older than
the eldest
Examples
.
more ++ than
the most +
er (r)than
|
-: .1
as ++ as
.
-: .2
not ( as / so) + + as
94
.
.
: ( ) .3
polite
politer than
the politest
polite
more politer
of in ( ) ( ) .4
:
narrow
narrower than
the narrowest
95
Exercise No. 21
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2.
3.
4.
5.
This is the (interesting more interesting most interesting) book I have read.
96
Answers
Exercise No. 1
1. It
5. We
9.
2. He
6. You
3. They / It
4. I
13. ourselves
17. Those
10. it
14. myself
18. These
7. Your
11. them
15. themselves
19. This
8. mine
12. yourself
16. themselves
my
Exercise No. 2
I
II
1.
is
2.
am
3.
are
4.
is
5.
are
1.
was
2.
were
3.
were
4.
were
5.
was
Exercise No. 3
1.
Did
2.
does
3.
do
have
2.
have
3.
has
have
4.
help
get
2.
3.
write
takes
1.
1.
6.
II
drinks
enjoys
2.
speak
2.
7.
reaches
studies
3.
watches
3.
8.
visits
gets
Exercise No. 7
1.
97
bought
2.
made
3.
had
5.
buy
4.
Exercise No. 6
I
Does
has
6.
has
Exercise No. 5
1.
5.
Exercise No. 4
1.
do
4.
5.
study
6.
help
4.
meet
5.
answers
shines
4.
9.
gives
6.
drives
goes / catches
visits
5.
10.
4.
climbed
5.
finished
Exercise No. 8
1.
2.
II
1.
are shouting
Are you listening / am
saying
is typing
is making
are welcoming
3.
4.
5.
2.
is having
is waiting
3.
driving
met
were playing / wrote
found / was digging
arrived / was still sleeping
was sitting / saw
II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
is building
8.
9.
10.
am answering
is doing / does
am not wearing
is raining
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
II
98
are going
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
will study
will clean
shall see
will visit
will be
shall take (am going to take)
think / know
4.
4.
5.
6.
3.
6.
Exercise No. 12
I
hear
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise No. 11
1.
2.
3.
7.
Exercise No. 10
1.
5.
are standing
4.
Exercise No. 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
shall start
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4.
shall swim
5.
will arrive
will study
shall meet
will you meet / shall meet
will leave (is going to leave)
will build
Exercise No. 13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
visits
make / makes
has lived
shall finish
move
will travel
will see
examined / gave
had worked / heard
shall wait
waited
will come
became
borrowed
has lived
is watching
had had
was making / opened
since
see
done
hasn't finished
think
went / had left
slept / received
shall move
has
would / had
comes / shall
Were / would
had stayed
II
Exercise No. 15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
99
25.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
will visit
ever
never
goes
was walking / saw
is jumping
rang / had finished
had finished / rang
writes
were they doing
have lived / was
25.
Exercise No. 14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Exercise No. 16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
100
He told them that he would bring them some tea when they had finished.
I her that I had something to show her.
She told him that she had lost her keys the day before (the previous day).
He says that Adel has written him a long letter.
She said that it had not been foggy that day as it had been the day before.
Hassan says that when he gets up, he finds a cup of milk beside his bed.
She told him that she had stayed with her brother in their house that morning.
He told us that the sun shines every morning.
He said (that) he would have to go again next week.
He hoped to go there.
He says that he is busy today and that he has bought a new book.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Exercise No. 17
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
He asked her how she had gone there and inquired ( )if she gone there on foot.
She asked why I blamed her.
Mohammed asked if the flat was cheap.
He asked me to wait a moment.
Tariq offered me a lift and I asked which way he was going.
She asked me if I could do it before the next day.
Her husband asked what a suitable dress is.
I asked him why he was looking through the keyhole.
He asked Mr. Hazem where he had been the previous night.
She asked whether they needed to go to the shops in order to see suitable dresses and unsuitable prices.
Hassan asked Khalil how long he was staying in Gaza.
He asks if the weather is good today.
He asked if the weather was good that day.
He asked me if I had answered that exercise.
I replied that I had answered it. Or: I replied that I had not answered it.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Exercise No. 18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
101
Exercise No. 19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
He said with anger that he was a fool and that he had spoilt everything.
He wished me a happy Christmas.
The poor cried with sorrow that he had lost his only child.
She cried with joy that her daughter had succeeded.
She said with joy that it is a nice dress and thanked her daddy.
He said with admiration that she is a lovely girl.
7.
She exclaimed with disgust ( )that it was a snake and told the children not to get near it.
8.
9.
Khalil said with joy that he hadnt seen me sine we had been in Paris.
He said with pleasure that his son had returned to him safe and sound.
10.
Exercise No. 20
2.
She told him that she hadnt found anything there. She asked where she had hidden the bag. She ordered him
to go and make her think they had found it. She told him that she would come and try to make sure. Then she
cried with joy that she had found it.
She said with anger that I had done a foolish deed. She ordered me to go by my own means to the police. She
asked me to tell them everything as it had happened. She advised me not to tell any lies. She told me that it
was better to go to the police than to be arrested.
Exercise No. 21
II
1.
old
2.
oldest or eldest
faster
thinner
most popular
best
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
easiest
3.
most useful
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4.
less
most difficult
cleverest
higher
hottest
best
5.
102
most interesting
.(!)
Examples
.
1.
He sat.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-Clause2
.( )
Examples
1.
2.
. ...
...
-Phrase 3
.
Examples
1.
2.
... ...
...
103
Sentence
Clause
Phrase
Complete sense
b
Finite verb
( )
b
b
. Clauses Phrases
Main Sentence
Phrase
Clause
Exercise No. 1
v
1.
2.
3.
at the grocer's.
4.
5.
that he came.
6.
7.
Come here.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
as I was waiting.
from my father.
Where are my books?
Did you laugh?
Sit down.
near the new secondary school.
before he met you.
if I see him.
They watched T.V.
104
Kinds of Sentences
-:
.3 Statement
Order
.4
Exclamation
Question
( ) .1
( ) .2
The Statement
.
1.
He watches TV.
( ).
2.
( ).
.1
.2
.3
Examples
.
1.
2.
3.
Come.
4.
5.
6.
Going home, he stopped by the grocery shop to buy some tea and rice.
.
.
(") ".
.( ) non-finite verbs
105
) (
Coordinative
Conjunctions .
) . (
) . (
)a
)b
) (b ).(a
Not only did she invite him but also she sent him her car.
)c
Examples
. ) . (
= .
) (
. ) . (
= ) . (
. ) .
= ) . (
. . .
) (
=
) . (
1.
2.
3.
4.
106
( )
Coordinative Conjunctions
..../..../ .. ...
and
/ /
nevertheless
in spite of that
but
... ...
...
and also
or
.. .. ..
otherwise
furthermore
on the contrary
/ ....
despite that
as well as
besides
/
/...
or else
.......
moreover
.. ....
likewise
/ so
again
/ thus
yet
hence
still
then
however
accordingly
therefore
consequently
:
1. Coordinating Copulative
.1
.2
2.
3.
Coordinating Adversative
.3
4.
Coordinating Alternative
.4
5.
Coordinating Illative
.5
1. Coordinating Copulative
:" and"
and
and also
both...and
not only...but also
again
besides
moreover
further more
likewise
as well as
.( )
1. and
107
............ :
and .
Ahmed went to school. Hany went to school. Nader went to school.
)= Ahmed, Hany and Nader went to school. (compound
= ) . (
)a
and (
)b
)c
)d
)e
)f
= ). (
= ). (
= ). (
= ). (
(1 and ) ( ) (and
. or
(2 ) ( and and .
Examples
. .
= .
The boy opened the door. The boy walked into the
room.
= The boy opened the door and walked into the
)room.(compound
. .
or and
= .
and ).(2
. .
) (Samy ) ( or and
.or
108
. .
=
1.
2.
2.
3.
.(
. (
.=
. (
as well as
1.
.... ....
a) Ali is clever.
b) Ahmed is clever too.
= Both Ali and Ahmed are clever. (compound)
3. as well as ....
.(
.=
.... ...
as well as
.
.(
a) He speaks English.
b) He speaks French.
= He speaks French as well as English. (compound)
.(
. =
.(
a) He is a doctor.
b) He is a musician.
= He is a musician as well as a doctor. (compound)
.(
. =
. (
a) I am interested in music.
b) My brother is interested in music too.
= I, as well as my brother, am interested in music.
(compound)
. (
. =
. ( I ) am
4.
5.
109
a) He is fond of swimming.
b) His cousins are fond of swimming too.
= He, as well as his cousins, is fond of swimming.
(compound)
a) His cousins are fond of swimming.
b) He is fond of swimming too.
= His cousins, as well as he, are fond of swimming.
(compound)
. (
. (
.=
. (
. (
. =
... ... ... ....
: ... ....
) (
) (.
Examples
( .
( .
= .
=
.
1.
as well also
:
)Or: = Not only does she speak English but she speaks Spanish as well. (compound
= .
( .
( .
=
.
2.
= .
110
3.
.(
.(
. =
.(
4.
.(
5.
6.
7.
a) He is innocent.
b) He is brave.
= Not only is he innocent but he is brave as well.
(compound)
Or =He, not only is innocent but he is brave as well.
(compound)
a) They send him letters.
b) They send him money and explosives.
= Not only do they send him letters but they send
him money and explosives also.
Or = They, not only send him letters but they send
him money and explosives also.
5. besides
1.
2.
.(
.(
.
=
. (
.(
.(
. =
.(
.(
.=
. (
. (
111
. (
6. moreover
.(
.(
. =
-: "nor"
nor .
.. .....
....
. )(
1.
2.
3.
.(
.(
=
.(
a) He didn't come.
He didn't apologize
= He didn't come, nor did he apologize. (compound)
a) He will not gain the first prize.
b) He will not gain the second prize.
= He will gain neither the first nor the second
(compound)
:)
.(
.=
.(
.(
prize.
.=
-
(Neither ... )
.( ( ) nor Neither
= Neither the first nor the second prize will he gain. (compound)
. =
4.
Or: = Neither did he come early nor did he stop talking. (comp.)
5.
6.
112
.(
.(
. =
. (
. (
. =
.(
. (
. =
3. Coordinating Adversative
.
: " but"
but
still
yet
however
nevertheless
in spite of that
despite that
on the contrary
1. but
but
-: but
.(
= She was angry with him but she gave him money. (compound)
2. still
1.
2.
a) He worked hard.
b) He was fired.
= He worked hard, yet , he was fired. (comp.)
. (
. =
. (
. (
. =
.(
.( )(
.( )=
113
.(
4. however
. =
3. yet
. (
.(
.(
. =
5. nevertheless
1.
2.
1.
2.
.(
a) He was innocent.
b) He was hanged.
= He was innocent, nevertheless , he was
hanged.(comp.)
a) They are enemies.
b) They respect each other.
= They are enemies;
other. (compound)
.(
.=
.(
nevertheless,
they
respect
each
.(
.=
.(
a) Winter is cold.
b) Summer is hot.
= Winter is cold (but, yet, however) summer
hot. (compound)
is
. (
. ( )=
.(
a) He was blind.
b)He could find his way.
= He was blind (however, but, nevertheless)
could find his way. (compound)
he
.(
( = )
.
6. on the contrary
.(
. (
fond of
. =
4.Coordinating Alternative
.
: "or"
or
either ...... or
" "
or else
otherwise
.
1. or
1.
2.
114
. (
. (
. =
.(
. (
. =
2. either ...... or
1.
2.
3.
.... ....
.(
.(
.=
. = :
. (
. (
. =
. / (
a) I am to blame.
b) He is to blame.
= Either I or he is to blame. (compound)
3. or else ....
. / (
. =
....
4. otherwise ....
. (
me.
.(
. =
.... /...
.(
.(
= They will take their money; otherwise, they will take the
car. (comp.)
General Example
a) You must study hard.
b) You wont get high marks.
= You must study hard or (otherwise) you wont
high marks. (compound)
Or: = Either you must study hard or you wont
high marks. (compound)
Or: = You must either study hard or you wont
high marks. (compound)
115
. (
get
. (
)( =
get
get
. = :
. = :
5. Coordinating Illative
so
thus
hence
consequently
therefore
accordingly
then
.
.
1.
2.
1.
2.
.(
. ( )=
.(
.( = )
...
. (
well.
. (
. =
. (
.(
.=
116
went
a) He is an officer.
b) He can use a gun well.
= He is an officer, so , he can use a gun
(compound)
2. thus
. (
.(
1. so ...
.(
believe
.(
. =
3. therefore
2.
.(
.(
.=
. (
6. then
. (
4. accordingly
5. hence
.(
.(
. =
.(
. (
. =
.(
. (
. =
7. consequently
1.
2.
117
a) He was tired.
b) His answers were wrong.
= He was tired, consequently , his answers were wrong.
(comp.)
a) I held him by the neck.
b) He couldn't bite me.
= I held him by the neck, consequently, he couldn't bite
me. (comp.)
.(
. (
. =
. (
.(
. =
Exercise No. 2
and , but , or
.
.
:
1.
Hoda was blamed. Her mother was blamed. (both .... and ...)
Hoda was not blamed. Her mother was not blamed. (neither .... nor ...)
3.
He is a farmer. He is a government employee. (as well as)
4.
He works hard. He finds time to play. (not only ... but ... also)
5.
He came to see me. He stayed for a month.
6.
He has time to play tennis. He has money to play tennis.
7.
I told him that she does not fit. He insisted on marrying her.
8.
This is a very heavy loss. You should not stop at all.
9.
I did not cause any harms. Why do you blame me?
10. She may send a telegram. She may come tomorrow.
11. I can not believe that such a child can buy a gun. I can not believe that he can use it.
When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital. It is impossible to
12.
be accused .()
2.
13.
14.
Her father died last month. She is the heiress of forty feddans.
118
Exercise No. 3
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
He is intelligent. He is hard-working.
Exercise No. 4
** Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets
and make necessary changes:
: **
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise No. 5
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I'm going out for a minute ..... two ..... you can get supper ready.
I don't agree with you, ..... does my brother.
Those who are not studying hard should ..... change their ways ..... make room for those who will work.
120
Coordinative Conjunctions
)( .
Subordinate Clause
- has a verb.
- has not a complete meaning.
- connect to the joining-word.
Simple sentence
:Subordinate Clause
) (.
.
.
) (Subordinate Clause ) (Phrase
) (
) (Clause ) (Phrase
. ) (Clause ) (Phrase
@ -
(Phrase) ) (.
( .
121
Examples
. .1
.( )
. .2
(,) )(
.
3. He was angry because they arrested him for a crime he did not commit.
(1)
(2)
. .3
)(
(1)
(2)
.( ) .4
)(
.
The man will be promoted
because he is efficient
( )
1.
Noun Clause
2.
3.
Adverbial Clause
122
Subordinative Clause
Noun Clause Adjectival (Relative) Clause Adverbial Clause
Examples
When the manager returns, I will ask him whether the
books which you ordered have arrived from the
publishers
:( )
I will ask him
main Clause
an adverbial Clause
noun Clause
an adjectival Clause
Noun Clause
.
Noun or Noun Phrase
Adjectival Clause
.
Adjective or Adjectival Phrase
Adverbial Clause
.
Adverb or Adverbial Phrase
Phrases Clauses
.
123
(Complex) Clause
(Simple) Phrase .
Phrases
Adverbial
Adjectival
Clauses
Noun
Adverbial
Adjectival
Noun
.Noun Clause
@ -
Phrase1 ) ( :
.... .
......
in the corner.
Reaching home..
Clause2 ) ()
( :
..... .
....
Noun Clause
@ -:
124
how far
how often
whose
how long
how much
how many
whom
who
which
what
when
where
how wide
how
why
( :
that =
whether / if
@ -
.1 ) (Noun Clauses
.
) (Verbs of thinking-:
suppose
understand
believe
mean
feel
know
remember
think
recall
trust
.2
-:
that
wh
/
Examples
)(Complex / Clause
.1 .
) (Noun Clause
) (Noun Phrase
:
)(Simple / Phrase
= .
125
2. He explained how nature breaks rocks.
Main Clause
(Complex / Clause)
. .2
how
= He explained the way of breaking rocks by the nature. (Simple / Phrase)
. =
. phrase clause
Noun Clauses
1.
Noun Phrases
2.
That the earth moves around the sun became The movement of the earth around the
sun became a fact.
a fact.
.
.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I don't know whether she can buy it or she I dont know her ability or inability to buy
cannot.
it.
.
.
9.
I don't know whether he has succeeded or I dont know anything about his success
or failure.
10. failed.
.
.
11.
126
Noun Clauses
14.
Noun Phrases
He didnt tell us why he had committed his He didnt tell us the reason of his crime.
crime.
.
.
. His speech is true.
.
16. That he will succeed is certain.
That he is generous was known to everyone.
17.
.
What he studies gave him great pleasure.
18.
.
That he failed was unexpected.
19.
.
.
.
22.
23.
25.
26.
27.
30.
31.
127
The teacher does not know how many pupils The teacher does not know the number of
pupils in the class.
32. there are in the class.
.
.
They didnt know how many brothers I have They didnt know the number of my
got.
brothers. .
.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
41.
42.
The story of why he committed suicide was The reason of his suicide was well known.
well known.
.
.
43.
44.
v
.1
) (infinitive
.2
phrase
clause
.
.3
phrase clause
.
128
Exercise No. 6
** Change the following clauses into phrases (Change the following complex
sentences into simple sentences):-:( )
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2. Adjectival (Relative) Clauses & Adjectival (Relative) Phrases
(Relative Pronouns
) :
) ( ( :
1.
2.
Main clause
Adjectival clause
) (2 ).(1
v
defining clauses ) .
: (.
( non-defining clauses
) (comma) (, .
Examples
) (defining :
.
who was absent yesterday
:
) (non-defining
.
130
3. The professor who teaches us chemistry is a good teacher. (defining)
4. The professor, who teaches us chemistry, is a good teacher. (non-defining)
:
1. The boys, who wanted to swim, jumped into the water.
2. The boys who wanted to swim jumped into the water while the others played on the beach.
( ) ( who wanted to swim)
:
.
v
: which
I did not bring my book again, which made the teacher very angry.
.
:( ) ( infinitive) .1
the first, the second, the next, the last, the only, and the superlatives (( ) e.g. the most, the
least, the fewest ..etc.).
Mr. Ahmed was the first person that (who) arrived at the reception.
.
= Mr. Ahmed was the first person to arrive at the reception.
.
:(verb in active voice) ( the present participle) (-ing form) .2
Students who want to success should study harder.
.
= Students wanting to success should study harder.
.
:(verb in passive voice) ( the past participle) (-ed form) .3
Jewellery that was bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.
= Jewellery bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.
: ( Present Participle)
1.
2.
3.
.
.
.
: )( ( Past Participle)
1.
2.
3.
131
.
.
.
1.
2.
(Adjective)
(Adjectival Phrase)
Forms of Adjective v
: (Simple Adjective
clever boy
intelligent girl
wise man
interesting book
terrifying place
: Past Participle
educated man
written exercise
broken bottle
sunken ship
An air-conditioned house
a narrow-minded man
a talented composer
(( ) Adjective Clause) v
132
Relative Pronouns
)
(.
(1 .
(2 .conjunction
Possessive
Object
Subject
whose
whom - that
who - that
whose
that
that
of which
which
which
) :
. .
v
(1 .
( .
( .
= .
who He ).(a
(2 Adjectival Clause .
1. who
who :
( .
( .
= .
( .
( .
= .
1.
= The man who (that) had robbed the bank was arrested.
2.
133
21 ) who ) (that ( )
( ) ( .
) (2 )( ) (He
2. which
which :
( .
( .
= ) . the cup (
( .
( .
( .
( 2.
= 2.
1.
2.
3.
a car = it it .
( .
( .
= .
4.
v
(1
(2
which .
+ which .
3. whom
whom .
) ( .
134
They gave me a present.
(1)
(2)
: whom (
1.
2.
.(
. (
. =
.(
. (
. =
: (Preposition + whom) (
1.
2.
.(
. (
. =
. (
. (
. =
: whom (
1.
. (
.(
.=
.whom ( ) him ( b)
2.
4. whose
. (
.(
.=
( / ) /
. whose
: )( ) ( whose
1.
135
a) I met Ali.
b) Alis father is a doctor.
= I met Ali whose father is a doctor.
.(
.(
. =
2.
3.
.(
a) My friend is sad.
b) His dog has been killed.
= My friend whose dog has been killed is sad.
.(
. =
5. that
.(
.(
. =
/
.whose ( who - which - whom) that
...... that
1.
2.
3.
.(
.(
.=
.(
. (
. =
.(
a) Ahmed is clever.
b) Ahmed is a student.
= Ahmed that (who) is a student is clever.
.(
. =
that v
: that whom which who that ( 1
It is the man behind the camera, not the camera, that is important.
.
1.
2.
3.
(Noun Clause)
()
(Noun Clause)
(2
.( )
()
1.
136
(Adj. Clause)
()
The man that I met in the train is a doctor.
2.
(Adj. Clause)
()
. ) ( that ( 4
(demonstrative adjective)
()
. ) ( that ( 5
That is my book.
(demonstrative pronoun)
()
Relative Pronouns v
.( / )whom ( / )who ( 1
.(the thing that ) what ( 2
1.
2.
.
:( ( )Adj. Clause) ( 3
137
2. where = in / at which
/ )(
.
1.
2.
2.
/ )(
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
.
.
(5
: (contact clause)
1.
2.
(defining clause)
(contact clause)
(defining clause)
(contact clause)
. whom who ( 6
The dog, who was chasing rabbits in his sleep, suddenly kicked the table.
.
: ( ( )7
138
Interrogative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Interrogative Adjectives
who
( )
who
( )
-----------------------
whom
( )
whom
( )
whose
( )
whose
( )
whose + noun
+ ()
which
( )
which
which + noun
( )+
that
what
------------
----------- /
what
what + noun
( + )
.( ) ( )
.
Exercise No. 7
I) Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence. (Use a relative
pronoun).
( ) ( 1
1.
2.
The minerals are in great quantities. The minerals are found in Egypt.
The boat has no sails(). The boat is on the river.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
The policeman warned ( )the boy. The boy was driving quickly.
Those boys must have good food. You made them work hard.
The man helped the girl. He had met her in Gaza.
Samy was weeping. I had found Samys book.
The boy was very clever. His answers were correct answers.
I took all these things. I need all these things.
This is the man. I met him in London.
The man was killed. He was driving a car.
I bought this stereo last week. It doesnt work properly.
Hes the person. Hes going to be fired ( ).
That is the journalist. His article made quite a stir ( / )yesterday.
Im the man. You stole my wallet.
They sent a new teacher. She looks nice.
We didnt like the housemaid. The agency sent her.
Nadia looked angry. She has been listening to our conversation.
I climbed up the stairs. They were newly-painted.
139
:( 2
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
:( 3
IV) Remove the relative pronoun and make the necessary changes:
:( 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The captain was the last man that left the sinking ship.
Tourists who travel abroad a lot should make prior reservations ( ) at hotels.
The man who was sick was brought to the doctor.
Students, who were punished yesterday, are to report to the headmasters office.
He was the only student who understood the lesson.
Guns that have been fired recently are easy to detect.
Mona was the first person who saw the flying saucer () .
The car that was stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner.
Plants that are watered by salty water seldom survive.
People who want to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters ()
V) Join the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets:
: ( 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
140
Romeo and Juliet were deeply in love. Their families hated each other. (Romeo and Juliet .)
I was waiting for a friend. He didnt come. (The friend .)
Swiss Family Robison, is a story about family. Their ship sank near a desert island. (Swiss Family Robison
)
I saw several apartments. Few of them were suitable. (I saw ..)
I was given this address by my friend. I met her at the airport. (I was given ..)
A man answered the phone. He said that it was the wrong number. (The man ..)
The bed had no springs. I slept on that bed. (The bed .. )
Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges. Many of them were hungry. (Before the Gulf War
..)
Rashids leg is still in a plaster cast. Hell have to watch the match on T.V. (Rashid .)
He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. This didnt suit me at all. (He wanted ..)_
VI) Pick out the adjective clause in each of the following sentences:
: ( 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
VII) Get rid of the relative pronoun (make contact clauses or use the infinitive,
the present participle or the past participle):
( )7
:(()
1.
The house which they built fell down after two months.
2.
3.
4.
She was the most beautiful girl that attended the party.
5.
6.
Buildings which were built fifty years ago are more robust than those are built these days.
7.
The man whom I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss.
8. Books that bored him were usually thrown into the waste basket.
9. Being the last person that arrived that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door.
10. He said that bonds / that were purchased last month made a large profit / .
VIII) Add the missing relative, but where possible, make a contact clause
(without a relative pronoun):
:( ) ( 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
141
IX) Punctuate the following sentences to show which are defining and which are
non-defining clauses:
: ( 9
1.
Many people were injured in the capital Zaire where 10.000 students took part in
a demonstration ( ).
2.
3.
The Nile which flows through Cairo is the longest river in the world.
4.
5.
2.
3.
4.
Time is money.
142
How to change Adjectival Clause into Adjectival Phrase
(How to change from Complex to Phrase)
Adjectival Clause
. ( )
. ( )
(Complex / Clause)
. ( )
1.
The intelligent man can overcome his problems.
Complex )
(Simple / Phrase)
. ( )
( ) intelligent
.(verb to be
(Complex / Clause)
.
(Simple / Phrase)
.
2.
( ) made of wool
Examples
Adjectival Clauses
1.
2.
3.
143
Adjectival Phrase
Learned People behave wisely.
.
The wounded man could regain his health.
.
Careless students are always punished.
.
Adjectival Clauses
4.
Adjectival Phrase
visited :
6.
7.
8.
which :
.the advice you
9.
10.
11.
12.
invited :
.are
13.
14.
15.
16.
.
the
car which :
bought :
.is
18.
19.
144
Adjectival Clauses
20.
Adjectival Phrase
Exercise No. 8
:
1.
2.
3.
The man who wrote these papers died many years ago.
.
The man who invited this rocket made more advanced rockets.
.
.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The papers which were very old are written in a strange language.
.( )
145
Adjectival clause
: ( adjectival clause)
verb to Be
1.
2.
)( )(
3.
4.
. )( )(
.
5.
6.
7.
8.
146
.
I saw a film which was wonderful.
.
. )(
Exercise No. 9
v Change the following sentences from Simple to Complex and vice versa:
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
The goods which were in the shop window were damaged by fire.
20.
147
. ... Adverb
: (Subordinating Conjunctions)
while, where, because, if, as, although, ...etc.
Complex ( Subordinating Conjunctions)
:clause
( ).
(complex)
.because
.1
.2
.3
( ).
(complex)
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
. ( comma) (,) v
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
148
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
Adverbial Phrase v
( ... )
....
Compound Conjunctions
Preposition
.(( ) Past Participle) ( Present Participle) (ing form)
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
.
149
manner
place
time
|
phraseClause
:"where"
where
whence
wherever
any where
/
/
.( )
Examples
. )(
1.
2.
3.
."
4.
Adverbial Clause
( )
) (
.
Clause
where
wherever
whence
any where
150
Phrase
/
/
Examples
Clause
Phrase
1.
2.
.
Do you know the place of the hidden map?
5.
6.
7.
3.
4.
.
.
He made friends every where.
151
-: (when)
when
wherever
as long as
since
while
as
every time
before
until
after
till
the moment
immediately
once
where upon
hardly when
no sooner than
/
...
as soon as
scarcely when
...
...
Examples
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.
.
.
.
scarcely when
no sooner than
) extra-ordinary cases ( ) when
.when : (.... ...
152
(
.(
Examples
1.
2.
3.
She will prepare the dinner before she goes (or has gone) out.
4.
5.
6.
Ill send him a letter the moment I know (or have known) of his
success.
.
.
.
.
. )
Examples
7.
8.
9.
. until till
153
How to change from Adverbial Clause of Time into Phrase
: Phrase Clause
Clause
Phrase
when
after, before
as, while
till, until
in / at / on
after / before
during / while
till / until
since
the moment
just on
as soon as,
no sooner than ,
scarcely when ,
hardly when
when
2.
3.
4.
Phrase
.
On his coming, I was sleeping.
.
When she heard the news, she fainted.
.
after
before
.
On hearing the news, she fainted .
Clauses
1.
noun
or
gerund
Clause
1.
Phrases
After eating dinner, he went for a walk .
Or: Having eaten dinner, he went for a walk.
.
2.
3.
154
Clauses
Phrases
4.
5.
while / as
Or
(phrase / simple)
(phrase / simple)
(phrase / simple)
.
Clauses
1.
2.
3.
4.
Phrases
.
During his friends fight with the enemy, he hid himself.
.
.
.
.
until
until
+ noun or gerund
till
till
Clauses
Phrases
1.
2.
3.
. since ( my, his, her, it, their, your, our) :( poss. adj.)
Clauses
1.
155
Phrases
I havent seen him since his return from the U.S.A.
.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He hasnt sent
(departure).
letters
since
(his)
departing
the moment
Clauses
Phrases
1.
2.
3.
.Just on
hardly .when .
no sooner . than .
scarcely . when
as soon as ..
Clauses
1.
2.
3.
Phrases
4.
5.
6.
.
.
.
156
Clauses
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Phrases
13.
14.
15.
16.
Exercise No. 10
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The Egyptian soldiers had appeared. Immediately the Israeli soldiers disappeared.
9.
10. She was sitting at the table. Then the children came.
:( 2
He had lived abroad since
No sooner had he left the house
He apologized to his father after
The boys sat silent when
Hardly had he packed his luggage to travel
Scarcely had they gone out of school
I shall wait for him till
He had studied his lessons well before
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
III) Change the black typed clauses into phrases and vice versa:
: ( 3
.( ) |
I didnt know him until he spoke to me.
No one could believe him after he had told lies.
The sick pupil forgot every thing when he sat for the exam.
He had not prepared himself before entering the exam.
Having prepared every thing, they set out for the picnic.
No sooner had he met him than he informed him of his success.
In doing your duty, you should not be shamed.
Hardly had we attacked them when they escaped.
Immediately after his reaching school, the bell rang.
When I spoke to him, he was angry.
Dont write till I give you an order.
The world has changed since the atomic power was discovered.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
because
so long as
since
now that
as
Examples
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
She was thirsty for she had drunk nothing all morning.
5.
6.
.
.
. )(
158
How to change Adverbial Clause of Cause into Phrase
: phrase clause
Clause
Phrase
because
because of
for
for
since
/ /
as
so long as
now that
so long as
owing to
due to
on account to
+ poss. adj. +
as a result of
noun or gerund
thanks to
Being +
Examples
Clauses
Phrases
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
159
Clauses
Phrases
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Having been here before, you had better lead the way.
.
17.
18.
19.
.
You cannot blame him for he is innocent.
.
He succeeded because he is clever.
.
160
Exercise No. 11
2.
3.
4.
5.
:( 2
3.
4.
5.
III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 3
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
161
) .(
: ) ( )(
) (.
) (.
cause .
purpose .
@ ) (so that:
so that
in order that
that
in the hope that
aiming that
) ( .may +
) ( .might +
so that, in order, that, in the hope
that, aiming that
so that, in order, that, in the hope
that, aiming that
1.
may +
might +
(mightmay
/ / /
lest
for fear that
2.
162
.for fear that lest should
lest
+ + should +
+ + may or might +
+ + should +
Examples
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
She didnt sleep all night for fear that she might miss her
train.
8.
.( )
.
.
.
. ) (
. )(
.
: might may ( )
Clause
so that, in order that, that, in
the hope that
aiming that
Phrase
to , in order to ,
so as to , not to ,
in order not to
/
aiming to
Or:
for , with the intention of , with the
aim of
+ infinitive
+ noun or gerund
163
/
/
+ infinitive ()
+ noun or gerund ()
Clause
Phrase
so as not to + infinitive ()
Examples
Clauses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
9.
10.
164
6.
Phrases
Exercise No. 12
2.
They spent the day on the mountain. They hoped to enjoy the fresh air.
3.
4.
She went to the doctor. She wished the doctor to examine her.
5.
They kept the child in a warm room. They feared he would take cold.
6.
7.
The doctor cleaned the instruments. He was afraid the wound would fester .()
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
165
General Exercise No. 13
9.
10.
Hardly had he left their house when they cried for help.
11.
Scarcely had she opened the door when two men rushed in. ()
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
166
-:
) He is so clever that he answers all questions. ( complex
) . (
) Or: He is clever enough to answer. ( simple
1.
: ) . (
: :
) He is so stupid that he cannot answer any question. ( complex
.2 ) . (
) Or: He is too stupid to answer. ( simple
: ) . (
2.
) ( so - - - that-:
+ + that + 1. so +
+ + that + 2. such +
so ) ( that ) + ( .so
such = very so
= that
| .
Examples
He is very strong. He can defeat his rival.
. .
) He is so strong that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause
) . (
1.
2.
3.
167
4.
: |
.1
.( )
+ that)
.(complex / clause)
so .... that .2
so + + that .3
. (such +
1.
2.
3.
He is such a strong man that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )
( ).
Or: He has such strength that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )
( ). :
They were such clever boys that they passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
( ).
Or: They have such cleverness that they passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
( ). :
She was such a polite girl that she respected every one. ( complex / clause )
( ).
Or: She has such politeness that she respected every one. ( complex / clause )
( ). :
: |
( a) ( 3) ( 1) such ( a) .1
.(2)
: ( : )
So + + + that +
Such + + + that +
1.
2.
168
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
3.
4.
5.
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
Clause
Phrase
so + + that + +
such + + that + +
+ enough to +
too + + to +
: |
: that .1
+ enough to +
: that .2
+ enough for + + to +
) such . that so .. that enough to (for) .3
(
( ) ) so .. that too . to .4
.( that
: that
too + + to +
: that (
too + + for + + to +
.too to simple complex so . that .5
Examples
169
Clauses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Phrases
.
Or: It is such a high ceiling that he can't touch it.
Or: Such a high ceiling is it that he can't touch it.
.
.
Or: The food is too hot for us to eat.
. :
The train moved quickly enough to reach in an hour.
.
He spoke too quickly to write.
.
He was too perfectly disguised for her to recognize.
.
: too . to enough . to |
Clauses
1.
Phrases
The exam was too difficult to answer.
.
.(
170
Clauses
2.
Phrases
Exercise No. 14
II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 2
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
The child became so ill that he could not leave his bed.
He was honest enough for everyone to trust him.
He was so frightened that he could not move.
4.
The enemy soldiers were so cowardly that they could not resist.
Our soldiers were so brave that they destroyed the enemy.
They walked too slowly to catch the train.
He was so annoyed that he could not speak.
The building is too high for us to reach it.
He spoke so foolishly that people left him.
Some people are so short-slighted that they cannot appreciate matters.
The pyramids are so strong that they will remain for centuries.
The moon is bright enough to read a book.
We were so impatient that we could not wait any longer.
The fruit is ripe enough to be picked.
The flat is wide enough for them to live in.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
III) Combine each of the following pairs to make one complex sentence using too
/ enough with infinitives:
: enough / too ( 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
171
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
172
:(although) )(
1.
although / though
2.
3.
however / whatever
4.
whether . or not
5.
6.
as ..
/ /
/
/ /
... ...
/ / /
*** / /
." although" " as" ***
: and
1.
Although (Though / Even though / Even if) he was poor, he was happy.
. though
1.
Although (Though / Even though / Even if) she was wealthy, she felt miserable.
.
2.
3.
173
.( )
2.
however + ( )+ +
.( )however
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.
.
.
whatever + + +
1.
2.
.( )
.
: whatever
4.
+ as + +
. ( ) although as
1.
2.
174
4.
. whatever
3.
How to change Adverbial Clause of Contrast into Phrase
( as)
: + +
Clause
although / though
however / whatever
Phrase
in spite of / despite / for
whether . or not
... ...
+ poss. adj.
+
noun or
gerund
Examples
Clause
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
175
Phrase
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
.(( ) )
176
Exercise No. 15
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 2
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
For all his wealthy, he does not help the poor people.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
177
)( ):(as
as .
1.
as if .
2.
as though .
3.
Examples
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
.
E
.1
) (5 ) (as if )
( ) (he ) (were .
..as if he were a king )
( )(.
.2
) (6 ) (seemed
. as though he
178
: as as if as though
Clause
Phrase
as
as if / as though
...
in a ( )way (manner)
...
with .
like .
Examples
Clause
1.
+
noun or
gerund
Phrase
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.( / )
He speaks like the owner of the factory.
.
.
.
He ran like a haunted person.
.
179
. :
.
She walks and talks as if she were a queen.
.
.
She walks and talks in the way (manner) of a queen.
.
Clause
13.
14.
15.
Phrase
Exercise No. 16
clause
:( 1
II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 2
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
180
phrase .clause
) ( than:
....
+ as not so (as) +
4.
......
5.
+ /
......
6.
.....
3.
(adj.) + as as +
1.
.
.
.
.
) .(
E
2.
(adj.) + as as +
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
) (1 ) (2 ) (4 as .
.....
.
.
.
) (.
+ /
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
) ( .than
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
181
4.
..... ....
5.
1.
2.
The more we yield to the demands of our children, the less we encourage their own abilities.
.
The less mistakes you make, the more marks you get.
.
182
How to change Adverbial Clause of Comparison into Phrase
:
Clause
Phrase
as + + as
.....
not so (as) + + as
...
Examples
Clause
1.
He is as tall as I (am).
Phrase
. :
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
183
Exercise No. 17
:( 1
II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 2
.( ) @
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
184
: ( if )
/ /
5.
on condition that .
/ /
6.
provided
provided that
7.
suppose .
supposing that .
1.
if ..
2.
unless = if . not
3.
4.
.( if)
. ( if)
.
:
if + Present Simple
2-Usage:
Present Simple
.(%100 : )
. ( if) ( , ) ( if)
Examples
1.
( ).
2.
( ).
3.
185
( ).
if + Present Simple
Future Simple
shall / will +
.will shall can may
2-Usage:
:)
.(Probable) ( )
.(%50
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
.
1-Form:
if + Past Simple
2-Usage:
should / would +
.would should could might
-:
.(Improbable) ( ) (
10
186
1.
2.
3.
.( : ). ( I ) ( was ) ( were )
.
Examples
.( )
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.
.
if + Past Perfect
( Impossible)
2-Usage:
0 .
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
187
.
)
.(
.( ) .
.
.
u
If
Should - ) ( if )
(( ) ) ( Had -Were
. ( should) ( if ) ( 2
1.
2.
()
()
.
.
. ( were) ( if ) ( 2
1.
2.
.
.
.if were. to
. ( Had) ( if ) ( 3
1.
2.
3.
. had
. had
()
()
If they had obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
= Had they obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
()
.unless ( 4
unless = if..not
. ( unless)
1.
2.
3.
4.
188
.
.
.
.
Exercise No. 18
:( 1
:( 2
If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.
Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).
If you (ate) too much, you will be sick.
Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.
If he played well, he (win) the match.
189
If
Probability
percentage
If
%100
If
%50
If
%10
Form
if + Present Simple
if + Present Simple
if + Past Simple
present simple
Future Simple
will, shall +
should, would +
Usage
)
.(
Time
any time
future
future
If
190
if + Past Perfect
%0
*
.
*
.
past
Examples
How to change Adverbial Clause of Condition into Phrase
Clause
Phrase
( )
in case of .
suppose .
....
...
supposing that .
with .
provided (that ) .
( )
by ..
on condition that .
( )
if . not / unless /
should .
not /
were . not / had
. not
)(
but for
without
Examples
Clause
1.
2.
4.
Phrase
+ poss. adj.
+ noun or
gerund
5.
6.
work
.
7.
8.
191
9.
10.
11.
12.
Exercise No. 19
**) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Had he not shown me the way, I should have missed the way.
They would have done it if they had known how.
In case of being very rich, he would buy a new car.
With his confidence in himself, he can overcome his problems.
Had he the strong determination, he would stop smoking.
Unless he had been cautious, he would have lost his money.
But for his intelligence, he would suffer much.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
192
: (as ..as )
1.
as (so) + + as
.....
2.
not so (as) + + as
...
3.
) (
Examples
1.
2.
.
.
Clause
Phrase
as (so) + + as
.....
not so (as) + + as
...
)
(
2.
3.
193
...
Examples
1.
11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception
: (except that)
1.
except that
2.
but that
Examples
1.
2.
Clause
except that, but that
Phrase
except (for)
but (for)
Examples
Clause
1.
2.
Phrase
194
: (rather than) ( )
1.
rather than
2.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
Clause
Phrase
+ + +
Examples
Clause
1.
2.
195
Phrase
I prefer walking on fire to staying with her.
.
Or: I like walking on fire more than staying with her.
. :
13. Adverbial Clauses of Proportion
: ( the the ) ( )
1.
2.
as + adj. + as + + so
........
Examples
1.
4.
The harder (The more) you study, the better marks you will get.
.
2.
3.
+ + +
The older you get, the more responsibility you'll have to carry.
As hard as you work so you will get paid.
The less mistakes you make, the more marks you get.
.
.
5.
Clause
as ..as .. so
the the
Phrase
...
...
......
Examples
Clause
1.
2.
3.
196
Phrase
The less mistakes you make, the more marks you get.
.
Exercise No. 20
: ( 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
If you had forgotten your identity card () , you could have shown them your driving license.
:( 2
III) Express the meaning of each of the following sentences in other words
changing Clauses into Phrases:
: Phrases Clauses (3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
197
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
IV) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 4
.( ) ( 1 @
.noun clause ( 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
198
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
199
Exercise No. 21
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
200
: ( 1
If you knocked at the door, they (will would would have) let you in.
If you tell the truth, I (will give would give would have given) you a prize.
Were he to listen more carefully, he (wouldnt make wont make wouldnt have made) mistakes.
I shant play tennis today if it (rains rained will rain).
We shall eat (whichever whatever wherever) is left over from lunch.
Give it to (whichever whoever whatever) asks for it.
Put it (whichever whatever wherever) you like.
Choose (whichever whatever wherever) of the colors suits you.
Without the Nile, Egypt (will be would be would have been) a desert.
He would not have behaved like that if he (had have had had had) a good education.
They would have done it if they (knew have known had known).
Unless the window (had been was is) opened, the thief wouldnt have entered the house.
Had they more money they (will build would build would have built) a bigger house.
They could never understand quickly unless they (listen listened had listened) carefully.
We shall never arrive in time unless we (hurry hurried had hurried).
Were he to write in ink, it (will be would be would have been) easier to read.
Take care or else you (fall will fall fell).
Put on your coat or lese you (catch will catch caught) cold.
Should the train be late, I (shall take take should taken) the bus.
The pupils were (so enough too) eager / that they asked to extra work.
So clever (is he he was was he) that he could speak six foreign languages.
(Whatever However - As) tires he was, he went on working.
The harder you work, the (most more less) knowledge you gain.
The weather was (hot enough enough hot too hot) for us to swim in the sea.
Our neighbor walks as if he (is was were) a turkey. ()
Blind (however as whatever) he was, he could know his way.
The room is (very large enough large large enough) for you.
Such (determined determination determine) had our soldiers that they destroyed the enemy camps.
(Owing to Because As) his bravery, he could storm the enemy camp.
(In spite of Without With) his stupidity, he behaved sensibly .
He was humble ( for all although however), wealthy he was.
(Regardless of Whatever Though) money he has, he feels miserable.
Those two boys are (equal equally equal in) in tallness.
This is all (what which that) I wish.
(According to Owing to - As) his words, Mazen is the best.
(On account of For all In accordance with) his wishes, we must return tomorrow.
(According to Owing to Because) his illness, he could not be present.
(By Without As a result) working harder, he would earn more.
He was (too very so) fat to get through the door.
They are (such so too) big cars that they use a lot of petrol.
(No sooner As soon as While) he returned home, rain began.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Scarcely had he touched the wire (than when till) he got a shock.
He ran (very so too) quickly for me to catch him.
I waited for a long time (when then till) he appeared.
No sooner (did he win he won had he won) the prize (when till than) he bought a car.
So skilful (was the doctor the doctor was had the doctor) that he could save the patient.
He didnt dare to leave his hiding place (so that lest in case of) he should be caught.
We camped there (because although lest) it was too dark to go on.
They have moved house three times (when till since) they got married.
(However Even if in spite of ) you dont like him, you still be polite.
201
Exercise No. 22
:( )( 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II) Extract the subordinate clauses from the following complex sentences and tell
its kind:
: ( 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The news that the king was ailing soon spread all over the country.
Although he was poor, he was honest.
She is taller than I am.
The boys helped the man who had gone blind.
He took a sleeping pill lest he should be awake all night.
He took a sleeping pill, however he lay awake all night
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
He extricated himself with great difficulty from his burning car which was about to explode.
So long as you dont exceed your income, youll never be in debt ().
Provided you revise your lessons, you dont have to worry about the exam.
Hardly he had arrived when he excused / himself.
202
Kinds of Sentences
Simple Sentence
Compound Sentence
:
.( ) ( 1
.( 1
.( 2
.( 2
:
+ +
(1) (2)
(3 )
Complex Sentence
:
.( 1
.( 2
1) Yesterday, I went to the cinema and After I had breakfast, I went to work.
watched a film.
.
. ( 1
Complex Sentence
Main Clause
Simple sentence
203
Subordinate Clause
-
PhraseClause
: Phrase Clause
Clause
Phrase
where
wherever
whence
any where
/
/
no where
: Phrase Clause
Clause
Phrase
when
after, before
as, while
till, until
in / at / on
after / before
during / while
till / until
since
the moment
just on
as soon as,
no sooner than ,
scarcely when ,
hardly when
noun
or
gerund
: phrase clause
Clause
Phrase
because
because of
for
for
since
/ /
as
so long as
now that
so long as
owing to
due to
on account to
as a result of
+ poss. adj. +
noun or gerund
thanks to
Being +
simplephrasecomplexclause so that
: might may ( )
Clause
so that, in order that, that, in
the hope that
to , in order to ,
so as to , not to ,
aiming to
Or:
for , with the intention of , with the
aim of
+ infinitive
+ noun or gerund
so as not to
Clause
205
+ infinitive ()
Phrase
in order not to
/
aiming that
+ noun or gerund ()
Phrase
so as not to + infinitive ()
5. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence)
Clause
Phrase
+ enough to +
+ to + too +
+ + that + so +
+ + that + such +
| :
.1 that :
+ enough to +
.2 that :
+ to + + enough for +
.3 ) enough to (for so .. that such . that )
(
.4 too . to so .. that ) ( )
that(.
(
that :
+ to + too +
( that :
+ to + + for + too +
.5 so . that complex simple .too to
206
6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast (Concession )
( as)
: + +
Clause
Phrase
although / though
however / whatever
whether . or not
... ...
+ poss. adj.
+
noun or
gerund
: as as if as though
Clause
Phrase
as
as if / as though
...
in a ( )way (manner)
...
with .
like .
+
noun or
gerund
phrase
.clause
.( than )
207
Clause
Phrase
equal in + of the same + + as
as + + as
.....
not so (as) + + as
...
equally +
not equal in + not of the same +
not equal in + not of the same +
or: not equally + different +
Clause
Phrase
( )
in case of .
suppose .
....
...
supposing that .
with .
provided (that ) .
( )
by ..
on condition that .
( )
if . not / unless /
should .
not /
were . not / had
. not
)(
but for
without
+ poss. adj.
+ noun or
gerund
Clause
Phrase
as (so) + + as
.....
not so (as) + + as
...
208
)
(
...
11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception
Clause
Phrase
except (for)
but (for)
Clause
Phrase
+ + +
Clause
as ..as .. so
the the
Phrase
...
...
......
209
Answers
Exercise No. 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
sentence
clause
phrase
phrase
5.
6.
7.
8.
clause
phrase
sentence
clause
9.
10.
11.
12.
Exercise No. 2
phrase
sentence
sentence
sentence
13.
14.
15.
16.
phrase
clause
clause
sentence
1.
2.
3.
4.
Not only does he work hard but he finds time to play also.
5.
6.
I told him that she does not fit, nevertheless , he insisted on marrying her.
This is a very heavy loss, yet , you should not stop at all.
I did not cause any harms, then , why do you blame me?.
She may send a telegram, or else , she may come tomorrow.
Neither can I believe that such a child can buy a gun nor can I believe that he can use it.
When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital, so , it is
12.
impossible to be accused.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
13. He bought neither a car nor a flat. Or: Neither did he buy a car nor a flat.
14. Her father died last month, and therefore , she is the heiress of forty feddans.
Exercise No. 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
210
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise No. 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Not only does she clean the house, but she also cooks dinner.
Exercise No. 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
Either, or
not only, but also
or, so
nor (neither)
5.
6.
7.
8.
either, or
nor
but
neither, nor
Exercise No. 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
211
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Exercise No. 7
I)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
212
who
whose
who
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
that (which)
which
who
whom
whose
11.
12.
13.
14.
whose , which
what, which
which
whose
III)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
what
where
how
whom
where
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
why
when
what
who
when
IV)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The captain was the last man to leave the sinking ship.
Tourists traveling abroad a lot should make prior reservations ( ) at hotels.
The man being sick was brought to the doctor.
Students punished yesterday are to report the headmasters office.
He was the only student to understand the lesson.
Guns fired recently are easy to detect.
Mona was the first person to see the flying saucer () .
The car stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner.
Plants watered by salty water seldom survive.
People wanting to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters ( )
V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Romeo and Juliet, whose families hated each other, were deeply in love.
The friend for whom I was waiting didnt come. Or: The friend that I was waiting for didnt come.
Swiss Family Robison, is a story about family whose ship sank near a desert island.
I saw several apartments ( ) of which few were suitable.
I was given this address by my friend whom (that) I met at the airport.
The man who (that) answered the phone said that it was the wrong number.
The bed on which I slept on had no springs. Or: The bed which (that) I slept on had no springs.
Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges of whom many were hungry.
Rashid whose leg is still in a plaster cast, will have to watch the match on T.V.
He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. which didnt suit me at all.
VI)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
VII)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Buildings built fifty years ago are more robust than those are built these days.
7.
The man I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss.
8.
Books boring him were usually thrown into the waste basket.
213
9. Being the last person to arrive that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door.
10. He said that bonds / , purchased last month, made a large profit / .
VIII)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(whom, that)
(which, that)
(which, that)
who
(which, that)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
whom
which
(which, that)
whose
which
.( 8 5 3 2 1 )
IX)
1.
non-defining: Many people were injured in the capital Zaire, where 10.000 students took
part in a demonstration ().
2.
3.
non-defining: The Nile, which flows through Cairo, is the longest river in the world.
4.
5.
X)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Exercise No. 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
214
.
.
.
.
Exercise No. 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Minerals which are found in Egypt will help in developing the country.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Exercise No. 10
I)
I waited for a long time till (until) he appeared.
The game started after we had arrived at the football field.
2.
Or: The moment we arrived at the football field, the game started.
3. As soon as he arrived at a certain time, I went home.
4. After my father had finished his work, he went home.
5. Immediately I had studied my lessons, I went to bed afterwards.
6. We have done no work since he went a way yesterday.
7. After they had crossed the canal, they attacked the enemy.
8. No sooner had the Egyptian soldiers appeared than the Israeli soldiers disappeared.
9. While I was washing my hands, the telephone rang.
10. The children came while (as) she was sitting at the table.
1.
II)
1.
2.
3.
215
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
III)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The sick pupil forgot every thing on sitting for the exam.
He had not prepared himself before he entered the exam.
After they had prepared every thing, they set out for the picnic.
Immediately on meeting him than he informed him of his success.
When you do your duty, you should not be shamed.
Immediately after attack , they escaped.
No sooner had he reached school than the bell rang.
On speaking to him, he was angry.
Dont write till giving you order. Or: till giving an order to you.
The world has changed since the discovery of the atomic power.
Exercise No. 11
I)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
as he was tried.
because he failed in the exams.
since her parents were died.
for he has not got any money. Or: for he is poor)
the police arrested him (I called the police).
III)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
216
Exercise No. 12
I)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The doctor cleaned the instruments for fear that he might be afraid the wound would fester .()
Or: The doctor cleaned the instruments lest the wound should be festered.
8.
9.
10.
My uncle left for Europe in the hope that he might find a new job.
He told me a funny story in order that I might forget my sadness.
Or: He told me a funny story in order that he might forget me my sadness.
She answered perfectly aiming that (in the hope that) she might get the top prize.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
III)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The pupils listened carefully so that they might understand the lesson.
9.
10.
11.
He hurried to the station for fear that he might miss the train.
Or: He hurried to the station for fear that (lest) he should miss the train.
My uncle traveled to Europe in order to (aiming to) take a degree.
I study aiming to (to) succeed.
Many of our soldiers sacrificed their lives so that they might free our land.
12.
13.
We decided to conquer Israel in order that we might break the myth of her army.
The boys escaped for fear that they might be punished.
They met in order that they might discuss the new plan.
8.
14.
15.
217
General Exercise No. 13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
218
Exercise No. 14
I)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
III)
1.
2.
3.
4.
219
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Exercise No. 15
I)
1.
2.
Though the distance was too far, we could cover it in a short time.
3.
Even though (Although, Though) the road was bad, they crossed easily.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Although (Though, Even though) I warned him much, he made the same mistakes.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Regardless of (Not with standing) the violent resistance, we could conquer them.
10.
11.
12.
13.
220
14.
15.
Exercise No. 16
I)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Salah Eddin was a good warrior ( / )as this book says (tells).
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise No. 17
I)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
221
7.
8.
Exercise No. 18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
has
would / had
comes / shall
were / would
had stayed
II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise No. 19
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
With (By) (Incase of) participating (participation) harder, she would become a good musician.
If you take these toys away, the children will cry.
With taking my advice, you will not go.
In case of (By) touching the wire, you will get a nasty shock () .
Without going to the doctor, you will not get better.
If you look out of the window, you will see a wonderful scene.
If they had not had a terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.
Or: Unless they had had a terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.
222
Exercise No. 20
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
III)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
223
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
Despite having much money, he cannot buy health. Or: Despite his money, he cannot buy health.
I shall find a way despite all difficulties.
She refuses his proposals in spite of being a king.
Ahmed is a clever doctor enough to many people to go to his clinic.
The teacher spoke too quick to write.
The box is wide enough to put her baby inside it.
The box was too small for the woman to get inside it.
Or: The box was not wide enough for the women to get inside it.
In case of (By) going to the lawyer, he would find a way.
In case of (By With) obeying me, he would have gained much money.
Or: Obeying me, he would have gained much money.
With obeying her, she will not give him money.
IV)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
224
Exercise No. 21
would
will give
26.
27.
wouldnt make
28.
rains
whatever
whoever
wherever
whichever
would be
had had
had known
had been
would build
listened
hurry
would be
will fall
will catch
shall take
so
was he
However
more
hot enough
were
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
whatever
large enough
determination
Owing to
In spite of
however
Whatever
equal
what
According to
In accordance with
Owing to
By
too
such
As soon as
when
too
till
had he won
was the doctor
lest
because
since
Even if
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
225
The man driving the car is my brother. Or: My brother is driving the car.
A man in a black coat will meet you at the bus stop.
Do you know the address (whereabouts) of our hotel?
We asked him the reason for selling his car.
Im sorry for not coming in time.
He flew to London to visit his uncle.
The questions were too difficult to answer.
On reaching the moon, the astronauts raised the flag.
He kept his money in the bank in order not to spend it.
Because of the rain, the ground was wet.
He has taken his punishment in a manly way. (as a man, with manliness ..etc).
By walking faster, he wouldnt miss his train.
He admitted having stolen the money.
That was the reason for his angry (getting angry) with me.
Speak slowly to him in order to make him understand you.
Having taken off his hat and overcoat, he sat down.
They lost the game because of (due to) playing badly.
18.
19.
20.
226
Exercise No. 22
simple
compound
simple
compound
complex
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
compound
simple
simple
compound
complex
II)
The subordinate clause
Its kind
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
noun clause
adjective (relative) clause
adverb clause of time
adverb clause of reason
adjective clause
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
227
LETTERS WRITING
-:
.1 -:
Personal Letters (Friendly Letters)
) (
.
Official Letters (Business Letters)
.
.2
.3
.
-:
.1 ) (
.2
.3
.4 ) (
The address
The date
Salutation
)Starting (Opening formula
.5 )(
.6 )(
.7
Signature
.8
Postscript
228
-:
3
4
5
6
7
-:
The address1
Sender's Address
) (
:
)(
.
229
).(Capital Letter
.1 street .St.
.2 )( ) : (.
.3 .
The address
)( :
Mr. Fadi Azam,
17, Omar St.,
Cairo,
Egypt.
Miss Mrs.
Ms. .
The date2
.
230
(.
) (
) (
) (th 20 , 15 , 5 , 4 :-:
1 , 2 , 3 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 31st .
:
th
th
th
th
rd
st
nd
rd
st
nd
October 1, 1998
5 November,2001
:
Sept. 13th , 2002
15 Nov.1998.
July
Jul.
January
Jan.
August
Aug.
February
Feb.
September
Sep.
March
Mar.
October
Oct.
April
Apr.
November
Nov.
May
May
December
Dec.
June
Jun.
6.4.98 : 4.6.98 :.
( ) (Dear .
Dear Ahmed,
Dear Samia,
( : Dear father, .
Dear sister,
Dear brother,
Dear grandmother,
231
( ) (Dear Mr. .
( ) ( Dear Sir,
. Dear Madam,
Dear :
(
/
Gentlemen,
( :
Sir,
1 .
.
Closing formula (Valediction) 5
.1
.2
.3
Yours affectionately,
)( )(
/
232
.4
Yours sincerely,
) (
Yours faithfully,
Signature6
.
(1 ) ( .Ahmed or Salem :
(2 ) (
:
Eman Salem
Eman Salem
Sales Manager
!!!
Postscript7
PS
Postscript "" . .
:
233
1.
2.
3.
) (
)(
I write this letter hopping that you are well and enjoying yourself.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.
!
I would like to thank you for the nice ( letter present) you - )
17. sent me on the occasion of (passing the examinations my ( )
success my marriage .....ect).
.( -
I write this letter to thank you most hearty for ....
18.
20.
234
22.
23.
I would like to invite you to spend the summer holiday with us
this year.
.
Do come and spend a few days with me at .....?
....
( )
Reply on a letter
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
... /
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
)(
235
1.
2.
3.
Remember me to all,
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
236
2) Write a letter to your friend Suzan inviting him to your wedding party. Your name is
Mona and you live at 12, El-Mahatta Street, Al-Daraj, Gaza.
3) Your name is Shaker. You live at 20, El-Remal Street, Gaza. Write a letter to your friend
Tom who lives in England thanking him for the present he sent you on the occasion of
passing the exam.
237
4) Write a letter to your friend Harry, who lives in Paris thanking him for hospitality when
you visited him. Your name is Mohammad. Your address is P.O.Box 7145, Raffah,
Palestine.
P.O.Box 7145,
Raffah,
Palestine.
26th Oct., 2001
Dear Harry,
After I had arrived safely last night, I wrote this letter to thank you most hearty for your
hospitality. I will always remember the visit I paid to your country. I really have spent the happiest
weeks in my life. I am sure that you will do the same and visit us very soon. I also learnt many
things while staying in your country.
Again, many thanks for what you have done for me.
Sincerely yours,
Mohammad
5) Write a letter to a new pen-friend whose name is Mickle who lives in England giving him
some information about yourself. Your name is Hassan and you live in 20, Jaffa Street,
Gaza.
20, Jaffa Street,
Gaza,
Palestine.
25th Aug., 2002
Dear Mickle,
My teacher gave me your name and address. He told me you would like to have pen-friends.
My name is Hassan. I am 18 years old. I live in Gaza. I am at school and will be taking my General
Secondary Certificate this year. I enjoy playing football in my spare time. I'd like to visit London
one day.
Please write soon. I enclose a photo of myself.
Yours faithfully,
Hassan
238
6) Write a letter to your friend Samy who studies in Cairo congratulation him on his success
in the final examination this year. Your name is Ramy. You live at 13, Al-Karmel Street,
Gaza, Palestine.
13, Al-Karmel Street,
Gaza,
Palestine.
21st December, 2001
Dear Samy,
It is great pleasure to write this letter. I was delighted to hear of your success in the final
examinations this year. Please accept my congratulations. I hope that you get a good job soon.
Pass my regards to your family.
Yours sincerely,
Ramy
7) Write a letter to your Egyptian friend Amr who had an accident and is now in hospital.
Your name is Karim Fikry, and you live at 22, El- Samer Street, Gaza, Palestine.
8) Write a letter to your friend Samih condoling him ( ) after you heard of his father's
death. Your name is Abed Allah. You live at 65, El-Wehda Street, Al-Daraj, Gaza.
9) Write a letter to your friend Mustafa apologizing for not keeping an appointment. Your
name is Fadel and you live at 12, El-Naser Street, El-Remal, Gaza.
10) Write a letter to your cousin Nabil who studies in England to make the necessary
arrangements for you to study at a university there. Your name is Ahmed and you live
117, El-Mansoura Street, Khan Younes.
240
11) Write a letter to your father asking him to send you some money. Your name is Wael. You
live at 75, New Castle Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. U.K.
12) Write a letter to your friend Akram who borrowed books from you. You live at
12, Shuhada Street, El-Remal, Gaza. Your name is Salah.
12
12, Shuhada Street,
El-Remal,
Gaza.
12th July,2002
Dear Akram,
I hope that you are well and enjoying yourself. May I remind that you a long time has
passed, since you borrowed some books from me. Please send them back to me. I need them badly
to study my lessons, because the exams are approaching ().
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Salah
241
*** Official Letters (Business Letters ***
1) Write a letter to the Arabic Bank asking to stop payment of your cheques as your chequebook has been stolen. You live at 2, Nozha Street, Zeitoun, Gaza. Your name is Nabil
Khaddar.
The Arabic Bank,
2, Nozha Str.,
Gaza Branch,
Zeitoun,
Attention General Manager
Gaza.
17th Oct.,2001
Dear Sir,
Please, stop immediately payment of any cheque on my account No. 256483 without
consulting with me first. The reason is that my cheque-book has been stolen and I have lodged
a complaint with the police. Please arrange for issuing ( )a new cheque-book in my name.
Thank you very much,
Yours sincerely,
Nabil Khaddar
Nabil Khaddar
2) Write a letter to The National Co. Ltd., in Jordan at Amman Street to apply for a job as
Salesman which was published in "El-Ayiam" newspaper. Your name is Samy Nasser and
you live in Palestine at 99, Al-Amal Street, Gaza.
The secretary,
The National Co. Ltd.,
Amman Street,
Jordan.
Dear Sir,
With reference to your advertisement in "El- Ayiam" newspaper of 29th Oct., I wish to
apply for the position of Salesman.
I enclose details of my qualifications and experience. If my application is successful, I am
prepared to work hard to justify your selection.
Yours faithfully,
Samy Nasser
242
3) Ask the National Crystal company about their products and price lists.
The National Crystal Co. Ltd.,
23, Nahada Street,
Al-Faggalah.
Attn. Sales Manager
Dear Sir,
Please send us a catalogue of your range complete with price lists. We would be obliged if
you send us some samples to examine. We are only interested in good which can be shipped within
tow weeks from receipt of order. If your prices are satisfactory, we shall place a trial order
immediately.
We look forward to having your reply as soon as possible.
Yours faithfully,
Ahmed Yousef
Eng. Ahmed Yousef
General Manager
El-Salam Trading Co.
243
Composition
) (spelling
.2
) (Capital Letter:
.3
:
) (
) (
.4 1.
5
.
-:
, to conclude .... , and after that ... , then .... 1. First ....
) ( , On the second .... ) ( )2. On the first (day, month, year
, At last ...... , then in 1984 3. In 1981
, last .... . , then .... , .... next .... 4. First...
, to conclude .... , after that ...., , .... then .... 5. To begin ...
244
-:
or
but
and
:
Doctors in hospitals treat people, and they visit their patients on beds.
.
-: Conjunctive Adverbs (
and so
therefore
however
: Relative Adverbs
whose, whom, who, where, which, that
Example
.
Makkah is a place .
Everyone wants to see it.
.
:
1.
2.
In addition to ...
3.
/
/
9
10
245
-:
( .
( -:
time
nine
line /
harmony
history
fine
victory
( .
comfortable
intermediate
forgiveness
/
11
.
.12 .
.13 .
.14 .
) ( )( .
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
As a matter of fact .
7.
8.
No doubt .
9.
10. In fact .
11. Not only ....... but also .
12. Sooner or later .
246
17. In general .
20. Moreover .
21. Besides .
27. Thanks to .
... /
28. In spite of .
29. As soon as .
. ) (
1. Computer in Our Life
Needless to say that computer has been playing a vital role in our life. It provides an
invaluable services to humanity.
Computer has been used in many areas of our life. A lot of medical operations, banking,
industrial processes, office work are based on computer nowadays.
Many complicated mathematical and scientific performances can never be carried out
without computers.
Computerization of businesses and companies could save a lot of money and labor ( ) .
Their operations are performed quickly and thoroughly thanks to computers.
Due to the increasing importance of computer, it is being taught nowadays to school
students. I t is said that 2000 anyone who does not have computer knowledge will be considered
illiterate ( / ).
247
Computer can store huge quantities of data which can never be stored by any other means.
Such stored data can be obtained when needed.
In spite of the above mentioned, computers will never replace man. Computers cannot do
without man's brain.
Needless to say that smoking destroys the health and wealth. Many scientists consider it is
main resources of many diseases and cancers in particular.
It has been shown that smoking can cause harms not only to smokers but also to nonsmokers as well. Due to its great harm, Islam bans ( )smoking and consider it a fault ( / ).
Some people have this bad habit. They say that smoking helps them to think and forget their
problems. Some lazy people, who have no work to do, smoke to pass their time and amuse ( / )
themselves. If a smoker has a strong will, he will immediately stop such dirty habit.
It is a national duty that smokers must give up smoking to save their money and protect their
health.
In fact, we live in the age of science and technology. Much of our progress is a result of
them.
The great inventions we enjoy nowadays can undoubtedly ) , provide invaluable
services to all mankind. Thanks to such inventions, you can contact, for example, the farthest place
in the world in a short time, store food stuff for a long time and watch the world while drinking a
cup of coffee in your home.
No doubt such inventions are based on scientific and technological principles. Without
them, our life would be as hard as it used to be in the past.
Does the use of such inventions have any harms? The use of calculator, for example, makes
us neglect our minds. Riding comfortable cars, for the most time, makes us grow fatter. This,
I think, can show the disadvantages of the great dependence on such technologies.
Moreover, science can also be used for destruction if it badly used. The new weapons and
atomic bombs can destroy the world in a very short time.
248
4. Electricity
Electricity plays a vital role in our daily life. It is used as a source of power to operate
nearly everything we use.
At home, electricity is used for light, radio, television, washing machine and many other
sets. Our food is kept fresh in a refrigerator. Air conditioning makes the air cool in summer and
warm in winter. Our clothes are washed in electric-washing machines. This saves time, effort and
trouble, most means of amusement move by means of electricity.
Moreover, electricity is also used in hospitals. Doctors use it to operate many machines like
x-ray and kidney machines. It is also used for computers.
But electricity is dangerous if it is badly used. If there is a fault ( / ) , call an electrician
immediately.
5.Water
Man cannot live without water. Without water, there would be neither plants nor animals.
Without water, there would be no life.
Man can do without food for some weeks, but he would certainly die if he remained for
some days without water.
Water is very important for life. We need it for drinking, farming, putting out fire and
washing. Water is a source of power. When it is heated, we obtain steam which drives ships, trains
and machines. Water behind waterfalls and dams is used to generate electricity. We get water from
rivers, lakes, seas and oceans.
6. Unemployment
No one can deny that unemployment is one of the means of destroying society. The
dangerous disease can attributed ( ) to many special reasons. For example but not limited to the
high rate of birth, the increasing number of college graduates and the limited efforts of the
government to establish new projects.
When young people are left unemployed, they will suffer from psychological troubles and
get bored. This makes them decline to misconduct ( ) such as drinking drug abuse...etc. As
a result they may resort to committing crimes such as theft ( ) and killing. Thus we can realize the
great dangers of unemployment.
Despite the danger of this problem, yet it is not impossible to solve. A number of high
secondary graduates can be directed to vocational and technical education. Birth rates can be
controlled, and new projects can be established by the government.
249
7. Pollution
No one can deny that pollution is a dangerous disaster. Pollution plays an important role in
spreading diseases.
Pollution-free environment can be a resource of health and beauty to its inhabitants reflect
their character and makes them gain higher social positions.
Pollution can normally be caused by many resources, for example but not limited to
accumulation of dirties and trashes ( ) across streets, car exhaust fumes, blowing ( ) car horns
()...etc.
For overcoming such a problem, authorities in charge such as municipality should provide
containers for collecting trashes, and equipment and workers for removing such trashes to specific
places. Cooperation should exist between such authorities and the citizens.
Children should be instructed on observing the public cleaning rules and not throwing
trashes in the streets.
8. Reading
Needless to say that reading is the food of thought. It is as important to mind as to the body.
It can illuminate (enlighten) ( ) our minds and increase our ability to think.
Reading is a useful hobby. It can tell us a lot about other peoples, their traditions () , habits
( )and customs. A great deal of knowledge can be obtained through reading.
In addition, it is one of the best ways of spending the leisure time () . The book is the
friend of man. Man can never feel lonely so long as he has a book or a magazine as a friend.
Due to the above, parents should encourage their children on reading through providing
them with interesting books and useful stories and even establishing a mini-library at home.
9. Nature
Nature is sometimes the friend of man and sometimes it acts as his formidable foe () .
The water we drink, the air we breathe, the sun which gives us warmth, the rain which converts the
barren land ( ) in fertile soil are all blessings of Allah.
The earth yields, metals and oil upon which our industrial life depends. Primitive man
depends completely on nature. Food was good and plentiful () .
On the other hand, nature sometimes becomes angry and it casts terror ( ) . Volcanoes,
earth-quakes, floods and storms cause great havoc ( / )and the loss of considerable number of
lives.
Science now aids man to subdue ( )nature to be his servant.
250
10. Cleanliness
It is the best habit we should follow. "Cleanliness is next to godliness" . To keep healthy, we
should always follow the roles of the cleanliness. We should keep our clothes, our bodies and our
houses clean. By cleanliness we can prevent the spreading of diseases.
Islam call Muslims to wash five times a day before prayers. It calls for cleanliness of the
body and the heart.
We should have a bath from time to time. We should keep away from dirty places. We
should also keep our schools, streets and gardens clean.
In a word, cleanliness show the culture and public understanding that people must have.
251
Use the following ideas to write a paragraph of about 5 sentences
(about 8 lines) on:
Man cannot live alone
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
252
Use the following guiding words to write a paragraph of about 5
sentences(about 8 lines)on
1.
basis of progress - sets up schools - technical education - very important - no use - fill minds education - serves no real purpose
2.
health - treasure - happiness - enjoy - life-healthy - sound bodies - ill - unhealthy - life miserable ( )- money - useless
3.
4.
( )
on good ( ) - others - help others - selfish - seek ( )their interest - radio - loudly - make noise
5.
253
Dialogue
).(dialogue
.1 .
.2 -:
.3 .
.4 -:
dont = do not
Im = I am
isnt = is not
Ive = I have
Id = I would, I had
.5 ) (Punctuation marks .
.6 .
.7 ) (question - tags
) ( )
( -:
254
1. You re coming, arent you?
-: ) .8
1. Any news? = Is there any news?
4. I see = I understand.
-: No, Yes .9
Of course
Good idea
Impossible
Certainly
Not bad
It is nice
All right
. .10
USEFUL PHRASES FOR DIALOGUE
1.
Good morning.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pardon.
7.
8.
9.
.
.
.
. :
)(
.
.
.
.
.( ) .
13. Good-bye.
. .
Nader:
Ramy:
Nader:
Ramy:
Nader:
Ramy:
Nader:
Ramy:
Nader:
Ramy:
Nader:
Ramy:
256
( / )
Between a doctor and a patient
Doctor:
Patient:
Doctor:
Patient:
Doctor:
Patient:
Doctor:
Patient:
Doctor:
Patient:
Doctor:
Patient:
Asking directions
A man:
Fadi:
A man:
Fadi:
A man:
Fadi:
A man:
Fadi:
A man:
Fadi:
A man:
Fadi:
Excuse me, sir. Can you show me the way to the post office?
It's very near from here.
How can I reach it?
If you go along this street you'll come to crossroads.
Where should I turn then?
Turn left, then the first road to the right.
Should I go far along this road?
The third building to the left is the post office.
It's very easy.
Yes, and you can see a mosque in front of the post office.
That's very kind of you.
Thank you.
In the library
257
Talking about examinations
Beesan:
Tagreed:
Beesan:
Tagreed:
Beesan:
Tagreed:
Beesan:
Tagreed:
Beesan:
Tagreed:
At the restaurant
Officer:
Adnan:
Officer:
Adnan:
Officer:
Adnan:
Officer:
Adnan:
Officer:
Adnan:
Officer:
Adnan:
Officer:
Adnan:
Khalil:
Waiter:
Khalil:
Waiter:
Khalil:
Waiter:
Khalil:
Waiter:
Khalil:
Waiter:
Khalil:
258
At the bookshop
Abdullah:
Assistant:
Abdullah:
Assistant:
Abdullah:
Assistant:
Abdullah:
Assistant:
Abdullah:
Assistant:
Abdullah:
Assistant:
Abdullah:
Good morning.
Good morning. Can I help you, sir?
I'm looking for a dictionary.
What's its title?
Longman Dictionary.
Sorry. We haven't it. But we've "The Oxford English Dictionary".
Can you show it to me, please?
Of course. Here you are.
It's all right. How much is it?
Twenty dollars.
Could you bring me the bill (), please?
Surely
Thank you.
On the phone
Hassan:
A man:
Hassan:
A man:
Hassan:
A man:
259
(The Paragraph)
.1 .
.2
. .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
(The Letter)
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
(The Conversation)
.1 .
.2 .
.3 . .
.4 .
.5 . .
.6 .
.7 .
(The comprehension)
.1 .
.2 .
.3 :
( .
260
( .
( .
.1 .
.2 -:
( .
( .
( .
( .
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.1 .
.2 -:
( .
( .
( .
( ) ( : .
261
References
( English Grammar) .1
.2000 /
. / ( Basic Grammar ) .2
. / ( Beginner's Grammar) .3
. / .4
. / ( Keys to English Language) .5
. / ( How to write in English?)
( How to write a composition?) .6
.2000 /
. / ( Composition Subjects) .7
. / .8
9. The Top series Grammar for secondary students by / Edwar Nagi
Sedra.
10.
Bit-by-Bit by M. Mehawed.
11.
12.
Najeeb.
262
To err is human
263
264
Good Luck
265