1863 Noble-Report On Ballistic Experiments

33
ala
F
Libra R Y
ry
L LE
TI
OF THE
AR
L
A
Y
O
R
INSTITUTION.
MA
LI
QUI L
OS
M
O
N
DIE
U E UBIQUE DROIT
AS ET GLO
RIA DUCU
Warrington &Co 27. Strand London
Presente
d by
Th
eSec of Sta f M
ret te or ar
ary
that
The Director of Ordnance
.
Presented by
MAJOR ( Brevet Lieut . - Col . ) J. H. LESLIE ,
Royal Artillery.
1920.
08821 h 36.
England , - Oranand Select Committee

.
REPORT
ON
ER Y
ILL
ART
BALLISTICCOLAT
EXPERIMENTS .
BY W. H. NOBLE , M. A. , LIEUT. R. A.
ASSOCIATE MEMBER ORDNANCE SELECT COMMITTEE.
DRO
DIEUDET
LONDON :
PRINTED BY GEORGE E. EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE,
PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE,
1863.
6S03.
TAR
NJI
TAA
20
1
[ 5108. -400. - 8/63. ]

H
IS
R IT
B
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
The previous HISTORY of BALLISTIC EXPERIMENTS .

PREFACE.
Sect. Page
1. Introduction 4
2. Mattei's Machine of Rotation n 4
3. Grobert's Machine of Rotation 6
4. Gregory's Machine of Rotation 6
5. General D'Antoni's Method of estimating Velocity by Firing into an
687∞∞∞09
- Earth Butt -
6. Lieut. De Butet's Machine •
7. Col. Debooz's Apparatus
8. Principle of Ballistic Pendulum
10. Mr. Robins's Ballistic Pendulum
11. Different Theories on the subject of the Velocity of Projectiles
12. Gregory's Ballistic Pendulum, 1814 -
12. Experiments at Woolwich with Sir Wm. Congreve's Guns 10
13. Ballistic Pendulum employed at Metz in determining the Resistance
of the Air 11
14. Adjustments of the Ballistic Pendulum 11
15. Methods of determining the Moment of the Oscillating System 13
16. Method of counteracting the effect of the Discharge upon the Ballistic
Pendulum - 13
17. Formula used in calculating the Velocity by Means of the Ballistic
Pendulum 14
18. The Gun Pendulum. Observations on the Service of Ballistic Pen-
dulums - 14
19. Ballistic Pendulums used in France 16
20. Tables giving the Results of French Experiments 17
21. Major Mordecai's Experiments 19
22. Do. do . M 19
23. Do. do. 19
24. Do. Tables 20
25. Employment of Electricity in Measuring the Velocity of Projectiles 22
26. Major Navez's Modification of Col. Debooz's System 22
27. Mr. Wheatstone's System 22
28. Capt. De Brettes's System - 24
29. Col. Konstantinoff's System - 24
30. M. Siemen's System - 25
1222333
31. Modification of above by Capt. De Brettes - - 25

32. M. Pouillet's System - 25
33. Systems with Rotating Cylinders - 25
34. Methods of constructing a Time of Flight Instrument 26
35 to 44. Dr. Hutton's Experiments and Equations 26-31
45. General Didion's Experiments
48. Didion's Methods of Calculation
49. First Method - -
50. Second Method
51. Examples -
52. Differential Proof of Third Method
53. Third Method - 34
55. General Piobert's Formula 35
56. Experiments at Metz by the French Commission of Artillery. Tables
of Results - · · 36
57. Table showing Mean Result of many Experiments on the Resistance
of the Air - 37, 38
A 2
iv CONTENTS.
Sect. Page
58. Formula for calculating the Resistance from foregoing Table 38
59. Table of the Coefficient of the Resistance of the Air deduced from
Experiment · 38
60. Didion's final Expression for the Law of Resistance 39
61. Value of the Coefficients 39
62. Table showing the Resistance in lbs. 40
63. Hutton's Experiments corrected by Didion - 40
66. Experiments in France with the Electro-Ballistic Apparatus - 41
67. Didion's Coefficients for Elongated Projectiles 41
70. Didion's Equations in Gunnery 42
CHAPTER II.
DESCRIPTION of NAVEZ'S ELECTRO-BALLISTIC APPARATUS, for determining

the VELOCITY of PROJECTILES .
Introduction 43
1. Number of Parts in the Apparatus - 43
2. Description of the Pendulum 43
3. Description of the Conjunctor 44
4. Description of the Disjunctor 44
5-7. Adjustment of Apparatus - 45
8. Voltaic Batteries used - 45
9. Frame or Wire Targets 45
9. Screen to intercept the Blast of the Discharge
- 46
10. Method of establishing the different Communications 46
11. Method of regulating the Currents 48
12. Regulating the Pendulum 48
13. Regulating the Conjunctor · 48
14. Trial of the Apparatus when adjusted 49
15. Employment of the Apparatus 49
16-17. Calculation of the Table of Times 50
18-26. Description of the Arrangements at Shoeburyness for carrying on
Experiments with Navez's Electro-Ballistic Apparatus 51-53
27. Portable wooden Hut used in the Experiments - · 53
28. Chief Points to be attended to in working the Instrument 54
29. Use of the Table of Times .- Example of the Calculation 55
30. Method employed in calculating the Initial Velocity -- 55
30. Tables giving the Value of the Ballistic Coefficient C for English
Projectiles - - 56
31. Example of the Calculation of the Initial Velocity 57
CHAPTER III.
REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS carried on at SHOEBURYNESS during the Years

1861-2 by MEANS of NAVEZ'S ELECTRO-BALLISTIC APPARATUS.
Introduction -
***
59
38
8
8
2
*
1. Table giving the Value of one small Oscillation for the Instruments
employed - · 59
2. Tables giving a Description of the different Arms employed in the
Experiments 60
3. Table showing the Density of the Air on each Day of Experiment - 62
5. Experiments to determine the Velocity of Service Armstrong Pro-
jectiles fired with Service Charges 63
6. Variation of the Velocity according to the Description or Brand of
Powder used - 63
7. Velocity of Armstrong Guns, in Terms of the Weight of the Charge 64
8. Velocity of 12-pr. Segment Shell, in Terms of the Weight of the
Charge 65
9. Velocity of Armstrong Projectiles, in Terms of the Weight of the
Shot 66
10. High Velocity with Rifle Projectiles 66
CONTENTS.
Sect Page
11. Experiments upon the Effect of using a short Projectile with Rifle
Guns 67
12. Remark on the preceding Experiments 68
JROREN
13. Further Experiments with short Shot and high Charges from Rifled
Guns - 69
RECE
14. Experiments with Short Rifle Projectiles against Iron Plates 69
~~~
15. Experiments to determine the Velocity of the 150 lb. Solid Spherical
88
Projectile with different Charges of Powder 70
5
2
2
16. Conclusions drawn from the foregoing Experiment 71
17. Combustion of Gunpowder in the Charge 71
18. Theory of Combustion of Service Powder in large Charges · 71
19. Theory of Combustion of large-grained or 2 A, Powder 72
20. Comparison between the Effects of both Powders 72
21. Effect produced by varying the Point of Ignition in large Charges - 72
21. Table showing the comparative Velocities obtained with different De-
scriptions of Powder 73
22. Experiments to determine the Velocity of Whitworth Projectiles from
Field Guns 73
23. Experiments with special Projectiles of different Lengths from Whit-
worth Field Guns - 73
24. Difference in Velocity between Armstrong and Whitworth Field
Guns - 74
25. Experiments with the 70-pr. M. L. Whitworth Gun 75
26. Experiments with the 70-pr. M. L. Armstrong Gun 76
27. Comparison between 70-pr. Armstrong and 70-pr. Whitworth Guns 76
28. Greatest relative Velocity from 70-pr. Whitworth - 77
29. Experiments with competitive Cast-iron Rifled Guns - 77
30. Experiments to determine the Loss of Velocity consequent upon
firing Service Round Shot from Rifle Guns 78
31. Experiments on the Effect produced by varying the Spiral in Rifle
Guns - - 78
32. Proof of Gunpowder by means of Navez's Apparatus 79
33. Variation in Velocity due to Windage 81
34. Variation in Velocity due to Size of Grain in the Powder 81
35. Value of Navez's Apparatus for Proof Purposes 81
36. Comparison between Range and Velocity in Smooth-bore Guns - 81
37. Proof of various Experimental Rifle Powders 81.
38. Experiments with Charges of Compressed Powder 82
39. Inferiority of Compressed Powder 83
40. Reasons to account for this Inferiority 84
41. Experiments to determine the Velocity of Rifled Mortar Shells 84
42. Velocity of Smooth-bored Ordnance with reduced Charges 85
1
43. Experiments with Mr. Woollcombe's Disc Gun 85

44. Preliminary Experiments on the Resistance of the Air 85
45. Discussion of the results of the above Experiments 86
*******
46. Value of the Coefficient for the 68-pr. Smooth-bore - 87

47. Ditto ditto 87
48. Value of the Coefficient for 110-pr. Armstrong 88
49. Ditto ditto 88
88820
50. Table giving the Values of the Coefficient of the Air's Resistance for
Armstrong Projectiles 88
200
52. Comparison between Didion's Coefficients and those obtained at Shoe-

**
buryness -
-
*
53. Comparison with Hutton's equation - 89

54. Calculation of Velocity, using Shoeburyness Coefficient 90
55. Count de St. Robert's Expression for the Resistance · 90
56. Formula of Col. Mayefski 91
57. Table giving the Value of the Coefficient according to these different
Formulæ - - · 91
58. Agreement of Mayefski's Formula with Experiments at Shoebury-
ness · 91
59. Insufficiency of Shoeburyness Experiments 91
60. Experiments in connexion with Iron Plates 92
B
vi CONTENTS
Sect. Page
61-65. Reasons to account for the Ignition of the Bursting Charge, without
a Fuze, in Mr. Whitworth's Steel Shells 92,93
66. Miscellaneous Experiments - 94
67. Experiments with Small Arms 94
68, 69. Experiments with Explosive Compounds 95, 96
APPENDIX .
Tables giving the full Results of all Experiments with Navez's Electro
Ballistic Apparatus, 1861-2 97-123
Table of Times for Instrument 40 - 124
Table ofTimes for Instrument 37 · 125 ·
Table of Times for Instrument 32 .127
Table of Times for Instrument 24 - 128
Table for converting Ounces and Drams into Decimals of a Pound Avoir-
129
dupois
44
44
84
V
132.
REPORT of various EXPERIMENTS made with NAVEZ'S ELECTRO-
BALLISTIC APPARATUS, by LIEUT. NOBLE, R.A. , under the
direction of the Ordnance Select Committee, during the
years 1861-2. *
HAVING been directed by the Ordnance Select Committee to draw up

a report descriptive of the nature and results of the various Ballistic
Experiments which I have had the honour of conducting under their
instructions, I have thought that it would not be out of place to give
a short history of the progress of the science of ballistics, and of the most
approved theories which have been advanced from time to time in con.
nexion with this subject.
The present report will, therefore, be divided into three chapters.
The first chapter to relate to the previous history of ballistics.
The second chapter to be devoted to a description of the electric
instruments at present employed in this country in connexion with the
determination of the velocity of projectiles, together with the different
arrangements made for their use.
The third chapter will embrace a tabulated report of those experiments
which have been carried on by me up to the present date.
PREFACE .
This chapter makes no pretence of advancing any new theories upon
the resistance of the air. Its aim is to collect, and systematize, the
various theories that have been advanced from time to time by the
scientific men who have made the laws of the resistance of the air the
subject of their inquiries.
Want of space has prevented my entering minutely into the details
of the many experiments which have been made on this subject ; these
details may be obtained in the different works alluded to throughout the
chapter. It is unnecessary to dwell upon the importance of a thorough
investigation of the laws which govern the motions of projectiles in the
atmosphere. Much has already been done to advance the science of
gunnery, but much remains to be done, and it will still require a carefully
conducted series of experiments to determine with accuracy the coefficients
of the air's resistance.
In Chapter II. a full description is given of the method at present
employed at Shoeburyness to determine the initial velocity of projectiles,
a few experiments have also been carried on to determine the remaining
velocity, and the velocities at several points in the trajectory, by which
means data can be obtained for directly determining the resistance of
the air. When these experiments have been concluded it will be my
duty to submit a second report, which will show whether the various
theories stated in Part I. are borne out by experimental facts.
W. H. NOBLE.
* In continuation of Report on Experiments with Navez's Electro-Ballistic

Apparatus, by Captain Noble, late Royal Artillery.
B 2
CHAPTER I.
1. The determination of the velocity of projectiles is indispensable to

the necessary calculations which belong to the theory of gunnery.
The most primitive method of estimating this velocity was by measuring
the ranges of the projectiles on a horizontal plane. This method was
employed by Lombard in 1797. It is unnecessary to enumerate the
difficulties with which it is surrounded.
The case to which it was most applicable was the determination of the
velocity of mortar shells.
The estimation of velocities, by observing the total duration of a
projectile's flight in the air, that is to say, the time of its ascent and
descent combined, is subject to less causes of error, but the difficulty of
noting the time with sufficient minuteness is a great obstacle. Several
methods have been adopted for measuring the velocity by the time a
projectile occupied in passing from one point to another in the trajectory.
It appears the first of these is due to Mattei, about 1767.
Matter's Machine of Rotation. Plate XI.
2. Mattei's machine consisted of a vertical cylinder of paper or thin

cardboard fixed to a wooden frame, to which a certain velocity of rotation
was given, and musket balls were fired against it in a direction perpen-
dicular to the axis of the cylinder. The difference between the deviation
of the holes that‍ the ball had really made and of those it would have
produced if the cylinder had been at rest gives the time of flight com-
paratively to the time of an entire revolution of the cylinder ; as, more-
over, by means of screens placed in the direction of the ball's flight, we
can determine the line of fire, and consequently the length passed over in
the cylinder, we can estimate the velocity of the ball in its movement
across the apparatus. The precision by this means depended upon the
size ofthe diameter of the cylinder, as well as the rapidity and uniformity
of rotation that was given to it. The velocity of rotation was obtained
by a weight descending into a well.
The velocity with which the shot passes through the diameter of the
cylinder, and consequently its uniform velocity during one second of time,
is found as follows :-
Let D be the diameter of the cylinder, C its circumference, t the time
that it takes to make one revolution, m the distance that a point of the
circumference turns while the shot is traversing the diameter, then-
CD
m : D :: C :
m
the last term will express the space passed through by the shot with an
uniform velocity during one revolution of the cylinder ; then, expressing
by V the space that the shot passed through with an uniform velocity in
one second, or its initial velocity, --
CD · CD
: 1 • m
tm
the last term = V will express the velocity sought.

PLATE
M XI
.-ATHEI'S
MACHINE
ROTATION
.OF
BRITISH
9 OC 1920
MUSEUM
5
In general, the cylinder turned with an equable motion of t = § of a

second, D = 10 feet, consequently C = 31.42 feet ; substituting these
values in the expression for the velocity,
CD
V =
tm '
and supposing m to be found by experiment equal to of a foot,
V 1571 .
The following tables show velocities computed by the above equation
from data furnished by Mattei's machine of rotation.
TABLE I.
TABLE giving the Velocity of Shot fired under various atmospheric

circumstances .**
MATTEI'S MACHINE.
Length Projectile. Velocities in Weather.

Nature of Gun. of Charge.
Bore. Nature. Weight. Very Mean. Very Dry.
Moist.
ft. OZ. drs.

Musket - 3.5 Lead. 1 7 1,392 1,542 1,618
Com. war powder.
"3 " " 1,569 1,736 1,829
Fine ditto.
"" 1,566 1,703 1,784
Fowling ditto.
Firework ditto. 29 "" " 1,566 1,706 1,779
If the velocities given in this table can be depended on, they prove
that the gunpowder used in Mattei's time must have been very inferior.
TABLE II.
TABLE showing the Velocity of different Guns, with various kinds of

Powder, computed from Mattei's Machine.
Length Projectile.
Nature of Gun. of Charge. Velocity. Powder. REMARKS.
Bore. Nature. Weight.
ANNE
in. Oz, drs. ft.

Musket 22 Lead. 1.00 1,390 F. war.
‫وو‬ 25 "" 1,367 Fowling.
" " 1,372 Fire-work.
Rifled carbine- 41 "2 0.875 1,956 F. war.
‫دو‬ "" 1,920 Fowling.
1,934 Fire-work.
Wall-piece 29 2.50 20 1,956 F. war.
59 " " 1,928 Fowling.
‫وو‬ 1,923 Fire-work.
2032 20
Musket "" 1.00 1,736 F. war.

Wall-piece "" 3.5 1,770 99
‫وو‬ 3'0 1,855 ""
"" 3.0 2,068* 33 *Of the same dia-
Musket ‫وو‬ 1.00 1,399 >> meter as the first
99 " "" 7 1,736 ‫وو‬ shot, ย small
" 10 1,984 "" pebble put in the
Wall-piece 33 2.50 11.5 1,504 99 centre while cast-
" 18 2,056 " ing.
A
33 25 2,060 "
Musket "J 1.00 7 1,037
"9 22 " " 1,390
" 44 "" "" "‫و‬ 1,736
99 64 " "" " 1,815 "
*" Treatise on Gunpowder and Fire-arms," by Gen. D'Antoni.

6
Grobert's Machine of Rotation.* Plate XII.
3. Col. Grobert, a French officer, modified this proceeding of Mattei

about the year 1804. His apparatus consisted of two very thin discs of
card-board, each divided into 360° by equal radii, that is, equally graduated.
These discs were attached to the extremities of a shaft, to which a rapid
movement of rotation was given. If the machine was at rest, the ball
when fired would pierce both screens on the same radii, but when a rota-
tion was given, there was a certain interval between the time of passing
the first screen and the second, and the difference between the degrees of
radii indicated the angle, and from it was calculated the time of flight of
the shot in passing from the first screen to the second, and consequently
the velocity. Thus, let x equal the angle denoted by the two radii struck,
y the interval between the two discs, and T the duration of one revolu-
tion of the discs, the time that the projectile has taken in traversing the
distance У will be-
x
t= T
360
and the velocity of the ball will be-

V * y 360
Tx
This instrument was unable to measure the time with greater accuracy
than the of a second, and consequently gave no practical results.
Gregory's Machine of Rotation. Plate XIII.

4. Next in order of time, about the year 1818, comes Gregory's ma-
chine of rotation, which is very similar to that of Grobert. But none of
these machines proved successful. It was found almost impossible to
give a uniform motion of rotation, and they were not able to measure
with greater accuracy than to about the of a second. Thus we might
possibly commit an error of of a second, which, with a ball at a
velocity of 1,400 feet per second, would amount to almost 50 feet.
Gregory professed to measure to the part of a second, but even that
admitted of too great an error.
5. About 1760, General D'Antoni, of the Sardinian army, estimated
the velocity of projectiles by firing them into a homogeneous butt of
known consistency. Its consistence was determined by the use of a
standard gun, whose velocity had been ascertained by other means, and
whose penetrations into the butt with a given charge ought always to be
the same. The gun was placed near the butt, and several shots were
fired to obtain a mean, taking care to fire each shot into a fresh part of
the butt. Thus, suppose the consistence of the butt to have been deter-
mined equal to 96,000, then—
'96000 × x
V=
in which-
V = velocity required.
x = mean penetrations in feet.
d diameter of ball in feet.
* Traité de Balistique, par. M. Didion.

PLATE
XII
G.-ROBERT'S
MACHINE
ROTATION
.OF
9 OC 1920
MUSEUM
PLATE
G XIII
.-REGORY'S
DISCS
.REVOLVING
BRITISH
9 OC 1920
MUSEUM
7
Experiments made by this method gave the following velocities.
TABLE III.
TABLE showing the Velocity of Shot determined by firing into a butt of

known consistency .
Nature of Gun. Weight REMARKS.

Charge. Velocity.
Projectile.
lbs. lbs.
32-pr. 32 12 1,349 Common cannon powder used.
16-pr. 16 6 1,433 Mean atmosphere.
8-pr. 8 1,530
4-pr. 4 2 1,510
6. In addition to those already mentioned, it appears that in 1764

Lieut. De Butet, of the Italian service, invented the following machine
for determining initial velocity. He applied a little plate of metal, pro-
vided with a moveable index, to any wheel that turns with a regular
constant motion and sufficient velocity. The index is held at some dis-
tance from the circumference of the wheel by a thread that is stretched
across the mouth of the gun. When the gun is fired, the shot breaks the
thread and sets a spring at liberty, which instantly presses the index
against the wheel, upon which it describes an arc, until it is checked by
the impact of the shot against a moveable butt, placed at the distance of
a few feet. For this purpose one extremity of a rod is fastened to the
butt, and the other to the plate, by which means the index is drawn back
by the rod, which follows the movement of the butt, and no longer
describes the arc in the circumference of the wheel.
The motion of the wheel, the distance of the muzzle of the gun to the
butt, and the arc described by the index being known, the initial velocity
of the projectile can be calculated.*
It need not be remarked that this primitive arrangement had many
disadvantages and sources of error .
7. Col. Debooz, of the French artillery, about the year 1838 proposed
to measure the velocity of a projectile by an apparatus founded upon the
free fall of a body. At about 50 yards from the gun is placed a fixed
screen, before which, and extremely close to it, a moveable screen is
suspended by means of a fine thread, the other extremity of which passes
over two pulleys, one near the screen, the other over the muzzle of the gun,
and is fixed to a weight. The gun is fired, the projectile cuts the thread,
and the moveable screen begins to descend ; the two screens then are per-
forated by the bullet almost at the same instant ; the perforations show
how far the moveable screen has fallen, and consequently the time which
had elapsed from the cutting of the string till it was pierced. This time
ought to correspond to that employed by the projectile in passing the 50
yards. It was tried at Liége in 1840, and gave velocities too great.
The error is attributed to the friction of the thread on the pulleys, the
fall of the screen not coinciding with the instant of the cutting of the
thread . The gas, also, was likely to burn the thread before the shot had
* Vide " Treatise on Gunpowder and Fire-arms," by General D'Antoni, translation

by Capt. Thomson, R.A., page 86.
reached it. If h is the height or distance through which the moveable
screen falls, then-
Fig. 1 .
t=
=√2h
t being the time of flight. *
8. In order to avoid the difficulty experienced in measuring the time
of flight of a body in rapid motion, the idea was conceived of lessening
this velocity by firing the projectile against another body heavier than
itself, to which it would communicate the quantity of motion that it lost ;
the velocity is thus reduced in the ratio of the height of the heavier
body, plus the projectile, to the height of the projectile.
9. Mr. Robins was the first who took advantage of this idea, and con-
structed his celebrated ballistic pendulum, in which he imparted the
velocity lost by the projectile to a large block of wood suspended by an
axis, about which it was free to move in the direction of the shot's
motion.
Robins's Ballistic Pendulum. Plate XIV.
10. Robins's ballistic pendulum consisted of a broad plate of iron, on
which was bolted a wooden plank about nine inches square. It was
suspended by means of a wooden shaft and axis, the extremities of which
rested in sockets screwed into the upper ends of two poles, a third pole
formed with these a tripod , which supported the whole apparatus. Near
the bottom of the two poles a brace was fastened, having a contrivance
fixed to it, through which a ribbon ran with very slight friction. One
end of this ribbon was made fast to the pendulum, and the other end lay
on the ground.
When the gun was fired, the ball struck the pendulum, causing it to
oscillate and pull out the ribbon. The length pulled out corresponded
to the vibration of the pendulum, and consequently to the force of the
blow it had received . From this was computed the velocity of the ball.
11. The invention of the ballistic pendulum by Mr. Robins was an
epoch in the history of the science of gunnery. He was the first who
seems to have entered upon this subject with the determination to grasp
the many difficulties with which it was surrounded . Previous to Robins'
time, the most erroneous theories had been advanced by many philo-
sophers. Thus, Galileo, in the fourth of his Dialogues on Motion, 2nd
edition, page 384, demonstrated that a projectile in its flight would des-
cribe the curve of a parabola, except so far as the resistance of the air
should cause it to deviate ; but Galileo formed a very inadequate esti-
mate of the amount of this resistance. Mr. Robert Anderson, in his
" Genuine Use and Effects of the Gunne," published in 1674, and
also in " To Hit a Mark," published in 1690, adopts this theory of
Galileo without any modification.
This theory was, however, disproved by Huyghens, who showed, in at
treatise published in 1690, that the path of the projectile would be a
logarithmic curve, if the resistance was proportional to the velocity.
* Traité de Balistique, par. M. Didion.
ww
ww
PLATE XIV. ROBIN'S BALLISTIC PENDULUM, 1743.
BRITISH
9 OC 1920
M
U
ILSEVE
9
Sir Isaac Newton appears to have been the first who proposed a theory
that the resistance was proportional to the square of the velocity. John
and Daniel Bernoulli, Herman, Brook Taylor, &c. have also written,
about this time, on the subject of the air's resistance to the motion of
projectiles.
It is, however, to Mr. Robins that we owe the progress that has been
made in the science of gunnery.
Mr. Robins published an account of his invention in a treatise on the
"New Principles of Gunnery," printed in 1743.
The experiments made by Mr. Robins were conducted with musket
balls, and the largest pendulum employed by him weighed but 97 lbs.;
and yet the results of subsequent investigation in different countries,
assisted by every improvement which mathematical or mechanical
science could devise, have but served to corroborate the fundamental
laws laid down by him ; a singular proof how much more work depends
on the workman than on his tools. Robins's work was translated into
German by M. Euler, who added elaborate notes and remarks. This
translation was re-translated into English by Mr. H. Brown in 1777,
and received several valuable additions by Mr. Landen, a gentleman of
high mathematical talents. Mr. Robins has not investigated the nature
of the curve described by a projectile in a resisting medium, but this
has been done by Euler, Robinson, Legendre, and others.
Shortly before the publication of Mr. Brown's translation of Euler's
Robins, Dr. Charles Hutton was appointed Professor of Mathematics
at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and in 1775 he commenced
a series of experiments in gunnery. These experiments were carried
on by means of a ballistic pendulum, constructed according to the
method invented by Mr. Robins, but much larger than the instrument
used by the latter. The smallest pendulum used by Dr. Hutton
weighed about 600 lbs., and in the prosecution of his experiments new
pendulums were made successively larger and larger, till he at length
reached a weight of about 2,600 lbs. In these investigations, Dr.
Hutton was led to make many improvements in the construction of the
ballistic pendulum, especially in the manner of suspension and method
of measuring the angle of recoil. Dr. Hutton's experiments were
carried on at Woolwich, and were most extensive and valuable ; they
extended from the year 1775 to 1791 .
In 1778 he published a report of his first series of experiments ; this.
report being presented to the Royal Society, was honoured by them
with the gift of the annual gold medal, and printed in the Philosophical
Transactions for 1778.
The results of Dr. Hutton's valuable experiments are fully discussed
in his work on the subject, and again alluded to in sect. 36, &c. of the
present chapter.
In addition to the experiments with the ballistic pendulum, a series
of observations on the resistance of the air to bodies moving with low
velocities were made by Dr. Hutton, by means of the whirling machine
invented by Mr. Robins. As this machine has been described by so
many authors, it is not my intention to refer again to it. It is fully
explained in Lt.-Col. Boxer's Treatise on Artillery, and Sir Howard
Douglas has also alluded to it in his valuable work on Naval Gunnery.
The original instrument is preserved in the Royal Artillery Institution.
12. In July 1814, the Ordnance Select Committee recommended the
construction of a large ballistic pendulum capable of sustaining the shock of
a 24 lbs. ball fired with a charge of 8 lbs. This pendulum was primarily
intended for the purpose of comparing the effects of guns constructed on
10
Sir Wm. Congreve's principle, which consisted in an alteration and

re-distribution of the metal on the exterior of the gun. Sir Wm. Con-
greve erroneously supposed this would have the effect of increasing the
initial velocity, and consequently the range.
The experiments were carried on in Woolwich Arsenal, under the
superintendence of the Ordnance Select Committee, assisted by Dr.
Gregory, the Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy.
The pendulum weighed about 7,400 lbs., and was supported by means
of parallel walls 7 feet apart. No gun pendulum was used in the
experiments. Plate XVIII.
The first series was for the purpose of comparing the velocities of
three 6-pounder guns of the same calibre, viz.,—
Length of Bore:
ft. in.
Sir Thos. Bloomfield's 4 4호
Sir Wm. Congreve's 4 5
Long gun - 5 79
The guns were placed at a distance of 30 feet from the pendulum, and
fired with a shot of 6 · 109 lbs. , and charges of 1 · 5 lbs. and 2 · 0 lbs.
The velocities were as follows :-
1.5 lbs. 2.0 lbs.,
ft. ft.
Sir Thos. Bloomfield's · 1451.7 1676
Sir Wm. Congreve's - 1439.8 - 1616
Long gun - 1497.3 - 1761
These results were decisive, and proved that Sir Wm. Congreve was
mistaken in his theory. Two rounds were, however, fired from
24-pounders of the same construction, with a charge of 4 lbs ., and shot
of 24.875 lbs.; the velocities were, -
feet.
Sir Wm. Congreve's - 1242.5
Long service gun - 1292.6
Distance of gun from pendulum 46
Probably this is the first experiment which was ever made with large
guns and a ballistic pendulum.
Several other experiments were carried on by Dr. Gregory by means
of this pendulum, and it was finally removed from the Royal Arsenal in
the year 1836, and placed in the Royal Military Repository, where it
now exists .
I regret that want of space does not permit my giving a detailed
account of these experiments ; they embraced velocities with 6, 12, 18,
and 24 lbs. shot.
An abridged account may be found in " Annales de Chimie et de
Physique," tome 5, 1817 ; tome 9, 1818 ; and in M. Dupuis' work
on the Military Force of Britain.
1 In 1820, ballistic pendulums of cast iron were constructed in France,
but they were not found to answer in consequence of the tendency of the
projectile to split and rebound. A core of lead was then tried, with not
much better success . This had been previously tried by Hutton, who
found it not to answer ; vide Tract 34, sect. 46.
In 1836, MM. Morin and Piobert constructed a pendulum for the
experiments at Metz, which contained many improvements.
This instrument was used with projectiles of large calibre. It is fully
described in General Didion's " Traité de Balistique."
PL.XVIII.
0
«
Ballistic Pendulum of 1814 from a model made to a scale of 1/

8thFull weight
about 7440 lbs. Centre of gravity below centre of suspension 10.97 feet.
Centre of oscillation below centre of suspension 11.88 feet.
Day& Son,Lith" tothe Queen

BRITISH
9 OC 1920
MUSEUM
PL. II .
BALLISTIC PENDULUM .
English Apparatus .
10000
00
O
0 0
O
0
O 10 0 0 0 0
The Block, diameter 27.5 inches.

Between the lattice frames 89.3 inches.
Day& Son, Liths totheQueen

BRITISH
9 OC 1920
MUSEUM
PL.III .
FRONT VIEW OF BALLISTIC AND GUN PENDULUM
Take from Models made to a Scale of th
Day & Son Liths to the Queen

0761206
BALLISTIC PENDULUM
English Appararus
‫بارسالله‬
% ),
7117
‫الله اللهاللهالسا‬
Balistic Pendulum House as erected at Shoeburgness in 1858 and transferred to the R Arsenal in 1863
9 OC1920
HISTLE
F
11
Experiments were also carried on at Gavre in 1842-6. These experi-

ments are briefly alluded to in section 18.
In 1842 Major Mordecai , of the United States artillery, conducted a
series of valuable experiments on gunpowder by means of the ballistic
pendulum. A short account of these experiments is given in
sect. 21 , &c.
Ballistic Pendulum employed at Metz in determining the Resistance

ofthe Air.
13. This pendulum was of wood. The récepteur, or block, which

was cylindrical, was formed of wooden cask staves, strongly bound
with iron, and sheathed on the inside with iron plates, both ends being
solidly planked . The space between the two ends was filled with sand,
which could be poured in through two openings in the top, furnished
with iron trap doors.
This sand was well pressed, first by means of rammers and after-
wards by means of the projectiles which penetrated it. The block in
general contained about 7,000 lbs. of sand, and, when full, its total
weight was about 118 cwt.
The point of impact was determined by a sheet of lead placed over
one end of the block, and firmly secured by two iron rings.
The block was strongly bound by transoms, cross-trees, and bolts, and
firmly fixed to a shaft, also of wood, the ends of which carried steel
knife edges, which rested in Vs of steel, set in cast-iron supports and
bolted to a wooden frame-work.
Before each day's practice the centre of oscillation was determined
by counting the number of vibrations in a given time measured by a
chronometer, and the statical moment was ascertained by an ingenious
instrument invented by 99 General Didion, and described by him in his
" Traité de Balistique ."
In these experiments no gun pendulum was used, but the gun was
placed on an ordinary carriage, with its axis level with the axis of the
pendulum block. The distance of the gun from the block varied from
about 50 to 380 feet.
A ballistic pendulum was constructed for the English Government in
1855 by Messrs . Armstrong and Co. , of Newcastle. It was erected at
Shoeburyness, but has hitherto not been used.*
See Plates IV., V., XIX .
The Adjustments of the Ballistic Pendulum.

14. There are several adjustments of the ballistic pendulum which it
is necessary to know previous to the instruments being used; these are, —
The centre of gravity.
The centre of oscillation.
The weight of the oscillating system.
The Centre of Gravity.
This is determined by balancing the oscillating system on the edge of

a triangular steel bar or prism, the axis of the block being parallel to
the bar. It is desirable that in this operation the block should be fully
weighted with the necessary core, lead face, adjusting weight, & c. , and
that in subsequent experiments the weight of the core, &c. should be the
* This pendulum has lately been removed to Woolwich, and placed near the proof
butt, Royal Arsenal.
12
same. When these differ, the alteration in the position of the centre of
gravity may be determined by the equation-
x = wa + vb + u c + t d
w + v + u + t
in which-
x = distance of centre of gravity of system from axis of suspension .

wweight of pendulum.
a distance of its centré of gravity from axis.
v = weight of lead, & c.
b = distance of its centre of gravity.
U = weight of core.
c = distance of its centre of gravity.
t = weight of adjusting weight.
d = distance of its centre of gravity.
Or by the far shorter method-
V= (PDK + pa² + bi²). (PD + pa + bi) 9 2 sin α

bi
in which-
p = additional weight.
a = distance of its centre of gravity from the axis of suspension.
V = velocity of projectile.
a = angle of recoil .
PD statical moment.
PDK moment of inertia.
Others as before.
So that the statical moment and the moment of inertia are increased
respectively by the quantities pa and pa². The distance of the centre
of gravity of the system from the axis of suspension, multiplied by the
weight of the oscillating system, gives the statical moment of the
system.
Centre of Oscillation.
Let K be the centre of oscillation ; then-
T2
K= g
T2 >
in which— 、
g = gravity.
the
T = the duration of one oscillation of pendulum.
The duration T ought to be measured with the greatest care, as follows :
-The oscillating system is set vibrating in an arc of about 5°, and the
number of vibrations counted, the time being noted by a good chrono-
meter or stop watch measuring 10ths of seconds ; this time divided by
the number of vibrations gives the duration of one oscillation of the
pendulum.
Weight ofthe Oscillating System.

The different parts of the system should be most carefully weighed in
different balances, and by different persons. The core should have a
18
fixed weight, and the face plates be, as nearly as possible, of equal
weights.
15. It is often necessary during the experiments to determine the
statical moment of the system ; and as it would be very inconvenient to
take the apparatus to pieces, and determine it directly, the following
proceeding is adopted, by which this` moment may be obtained without
dismounting the machine :—
A pulley is fixed a little higher than the centre of gravity of the oscil-
lating system, and a cord is passed over this pulley ; one end of this cord
is attached to the block, and weights are added to the other end until the
oscillating system is inclined at a certain angle, so that a line drawn from
the axis of suspension to the centre of gravity of the system will be per-
pendicular to the cord . Then if
Fig. 2.
AXIS P = weight of oscillating system.
D = distance of centre of gravity from
axis of motion.
p = weight attached to cord.
d = distance of point of cord's attach-
d ment from axis of suspension.
a = the angle which the line drawn
from the axis to the centre of gravity
makes withthe vertical.
pd
Sin a = PD
This method is not as accurate as could
be desired ; and in order to make the deter-
mination as exact as possible, a machine was
invented by General Didion, which is de-
scribed in his " Traité de Ballistique," page
339. This machine is a very delicate instru-
ሰሰ ment, and ought to accompany every ballistic
Р pendulum .
This instrument consisted of two arms of equal lengths, making an
angle with one another of 95° 44′ 21 ″, or larger than a right angle by an
angle whose sign is one-tenth.
The block was attached to one of these arms by means of- a wire, and
weights added to the other till the oscillating system was inclined at an
angle of 5° 44′ 21 ″, measured on the arc of vibration ; the wire was then
perpendicular to the vertical line joining the axis of suspension and
the centre of gravity of the system ; this was determined by a level
placed in position under the wire, and a needle suspended on the face of
the vertical arm. The horizontal arm carried a part, in which the neces-
sary weights were placed . All the joints in the instrument were upon
knife edges, and it could be balanced so accurately, that when attached to
a pendulum weighing 118 cwt., a weight of four ounces caused it to
oscillate. Its principle is just the same as that of the pulley and cord
already described.
16. In practising with the ballistic pendulum, care should be taken
against the effect of the discharge on the pendulum .
For this purpose a stout wooden screen should be placed between the
gun and the pendulum block ; a hole bored in this screen admits of the
passage of the projectile. Sometimes it is found, that notwithstanding
this precaution, there is some effect on the motion of the block ; in this
case a blank charge should be fired, and the effect on the apparatus esti-
mated and allowed for in subsequent experiments.
14
17. The general formula used for calculating the velocity of projectiles
by means of the ballistic pendulum is—
V = (PDK + bi²) . ( PD + bi) 9 2 sin 3 a

bi
in which-
V velocity required.
Pweight of oscillating system .
D = distance of its centre of gravity from the axis of suspension.
K = distance of centre of oscillation from axis of suspension.
b = weight of projectile.
i = distance of point struck from the axis of suspension.
a = the angle which the pendulum marks in its recoil.
g = gravity.
Gun Pendulum.
18. The several adjustments of the block pendulum apply equaly to

the gun pendulum. The gun is suspended so that its axis is on the same
level as the axis of the block.
When the gun is fired the arc of vibration measures the velocity of
the gun's recoil ; this velocity is due to the pressure of the fired gun-
powder against the bottom of the chamber.
The velocity of the gun bears a certain proportion to the velocity of
the ball ; but the ball's velocity cannot be directly calculated from the
data furnished by the gun's recoil ; it is necessary to introduce a term
into the formula the value of which is uncertain. This method, there-
fore, of computing the initial velocity cannot be relied on as giving such
accurate results as that with the block pendulum, although it is interest-
ing to compare the effects of both.
The formula employed with the gun pendulum is-
2 sin k
a PD✔gh - CN
2
V=
d2
b +
d'2
in which
V required initial velocity of the shot.
P = weight of gun pendulum.
D = distance of its centre of gravity from the axis of
kdistance of its centre of oscillation
suspension.
distance of axis of the gun }
O angle of recoil.
b = weight of ball and wad.
d = diameter of bore of the gun.
d' diameter of ball.
C = weight of charge of powder.
c' = weight of the cartridge bag.
g = gravity.
N = a constant factor to be determined by experiment.
N has been found to vary from 1,400 to 1,600 feet, according to the
gun used.
The following notes on the service of ballistic pendulums are taken
from Major Mordecai's " Report of Experiments on Gunpowder," pub-
lished in 1845.
15
" 1. The Ballistic Pendulum.
" Load the pendulum block with the sand bags, driving them in with
handspikes, so as to make them bear on each other ; put on the face
plates, with the sheet of lead previously adjusted between them.
Adjust, if requisite, the position of the centre of oscillation of the
pendulum ; and in order to maintain this adjustment, let the sand bags
be always filled to the same weight as at first. If this cannot be done,
make up the total weight by placing some of the iron rings within the
mouth of the block.
66
' Wipe the graduated arc, and move the adjusting weights on the lower
screw bolts, so that the pendulum being at rest, its index shall be in
contact with the slider when the latter stands at zero ; in this position
the axis of the block is horizontal. See that the nuts on the screw bolts
are set firmly against the adjusting weights.
" After the gun is fired, two men stop the vibrations of the pendulum
block, checking them gradually by the hand (or by a rope thrown over
the breech), and taking care not to displace the slider on the arc.
" Note the arc of vibration.
" Bring up a truck cart under the mouth of the block to receive the sand
when it is withdrawn. Take off the face plates and ascertain the position
of the point struck by the centre of the ball by referring the extremities
of the vertical diameter made by the ball to the graduated scales on the
outer plate .
" If necessar , note also the lateral deviatio of the shot .
y n
" Withdraw the sand and the ball, &c., clean out the block with the
rake and brush provided for the purpose, and take the sand with
the bags to the filling shed.
" 2. The Gun Pendulum.
" The centre of oscillation is supposed to have been properly adjusted.

Wipe out the gun, insert the cartridge, push it home with the rammer,
and measure the length it occupies in the bore by means of the graduated
brass scale set in the rammer staff for that purpose ; insert the shot,
ram it home and measure in the same manner the height of the whole
charge; prick the cartridge and prime with a tube having a short piece
of quick match inserted in the cup, in order to give time for withdrawing
the linstock before the gun recoils.
66
Wipe the graduated arc and adjust the index of the pendulum as
before, taking care that the nuts on the screw bolts are set firmly against
the adjusting weights.
" Before giving the order to fire, be sure that both pendulums are at rest
and in their true positions.
" After the discharge, note the angle of recoil.
" Two men stop the vibrations of the pendulum by throwing a rope over
the breech of the gun against the suspension frame ; in this manner they
are less apt to twist the frame than when acting directly with the
hands against the gun.
" Clean out the gun, and prepare for another charge. During the
firing the pendulums should be carefully observed, to see if any derange-
ment occurs in the position of the shafts in their Vs, or in the stability of
the frames, the tightness of the nuts, &c.
16
" Both Pendulums.
Open all the doors and windows of the sheds, and fasten them
back; observe whether the nuts of the several connecting bolts are screwed
up tight, and whether the shoulders of the knife edges swing clear of
the seats.
66
Wipe out the Vs and oil them with a small quantity of clean oil."
19. The following observations on ballistic pendulums are chiefly taken
from the account, published in France, of experiments carried on from
1842 to 1846 by the Marine Commission.
The pendulums employed in these experiments consisted of a
gun pendulum and block pendulum or pendulum- récepteur. They
were constructed, at the Royal Foundry of Chaussade, of wrought iron.
The pendulums were placed at a short distance from one another, and
arranged so that their axes of rotation were horizontal and parallel.
The block was composed of a brass mortar or cup, which was filled with
potters' clay, previously dried in a stove. The projectile lodged itself in
this clay, which could be renewed at each shot. Both pendulums were
symmetrical relative to the plane of fire.
The shaft of rotation was 13.222 feet in length, and the steel knives
were set in this shaft at each end.
The Vs were of steel, and were set in iron supports.
A long screw bolt was arranged under the gun and block, with a
moveable nut, called a compensator, attached to it ; this was used in
bringing the axis of the gun or block into the horizontal position. The
following table gives the dimensions and weights of the various parts.
Gun Block
Pendulum . Pendulum.
Weight of the compensator 222.66 lbs. 216.50 lbs.

Distance of axis of screw bolt from axis of rotation 17.96 ft. 17.98 ft.
Length of screw bolt 6'46 "" 6.33
Distance of axis of rotation to axis of gun and block 16.58 "" 16.46 """
The distance from the muzzle of the gun to the face of the block was
30.6 feet.
Each pendulum was placed under a wooden shed . A strong screen of
oak about 13 feet high, with an opening for the passage of the projectile,
1.75 feet in diameter, served to protect the block from the effects of the
discharge.
The arc of recoil was measured in each pendulum by a slider moving
on a graduated arc placed immediately beneath the axis. The slider,
which carried a vernier, was moved by a long style attached to the
oscillating system. The arc was divided into degrees and minutes, and
the vernier read seconds.
The potters' clay was formed in blocks and stove-dried .
Straw and chopped grass was mixed with this clay to make it stiff.
20. The following tables show the velocities of different projectiles
with various charges of powder. These velocities are the results of
experiments conducted by the French Commission of Artillery at Metz.
I give them here as it will be interesting to compare the velocities
obtained in France with the ballistic pendulum of Robins with the results
obtained in this country by means of the electro-ballistic apparatus.
17
TABLE IV .
EXPERIMENTS OF METZ.
ABSTRACT showing the Mean Initial Velocities of a Siege Gun of 24,

with different Charges of Powder.
Length Projectile.
Nature of Gun. Calibre. ofin
Bore Charge. Initial REMARKS.
Calibres. Mean Mean Velocity.
Nature. Weight. Diameter.
in. lbs. lbs. in. ft.

Brass 24 of 53'7 6'008 20.22 0.27 Shot. 26*47 5.838 239
cwt.
99 22 " 0'55 "9 400
"9 "J 99 1.10 "" 630
" 35 99 1.65 " " 807
"2 95 99 2.20 99 948
" " "" 2.75 " "" 1,063
99 "" 3.30 ‫وو‬ 1,168
" ‫وو‬ " 3.85 1,260
99 " " 4.41 "" 99 " 1,338
99 "S " 4'96 " "" 1,401
" "" "9 5*51 "" 99 1,447
"S " " 6.62 29 99 "" 1,522
25 29 7.72 " "5 "9 1,584
"2 8.83 99 "" 99 1,647
"" "" 9.93 1,696
" 99 "" 11.03 " " ‫وو‬ 1,735
བ བ ལ
" 99 12.13 " 1,766

35 " 13.23 1,794
TABLE V.
ABSTRACT showing the Mean Initial Velocities of a Siege Gun of 16,

Length Projectile.
Bore Charge. Initial REMARKS.
Nature of Gun. Calibre. of in

16 of 42.6 cwt. 5*264 22.27 0.14 Shot. 17.79 5.090 190
"" 0*27 "3 29 "" 321
29 0*55 "2 521
" 1.10 810
" "" "" "" 951
99 " 1.47 " "" ""
"" 1.65 99 1,014
"" " ‫وو‬ 2.20 "" "3 1,171
"" "" 2.75 "" " 1,296
"" 99 " 2.94 99 1,345
95 3.30 " " 1,407
"3 3.85 " 1,476
" 4.41 " 1,532
"" 99 " 4'96 "" "9 1,585
39 "" 39 5.51 1,634
" 5.88 " " 1,657
39 " 6.62 1,703
" " 7.72 99 99 1,765
29 " " 8.83 "" 1,808
18
TABLE VI.
ABSTRACT showing the Mean Initial Velocities of a Gun of Position

of 12, with different Charges of Powder.
Length Projectile.
Initial REMARKS.
Nature of Gun. Calibre. of in
Bore Charge.

Brass 12 of30* 5 4.775. 23.21 0.14 Shot. 13.40 4.653 213
cwt.
" 99 99 0°27 99 "" " 357
" "9 "9 0*55 99 " 99 ' 616
"" 39 "9 0'83 "" " 39 807
22 " " 1.10 99 "" 968
" 99 1.38 "2 " "9 1,092
99 99 1.65 "" 99 1,207
99 " 99 1.93 99 "" 1,312
‫وو‬ "9 "" 2.20 "" 39 99 1,388
" " 2.47 99 29 1,466
"9 "8 "" 2.75 99 99 1,525
" "" 3.30 99 " " 1,614
99 99 " 3.85 " " 99 1,676
99 39 99 4.41 99 "9 1,725
99 59 "" 4.96 99 1,771
"9 99 99 5.51 "" "" 1,804
"" "9 "" 6.06 "9 "" 1,834
"" " "" 6.62 " 99 99 1,857
TABLE VII .
ABSTRACT showing the Mean Initial Velocities of a Gun of Position

of 8, with different Charges of Powder.
Length Projectile.
Bore
Nature ofGun. Calibre. of in Initial REMARKS.
Charge.

Gun ofposition 4.173 24.01 0.07 Shot. 8.929 4.051 164 This gun
of8. has been
" 99 99 0.14 39 99 " 298 withdrawn
་ བ ན བ བ ་
" 99 "9 0*27 99 99 " 498 from the

" "9 " 0.55 ‫وو‬ 807 French
99 99 0'73 "" "J 971 service.
" 0.85 "9 " " 1,033
"" "" 1.10 "" 99 1,207
33 "" 1.38 95 " " 1,355
" "" " 1.47 " "" " 1,391
1.65
མནནམ
"9 29 "" "" "" 1,470

99 " 1'93 " 1,555
མ་བ་
93 "
ཐབམཀྐབབ
" 29 99 2.20 99 " 1,614

99 "" 2.47 "9 1,678
99 "" 2.75 " 1,711
"" 2.94 39 "9 1,735
99 99 99 3.30 99 " 1,778
99 99 3.85 "" 1,830
99 "9 99 4.41 1,867
19
TABLE VIII.
ABSTRACT showing the Mean Initial Velocities of a Field Gun of 12,

Length Projectile.
Bore Charge.
Nature of Gun. Calibre. of in Initial REMARKS.

Field gun of 12 4.775 16.49 0.27 Shot. 13'40 4*653 397
"" ‫وو‬ "J 0*55 " " 623
"" 99 29 . 0.85 "" 99 813
"" " "} 1.10 " "" 944
99 "" "" 1.38 99 "" 1,066
"J 99 " 1.65 "" "3 1,168
"9 ‫وو‬ 1.93 33 1,263
29 "" 2.20 "" "3 ‫כל‬ 1,335
" 99 99 2.47 " "" 93 1,397
"" 2.75 "" "9 "9 1,447
‫وو‬ ‫وو‬ 99 3.30 " "9 99 1,516
99 "" 3.85 "" 29 "" 1,571
"9 "" 4.41 99 1,611
‫دو‬ 99 4.96 99 99 1,637
"" ‫دو‬ 5.51 " "" "" 1,650
"" 99 6.06 99 "" ‫وو‬ 1,653
" "" 6.62 99 99 99 1,653
Mordecai's Experiments.
21.* During the years 1842 to 1845 Major Mordecai, of the American
artillery, conducted a series of experiments on gunpowder by means of
the ballistic pendulum .
Two pendulums were employed by this officer, a common pendulum
and a musket pendulum. A report of the experiments was published
at Washington in 1845, and contains much interesting information.
22. The common pendulums were constructed on the plan of those
erected by the French government at Metz, and were of sufficient size
to sustain a 32-pr. gun. The pendulum block was of cast iron, in the
form of a hollow frustrum of a cone, with hemispherical bottom, and
was strongly hooped with wrought iron. -
The weight of the gun frame complete was 2,811 lbs., and that of
the ballistic pendulum empty 9,358 lbs. , and filled 11,756 lbs. , including
adjusting weights.
Musket Pendulum.
23. These pendulums, like the large ones, were constructed on the
models of those used in France.
Various experiments were made by Major Mordecai on the best
material and form for the core of the block. From these he determined
that a core of well-seasoned hickory was the neatest and most con-
venient. The wood was turned into a block, which just fitted into the
récepteur of the ballistic pendulum, the grain of the wood being placed
towards the musket. The adjustments of these pendulums were exactly
the same as those of the cannon pendulums, and the formulæ used for
computing the velocity identical with that of the larger pendulums.
" Report of Experiments on Gunpowder made at Washington Arsenal in

1843-44,” by Major A. Mordecai, United States Artillery.
C 2
20
24. The following tables show the velocity of various projectiles as

determined by Major Mordecai :-
TABLE IX.
ABSTRACT showing the Mean Initial Velocities of various Projectiles

from Experiments made by Major Mordecai.
Length Projectile.
Initial REMARKS.
Nature of Gun. Calibre. of Bore
in Charge.

6-pr. Field 3.67 15'67 1.25 Shot. 6.15 3.58 1,485
99 1.50 "9 "9 23 1,563
,, 29 2.00 99 "" 1,741
12-pr. Field · 4.62 16.00 2.50 "9 12.30 4.52 1,486
" " 3.00 99 1,597
.
"" "" 4.00 "9 99 "9 1,826

12-pr. F.Howitz. 4.62 10.00 1.00 Shell. 8.90 4.52 1,054
99 99 1.25 99 "9 39 1,178
12-pr. Garrison 4.62 22.38 2.00 Shot. 12.80 4.52 1,378
"9 8.00 99 99 "9 1,674
-
99 99 4.00 " " 99 1,906

12-pr. Gun 4.62 25.00 2.00 "" 12.30 4.52 1,411
93 "" 99 3:00 "" "9 "" 1,734
"" 99 4.00 "9 99 99 1,933
"} 37 " 5.00 29 99 2,098
‫وو‬ 6'00 99 2,239
" 7:00 "" 29 2,300
35 "" 99 8.00 "" " 99 2,324
TABLE X.
ABSTRACT showing the Mean Initial Velocities of various Projectiles,

from Experiments made by Major Mordecai.
Length Projectile.
Bore Initial
Nature of Gun. Calibre. of in Charge. REMARKS.

24-pr. Garrison 5.82 18'56 3.00 Shot. 23.25 5.68 1,240
99 99 4.00 99 99 1,440
99 "9 "" 6:00 " " 1,680
59 "" 8.00 " 1,870
" 99 3.00 Shell. 17.00 33 1,470
"9 29 4.00 39 1,670
66
32-pr. Sea-coast 6.40 16.78 4.00 Shot. 82.30 6.25 1,250

Gun.
" "" 5'33 99 " 1,430
36
""
99 "9 99 8.00 ‫دو‬ " " 1,640
99 99 10.67 39 " 1,780
" " "9 4.05 Shell. 23.40 23- 1,450
99 " " 5.33 "" 28 1,657
21
TABLE XI.
ABSTRACT showing the Mean Initial Velocities of various Projectiles,

computed by Major Mordecai.
Length Projectile.
Nature of Gun. Calibre. of Bore
in Charge. Initial REMARKS.

42-pr. Sea-coast 7.00 15'71 10.00 Shot. 42.5 6'84 1,600
"9 7:00 Shell. 31.3 6.84 1,600
8-in. S.C.Howtz. 8°00 10 68 6:00 Shell. 49.75 7.88 1,150
8-in. Columbiad 8'00 13.75 10.00 Shot. 65.00 7.88 1,375
10.00 Shell. 49.75 7.88 1,570
10-in.Columbiad 1000 12,00 18.00 Shot. 127.5 9.87 1,315
"J 19 18'00 Shell. 101.67 9.87 1,475
The core was composed of a block of lead, fitting into the conical end
of the block, and leather cases filled with sand were driven in on the
top of the lead. Four of these bags, or cases formed a filling for the
block. A plate of sheet lead, on the face of the block, served to denote
the point struck by the ball.
The block was suspended by four straps of wrought iron, attached to
a horizontal shaft of the same material. This shaft terminated at each
end in knife edges, resting in V's of hardened steel, secured by iron
plates to the tops of stone piers, which formed the supports of the whole
Oscillating system .
The vibration of the pendulum was measured by a brass limb placed
under the block, and carrying a slider, with vernier, which was moved
by an index attached to the lower ends of the suspension straps.
The general arrangements for the gun pendulum were the same as
for the block.
The position of the centre of gravity in each pendulum was determined
by balancing the oscillating system complete on the edge of a square
steel bar. The result of these measurements was afterwards verified by
practically ascertaining the moment of the system. The centre of oscilla-
tion was determined by observing the number of vibrations in a given
time ; or-
n² x 1
K=
V2
where-
K = distance of centre of oscillation from axis of suspension.
n = number of seconds during which oscillation was observed .
7 length of seconds pendulum corresponding to latitude of
place.
V number of vibrations.
The axes of the pendulums were placed 55 feet apart, and at a dis-
tance of 17 feet from the pendulum block a strong oak screen inter-
cepted the blast of the discharge, a hole 12 inches in diameter admitting
the passage of the ball. The formulæ used by Major Mordecai in
determining the velocity of the ball, from its impact on the pendulum
block, is the same as that used by the French.
22
Employment of Electricity to measure the Velocity of Projectiles.
25. In 1840, Mr. Wheatstone proposed to measure the velocity of

projectiles by the application of electricity. This idea was quickly
followed by several scientific gentlemen abroad. Although the ballistic
pendulum of Robins was the most accurate instrument of former systems
for determining this velocity, yet it laboured under many disadvantages.
It was impossible to fire at an angle of elevation.
It could not easily be moved from place to place.
Its establishment entailed a heavy expense.
It could not be used at great distances from the gun.
The experiments were necessarily slowly conducted, in consequence of
the cumbrous form of the machine.
The shot once fired into the block was lost for anything further ;
neither its range, ricochet, effect, &c. could be noted.
It was, therefore, a great object to invent some means by which the
velocity of projectiles could be determined without all these disadvan-
tages, and at a moderate expense.
26.* In 1841 , Major Navez, of the Belgian artillery, proposed to
modify the experiment of Col. Debooz (sect. 7) by employing an electro-
magnet to hold up the moveable screen used in that experiment, the
breaking of a wire placed in front of the muzzle of the gun demagnetizing
the electro-magnet, and allowing the screen to fall. This idea was most
simple, but it does not seem to have been acted upon. From this em-
ployment of electro-magnets, Major Navez was led to construct various
apparatus, which resulted in his present excellent arrangement, described
under the head of experiments at Shoeburyness.
27. Mr. Wheatstone's system (Fig. 3) consisted of a clock movement,
marking 1,000ths of seconds, which was set in motion and stopped by an
electro-magnet becoming active, and ceasing to be so. Other clock
movements were invented on the continent.
Fig. 3.
"Application de l'Électricité à la Mesure de la Vitesse des Projectiles," par

Navez, Capitaine de l'Artillerie, Belge, 1853.
23
45
Fig. 4.
CH
((0)
1-101
11:01
HOH
LOH
Fig. 5.
24
Fig. 5 (plan).
BALLARIFYIKLU
SELECTIE
ODELESADITRANN
Fig. 6.
28. * Captain Martin de Brettes proposed in 1849 to employ a chro-

nometer (Fig. 4) , carrying an index hand which made a mark upon the
dial of the instrument ; it only measured to 10ths of seconds. The
clock movement was put in motion and stopped by the action of an
electro- magnet .
29. In 1844 an electro-magnetic chronograph was constructed for
Colonel Konstantinoff, of the Russian artillery (Fig. 5). This consisted
of a metal cylinder, to which a rotation was given, and a style was made
to mark on the metal according as each circuit was broken. It was after-
wards modified by Mr. Wheatstone, and subsequently by Captain Martin
de Brettes in 1849.
Fig. 7.
* "Études sur les Appareils Électro-Magnétiques destinés aux Expériences de

Artillerie," 1854.
25
Fig. 8.
30. M. Siemens, in Prussia, proposed to employ the graphical action

of the spark which is supplied by electricity of high tension, in order to
obtain directly, upon a cylinder of polished steel, indications of the
passage of a projectile through the frame targets. In this case the pas-
sage of the projectile completed the circuit. The spark was obtained by
the use of a Leyden jar (Fig. 6).
31. This was subsequently modified by Captain Martin de Brettes,
using a Rhumkorff's coil to obtain a spark of induction (Fig. 7).
32.* M. Pouillet proposed to measure the velocity of a projectile by
observing the deflection experienced by a magnetized needle when sub-
ject for a very short time to the action of an electric current (Fig. 8).
M. Pouillet only applied his process to measure the time which would elapse
between the instant when a musket hammer struck the cap and the instant
of the ball leaving the piece. The current was made to act upon a
galvanometer, and contact was made by the hammer touching the cap.
Fig. 9.
33. It would be possible to make use of currents proceeding directly

from a battery, acting through the medium of very flexible steel styles
upon prepared paper, with which a rotating cylinder could be covered,
and with which the styles should be in contact (Fig. 9). The styles should
receive a slow motion of translation, parallel to the generating lines of the
* « Éléments de Physique expérimentale et de Météorologie," 6th edition, page

803.
26
cylinder, in order to trace helices upon the surface of the paper. The
projectile, by successively breaking each circuit corresponding to a style,
would cause interruption in the lines of the helices. These instruments
with rotating cylinders are costly, difficult of construction, and liable to
many errors, added to which it is by no means easy to procure a paper
sufficiently sensitive, so that the passage of the current, or its interrup-
tion, can be exhibited with precision.
34: There are various modes by which a time of flight instrument can
be constructed . A valve could be governed by machinery moved by
electrical action, and water or mercury allowed to flow out of a small
orifice. This could be measured or weighed, and the amount would be
proportional to the time the valve was open, or to the time of flight of
the projectile.
Hutton.
35.* The experiments made by Dr. Hutton in 1787-91 were for a
long time the only basis upon which the theory of the laws of resistance
of the air rested. Dr. Hutton made use of solid shot of the respective
weights of 2, 3, and 6 lbs. His experiments were carried on at Wool-
wich, by means of a wooden ballistic pendulum, at distances which varied
from 30 to 430 feet, and the velocities observed by him varied from 300
to 2,000 feet per second. From these experiments he deduced the re-
sistance experienced by the shot from the quantity of velocity lost in
passing over the different spaces of air, and remarked that these resist-
ances followed a certain uniform law, being nearly as the 21% power
of the velocity. He also states that the same laws of resistance apply
to slower motions, so that he has classed both together and made the
following table of the resistance of the air to a ball 2 inches in diameter,
ranging from a velocity of 5 feet per second to that of 2,000. Dr.
Hutton † formed the table by constructing a curve of resistance, in which
the ordinates are the resistances and the abscissa the velocities :-
TABLE XII.
TABLE giving the Air's Resistance to a Ball of Two Inches in Diameter.
Velocity Resistance by Resistance by Ratio of Resistance in Resistance

per Second, Experiment. Theory. Experiments Powers of the in lbs.
in Feet. to Theory. Velocity.
5 0'006 0.005 1'20
10 0'026 0'021 1.23
15 0'058 0'046 1.25
20 0.103 0'082 1.26
25 0.163 0'128 1.27
30 0*237 0'184 1.29
40 0.427 0.329 1.30
50 0'676 0.511 1.32
100 2.78 2.046 1.36 0.174
200 11.34 8.18 1.39 2'028 0*709
300 25.8 18.4 1.42 2'028 1.612
400 46.5 32.7 1.43 2.032 2.906
500 74.4 51.2 1.46 2.042 4'650
600 110.4 73'6 1.50 2.055 6'900
700 156'0 100*2 1.55 2.069 9.750
800 212.0 130'9 1.62 2.084 13.250
900 280*3 165 7 1'69 2.099 17.519
1000 362.1 204 6 1.77 2.115 22.625
1100 456'9 247.6 1.84 2.128 28.556
1200 564*4 294'6 1.91 2.138 35 275
1300 683'3 345.7 1.98 2.146 42.706
1400 811.5 401.0 2.03 2.151 50 719
1500 947 1 460 1 206 2 :153 59*194
1600 1086'9 523.7 2.08 2.152 67.931
1700 1228.4 591.2 2.07 2.150 76*775
1800 1368.6 662.8 2.06 2.145 85*537
1900 1505*7 788.5 2.03 2.141 94.106
2000 1637.8 818.3 2.00 2.136 102.862
* "Hutton's Tracts on Mathematical and Philosophical Subjects."
† " Treatise on Artillery," by Lieut. Col. Boxer, R. A. , section 221.
27
36. The first column of this table contains the series of velocities, the
second the resistances determined by actual experiment, the third the
same resistance calculated from the theory of the resistance being pro-
portional to the square of the velocity, or—
πn d²
v² = r
32 g
the resistance, in which-

T= 3.14159.
n= mean specific gravity of air.
d= diameter of shot.
g= 16.
The fourth is the ratio which the resistance by theory bears to the re-
sistance by experiment ; the fifth shows the powers by which the resist-
ance increases in respect to the velocity ; the sixth is the resistance in
pounds.
37. From the results of his experiments Dr. Hutton deduces the fol-
lowing rule for determining the resistance due to any intermediate
velocity. He states that the problem is a difficult one, on account of the
variation of the resistance and the difficulty of assigning an expression
for the velocity in one term, or with an integral power. He therefore has
recourse to an expression of two terms, or a formula containing two
integral powers of the velocity, and adds to the term proportional to the
square of the velocity, another term proportional to the simple velocity,
and determines the coefficients which give the nearest approximation to
the results of experiment. Thus-
m v² + n v = r
the resistance, is the formula which Hutton starts with. Of course the
value of the equation depends entirely upon the coefficients m and n, and
by making a number of trials, the values which agree nearest with ex-
periment are assigned to them. To do this Hutton adapts the expression
to two particular cases of velocity, viz., 500 and 1,000 ; the resistances
to which from the table will be 4.65 and 22.625 lbs. respectively. The
equations then become→→→
5002 m + 500 n = 4.65

88 10002 m + 1000 n = 22 · 625
and from these the general values of m and n can be determined ; for,
dividing (1) by 500 and (2) by 1000 they become .
500 m + n = 0'0093
1000 m + n = 0˚022625
Difference 500 m = 0.013325
and m = 0 · 00002665 and n = 0 · 0093 Entom

- 500 m 0 · 0093 — 0 · 013325
= 0.004025 n being negative. Therefore the general expression is—
0.00002665 v² 0.004205 y
and by substituting for v all the several velocities from 100 up to 2,000,
the corresponding values of r are found, and a table constructed showing
the computed in comparison with the experimental resistances.
28
TABLE XIII.
TABLE of Resistances to a Ball Two Inches in Diameter.
Velocities. Computed Experimental Differences.

Resistances. Resistances.
ft. lbs. lbs. lbs.

100 0'133 0*174 0*307
200 + 0*266 0*709 0*443
300 1.200 1.612 0*412
400 2.666 2.906 0'240
500 4.666 4.650 0'010
600 7.200 6.900 0*300
700 10*206 9.750 0 456
800 13.866 18.250 0.616
900 18'000 17.519 0'481
1000 22'666 22.625 0'041
1100 27.866 28 *556 0.690
1200 33 °266 35 275 2*009
1300 39'866 42.706 2*840
1400 46*666 50*719 4'053
1500 54 000 59.194 5*194
1600 61.866 67.931 6'065
1700 70 *466 76.775 6*309
1800 79.200 85.537 6 *337
1900 88.666 94'106 5 *440
2000 98.666 102.362 3.696
38. As the foregoing expression did not in all cases come near enough
to the truth, Dr. Hutton investigated another, in which the resistance is
made proportional to three different powers of the velocity, or v², v, and
vž, and the expression is then—
x v² + y v² + z v = r,
and if the values of v be taken as 600, 1200, and 1800, the equations
will be-
600² x + 600³ y + 600 z = 6 · 9

12002 x + 1200 y + 1200 z = 35.275
18002 x + 1800 y + 1800 z = 85 · 537
Then, by dividing respectively by 600, 1200, and 1800, and subtracting

the first from the second, and the second from the third, there results
two equations, from which the values of x, y, and z are found to be
x = 0.000031463
У 0.0000968
2 = 0.005007
y and z being negative. The formula will then be nearly➡

---
(0.0000315 v 0.0001 v 0 · 005) v = r.
This is simplified by expunging the middle term, by merging it in the
third ; the second and third terms taken together being very nearly
equal to 0.008 ; consequently the foregoing formula becomes
(0.00003146 v 0.008) v = r.
This formula gives results a little nearer than the formula-
(0 · 00002665 v - 0.004) v = r ;
but differs from the true resistances the reverse way. Dr. Hutton
therefore takes a mean between these two formula, or
(0.0000291 -0.006) v ",
29
the diameter of the ball being 2 inches, and constructs the following
table, where the first column contains the series of velocities, the second
the actual resistance determined by experiment, and the other columns
the resistances determined by the several formulæ, the last being the
mean of the two previous, and considered the most accurate.
TABLE XIV.
TABLE showing the Resistances as determined by several Formulæ.
Resistance by different Formulæ.

True Resistance
Velocity.
by Experiment. 0.00002665 0.00003146 0.00002906 0.00003026
v2 0.004 v. v2 0.004 v. v2 - 0.006 v. v2- 0.007 v.
ft. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.

100 0.17 -0 ° 13 - 0*48 0'31 0'39
200 0'71 + 0.27 - 0.34
1+
0'04 0*19
300 1.61 1.20 + 0.43 + 0.82 0.63
400 2.91 2.67 1.83 2.26 2.05
500 4.65 4.67 3.87 4.28 4.08
600 6.90 7.20 6 *53 6*87 6.70
700 9.75 10.21 9.82 10.06 9'94
800 13.25 13.82 13.73 13.82 13'77
900 17.52 18'00 18.28 18.17 18.22
1000 22.63 22.67 23.46 23.11 23.28
1100 28.56 27.07 29*27 28.61 28.94
1200 35*28 33.27 35.70 34.70 35'20
1300 42'71 39.87 42.77 41.38 42.08
1400 50*72 46.67 50*46 48.64 49*55
1500 59.19 54.00 58.79 56°48 57.64
1600 67.93 61.87 67.74 64.90 66.32
1700 76.78 70.47 77.82 73.90 75.61
1800 85.54 79.20 87.53 83'48 85'50
1900 94.11 88.67 98.37 93*65 96.01
2000 102 36 98.67 109*85 104.00 106*92
39. Of course these equations are only applicable to a ball 2 inches

in diameter, and in order to apply them to a ball of any diameter, the
resistance varying as the squares,-
r= (0 · 00003026 v² 0.007 v) d²
= (0 · 000007565 v2-0 · 00175 v) d2
This equation relates to velocities above 300 feet per second ; for
velocities below this the following equation is used :-
0.0000176 v² = r
or
r = (0· 0000176 v² d²)
= 0· 0000044 v2 d2
That is to say, the resistance varies as the surface or as the squares of

the diameters .
40. Hutton's equations are all based on the foregoing methods of
computing the resistance. There is not space here to give all these
equations in full with their proofs, they are therefore merely stated,-
n
Calling the coefficient = q, that is,
m
0.00175
= q = 231
0.000007565
V -9
(1.) x = 1338 d × log
.. q
26
cylinder, in order to trace helices upon the surface of the paper. The
projectile, by successively breaking each circuit corresponding to a style,
would cause interruption in the lines of the helices. These instruments
with rotating cylinders are costly, difficult of construction, and liable to
many errors, added to which it is by no means easy to procure a paper
sufficiently sensitive, so that the passage of the current, or its interrup-
tion, can be exhibited with precision.
34: There are various modes by which a time of flight instrument can
be constructed . A valve could be governed by machinery moved by
electrical action, and water or mercury allowed to flow out of a small
orifice. This could be measured or weighed, and the amount would be
proportional to the time the valve was open, or to the time of flight of
the projectile.
Hutton.
35.* The experiments made by Dr. Hutton in 1787-91 were for a
long time the only basis upon which the theory of the laws of resistance
of the air rested. Dr. Hutton made use of solid shot of the respective
weights of2, 3, and 6 lbs. His experiments were carried on at Wool-
wich, by means of a wooden ballistic pendulum, at distances which varied
from 30 to 430 feet, and the velocities observed by him varied from 300
to 2,000 feet per second. From these experiments he deduced the re-
sistance experienced by the shot from the quantity of velocity lost in
passing over the different spaces of air, and remarked that these resist-
ances followed a certain uniform law, being nearly as the 2 power
of the velocity. He also states that the same laws of resistance apply
to slower motions, so that he has classed both together and made the
following table of the resistance of the air to a ball 2 inches in diameter,
ranging from a velocity of 5 feet per second to that of 2,000. Dr.
Hutton † formed the table by constructing a curve of resistance, in which
the ordinates are the resistances and the abscissa the velocities :--
TABLE XII.
TABLE giving the Air's Resistance to a Ball of Two Inches in Diameter.
Velocity Resistance by Resistance by Ratio of Resistance in Resistance

per Second, Experiments Powers of the in lbs.
in Feet. Experiment. Theory. to Theory. Velocity.
5 0'006 0'005 1.20
10 0'026 0'021 1.23
15 0'058 0'046 1.25
20 0*103 0*082 1.26
25 0.163 0*128 1.27
30 0'237 0 *184 1.29
40 0'427 0*329 1.30
50 0'676 0.511 1.32
100 2.78 2.046 1.36 0.174
200 11.34 8.18 1.39 2'028 0*709
300 25.8 18.4 1.42 2'028 1.612
400 46.5 32.7 1.43 2.032 2.906
500 74.4 51.2 1.46 2.042 4.650
600 110 4 73'6 1.50 2.055 6.900
700 156.0 100.2 1.55 2.069 9.750
800 212.0 130.9 1.62 2.084 13.250
900 280*3 165 7 1.69 2.099 17.519
1000 362'1 204.6 1.77 2.115 22.625
1100 456'9 247.6 1.84 2.128 28.556
1200 564 4 294'6 1.91 2.138 35*275
1300 683.3 345*7 1.98 2.146 42 706
1400 811.5 401.0 2.03 2.151 50*719
1500 947 1 460 *1 206 2 :153 59*194
1600 1086'9 523 7 2.08 2.152 67.931
1700 1228 4 591.2 2.07 2.150 76 775
1800 1368 6 662.8 2.06 2.145 85 537
1900 1505.7 738.5 2'03 2.141 94.106
2000 1637.8 818.3 2.00 2.186 102 362
* "Hutton's Tracts on Mathematical and Philosophical Subjects."
† " Treatise on Artillery," by Lieut.-Col. Boxer, R. A., section 221 .
27
36. The first column of this table contains the series of velocities, the
second the resistances determined by actual experiment, the third the
same resistance calculated from the theory of the resistance being pro-
portional to the square of the velocity, or-
πn d2
v2 = r
32 g
the resistance, in which-

T= 3.14159.
n mean specific gravity of air.
d diameter of shot.
g= 16.
The fourth is the ratio which the resistance by theory bears to the re-
sistance by experiment ; the fifth shows the powers by which the resist-
ance increases in respect to the velocity ; the sixth is the resistance in
pounds .
37. From the results of his experiments Dr. Hutton deduces the fol-
lowing rule for determining the resistance due to any intermediate
velocity. He states that the problem is a difficult one, on account of the
variation of the resistance and the difficulty of assigning an expression
for the velocity in one term, or with an integral power. He therefore has
recourse to an expression of two terms, or a formula containing two
integral powers of the velocity, and adds to the term proportional to the
square of the velocity, another term proportional to the simple velocity,
and determines the coefficients which give the nearest approximation to
the results of experiment. Thus-
m v² + n v = r
the resistance, is the formula which Hutton starts with. Of course the
value of the equation depends entirely upon the coefficients m and n, and
by making a number of trials, the values which agree nearest with ex-
periment are assigned to them. To do this Hutton adapts the expression
to two particular cases of velocity, viz., 500 and 1,000 ; the resistances
to which from the table will be 4.65 and 22.625 lbs. respectively. The
equations then become→→
5002 m + 500 n = 4.65

(2) 10002 m + 1000 n = 22 · 625
and from these the general values of m and n can be determined ; for,
dividing (1 ) by 500 and (2) by 1000 they become
500 m + n = 0˚0093
1000 m + n = 0'022625
Difference 500 m = 0.013325
and m = 0.00002665 and n = 0.0093- 500 m = 0 · 0093 — 0 · 013325

= 0.004025 n being negative. Therefore the general expression is-
0.00002665 v² 0.004205r
and by substituting for v all the several velocities from 100 up to 2,000,
the corresponding values of r are found, and a table constructed showing
the computed in comparison with the experimental resistances.
28
TABLE XIII .
TABLE of Resistances to a Ball Two Inches in Diameter.
Velocities. Computed Experimental Differences.

Resistances . Résistances.
ft. lbs. lbs. lbs.

100 - 0'133 0.174 0*807
200 + 0*266 0*709 0.443
300 1.200 1.612 0.412
400 2*666 2.906 0*240
500 4'666 4.650 0'010
600 7.200 6.900 0.800
700 10'206 9.750 0.456
800 13.866 13.250 0'616
900 18.000 17.519 0'481
1000 22'666 22.625 0.041
1100 27.866 28 *556 0'690
1200 33 *266 35 275 2'009
1300 39.866 42.706 2.840
1400 46*666 50 719 4'053
1500 54 000 59.194 5.194
1600 61.866 67.931 6'065
1700 70°466 76.775 6.309
1800 79°200 85'537 6.337
1900 88.666 94'106 5*440
2000 98.666 102.362 3.696
38. As the foregoing expression did not in all cases come near enough
to the truth, Dr. Hutton investigated another, in which the resistance is
made proportional to three different powers of the velocity, or v², v, and
v , and the expression is then—
x v² + y v² + zv = r,
and if the values of v be taken as 600, 1200, and 1800, the equations
will be-
600² x + 600³ y + z = 6
600 % •9
6.9
12002 x + 1200 y + 1200 z = 35 · 275
18002 x + 1800 y + 1800 z = 85.537
Then, by dividing respectively by 600, 1200, and 1800, and subtracting

the first from the second, and the second from the third, there results
two equations, from which the values of x, y, and z are found to be-
x = 0.000031463
y = 0.0000968
z = 0.005007
y and z being negative. The formula will then be nearly➡

(0 · 0000315 v - 0 · 0001 √v GRAND- 0 · 005) v = r.
This is simplified by expunging the middle term, by merging it in the
third ; the second and third terms taken together being very nearly
equal to 0.008 ; consequently the foregoing formula becomes-
(0 · 00003146 v - 0.008) v = r.
This formula gives results a little nearer than the formula—
(0.00002665 v-·0 · 004) v = r ;
but differs from the true resistances the reverse way. Dr. Hutton
therefore takes a mean between these two formula, or—
(0.0000291 v0.006) v = ",
r,
29
the diameter of the ball being 2 inches, and constructs the following
table, where the first column contains the series of velocities, the second
the actual resistance determined by experiment, and the other columns
the resistances determined by the several formulæ, the last being the
mean of the two previous, and considered the most accurate.
TABLE XIV.
TABLE showing the Resistances as determined by several Formulæ.
Resistance by different Formulæ.

True Resistance
Velocity.
by Experiment. 0.00002665 0.00003146 0.00002906 0.00003026
v2 0.004 v. v2 0.004 v. v2 - 0.006 v. v2 0.007 v.
ft. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.

100 0.17 -0°18 0'48 0.31 - 0°39
200 0'71 + 0'27 0'34 0'04 0.19
800 1.61 1.20 + 0.43 + 0.82 + 0.63
400 2.91 2.67 1.83 2.26 2.05
500 4.65 4.67 3.87 4.28 4.08
600 6.90 7.20 6.58 6.87 6'70
700 9.75 10.21- 9.82 10'06 9'94
800 13*25 13.82 13.73 13.82 13.77
900 17.52 18.00 18.28 18.17 18.22
1000 22.63 22.67 23.46 23.11 23.28
1100 28.56 27.07 29.27 28.61 28'94
1200 35*28 33.27 35.70 34.70 35°20
1300 42.71 39'87 42.77 41.38 42'08
1400 50*72 46.67 50 46 48'64 49°55
1500 59.19 54.00 58.79 56.48 57.64
1600 67.93 61.87 67.74 64.90 66:32
1700 76.78 70.47 77.32 73.90 75.61
1800 85.54 79.20 87.53 83'48 85.50
1900 94.11 88.67 98.87 93.65 96.01
2000 102.36 98.67 109.85 104.00 106.92
39. Of course these equations are only applicable to a ball 2 inches

in diameter, and in order to apply them to a ball of any diameter, the
resistance varying as the squares,--
r= (0 · 00003026 v² 0.007 v) d²
(0 · 000007565 v2 - 0 · 00175 v) d²
This equation relates to velocities above 300 feet per second ; for
velocities below this the following equation is used : -
0.0000176 v² = r
or
r = ( 0 · 0000176 v² d²) ♣
= 0 · 0000044 v² d²'
That is to say, the resistance varies as the surface or as the squares of

the diameters.
40. Hutton's equations are all based on the foregoing methods of
computing the resistance. There is not space here to give all these
equations in full with their proofs, they are therefore merely stated, -
n
Calling the coefficient = 9, that is,
m
0.00175
= q = 231
0.000007565
V
(1.) x = 1338 d x log V-
30
in which-
required range.
d diameter of shot in inches.
V = initial velocity.
v = remaining velocity.
9 = 221 .
1338 d is a simplified expression in terms of the diameter for the general
W
coefficient in which
32 m d²⁹
W weight of ball.
m = the coefficient already found.
d = diameter of ball in inches.
The ball being supposed to be of cast iron, a cubic inch of which
weighs 4.3 oz.
1338 d V q ช
(2.) t = x log X
q v q
in which t = time of flight, the values of the other quantities as
before.
vl = 9 NV
(3.) in which
9+ NV V
v = an intermediate velocity.
V q v
N= X in which
v 9
v = remaining velocity ;
the others as before.
41. These equations are suited to velocities above 300 or 400 feet
per second, for velocities below that the equations are simpler, as—
0.0000044 v² d² = r
so that, employing the same notation as before, and calling—
0.0000044 d² = h
r = hv²
W V
(1.) X = x log e
32 h v
W 1
(2.) t=
32 h V
42. Dr. Hutton proceeds to state that the determination of the
trajectory of a projectile is one of the most difficult problems in the
whole course of dynamics, and that although much has been done by his
experiments towards proving many important circumstances relating to
military projectiles, still this grand problem remains, and no hope
appears ofthe possibility of obtaining a scientific solution of it without
further experiments. He then proposes several formulæ relating to
this subject, which he says he has obtained by collecting the best
practical rules, founded partly on theory and partly on practice. Thus,
with similar guns, the velocities with different charges of powder are
directly as the square roots of the charges ; and with different weights
of shot, inversely as the square root of the weights of the shot, or—
V₁ = V
1
✓2
$1
43. Dr. Hutton has advanced several other theories for finding the
elevation to produce the greatest range, the elevation necessary to hit
a given object, &c., and he has constructed tables of elevations with
rules for their use. This subject is fully treated of in the " Theory
and Practice of Gunnery," Tract 37, and in Colonel Boxer's able
treatise on Artillery.
44. But few experiments on the resistance of the air have been
made in this country since the days of Hutton. But on the continent
many experiments have been carried on by scientific officers, and in
America Major Mordecai has done much to advance the science of
gunnery . An account of these different experiments will be found in
their proper place.
Didion.*
45. In 1856 General Didion, of the French artillery, submitted a trea-
tise on the resistance of the air to the Committee of Artillery in France.
This treatise is by far the best work that has as yet been written on
this subject. M. Didion has in a very able manner collected and
embodied all the different experiments that had been made up to the
date of his work, and has presented several new views on the resistance
of the air, which are remarkable for their clearness. This being the
case, it is my intention to enter rather minutely into the consideration
of M. Didion's work, " The Laws of the Resistance of the Air upon
Projectiles."
46. M. Didion commences by stating that Hutton's experiments with
small projectiles were almost the only basis of the application of
ballistics until the experiments at Metz with larger projectiles had
furnished data from which coefficients of the resistance of the air could
be readily obtained . The coefficients deduced from the experiments at
Metz presented a remarkable difference from those of Hutton, and
proved that the resistance was not altogether proportional to a great
circle of the sphere, and that it increased less rapidly than the
surface.
Having observed that the coefficient for musket balls did not differ
much from that of projectiles of a diameter nine times greater, and that
the experiments at Metz accounted very well for the experiments of
Hutton upon intermediate calibres, M. Didion has revised and corrected
the results obtained by Hutton, and determined coefficients from them
which did not sensibly differ from those obtained by the experiments
at Metz.
From these considerations he is of opinion that the resistance to
spherical projectiles ought to be considered as proportional to their
surface. The work does not embrace any experiments upon low
velocities.
47. In the experiments made at Metz in 1839 and in 1840, upon
projectiles of 8, 12, and 24, and on the shells of 22 cm., which cor-
respond to English projectiles of 9 pr., 12 pr., 32 pr., and 8 inch, they
took the precaution in each experiment to fire at the ballistic pendulum
at two different distances, one short and the other long, employing as
much as possible at each distance projectiles of equal diameter and
weight ; and they compared the loss of velocity in one interval with
the mean of the observed velocities. The experiments were repeated
with different charges, from that which gave a loss of velocity suffi-
ciently appreciable to that which gave a velocity greater than that
obtained in artillery practice with service charges.
* “ Lois de la Résistance de l'Air sur les Projectiles," par M. le Gen. Didion, 1857.
32
48. There are no doubt great difficulties to be met with in the

execution of the necessary experiments, and great uncertainties must
rest on each result, notwithstanding the care taken in the observations,
and it is almost impossible to make all the experiments under circum-
stances absolutely the same. For these reasons it is most important to
choose that method which is most applicable to experiment. There
are three different methods ; the first is very applicable to experiments
at two distances, the second to experiments at different distances with
the same charge of powder, and the third to experiments with different
charges of powder.
In the following pages I shall employ, as nearly as possible, General
Didion's own words.
First Method.
49. Let P be the weight of the projectile, 2 R its diameter, V and V¹ the
velocities at the respective distances a and al of the pendulum, g gravity,
the vis viva lost is-
P
?(v³
g — v²³¹)
The resistance that the projectile experiences in the air is not the
same at the beginning as at the end of the interval (a¹ - a), as the
velocity constantly diminishes from the commencement to the end ; but
if the interval is sufficiently short the resistance varies little, and this
variable resistance can be replaced by the mean resistance. Let p be this
resistance, supposed constant during the duration of the flight (a' - a) ;
the work done is p (a¹ -a), and in virtue of the principles of vis viva-
P
› (a¹ — a) = 2 1 /
2 (v² — v¹² )
g
2
P V2 - V₁²Vi
whence,
2 g (a¹ - a)*
This mean resistance should be regarded as belonging to the mean
V + V¹
velocity = v.
2
To observe if the resistance increases as rapidly as the square of the
velocity, or more rapidly, p must be divided by v2, and to reduce it to
the unit of surface, it must besides be divided by a section through the
diameter of the projectile. Thus-
Р
R2 2 = p¹ , and
# R²
2
- P V2 Р V Vi
2 π R2 g (al a) (V + V¹ 2 π R² g (a¹ — a) v
2
V
The quantity each experiment the velocity lost during a
al - α is in
flight equal to the unit of length.
Then the value of p for the mean velocity being known, together with
the diameter of the projectile and the density of the air, we can deter-
mine the absolute value of this resistance K.
As-
2P V V¹
K=
d π R² (al a) v
d being the density of the air.
33
As a series of experiments will occupy several days, they must

necessarily be made under different atmospherical circumstances, and
the resistance being proportional to the density of the air, can be
corrected by multiplying by the ratio of the densities.
Likewise, if the weights of the shot differ, they are corrected by
multiplying by the inverse ratio of the weights.
Thus each experiment gives a certain value of p' for a value of v, and
by executing a number of experiments, a mean value of pl is obtained for
a mean value of v. Then, by taking the velocities for abscissa and the
resistance pl for ordinates, a curve of resistance can be constructed.
Second Method.
50. In supposing the resistance proportional to the square of the

velocity, a little more exactness in the calculation of the coefficient can be
obtained. By making (al - a) := a, and
p¹ π R2 g = 1 or P
Р 2 C pl π R² g = 2C,
the motion being considered as following a straight horizontal line, then

α
Vi = Ve ze
V₁
e being the base of the Naperien logarithms . In each experiment

1
V, V¹, and α are known, and 2 C can be determined as -
2C
1 Log V - Log V¹ and p¹ 1 P
х
a Log e 2 CT R2 g
51. The differences which can result from these two methods of
calculation are almost imperceptible, being about 250 of the result.
Thus, in an experiment made with a shot of 24 and a charge of
3.307 lbs., the mean velocity at the distances of 50 and 296 feet from
the pendulum were respectively 1199.90 and 1135 02 feet ; the diameter
of the shot was 0.48570 feet, its weight 26 477 lbs.,. and gravity
32.179.
By the first method we have, taking the pound and foot as units,———
26.477 64.88
pl *
3.1415926 × 0 : 058991 × 32 : 179
X
246 07 x 1167.46
= 0.0009987.
By the second method-
1 Log 1199.90 - Log 1135.02
2C 246.07 X 0.4342945'
and
26.477
pl х
3.1415926 x 0.058991 × 32.179
Log 1199 90 Log 1135.02
246 07 × 0.4342945
= 0.0009989.
52. In the hypothesis that the resistance of the air is
P = A ( 1 + 2) v2π R2,
D
34
the retarding force is-

v2
2//c (1+1)=1/P
And considering the motion as horizontal, the range being x and the
time t,—
dv v2
=
dt 2 c (1 4)
dx
but v = therefore
dt
dv
dx 2c
v
(1 + 2/2)
and integrating between the limits a and a¹, corresponding to the

velocities V and V¹, up to (a¹ -a) = a:
V
(1 +
+ 핑)
a = 2 c Log. or
1 +
(1
1 + 1 = ( 1 + √)
Third Method.
53. Supposing the resistance expressed by two terms, the one pro-
portional to the square, the other to the cube of the velocity, and that
in the expression pl -
(1+ ) , the coefficient of the second term
1
¹ is known, great exactness is obtained in determining the first term A.
p
P 1 P
Thus making 2 c = or c =
T
A π R² g 2 g A π R²
v
p = Aπ R2 v2 (1 + 2/2 )
) and
1 + Vi = (1+ ) , whence
α
Log ( 1 + 1 ) = log ( 1+ 유) + 2 c Log e, but
Р 1
A= therefore
9 π R22 C'
P
A= X Log ( 1 + 1 ) − Log ( 1 + €)
= R2 Log e
gπ
α
This expression is quite correct if the value of r is well chosen ; it is
supposed to be equal to 1427 20 feet.
Thus in an experiment made with the shot of 24 and a charge of 3.307
lbs., the mean velocity at the distances of 50 and 296 feet from the
pendulum were respectively 1199· 90 and 1135· 02 feet ; the diameter of
the shot was 0.48570 feet, its weight 26.477 lbs. , and gravity 32· 179.
35
Consequently in the foregoing formula, -

P= 26.477
g = 32.179
ть = 3.1415926
R2 0.058991
Log e = 0·4342945
V 1199.90
VI 1135.02
r= 1427.2
a= 246.07
And putting in these values,

26.477
A= X
32.179 x 3.1415926 × 0 · 058991 x 0.4342945
1427 201 — 1427.20
Log (1+ 1135.02 Log ( 1+ 1199.90
246.07
26.477 X Log 2 · 25712 – Log 2 · 18943
2.58936 246.07
0.0133236
= 10.2255 ×
246.07
= 0.0005496.
But pl = A ((11+-2), where v is equal to the mean of the observed

velocities, which in this case is 1167 46, therefore
1167.46
pl 0.0005496 ( 1 +
(1 + 1427.2
= 0.0005496 × 1 · 818012
= 0.00099918.
54. The results obtained by these three different methods vary so little
that they may be considered almost equal ; still the last method has a
certain advantage over the others ; it is slightly more exact ; it adapts
itself better to the determination of the coefficient sought, when the
observed velocities do not result from observations of the motion of the
same projectile ; it makes all the operations co-operate in the investiga
tion of the coefficients, each one of them with a value proportional to its
importance. In the experiments the density of the air may be taken as
the mean of the different densities on each day's practice, and the weight
of the projectile as the mean weight of the particular projectile used .
Experiments of Metz.
55. From the results of the experiments at Metz in 1839 and 1848 the
following observations are made :—
The formulæ of General Piobert, which before were considered of the
most exact description, were observed to give too large results.
The coefficient of the square of the velocity should be diminished, and
the ratio of the two coefficients should be increased ; in fact, the results
D 2
36
obtained by large projectiles were sufficiently represented by the formulæ

(using French measures)—
Р π R² 0·024 ( 1 + 0·0023 v) v²,
something like the formulæ given by General Piobert.
56. The experiments made at Metz by the French Commission of the
principles of artillery in 1839 and 1840 were conducted with projectiles
varying from the smallest in use to the largest that are fired with angles
of small elevation.
The calibres in French measure were 10, 12, 15, and 22 c. m.
Shot of 8 and 12 were fired from long guns, which give greater
velocities and more truth than field -pieces. Both iron and brass guns
were employed ; the guns were mounted on garrison carriages, which
raised them to nearly six feet from the ground, and they were placed at
about 50 feet from the pendulum block, and removed afterwards, during
the experiments, to distances of about 131 , 213, 295, and 377 feet.
The projectiles were chosen of a mean weight and diameter ; generally
from a mean of six projectiles. Corrections were made for the inclination
of the trajectory, and shock given to the pendulum block by the discharge.
It was found that the effect of this was very sensible at about 50 feet ;
and a screen was placed before the gun to intercept the blast of the
discharge ; this was found to act perfectly. The following tables show
the velocities of different shot used in the experiments at Metz.
These tables have been converted into English measures from the
French tables given in M. Didion's work.
In general, the mean velocity has been taken from four rounds.
The tables given here are abridged from those in M. Didion's work.
TABLE XV.
TABLE giving the Velocities, at different Distances, of Shot of 24 and

Shells of 15 c.m., fired from a Coast Service Gun, with different
Charges of Powder.
Projectile.
Weight of Distances. Mean
corrected REMARKS.
Charge. Mean Mean Velocity.
Weight. Diameter.
lbs. ft. lbs. in.

Ma
295 26.455 5.8 1139'0 In general the mean velocity

3*307 is on the result of four
50 " 99 1202.5 rounds.
www
1.102 50 39 99 686'0
213 39 "9 683'0
50 99 993'0
2.204
213 "" 99 969*1
4*409 50 99 99 1310.2
213 99 1250°0
6.614 50 3D 93 1431:0
213 "9 99 1364'6
8.819 50 " 1525'0
213 99 1464*2
50 16.314 99 1897.4
8*819 Shell 15 c.m.
213 "9 1774'0
50 " "3 1826*7
6.614 Shell 15 c.m.
131 99 "" 1748.1
37
TABLE XVI.

Shell of 12 c.m., fired from a Gun of 12, with different Charges of
Powder.
Projectile.
corrected REMARKS.
Weight. Diameter.
lbs. ft. lbs. in. ft.

0'551 50 13.481 4.656 648 *6 In general the mean velocity
213 29 642'3 is on the result of four
1.102 50 29 ‫وو‬ 977.5 rounds.
213 99 940'8
1'653 50 1154'0
295 1082'3
2.204 50 "3 "" 1313'5
213 "" "" 1233'0
2.756 50 " 99 1409'5
213 " ‫دو‬ 1345'6
3'307 50 "" 1494 7
213 "" 1440 0
4'410 50 "" " 1594 4
213 "J "3 1533.7
4.410 50 "" ‫وو‬ 1601.1
377 "" "" 1451'7
6.614 50 "" "" 1798 *4
131 ‫وو‬ 93 1759*1
6.614 50 ‫وو‬ 34 1781'0
295 39 1676'6
6.614 50 8.862 "" 2142.0 Shell 12 c.m.
131 ‫وو‬ " 2046*7
6.614 50 " 99 2133.0 Shell 12 c.m.
213 "" "3 2000'0
TABLE XVII.
TABLE giving the Velocities, at different Distances, of Shot of 8, fired

from a Siege Gun, and Shells of 22 c.m., fired from a Coast Service
Howitzer, with different Charges of Powder.
Projectile.
corrected REMARKS.
Weight. Diameter.

2.204 50 8.954 4.055 1556 5 Shot. Velocities taken
213 "" "" 1451 5 from a mean of
2.204 50 "" "" 1556 4 Shot. four rounds.
377 "" "" 1385'3
2.204 50 49 383 8.646 687 1
131 682 6 Velocities taken
4.410 50 99 " 986*4 Shells. from a mean of
131 "" "" 957 1 three rounds,
50 "" 1221.6
7.716 131 "" "" 1175.5
57. The foregoing experiments, made under the same atmospheric cir-
cumstances, giving the velocity of the projectile at two different distances
from the muzzle of the gun, show the effect of the resistance of the air,
and serve to measure this resistance.
The following tables show the mean results of many experiments with
different shot and different cl , all corrected for a density of the air
which is the mean of that in during spring, summer, and autumn,
and corresponding to a baro pressure of 29-528 inches, and tempe
of 59° F., and also corrected to a mean weight and diameter of shot.
38
TABLE XVIII .
TABLE showing the Mean Losses of Velocity experienced by different
Natures of Shot in passing over a Distance of 82 Feet ; Density of the
Air being 12083.
Projectile. Mean
Nature of Weight of Distance Mean Velocity REMARKS.
passed Velocity, lost,
Ordnance. Charge. Mean Mean in Feet. in Feet.
over.
Weight. Diameter.
ཚསྙ
lbs. Ibs. in. ft.
24 3'307 26.49 5.80 82 1168*8 22.7
སྙམམོ
‫وو‬ 1.102 ‫وو‬ 784.2 1.5
‫دو‬ 2.204 99 95 987'3 9.5
"" 4'409 ‫وو‬ 99 1285 1 27.3
99 6.614 29 "" 1403 2 30'5
93 8.819 "9 ‫وو‬ 1487'6 29.1
59 6.614 16.31 "" 1780 5 52.2 Shells.
"" 8.819 "" 1845 2 35.3
12 0*551 13.45 4.65 645*4 3'0
"" 1.102 39 "" 946 4 13.2
"" 1'653 "" 95 1120.5 24.0
"1 2'204 "" "3 "" 1270'4 40*3
"" 2.755 "" ‫وو‬ 39 1384 2 29.4
"" 3.307 " 99 22 1474'0 27.1
"" 4*409 "" "" 99 1527 1 42.3
"" 6.614 99 ‫وو‬ "" 1726'6 42.6
6.614 8.86 2063'3 58.8 Shells.
2*204 8.95 1464 8 51.2
22c.m. 2.204 49.38 8.65 "" 686'0 3.8
‫دو‬ 6.614 "" "" ‫وو‬ 961'0 15'3 Shells.
99 7.716 "2 "" 99 1186'0 14.6
58. From these tables the resistance can be calculated by means of the
formula-
V . Vi
pl = π g R2
(α¹ ― a) V + V¹
2
g being taken as 32.18 feet.
The following table shows the results :—
TABLE XIX .
59. TABLE of the Coefficients of the Resistance of the Air deduced
from Experiment.
Velocities.
Nature of Weight of
Values of pl. REMARKS.
Ordnance. Charge. Mean. Lost in
82 feet.
lbs.
1.102 684.2 1*35 0.0001046
2.204 985'7 9'46 0'0005175
Shot 24 3'307 1168'6 22.70 0.001052
4.409 1285.3 27.30 0*001149
6.614 1403 4 30.73 0.001187
8.819 1487*7 29.05 0.001052
6.614 1780 7 50*20 0.001524
Shell 15 c.m. - { 8.819 1845*2 35*26 0.001031
0.551 645 5 3.04 0'0002112
1.102 946 7 13.32 0.0006031
1.653 1120.6 24.17 0.0009285
Shot 12 2.204 1270*4 40.36 0.001373
2.755 1384 3 29.55 0.0009152
3'307 1474.0 27.22 0.0007896
4'409 1529 3 42.47 0.001195
6.614 1726.5 42.90 0.001067
Shell, 12 c.m.- 6.614 2063.5 59'48 0.001227
Shot, 8 2.204 1465.0 51.18 0.001318
2.204 684.9 4.61 0.0003082
Shell 22 c.m. 4*409 961.0 15.32 0.0007287
6'614 1185'8 14.62 0.0005651
39
From this table it appears that, although there are several irregu-
larities, the coefficient by which it is necessary to multiply the square of
the velocity, and the section of a great circle of the projectile, to give
the resistance, increases with the velocity.
To determine the law of the coefficient p ' , General Didion considers,
first, those experiments with the 24 and 12, as they were the most
numerous. Then taking the velocities for abscissa and the values of pl
for ordinates, he constructs a curve which represents the law sought.
60. The results of all the experiments with the 12 and 24 give the
following values for p¹ and v, namely,-
Velocities v ... 1106.4, 1406.8, 1755.8

Values of p¹.0 · 0009114, 0.001018, 0.001172
which shows that the value of pl increases with the velocity. The two
first give an expression-
pl = A + BV,
which gives-
B00000003546
A 0.00051943
and consequently-
B
or = 0.0006827
A
The final expression which is most applicable to these experiments is-
p¹ = 0 · 0005137 ( 1 + 0 · 000701 v)
or
p¹ = 0.0005137 (
( 11 +
+ 1426-47)
61. From all these results General Didion considers, that when the
density ofthe air is equal to 1 · 2083 (the weight in kilogrammes of one
cubic metre), the law of the resistance is sufficiently well represented by
the formulæ
¿ = π R² v² A ( 1 + 2) , in which
A = 0.027
r = 435 metres, using French measures.
A= 0.0005137
r = 1427.2 using English measures, the units
being the pound and the foot.
62. By means of this formula the following table has been prepared,
showing the values of p¹ and the resistance in pounds avoirdupois corre-
sponding to various velocities. I have thought it better to preserve the
coefficients which correspond to the mean temperature and pressure in
France, the aqueous vapour being represented by 0.5.
36
obtained by large projectiles were sufficiently represented by the formulæ

(using French measures)-
pπ R20·024 ( 1 + 0·0023 v) v²,

something like the formulæ given by General Piobert.
56. The experiments made at Metz by the French Commission of the
principles of artillery in 1839 and 1840 were conducted with projectiles
varying from the smallest in use to the largest that are fired with angles
of small elevation.
The calibres in French measure were 10, 12, 15, and 22 c. m.
Shot of 8 and 12 were fired from long guns, which give greater
velocities and more truth than field-pieces. Both iron and brass guns
were employed ; the guns were mounted on garrison carriages, which
raised them to nearly six feet from the ground, and they were placed at
about 50 feet from the pendulum block, and removed afterwards, during
the experiments, to distances of about 131 , 213 , 295, and 377 feet.
The projectiles were chosen of a mean weight and diameter ; generally
from a mean of six projectiles. Corrections were made for the inclination
of the trajectory, and shock given to the pendulum block by the discharge.
It was found that the effect of this was very sensible at about 50 feet ;
and a screen was placed before the gun to intercept the blast of the
discharge ; this was found to act perfectly. The following tables show
the velocities of different shot used in the experiments at Metz.
These tables have been converted into English measures from the
French tables given in M. Didion's work.
In general, the mean velocity has been taken from four rounds.
The tables given here are abridged from those in M. Didion's work.
TABLE XV.

Shells of 15 c.m., fired from a Coast Service Gun, with different
Charges of Powder.
Projectile.
corrected REMARKS.
Weight. Diameter.
ម ន្តំ ន ន

295 26*455 5.8 1139.0 In general the mean velocity
3*307 is on the result of four
50 99 "" 1202 5 rounds.
50 39 99 686'0
1'102
213 99 "9 683'0
2*204 50 "" 993'0
213 "9 "3 969 196
4.409 50 " 1310.2
213 " ‫وو‬ 1250°0
6.614 50 30 99 1431:0
213 "9 39 1364.6
8.819 50 "" 39 1525'0
213 99 1464.2
50 16.314 99 1897.4
8'819 Shell 15 c.m.
213 39 1774'0
50 " 99 1826 7
6'614 Shell 15 c.m.
131 99 ?? 1748.1
37
TABLE XVI.

Shell of 12 c.m., fired from a Gun of 12, with different Charges of
Powder .
Projectile.
Weight of Mean
Distances. corrected REMARKS.
Charge. Mean Mean
Diameter. Velocity.
Weight.

0.551 50 13.481 4.656 648*6 In general the mean velocity
213 93 "9 642'3 is on the result of four
1.102 50 ‫وو‬ "9 977 *5 rounds.
213 35 "" 940 *8
1.653 50 "" 29 1154 0
295 "" "" 1082 3
2.204 50 29 1313'5
213 "" 1233'0
2.756 50 "" ‫وو‬ 1409'5
213 ‫وو‬ 39 1345'6
3*307 50 95 "9 1494 7
213 39 1410'0
4'410 50 ,‫و‬ ‫دو‬ 1594 4
213 ‫وو‬ "" 1533 7
4'410 50 ‫وو‬ " 1601.1
377 "" "" 1451'7
6.614 50 33 23 1798 4
131 "" 1759 1
6.614 50 ‫دو‬ 3. 1781.0
295 33 ‫وو‬ 1676'6
6.614 50 8.862 99 2142.0 Shell 12 c.m.
131 ‫وو‬ 99 2046*7
6.614 50 33 2133.0
213 2000'0 Shell 12 c.m.
TABLE XVII.
TABLE giving the Velocities, at different Distances, of Shot of 8, fired

from a Siege Gun, and Shells of 22 c.m., fired from a Coast Service
Howitzer, with different Charges of Powder.
Projectile.
corrected REMARKS.
Weight. Diameter.

2.201 50 8.954 4'055 1556 5 Shot, Velocities taken
213 "" "" 1451 5 from a mean of
2.204 50 "" 1556'4 Shot. four rounds.
377 1385*3
2*204 50 49'383 8.646 687 1
131 "" "" 682.6 Velocities taken
4'410 50 99 986*4 Shells. from a mean of
131 957 1 three rounds.
50 22 1221.6
7.716 131 99 "" 1175.5
57. The foregoing experiments, made under the same atmospheric cir-
cumstances, giving the velocity of the projectile at two different distances
from the muzzle of the gun, show the effect of the resistance of the air,
and serve to measure this resistance.
The following tables show the mean results of many experiments with
different shot and different charges, all corrected for a density of the air
which is the mean of that in France during spring, summer, and autumn,
and corresponding to a barometric pressure of 29-528 inches, and tempe-
of 59° F., and also corrected to a mean weight and diameter of shot.
38
TABLE XVIII.
TABLE showing the Mean Losses of Velocity experienced by different
Natures of Shot in passing over a Distance of 82 Feet ; Density of the
Air being 1.2083 .
Projectile. Mean
Nature of Weight of Distance Mean Velocity REMARKS.
Ordnance . Charge. passed Velocity, lost,
Mean Mean in Feet. in Feet.
Weight, Diameter. over.
lbs. lbs. in. ft.

24 3*307 26.49 5'80 82 1168'8 22.7
1.102 "" "" 784 2 1.5
2.204 ‫وو‬ "" 987'3 9.5
‫وو‬ 4*409 ‫وو‬ 1285*1 27.3
6'614 ‫دو‬ " 1403'2 30'5
"" 8.819 ‫وو‬ 99 1487 6 29'1
"" 6.614 16.31 ‫دو‬ 35 1780 5 52.2 Shells.
8.819 1845 *2 35.3
0.551 13'45 4 65 645'4 3.0
‫وو‬ 1.102 "" "" 946'4 13.2
1'653 " 1120.5 24.0
23 2'204 33 1270'4 40'3
39 2.755 "" "3 1384*2 29.4
3'307 "" 1474'0 27.1
4'409 "" "" 1527'1 42.3
6.614 "" ‫وو‬ "" 1726'6 42.6
6.614 8.86 " 2063'3 58'8 Shells.
2*204 8.95 1464 8 51.2
22c.m. 2.204 49'38 8.65 686'0 3'8
99 6.614 "" ‫وو‬ 961.0 15.3 Shells.
" 7.716 " "" 1186.0 14'6
58. From these tables the resistance can be calculated by means of the
formula-
V VI
pl = = g R2
(al a) V + V¹
2
g being taken as 32.18 feet.
The following table shows the results :--
TABLE XIX .
59. TABLE of the Coefficients of the Resistance of the Air deduced
from Experiment.
Velocities.
Nature of Weight of
Values of pl REMARKS.
Ordnance. Charge. Mean. Lost in
82 feet.
lbs.
1.102 684'2 1.35 0.0001046
2.204 985'7 9'46 0'0005175
Shot 24 - 3'307 1168'6 22.70 0'001052
4*409 1285*3 27.30 0.001149
6.614 1403 4 30'73 0.001187
8.819 1487.7 29'05 0'001052
Shell 15 c.m. 6'614 1780 7 50*20 0.001524
8'819 1845*2 35°26 0.001031
0.551 645 *5 3'04 0.0002112
1.102 946 7 13.32 0.0006031
1.653 1120.6 24.17 0.0009285
Shot 12 · 2.204 1270 4 40'36 0.001373
2*755 1384 3 29'55 0.0009152
3'307 1474'0 27.22 0.0007896
4'409 1529.3 42.47 0.001195
6.614 1726.5 42.90 0.001067
Shell, 12 c.m.- 6'614 2063 5 59'48 0.001227
Shot, 8 2.204 1465 0 51.18 0'001318
2.204 684.9 4.61 0.0003082
Shell 22 c.m, 4*409 961 0 15.32 0.0007287
6'614 1185'8 14.62 0.0005651
39
From this table it appears that, although there are several irregu-
larities, the coefficient by which it is necessary to multiply the square of
the velocity, and the section of a great circle of the projectile, to give
the resistance, increases with the velocity.
To determine the law of the coefficient p ' , General Didion considers,
first, those experiments with the 24 and 12, as they were the most
numerous. Then taking the velocities for abscissa and the values of pl
for ordinates, he constructs a curve which represents the law sought.
60. The results of all the experiments with the 12 and 24 give the
following values for p¹ and v, namely,—
Velocities v ... 1106.4 , 1406.8, 1755.8

Values of p¹.0.0009114, 0.001018, 0.001172
which shows that the value of p¹ increases with the velocity. The two
first give an expression-
pl —= A + BV,
which gives-
B 0.0000003546
A 0.00051943
and consequently-
1 B
or = 0.0006827
The final expression which is most applicable to these experiments is-
pl = 0.0005137 ( 1 + 0 · 000701 v)
or
v
pl = 0.0005137 ( 1 + 1426.47
(1
61. From all these results General Didion considers, that when the
density ofthe air is equal to 1 2083 (the weight in kilogrammes of one
cubic metre), the law of the resistance is sufficiently well represented by
the formulæ
p = ≈ R² v² A(1 + 2) , in which
A = 0.027
r435 metres, using French measures.
A= 0.0005137
r1427.2 using English measures, the units
being the pound and the foot.
62. By means of this formula the following table has been prepared,
showing the values of p¹ and the resistance in pounds avoirdupois corre-
sponding to various velocities. I have thought it better to preserve the
coefficients which correspond to the mean temperature and pressure in
France, the aqueous vapour being represented by 0.5.
40
TABLE XX .
TABLE giving the Resistance, in Pounds Avoirdupois, corresponding to

various Velocities .
Resistance = π R² v² p¹ in lbs.
Velocity of pl = 0.0005137
Projectiles. × (1+0* 00070v) . Shot of 24, Shot of 12 , Musket Ball, Shell of 27 c.m.,
Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter
5.846 in. 4.665 in. 0*657 in. 10*712 in.
ft.
1640*4 0.001390 552'07 353 36 3 7.000
1476*4 0'001045 430.11 266'18 5.434
1312*4 0*0009863 316 *52 201.55 4.003
1148 *3 0.0009061 228 04 151.09 2.879
984'3 0*0008682 156 85 100 00 1.982 522.75
820 2 0'0008091 101*46 64 60 1.283 338 15
656*2 0'0007500 60*15 38.40 0.761 200*72
63. General Didion has also compared the experiments of Hutton with
those at Metz, having first corrected the velocities given by the latter
philosopher.
It appears that Hutton, in his experiments, made no allowance for the
effect of the shock of the discharge on the pendulum. It was clearly
proved at Metz that this source of error could not be neglected, and
the necessary precautions were taken against it.
M. Didion has therefore corrected Hutton's tables for the effect of the
shock, and also for the inclination of the trajectory. These corrections
would not be very necessary provided the experiments had been made
with shot of large calibre and large charges of powder, but with the
small bullets and charges used by Hutton they are appreciable.
The following is M. Didion's corrected table.
TABLE XXI.
TABLE of corrected Velocities of a Bullet of 1 lb. , fired at different
Distances, with different Charges of Powder.
Velocities at Distances of
Charge, in
Ounces. Feet, Feet, Feet, Feet, Feet, Feet,
30. 60. 120. 180. Feet,
240. 300. 360.
B842— « Ha
16 2079'4 1973'9 1895*8 1780'8 1726.3 1647.6 1581.5

1587'0 1549'9 1509'8 1455 7 1367'6 1316.5 1275 4
1346'0 1323'8 1247 *7 1181'6 1228*4 1076-3 1033'2
1184'9 1109'8 1071*7 1052'6 1007 4 955 3
876'9 849'8 843.6 803 *4 934*1
644.9 612.5 783.2 764 0 733.7
634'7 611.2 600*9
545'9 543 *7 522*5 517.1
488 8 422.6 418.3 405'9
64. The formula employed by M. Didion for deducing the coefficients,

from the data furnished by Hutton's experiments, is
P 01
A: β
TR2 g Log e d
81 and being the respective densities of the air in France and England,
and-
В
B = a [Log ( 1 + ) - Log (1 + √) ]
41
From this equation General Didion has calculated a table of the values
of A and p¹, for the different natures of projectiles used by Hutton. The
experiments with the shot of 1 lb. are considered the most applicable in
determining the coefficients, as the velocities range from very high to
very low, and the law of the increase of the resistance with the velocity
can be observed.
The velocities being taken for abscissa and the calculated values of
p¹ for ordinates, a curve can be constructed representing the law sought.
65. General Didion, has found that this law agrees very nearly with
that resulting from the experiments at Metz, the equation given by
Hutton's experiments being-
p¹ = 0 · 0005123 ( 1 + 0 · 0007885 v)
The first of these numbers corresponds with that found at Metz, the
second is somewhat two large.
66. Within the last few years experiments have been carried on in
France with the electro-ballistic apparatus to determine the velocity
of projectiles at two points in the trajectory, one near the gun, and the
other at a certain distance from it. There are no published accounts, as
yet, ofthese experiments, except a short description in General Didion's
large work " Traite de Balistique ;" they were executed at Metz in
1856, 1857, and 1858. The experiments were at first conducted with
smooth bore guns of 8, 12, 24, and shells of 22 c.m. The velocity of the
shot was determined at two distances about 330 feet apart.
67. In 1858 experiments were made with rifled projectiles, both small
arm and artillery, and the results have indicated that the value of A for
elongated artillery projectiles is about two-thirds of the coefficient A for
smooth bore shot, or-
A 2380.0005137 = 0 · 0003425
and for elongated small arm—

3
A= 0.0005137 = 0.0003805.
4
The equations for the resistance will, therefore, be-

V
For rifled artillery, pl = 0.0003425 1+
1427.2
v
For rifled small arms, p¹ = 0 · 0003805 1 +
1427.2
68. The value of A for rifled artillery projectiles seems to have been
taken from data furnished by experiments upon the range and time of
flight, as the experiments in 1858, with the electric apparatus, were
chiefly confined to small arms.
69. If it be desired to reduce these coefficients to the English standard
of temperature and pressure, viz. to a temperature of 60° F. and pressure
of 30 inches, they will become nearly as follows :-
For spherical shot-
A0 · 000520
For elongated shot-

A 0.000347
42
70. The following equations are proposed by General Didion for

determining various questions relating to gunnery, the angle of elevation
being small.
Let-
V the initial velocity.
h = the height due to this velocity.
P the angle of projection.
8302
the abscissa
У the ordinate } 0of a point in the trajectory.
Ө = the inclination of this trajectory.
the remaining velocity.
= the time of flight.
c = a ballistic coefficient different for each projectile.
constant = 1427 feet.
V V cos p.
V₁ = v cos 0.
81081
X
x2 c
y = x tan p 4 h cos² ф (1 + 2) ² 1 x 2
2
* -2c-1 V , 2
21+ V +
— 2 (1 . 2 ) T 1 r2
2 ()
Let us call the equation within the bracket B.

Elevation.
X
Sin 2 В
2h
Range.
si
X = 2 h n 2 p = range .
B
Velocity.
V cos
€2 c COS 0
v=
= (1 + 1 ) di- !!
2'
Time offlight.
c
t= C-
2€
V₁ ( 1 + ) (e − 1) — 20
Initial velocity.
V cos 0
√= • Cos
2c -
( 1 + 2/14) ex 7
When the range is short this may be simplified so—

X
V- = - = (1 + 2)v.
2 c
General Didion has calculated tables from which the values of these
different long equations may be determined.
.PL
VI
NAVEZ BALLISTIC
ELECTRO APPARATUS
.
Back
View
Pendulum
of
Support
.and
on
L,Day
tothe
&Sith
.Queen
BRITISH
9 OC 1920
MUSEURL
. II
V
PL
NAVEZ BALLIST
APPARA
.
ELECTR IC
TUS
O
Conjunctor
The
Disjunctor
and
.
Queen
the
to
.,&
Siths
LDayon
拿
BRITISH
9 OC 1920
MUSEUM
.VIII
PL
NAVEZ
BALLISTIC
ELECTRO APPARATUS
.
The
Instru
compl
. ment
ete
onen
&Stoitl
,LDay
Que
the
BRITISH
9 OC 1920
MUSTUM
13
CHAPTER II.
DESCRIPTION of NAVEZ'S ELECTRO-BALLISTIC APPARATUS,* for DETER-
MINING the VELOCITY of PROJECTILES.- Plates I., II., III., VI.,
VII., VIII., IX., X.
In order thoroughly to understand the nature and working of this

instrument, the reader must be somewhat acquainted with the elements
of electricity, galvanism, and magnetism, which can be studied in any
book on the subject.
I would suggest attention to the following points :—
(1. ) Nature of an electric current.
(2.) Conductors and non-conductors of electricity.
(3.) The voltaic battery. Elements of Bunsen's, and Groves's
batteries.
(4.) Magnetization of soft iron by the electric current. Electro-
magnets.
(5. ) The necessity of complete insulation in the wires conducting
electric currents.
(6. ) Velocity of the propagation of electricity.
1. Major Navez's electro-ballistic apparatus consists of three distinct

and separate parts :-
The Pendulum Proper.
The Conjunctor.
The Disjunctor.
The Pendulum Proper (Plate I).
2. Consists of a strong brass plate a, bearing a limb o graduated on

silver from 0° to 150°. An opening in the centre of this plate admits
of the adjustment of the axis of suspension d of a pendulum b, formed
of a steel rod b, with collar and brass bob c, into which bob a small
plug of soft iron is inserted. The axis of the pendulum is perpendicular
to the face of the plate. This pendulum consists of two parts, the
steel rod bearing the bob, and an index needle 7, fixed through a collar
to an iron washer or circular disc j. A forked spring k presses
the collar of the needle against the collar of the pendulum rod. The
result of this arrangement is that when the pendulum rod is put in
motion it carries the needle with it, and the whole oscillating system
consists then of the pendulum rod with its bob and collar ; the needle
with its bob, collar, and iron washer ; and the axis of suspension or
prolongation of the pendulnm collar.
An opening towards the side of the brass plate admits the adjust-
ment of a straight electro-magnet r. At the centre opening, imme-
diately behind the iron washer, a strong horseshoe electro-magnet u is
fixed, so that when the oscillating system is set in motion the poles of
the magnet are extremely close to the posterior face of the iron washer j.
A base of wood X supports the whole apparatus ; this base is provided
with levelling screws YY, pressure screws WW, to establish communi-
* Major Navez, Belgian artillery, has published a book of instructions on this

subject, which has been very clearly translated by Lieut.-Col. C. W. Younghus-
band, R.A.
44
cation with the electro-magnets ; and a spirit-level Z perpendicular to

the face of the instrument.
The vernier of the needle is graduated to read the of 1 °, or
3 minutes.
The Conjunctor (Plate II. )
3. Consists of two upright brass rods bb, upon which a straight

electro-magnet a is made to slide. Each of these rods is furnished at
its lower extremity with a pressure screw d, to establish communication
with the electro-magnet ; the electric current arrives by one rod, mag-
netizes the electro-magnet, and returns by the other rod.
Under the electro-magnet is a small iron cup f, connected with a
pressure screw by a strip of copper k. In this cup a little mercury is
placed. The height of this mercury can be regulated by a screw g,
with a divided head o. To another pressure screw a steel blade 7 is
attached, carrying a pin which can be placed exactly over the orifice
in the iron cup . The cup is surrounded with a moveable brass cylinder
j, which can be taken off to examine the mercury, &c. A leaden
weight r with a soft iron head completes the conjunctor.
The Disjunctor (Plate III. )
4. Two straight springs aa are mortised into two pressure screws.

A small screw b, with platinum point, is inserted into the free extremity
of each of these springs. Two other screws, with platinum points, are
arranged in brass supports c, so that their points are presented to the
points of the spring screws. The supports c are furnished with
pressure screws.
Upon the middle of the base a brass cylinder d is fixed, containing a
spiral spring e and piston f ; at one extremity of the piston is an ivory
buffer g, at the other extremity a brass handle h. When the piston rod is
drawn back it cocks on a trigger i, placed behind in a direction perpen-
dicular to the rod.
When the disjunctor is thus cocked the ivory buffer no longer presses
against the two straight springs, and the two pair of screws with platinum
points are allowed to come in contact with each other. Then, ifone electric
circuit includes the two pressure screws on the right, and another electric
circuit the two pressure screws on the left, free communication will take
place, as the little platinum pointed screws will be touching. But if the
button on the trigger be pressed, the piston rod is allowed to fly back, and
the ivory buffer strikes against both the springs, and by detaching the points
of the little platinum pointed screws from each other, breaks both circuits
exactly at the same moment.
Adjustment of the Apparatus.
5. The apparatus must be placed in a spot well sheltered from wind and
dust, and at a sufficient distance from the gun to avoid the disturbing
influences arising from the shock of the discharge. The pendulum and
conjunctor are set upon a solid heavy table, perfectly insulated from the
building in which it is erected . The disjunctor is set on a table placed
beside the other.
6. It is important that the pendulum should be so adjusted that the
oscillating system, in vibrating from its initial position to that of equili-
brium, should pass through an arc of 75°. This is performed by means
45
of the two levelling screws on the left of the base, and the adjusting
screw onthe right.
The suspension of the pendulum is regulated so that the washer is made
to oscillate as near as possible to the poles of the large electro-magnet
without touching them.
7. In the conjunctor care is taken that the mercury is quite pure, and
the point of the pin free from oxidation.
In the disjunctor the platinum pointed screws are arranged so that
there is an interval between their respective points something greater
than the thickness of a piece of writing paper.
Voltaic Batteries.
8. Two batteries must be employed, the elements may be either those

of Bunsen or Grove.
The battery should be outside the room in which the instrument is,
but should not be removed very far, in order that the current which
magnetizes the large electro-magnet may meet with as little resistance
as possible.
Frame Targets .
9. The frame targets are made of well-dried wood, and of just suffi-
cient size to afford a good mark in firing, Fig. 1. The sides of the
Fig. 1 .
targets are furnished with a range of pins, covered with gutta percha,
and the wires are stretched by these pins across the target, two or three
turns being taken round each pin. The distance between the wires is
equal to about half the diameter of the projectile used. When it is neces-
46
sary to mend the wire, after a shot has passed through the target, it is
done by simply twisting the two broken pieces together, Fig. 2. The
copper wire employed in making artillery ex-
Fig. 2. periments should not be more than 0.012 in. in
diameter. The targets are generally made
about 30 by 60 ins., a cross piece being placed
about 20 ins. from the bottom, and so reducing
the space through which the shot passes to 30
by 40 ins. When the first target is near the
muzzle of the gun it is necessary to protect it
from the blast of the discharge ; for this
purpose a screen (Fig. 3), formed of strong
plank, is interposed between the gun and
the first target. A hole, about 1 calibres in
diameter, is cut in the centre of this screen, to admit of the shot
passing it.
Fig. 3.
Establishing Communication.
10. In establishing communication between the different parts ofthe

instrument and the battery, copper wire insulated by cotton covered
with varnish, or gutta percha, is made use of. The main wires, or
those leading from the apparatus to the wire targets, may be either of
47
copper or galvanized iron, supported on posts in the ordinary tele-

graphic manner, Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
The circuits which it is necessary to establish are three in number ;

their direction is shown in Fig. 5.
2nd e
1st e
Fig. 5.
Fram
Fram
target
et
Screen
targ
1st Circuit......…………………….1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
.
2nd ..10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.

3rd "" .... .1, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.
15
016
le e
el l
000006
el
RECULATING
e
WIRE
19 20/
.
EO
21
14 13
Pendulum. Conjunctor. Disjunctor.
The first circuit includes the first wire target 2, the two pressure
screws belonging to the straight electro-magnet of the pendulum 3, 4 ;
the two pressure screws on the left of the disjunctor 5, 6, and the two
poles of the larger battery 1 , 9 .
1st circuit 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
The second circuit includes the second wire target 15, the two
pressure screws at the extremity of the rods on the conjunctor 13, 14 ;
48
the two pressure screws on the right of the disjunctor 11 , 12, and the
two poles of the smaller battery 10, 18.
2nd circuit 10, 11 , 12 , 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 .
The third circuit includes the two pressure screws belonging to the
large horseshoe magnet of the pendulum 19, 20 ; the two remaining
screws on the conjunctor 21 , 22 ; and the two poles of the larger
battery 1 , 23.
3rd circuit 1 , 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23 .
Thus the first and third circuit include the larger battery, and the
second circuit the smaller battery ; but the first and third circuits are
never open at the same time, as the first circuit is always broken before
the third circuit is made.
Regulating the Currents.*

11. The communications having been established, the disjunctor is
put upon cock, and the operator, by touching the two straight electro-
magnets with a piece of iron, assures himself that the currents follow
the required circuits. If he finds that both magnets are active, he is
certain that this is the case ; if one, or both of them, are not active he
knows that there is a breakage somewhere in the communications, or
that the batteries do not furnish a current of sufficient intensity. Sup-
posing that both magnets be found active, the operator then causes the
pendulum to oscillate, and proceeds to regulate the mercury in the little
iron cup of the conjunctor, by turning the vertical screw-head till the
mercury comes in contact with the point of the pin belonging to the
steel blade ; the moment the mercury touches the pin the third circuit
is completed, the large horseshoe electro-magnet becomes active, and, by
exerting a greater force upon the washer of the needle than the spring
which presses this washer to the pendulum rod, clamps the needle.
The operator then turns the vertical screw-head back two whole
revolutions, so that the circuit is again opened, the washer now is
detached from the electro-magnet by taking its collar with the forefinger
and thumb, and drawing it towards the operator's body.
12. These preliminary arrangements being completed, the pendulum
is carefully raised to its initial position, supporting the rod on the first
finger. If the pendulum bob is attracted very strongly, the battery
must be reduced one element, by changing the points of attachment of
the wire, Fig. 6 .
The power of the electro- magnet is Fig. 6.
again tested, and the core withdrawn
till the electro -magnet has not the
power of holding the bob any longer,
the core is then screwed back till the
magnet just holds up the bob.
The core or piece of soft iron in each
of the two straight electro-magnets is
made to screw in and out, by this means the power of the magnet can
be varied at pleasure .
13. Exactly the same arrangements are gone through in regulating
the currents of the conjunctor, whose electro-magnet is just made
powerful enough to overcome the effect of gravity, and hold up the
leaden weight.
* This operation used to be performed by means of regulating wires of platinum ;

in the instruments of the latest pattern the currents are regulated by means of screw
cores in the straight electro-magnets of the first and second circuits.
49
Trial ofthe Apparatus when adjusted.
14. When the apparatus has been thus adjusted, a trial is made to
see whether the instrument works correctly. To do this, it is suf-
ficient to employ the instrument to measure a known time. If the time
chosen be 0, the trial consists simply in operating, twice in succession,
by means ofthe disjunctor.
The operator puts the disjunctor on cock, raises the pendulum with
his forefinger to the electro-magnet, which retains it ; the zero of the
vernier coincides then with the zero on the limb. The operator then
presents the weight to the electro-magnet of the conjunctor, which
retains it ; sometimes the weight oscillates round the point of suspen-
sion, the operator waits till these oscillations cease ; then, pressing the
trigger of the disjunctor, the ivory buffer strikes the springs, breaks
both circuits together, and instantaneously demagnetizes both magnets
at the same moment ; the pendulum is set in motion, the weight falls,
meets the steel blade, presses the pin into the mercury, completes the
third circuit, and instantly magnetizes the large electro-magnet, which
clamps the washer and needle.
The operator then removes the weight from the blade, notes the angle
marked by the needle, detaches the latter from the magnet, and pro-
ceeds to operate again with the instrument exactly in the same manner.
The needle again marks an angle, which ought to be the same as that
of the first operation ; if there is a difference, it indicates the degree of
regularity in the working of the apparatus. A practised experimenter
may easily succeed in bringing the difference, between two successive
operations, to a maximum of 0° 25 ; and he is able to see immediately
where the error lies, and knows at once the necessary corrections. The
angle which the needle marks denotes the time occupied by the leaden
weight in falling from its point of suspension to the steel blade.
Employment of the Apparatus.

15. As soon as the operator is certain that the instrument works
regularly, experiments may be proceeded with. The operator must bear
in mind that the two operations, viz., that performed by means of the
disjunctor, and that which takes place by the effect of the shot, must be
made under identical circumstances . Suppose the instrument ready,
the targets in their places, and the gun charged. The experimenter
operates by means of the disjunctor, and reads off an angle which we
will call A, Fig. 7 ; then having again put the disjunctor on cock, and
placed the pendulum and
Fig. 7. weight in their initial
positions, he gives the sig-
nal to fire. The gun is
fired ; the projectile passes
о through the first target,
breaks the first circuit,
and demagnetizes the
straight electro-magnet of
the pendulum ; the pen-
dulum, in consequence, is
set in motion. The projectile then passes through the second target,
breaks the second circuit, and demagnetizes the conjunctor electro-
magnet ; the weight falls, presses the pin into the mercury, completes
the third circuit by which the large electro-magnet is made active, and
the needle clamped. The operator reads the angle, which we will call
E
50
A', and which is larger than A, for this reason, that instead of both
currents being broken simultaneously, as is the case when operating with
the disjunctor, they are now broken successively, as there is a certain
distance between the two targets, over which the shot must pass. The
angle A' therefore denotes the time occupied by the falling of the weight,
plus the time occupied by the projectile in passing from the first target
to the second. Therefore the difference between these angles, or (A'-A),
corresponds to the time occupied by the projectile, in passing through
the space included between the two targets.
This angle is converted into time, by employing a table, giving the
times corresponding to the arcs passed through by the pendulum.
Calculation of the Table of Times. Plate VI.
16. This calculation is founded upon the duration of one very small
oscillation of the pendulum. To obtain this datum, the whole oscillating
system is suspended upon a support, Fig. 8. The pendulum is then
Fig. 8.
made to oscillate, and the time observed by a chronometer ; this time

divided by the number of oscillations, gives the time of one small oscil-
lation of the pendulum . When this is known, it is easy to compute the
time employed by the pendulum in describing any part of an oscillation.
For (Fig. 9) calling 7, the length of a pendulum
Fig. 9.
beating the time t, of one very small oscilla-
tion ; v, the velocity of the centre of oscillation
of the pendulum , or the velocity of the point
m, situated at a distance 7, from the axis of
suspension after a vertical descent h ; x, the
angle, variable with the point m ; T, the time
that the point m would take to move through
a circumference whose radius is 1, with a
uniform velocity v.
Then v = 2gh.
17. By the common equation of the pendulum,
= 212,
where t is the time of one small oscillation. But,
v√2gh,
51
and if a represent the constant angle of half-oscillation, and a the angle

variable with h, we shall have
h = l {cos (a - x) cos a} ;
therefore
v= 2gl {cos (a -X cos a} ,
gt
or v = √ 2{cos (α -- x) cos a}.
πT
If T be the time occupied by the pendulum 7, in describing a whole

revolution, the motion being supposed to be uniform,
T = 2πl,
ข
2t
or T= 2
cos (a - x) cos a}
And, in general, if T be the time which the pendulum takes to pass
through an arc contained K times in the circumference,
2t
T
K2 { cos (a - X cos a
But in Navez's apparatus the constant angle of half-oscillation = 75° ;

therefore
2t
T=
K2 (cos (75° x) cos 75°}
The values successively given to a correspond to the middle of each
arc ; thus in calculating a table when the arcs are made equal to 1°, the
values of x are made 10, 110, 210, &c., and it is assumed that each are
is passed through with a velocity equal to that acquired in the middle
of the arc. This method of calculation of Major Navez is not strictly
correct, but the small loss of time resulting from his method never
affects those arcs comprised in the space (A'- A), and may practically
be considered nil. Tables calculated by this means will be found at
the end of Chapter III.
Description of the Arrangements at Shoeburyness for carrying on

Experiments with Navez's Electro- Ballistic Apparatus.
18. The instrument room at Shoeburyness is constructed in the lower
story of the tower, used in supplying the barracks with water. No
pains have been spared to make this room as complete as possible. It
is lighted by three large windows, and has a stove in which a fire is
constantly kept. The table on which the instruments stand, is of very
solid construction, and rests upon a large solid flagstone embedded in
concrete, and perfectly insulated from the flooring. At each side of
this table smaller tables are constructed, the greatest care being taken
that they do not touch the large table. The room is furnished with
presses, tables, shelves, and all the necessaries of an instrument room.
A barometer and thermometers of the very best construction, serve to
denote the atmospheric changes.
19. The voltaic batteries are arranged on small shelves in an outer
room, and the connecting wires between the voltaic batteries and the
several parts of the instrument, as well as from the instrument and
batteries to the main wires, are copper wires of 0.05 in. diameter, insu-
E 2
52
lated with gutta percha. The main wires consist of ordinary galvanized
iron wire of 0.16 in. diameter, stretched on posts to the targets.
20. The gun battery is at a distance of 225 ft. from the instrument
room . The battery consists of two platforms laid parallel to one another
at a distance of 10 ft. apart. In front of these platforms screens are
placed, at a distance of 20 ft. These screens are of the most solid con-
struction, and faced with sheet iron ; a slot, and movable slider, serves
to regulate the size and height of the hole through which the projectile
has to pass. At 2 ft. in front of each platform pickets are driven into
the ground, and all measurements with regard to the distance of the
targets are made from these pickets ; in practising the muzzle of the gun
is brought over the picket.
21. From each picket a horizontal distance of 150 ft. is accurately
measured, following a line perpendicular to the hurter of the platform ;
at the extremity of this distance a flagstone is firmly set in concrete, and
a line drawn on the stone marking the distance ; from this flagstone a
horizontal distance of 120 ft , is set off towards the platform, and another
flagstone set ; the targets rest on these flagstones. The first target is
therefore at a distance of 30 ft. from the picket, and the second target at
120 ft. from the first, and at 150 ft. from the picket ; the point midway
between the targets is therefore 90 ft. from the picket. Both ranges
are parallel, and exactly the same, and, as has been stated, at a distance
of 10 ft. from each other.
22. Other flagstones are placed at intermediate distances, so that the
targets can be moved to within 60 ft. of each other when operating with
small charges, and consequently low velocities.
23. A line of posts, bearing the wires, comes from the instrument
room to the first target, and the wires are then continued by a post to the
second target .
24. The targets consists of two parts, the frame and the target.
The frame is formed of wood , in the manner before described ( Sect.
9) ; and the targets can be hung up on the frame, by means of hooks
and eyes. The targets are made of very hard wood, and are 30 by 40 in.,
a row of hard wooden pins, 15 in. apart, are driven into the sides of the
target ; the whole face is then coated with shellac, and covered over with
silk, and afterwards given two or three coats of shellac, this insulates the
pins perfectly. Two little double pressure screws insulated in ebonite
are inserted in the frame. When the targets are required for use, the
wire is stretched across them by means of the pins, a short piece being
left at each end. The targets are then hung on the frames, and the ends
of the wire put in communication with the double pressure screws ; if
these screws are also placed in communication with the main wires, the
current will circulate through the wire on the target. When the wires
of a target have been broken by the passage of a shot, it is detached from
the frame, and a fresh target substituted.
25. Several methods of construction have been adopted with regard to
these frame targets, and the last seems to have given as much satis-
faction as any, and is much the cheapest, viz.: the frame is constructed
of common deal, and the pins are formed of screws run through a little
piece of gutta percha tubing.
26. In order to ascertain the remaining velocity of projectiles, the
following arrangements have been made :-
The line perpendicular to the hurter of the platform has been produced
and carefully measured to over 1,000 yds., all the measurements being
horizontal.
Different ranges have been established on this line at the several dis-
tances from the gun of 200, 400, 600, and 1,000 yds, Upright posts
are sunk in the ground at these different distances, the posts are about
53
three feet high, and serve as supports for the movable posts to which the
wire targets are hung.
The targets used at these long distances are from six to nine feet
square.
Thus, let us suppose the range to be 200 yds., or that it is required
to estimate the velocity of the projectile at a point 600 ft. from the
muzzle picket.
The first pair of posts are set at 540 ft. from the picket, one on each
side of the perpendicular line, and at about three feet from it, leaving.
therefore about six feet between the uprights.
The second pair of posts are set in the same manner, at 120 ft. from
the first pair, and, therefore, at 660 ft. from the picket ; so that the
middle point between both pairs is 600 ft., or 200 yards from the picket.
The other ranges are completed in the same manner.
The space of 120 ft. may be reduced by placing other intermediate
uprights.
The wires are carried on posts in the ordinary manner to the 200 yds.
range ; after that the wires are laid under ground, being perfectly insu-
lated with indian-rubber and tarred hemp.
The cable for this purpose was made by Messrs. Wells and Hall, of
Mansfield Street, London, and has given much satisfaction .
The cable passes through a station, opposite each range, in which
there is a disconnecting apparatus ; by this arrangement the wires in
the cable can be put in communication with the target on any range
down the line. The stations are formed of hollow cast-iron cylinders
with screw caps .
27. In addition to the foregoing arrangements, a small portable wooden
hut has been constructed, in order that the instrument may be moved
from place to place, Fig. 10.
Fig. 10.
54
The hut has a half flooring, and the table on which the instrument
rests, stands upon the natural ground, without touching the hut. A
movable cable has also been constructed to accompany this hut. This
cable unrolls itself off a travelling axle, and can lie on the ground while
the ends are attached to the frame targets and the instrument.
This arrangement has been found of the greatest use, as the instrument
can be moved to any gun which may happen to be of such a size, or in
such a position, as to make its removal inconvenient.
28. I have had considerable experience in the use of Major Navez's
delicate and beautiful little instrument, and can speak from personal
knowledge of its great accuracy when skilfully manipulated.
The following are the chief points to be attended to :-
Any error in the adjustment of the pendulum is easy of correction ;
the principal thing to be looked to being the distance of the washer from
the poles of the large electro-magnet, and the amount of play allowed to
the oscillating system. This has been explained already.
Of course every part of the instrument must be kept quite clean, and
free from dust or grit.
In the disjunctor care must be taken that the platinum pointed screws
are near enough to one another, and that when the instrument is cocked
one blade is not in advance of the other.
The chief source of error lies in the conjunctor ; the mercury must be
perfectly pure, and during a long day's experiments it would be well to
change this once or twice, as it becomes more or less covered with an
oxide, owing to the spark caused by the disruption of the current when
the leaden weight is taken off. It sometimes happens also, unless care
be taken, that some of the mercury splashes out of the little cup when
the weight falls.
This weight should have a hemispherical bottom, and when it gets
flattened, by constant falling on the steel blade, it should be rubbed
against a piece of sand paper held in the hollow of the hand. A mixture
of lead and antimony is the best material of which to make this weight.
All the several connexions should be kept well polished and the insula-
tion of the wire targets complete.
I have sometimes found a target become uninsulated by being spattered
with the grease contained in the lubricating wads, used with rifle guns.
Care must be taken that all the pressure screws bite the wires firmly ;
the action of the disjunctor sometimes loosens the pressure screws on that
instrument .
The table should be truly level, the instrument carefully levelled, and
the pendulum adjusted in the half-arc of oscillation.
There must be no friction of the vernier against the limb, and the
tension of the forked spring must be nicely regulated.
The resistances in the first two circuits should be as fine as possible,
and the battery which supplies the currents should be in perfect trim,
well amalgamated, and the acid fresh and good. The batteries should
be prepared at least a quarter of an hour before using the instrument.
The operator must bear in mind that he is conducting a philosophical
investigation, which requires skill and care in order to render the results
trustworthy .
NAVEZ ELECTRO BALLISTIC APPARATUS PL IX
Portable Hut
‫سا‬
‫ست‬ ‫سه سه‬ ‫الدبه‬ ‫السلام‬

Day & Son Lith7s to the Queen
BRITISH
9 OC 1920
MUSEUM
NAVEZ ELECTRO BALLISTIC APPARATUS
Portable Hut
Q
٧/٨/١٩١٧٠١٨/٠
‫گردان ازده‬
‫الله باس‬
Back view showing arrangement of Bunseris Batteries and conducting Cable

BRITISH
9 OC 1920
JUSEUM
55
Use of the Table.

29. The following is an application of the calculation, and the manner
of employing the table ; the vernier reading 0°·05. *
110-pr. ARMSTRONG GUN.
Instrument 32.
A', or arc obtained by firing - 109.05

A, or arc obtained by disjunctor 41.60
To obtain the time corresponding to the arc A' , the number
corresponding to the 109th degree is sought in the column
"Total Durations," and found - = 0" 240650
To this must be added the time corresponding to 05 ofthe
110th degree ; the " Partial Duration " corresponding to the
110th degree is 0" 001743 ; multiplying this by ⚫05 we
obtain - P = 0".000086
A' 0" 240736

Proceeding in the same manner to obtain the time corre-
sponding to the angle A, we find
For 41° - 0".132592
For 60 0.001728 × ⚫60 0001036
A= 0"• 133628
Difference (A'- A) = 0.107108
To calculate the velocity of the projectile from the time obtained by

the instrument, it suffices to divide the distance between the two targets
by this time, to give the velocity of the projectile at a point in the tra-
jectory equidistant between the targets. Supposing the targets to be
120 ft. apart, and the time obtained 0"-107108, the velocity of the pro-
jectile v at the equidistant point is
120 = 1120 4 feet,
0.107108
and as the first target was at a distance of 30 ft. from the muzzle of
the gun, 1120 4 is the value of v at 90 ft. from the muzzle.† This
velocity must be corrected to that which it would have been at the
muzzle.
30. The initial velocity of a projectile has been calculated from
several different formulæ. The one which has been used in the experi-
ments with Navez's electro-ballistic apparatus at Shoeburyness is
v = ( 1+
1+2 ) "
in which x is the distance from the muzzle of the gun to where the velo-
city is v. The value of r is constant and equals 1,427 ft., and the
ballistic coefficient c is given in the following tables for all descriptions
of ordnance.
This coefficient is calculated according to Didion's law of resistance,
which, as before stated, is open to correction. However, within short
distances it may be assumed as practically correct.
* Table III. page 58.

This is not mathematically correct, but the error is so very minute that,
practically, the computed velocity may be assumed to be that at the middle of the
distance between the two targets.
56
TABLE I.
TABLE giving the Value of the Ballistic Coefficient C for English

Projectiles.
SMOOTH BORES.
Projectile.
Mean Value
Ordnance. Weight, ofC REMARKS.
Nature. including Mean in Feet.
Bursting Diameter.
Charge,
Fuze, &c.
lbs. in.
68-pr. Shot 66 *250 7.91 5870'0 The values of C have been
32-pr. 99 31.875 6.17 4569'0 calculated from the formula
24-pr. " 23.500 5.60 4154'3 C 1 P
18-pr. "" 17.687 5'09 3784'6 = 2g AT R2
12-pr. 12.625 4.52 3425 *7 g32 1908 ft.,
9-pr. 9*370 4.10 3090'1 A0'0005137,
6-pr. 6.245 3.57 2716'4 T = 3.1415926,
10-in. 2 R = diameter ofshot,
Com. shell 92.625 9.84 5303 *2 P = weight of shot.
68-pr.
www
8-in. "3 49 875 7.86 4475 *5

32.pr. 99 24.812 6'17 3540*4 If projectiles differ much
24-pr. 5.59 in weight from the weights
54-in. " 17.500 3099*1 given in the Tables, it wil
.
18-pr. "2 13.125 5.09 2808*4 be sufficient to multiply

12-pr. by the ratio ofthe weights.
" 9'000 4*45 2515'0 C = CP
42-in.
P'
8-in. Diaphragm 60*750 7.91 5382'6
shell.
32-pr. 99 28*750 6.17 4186'6 If the diameter differs in
24-pr. "" 20'875 5*59 3696'8 the inverse ratio of the
18-pr. " 15.875 5'09 3396'8 squares,
12-pr. "" 10.375 4.45
4.08
2898'6
2684*2 C = C R2
9-pr. 99 8.060 R/2
6-pr. " 5.125 3.56 2241.8
TABLE II.
TABLE giving the Value of the Ballistic Coefficient C for rifled

Projectiles .
Projectile.
Nature Value
of of C REMARKS.
Ordnance. Mean
Nature. Weight Mean in Feet.
. Dia-
meter.
lbs. in.
Armstrong 110-pr. • Shot 111'60 7:00 18938 4 The values of C have been cal-
culated from the formula
=1 Р
" Shell 103 80 " 17614*8 2g Ax R2'
g = 32*1908,
A = 0.0003425,
"" 40-pr. • Shot 41.50 4.75 15293'9 T = 3.1415926,
2 R = diameter of shot.
P = weight of shot.
33 -20-pr. · 29 21.20 3.75 12585.7 If projectiles differ much in
weight from the weights given in
the Table, it will be sufficient to
"" 12-pr. - S. shell 11.75 3'00 10856'0 multiply C by the ratio of the
weights,
C୯ =0
" 9-pr. 9.25 3.00 8546 2
16
If the diameters differ in the

inverse ratio of the squares,
6-pr. Shot 6'25 2.50 8315'3 C' - α R2
Ra
57
31. Supposing the targets to have been 120 ft. apart, and the distance
from the muzzle to the first target 30 ft., the point x will be situated at
90 ft. from the muzzle.
In the example chosen, the velocity at this point will be 1120-4 ft., the
gun being the 110.pr. Armstrong.
Looking in the Table for the value of C, it is found, viz. , 18938-4,
which multiplied by 2, equals 37876.8.
The equation then becomes
1427 1427 90
1 + = 1 + 37876.8
1120.4 V e
90
= 0.002376,
37876.8
1427 1427
1 + 0.002376
1120.4 (1 + V e
1427 0.002376
2.27365 = I+
(1 e
The value of 0.002376 is obtained by developing the series,
xX'2 ac′3
exi = 1+ + &c.
1 + 1.2 + 1.2.3
0.002376 0.0023762 Q·0023763
e0.002376 = 1 + + + & c.
1 1.2 + 1.2.3
= 1 + 0 ·002376 + 0 ·000002823 + 0 ·00000002 + &c.
The fourth term of the series may be safely neglected, and we find
e0002376 = 1 · 0023788,
2-27365 = ( 1 + 1427) 1.0023788,
1427 x 1.0023788?
2.27365 = 1.0023788 + V
1427 x 1.0023788,
2.27365 1.0023788 =
V
1427 × 1.0023788
V =
1.2712712
= 1125.2.
That is to say, in passing over the first 90 ft. of air, the 110-pr. solid
shot loses 4.5 ft. of the velocity with which it started . Of course the
truth of this theorem depends almost entirely upon the value given to the
ballistic coefficient C, and this latter depends upon the value of the con-
stants A and r. I have taken these constants according to Didion's law
of the resistance, which perhaps is still capable of correction ; however,
at present, it is the best and most accurate law we know, and at short
distances the results obtained by it may be considered correct.
58
TABLE III.
TABLE showing the Times corresponding to the Arcs for Instrument

No. 32, the Time of a small Oscillation being = 0.3337 Seconds.
Arc. Total Partial Total

Arc. Duration. Partial Arc. Total Partial
Duration. Duration. Duration. Duration. Duration.
o
8528399599852BARBAKOO7883
30 *112397 ⚫001945 886882FNPEPPERR85 % 83 % 81 % 88 *171342 *001536 100 *225546 *001633

31 * 114342 ⚫001919 66 •172870 * 001533 101 *227179 * 001643
•116261 *001895 67 *174413 *001531 102 *228823 *001653
*118156 *001872 *175944 *001529 103 *230476 *001664
*120028 ⚫001851 69 *177474 *001.527 104 •232141 * 001676
*121879 *001830 70 *179002 *001525 105 * 233817 *001688
36 *123710 *001811 71 *180527 *001524 106 *235506 *001701
*125521 ⚫001793 72 *182052 *001523 107 *237207 *001714
*127314 *001775 73 *188576 * 001522 108 *238922 *001728
•129090 ⚫001759 74 *185098 *001522 109 *240650 ⚫001743
40 *130849 ⚫001743 75 *186621 *001522 110 *242393 *001759
41 *132592 *041728 76 *188144 *001522 111 *244153 * 031775
42 *134321 ⚫001714 77 *189667 *001523 112 *245928 *001793
43 *136035 ⚫001701 78 •191190 *001524 113 *247721 *001811
44 *137787 ⚫001688 79 *192715 * 001525 114 *249533 ⚫001830
*139425 ⚫001676 80 *194241 *001527 115 *251363 ⚫001851
*141102 ⚫001664 *195768 ⚫001529 116 *253214 001872
•142766 *001653 *197298 *001531 117 *255086 *001895
*144420 ⚫001643 *198830 ⚫001533 118 *256981 *001919
*146063 ⚫001633 84 *200364 ⚫001536 119 *258901 * 001945
50 *147697 ⚫001624 *201900 *001540 120 *260846 *001972
51 *149321 ⚫001615 *203441 ⚫001543 121 *262818 *001999
*150937 ⚫001607 87 *204985 ⚫001547 122 *264818 ⚫002030
⚫152544 ⚫001599 *206537 *001551 123 *266849 *002062
54 * 154144 ⚫001592 89 ⚫208084 ⚫001556 124 *268912 *002097
*155737 ⚫001585 90 *209641 * 001561 125 *271009 *002134
56 *157322 ⚫001578 91 •211202 *001566 126 •273144 *002173
% 8188588
*158901 ⚫001572 92 *212769 *001572 127 *275318 *002215

*160473 ⚫001566 93 *214342 ⚫001578 128 *277534 ⚫002261
*162040 ⚫001561 94 *215920 001585 129 *279795 '002310
60 *163602 ⚫001556 95 *217505 *001592 130 *282106 ⚫002363
61 *165158 ⚫001551 96 *219098 *001599 131 *284469 *002421
62 *166710 ⚫001547 97 220698 ⚫001607 132 *286891 *002484
63 *168258 ⚫001543 98 ⚫222306 *001615 133 .....
64 *169201 ⚫001540 99 ⚫223921 *001624
59
CHAPTER III.
IN consequence of the retirement of Capt. A. Noble from the service,

I was appointed, in the year 1861 , an associate member of the Ordnance
Select Committee, for the purpose of continuing the ballistic investiga-
tions commenced by that officer, who has already published a most
interesting report of the various experiments made by him with the
electro-ballistic apparatus, to which it is hoped the following pages may
prove valuable as a supplement.
The instruments employed in these investigations were the electro-
ballistic apparatus invented by Major Navez, Belgian Artillery, and
constructed by M. I. Jaspard, of Liège.
A description is given in Chap. II.
TABLE I.
1. TABLE showing the Value of One Small Oscillation , t, for Navez's

Electro-Ballistic Apparatus.
No. of Value of t.
Instrument . REMARKS.
"1
24 0*3320
32 0.3337
ཆ་ྒ
37 0.3350
40- 0.3342
It would be needless for me to point out the advantages to be gained

by the use of this apparatus ; it has now an European reputation, and
is employed by most of the continental governments.
Four separate instruments were employed in this country, numbered

respectively 24, 32, 37, 40.
The times of vibration were carefully determined for each by the
method described in Chapter II. , section 16 ; and tables showing the
relations between the arcs are given in Appendices I., II ., III., and IV.
of the present report, which has been arranged under the following
heads :-
1st. Description of the different arms employed in the

experiments.
2d. Method of conducting the investigation.
3d. Separate analysis of each result.
4th. Tabulated statement of all the practice.
2. A description of the different arms employed in the experiments is

given in the following tables.
60
TABLE II.
TABLE showing Weight, Dimensions, &c. of Ordnance used in

experiment with Navez's Apparatus.
Bore. Grooves.
Nature of
REMARKS.
Ordnance.
Service Armstrong Breech-loading Guus.
cwt. in. in. in. in. in. diamr.

8812
9-pr. Horse Artillery 6'0 62'0 53'0 3'0 38 0.148 0.045 1 in 38

12-pr. Land Service- 8.5 84 125 73.5 3.0 38 0'148 0.045 1 in 38
12-pr. Sea Service 8.0 72.0 61 375 3'0 38 0.148 0.045 1 in 38
Land Service 16.5 96'0 84.0 3.75 44 0.166 0.060 1 in 38
20-pr. {Sea Service 12.25 66 125 54 125 3.75 44 0.166 0.060 1 in 38
Land Service 32.5 120*0 106 375 4.75 56 0.166 0.060 1in36'5
40-pr. { Sea Service 32.0 98'0 4.75
7-inch Howitzer · 54.75 92.0 75.0 7.0
110-pr. present pat- 81.5 120.0 99'5 7.0 76 0.166 0.060 1 in 37
tern.
Other Breech-loading Guns.
70-pr. Armstrong, 61.63 9'17 88'6 6'40 70 0.166 0'06 1 in 45

side B. L.
(3.00 1in 20
Whitworth, 12-pr.. 9.75 8.75 100.0 22.75 Hexagonal.
Muzzle-loading Guns.
ft.
130-pr. 149 12.7 126 57.0
26'4
70-pr. 89 55.0
9.6 106.85 25.55
Whit- 1 in 20 Wrought iron.
worth. 77 $5.00
10 6 108.10 25:55 Hexagonal.
70-pr.
13.50 $3.00
6'00 67.87 22.75 Brass guil
12-pr. ( cast).
120-pr. shunt 100 12.08 114 7:00 - 1in 32
63 19
70-pr. 99 • 60 9'77 94.7 6'40 0.95 0.11 1in 45

70-pr. 80'8 9.08 104.5 6.48 1.9 0'26 1in365 Mersey iron.
32-pr. rifled 58 9.50 107.2 6.375 5 2.00 0'06 1 in 90 Britten's cast
iron.
32-pr. "" 58 9.50 107.2 6.375 7 1.6 0.10 1 in 120 Jefferey's cast
iron.
32-pr. 99 58 9.50 107.2 6.375 3 3.45 0.12 1in 47 Haddan's cast
iron.
32-pr. 58 9.50 107.2 6.950
6.350$ Oval bore. 1in 54 Lancaster's
cast iron.
G 12 49 143 75 5.100 6 1.5 0'09 1 in 120 ( Jeffery's68-pr.
5-inch rifled block, with
12 49 143 75 5.100 6 1.5 0.09 1in 90 dead head.
300-pr. 437 16.58 159 4 13.00 "Horsfall"
wrought iron.
150-pr. 229 124.8 10*480 Armstrong
wrought iron.
68-pr. 95 10 10 113.9 8.12 Smooth bore. Service castiron.
32-pr. 56 10 4 114 0 6.375
68-pr. Carronade 36.5 6'75 61.73 8.05
10-inch Howitzer 42 5.83 60.00 10.00
8-inch · 22 4.75 48.00 8.00
7-inch shunt rifled 15 3.9 33'00 7.00 3 1.22 0.18 1 in32 Armstrong
Mortar. wrought iron.
-pr. - 1.20 3.0 34.62 1.60 Smooth bore. Service brass
gun.
་་'Disc" Gun 1.25 2.0 20 31 $1.8757 Disc. - Woollcombe's
20.780 iron.
61
TABLE III.
TABLE showing Weight, Dimensions, &c. of Small Arms used in
Diameter
experiment with Navez's Electro -Ballistic Apparatus.
Cartridge
Weight
Length
Length
Barrel
ng
Barrel
Bullet
of
Pitch
Rifli
Grooving.
Width
of
Depth
of
of
.
of
Nature of
No.
REMARKS.
.
.
.
Arm . of
of
of
.
.
lbs. oz. in. in. in. in. in.
*005 235
LO
Enfield Rifle, A. 4 3 39 013 1 in 48 1.15 *577

Do. 0052
do. B. 4 3 39 5 ⚫013 •235 1 in 63 1.15 577
⚫005 >
Do. do. C. 4 3 39 5 ⚫013 235 1 in 78 1.15 *577
Do. do. 47 39 5 *005 ⚫235 1 in 48 1.15 *577
heavy barrel, D. 0135
Enfield Rifle, ser- 0057 ⚫577
vice pattern 4 3 39 3 ⚫013 $ *235 1 in 78 1.15
Lancaster large 4 7 39 Oval. Major 580 1 in 36 115 *577
bore Minor 572
Whitworth Major
heavy barrel · 5 4 39 Hexagon. Minor 503
S
451 1 in 20 1.416 *451
Enfield small ⚫451
10
bore 5 5 39 5 *008 *195 1 in 20 1.416

Lancaster small 4 9 39 Oval. Major 462 1 in 20 1.416 *450
bore Minor 450
Westley Rich-
ards' breech- Major 487 1 in 20 1.416 ⚫447
loading mus- >5 3 39 Octagon. Minor 447
ket ·
3. The method employed in conducting the experiments was that

mentioned in Chapter II., section 15.
The 12-pounder breech-loading Armstrong gun was taken as a
standard, and three rounds from it were fired with every other gun for
comparison. This precaution served to show any variation in the
strength of the powder employed, the effect of the state of the atmos-
phere, &c .
The practice was carried on either on the range at the water tower,
Shoeburyness, Chapter II., section 18, -or with the portable hut and
cable, Chapter II., section 27.
The small arm experiments took place at Woolwich, on a range fitted
up in the marshes.
4. On each day's practice, the readings of the barometer and wet and
dry bulb thermometers were noted ; and the following table has been
prepared, showing the actual atmospherical state on each day during
the experiments.*
I have taken the weight of one cubic foot of air at 60° Fah. and
pressure of 30 inches, humidity being 0.5 = 534 · 3 grains as the
standard .
* Vide Tables Meteorological and Physical, by Arnold Guyot, LL.D., page 102.
Psychrometrical Table, by James Glaisher.
62
TABLE IV.
TABLE showing the Density of the Air on each Day of Experiment with
Navez's Apparatus. The weight of one cubic foot of dry air at a
temperature of 32° Fahr. and pressure of 30 inches = 563 grains being
taken as the unit.
Barometer Thermomèter
observed. observed.
Date. REMARKS.
• HECKKI
in. in. gr.

12/9/61 30.200 30.102 62 58 0*798 528.8 0 9897 Standard weight of
11/9/61 30.055 29.956 60 55 0.751 528.4 0.9890 one cubic foot of
24/9/61 · 29*550 61 29 464 60 55 0.751 519.7 0.9727 air, 534 3 grains.
26/9/61 29.750 29.672 55 52 0.843 529.0 0.9901
27/9/61 30 055 60 29 960 56 53 0.844 533.0 0.9976
8/10/61 29.920 29.823 65 63 0.898 520 2 0 9736
10/10/61 · 30 300 62 30*210 60 58 0.893 533.0 0.9976
11/10/61 29 550 29*454 62 0.767 512.1 0.9585
...
31/10/61 29.920 59 29'889 53 48 0.709 534 0 0.9995

6/11/61 29.600 29 527 46 0.933 535.3 1.0019
14/11/61 29'324 54 29.258 45 42 0.802 533.0 0.9976
3/12/61 30*352 54 30 284 43 40 0.795 553.9 1.0367
4/12/61 - 30.250 55 30.179 44 41 0.796 550.9 1.0311
5/12/61 29 800 53 29.735 43 41 0.859 543.8 1.0178
14/1/62 - 29.750 47 29.701 43 0.747 538.9 1'0086
15/1/62 - 30'000 47 29.950 40 36 0.734 551.5 1.0322
28/1/62 - 29.850 48 29.798 48 42 0.648 539.5 1.0098
12/3/62 - 29*700 50 29.643 49 48 0'930 535.0 1.0013
13/3/62 30.000 48 29.948 46 45 0.931 544 01 0182
28/3/62 29 266 54 29*200 48 47 0.930 528.3 0.9888
15/4/62 30.100 45 30.056 41 40 0.928 551.9 1.0330
24/4/62 30.000 59 29.918 60 53 0.668 528.2 0.9886
30/4/62 -
HITJKKKS56888888886J8JJCUKRIN
30.055 29.976 57 53 0.796 532.3 0.9963

14/5/62 29.530 54 29'463 54 49 0.709 526.7 0.9858
28/5/62 29.900 61 29.814 61 58 0.843 524.7 0.9820
29/5/62 - 29.930 62 29 841 63 60 0'843 522.9 0.9787
10/6/62 30.066 29'987 52 0*749 532.6 0.9968
24/6/62 · 29.950 63 29 858 65 61 0.808 521.2 0.9755
30/6/62 · 29.970 29'891 57 53 0'796 530.8 0.9934
1/7/62 29.976 60 29.891 61 60 0°944 525.8 0.9841
3/7/62 - 29.966 61 29.880 55 54 0*944 532.4 0.9964
14/7/62 29.750 29 654 68 61 0'691 514.8 0.9635
15/7/62 29.700 29.601 69 60 0.621 513.0 0.9602
16/7/62 - 29.972 29.875 66 59 0*689 520.8 0.9747
22/7/62 O 30.220 64 30.124 63 57 0.712 528.3 0.9888
23/7/62 · 30.002 63 29'909 60 58 0'893 527.2 0.9867
24/7/62 30.800 63 30*706 64 62 0'893 536.7 1.0045
29/7/62 30.170 30.064 66 61 0*766 523.8 0.9803
30/7/62 30.286 30*185 64 59 0.753 528.1 0.9884
1/8/62 - 30.118 67 30.015 65 60 0.765 524.2 0.9811
3 12/8/62 · 30.100 63 30.007 62 57 0.752 527 2 0.9867
20/8/62 29.096 63 29.007 62 59 0.843 509'4 0.9534
5/9/62 29.850 60 29.766 60 57 0.843 524.9 0*9824
16/9/62 30.300 64 30.204 65 58 0.687 527.8 0.9878
17/9/62 - 30 380 63 30.287 63 58 0.753 531.0 0.9938
25/9/62 - 30 010 62 29.920 61 58 0'843 526.6 0.9856
2/10/62 - 80*150 64 30.055 64 57 0.672 526.2 0.9848
8/10/62 · 30.276 64 30.181 63 57 0.712 529.4 0.9908
14/10/62 - 29.880 63 29.787 65 61 0.808 520.0 0.9732
15/10/62 29'600 29.50404 58
66 62 0.808 513.8 0.9616
16/10/62 · 30.010 29.931 52 0.708 530*7 0.9933
29/10/62 · 29.986 53 29.920 46 44 0.864 543.6 1.0174
11/11/62 - 29.450 42 29.414 42 39 0*797 539.2 1.0092
13/11/62 · 30.084 42 30.048 36 34 0'838 557.9 1.0442
14/11/62 - 29.900 45 29.855 38 37 0.917 551'3 1.0318
24/11/62 · 29.780 44 29.739 39 37 0.840 548.6 1.0268
25/11/62 29.570 47 29 521 40 39 0.926 543.3 1.0169
3/12/62 · 29:732 48 29.680 4.5 44 0.931 541.4 1.0133
4/12/62 29.858 48 29.806 4.5 44 0*981 542.8 1.0159
63
5. Experiments to determine the Velocity of Service Armstrong

Projectiles fired with Service Charges.
The first experiments were to determine the initial velocity of the

service Armstrong rifle guns, fired with the service charges and lubri-
cating wad.
In these experiments the velocity was determined by the instrument
at a distance of 90 feet from the muzzle, and afterwards corrected by
means of the formula given in Chapter II., section 31 .
The following table gives the results
TABLE V.
TABLE showing the Velocity of the Service Armstrong Guns, fired with
service charges.
Rounds
Charge. Projectile. Velocity Initial

Nature of
No.
.
of
Ordnance. at
Brand
Nature. Mean Mean 30 Yards. Velocity.
Weight. of Powder. Weight. Diameter.
lbs. L. G. lbs. in. ft. ft.
110-pr. 3 14.00 Solid s. · 111.60 7.088 1164 3 1169'4
A. 4. 4/7/61
L. G.
Do. - 7 14'00 A. 4. 14/4/62 Solid s. · 110*50 7.095 1151.3 1156'8
L. G. 1166.7
Do. 5 12.00 A. 4. 29/5/61 Com. sh.- 103.87 7.088 1161 4
L. G. Solid s. 4.836 1158*2 1164.4
40-pr. Land 5 5'00 A. 4. 29/5/61 41.50
L. G. Solid s. - 1128'2 1134 1
40-pr. Sea- 4 5.00 A. 4. 29/5/61 41.50 4.836
L. G. Solid s. · 21.19 3.836 1114.3
20-pr. Land 4 2.50 1107*2
A. 4. 29/5/61
2.50 L. G. Com. sh.. 21'94 3.846 1095*7 1102.5
Do. 5 A. 4. 4/7/61
2.50 L. G. Solid s. · 21.19 3'836 991.4 997*5
20-pr. Sea - 4 A. 4. 29/5/61
L. G.
12-pr. Land 30 1.50 A. 4. 29/5/61 Seg, sh, · 11.75 3*074 1233'0 1243'0
L. G.
Do. - 25 1.50 A. 4. 4/7/61 Seg. sh. · 11.75 3'074 1162'6 1171.5
L. G.
Do. 15 1.50
A. 4. 14/4/62 Seg. sh. · 11.75 3'074 1229*4 1239*4
Curtis & Harvey
L. G. 4/7/61
12-pr. Sea - 5 1.50
A. 4. Seg. sh. - 11.75 3.074 1099*2 1107.3
5 1.125 L. Seg, sh. 9.37 3'074 1027.1 1036'3

9-pr. Land A. 4. 4/7/61
6. This table shows that the velocity of the 12-pounder Armstrong

gun varies very much according to the nature of the powder used. *
At first it was supposed that other guns would be affected in a like
manner by the difference of brand, and several experimental velocities
were corrected to what they would have been had a uniform brand of
powder been employed. But, from the result of many experiments
and careful investigation, I am led to believe that this is not the case ,
* See Report on Experiments with Navez's Electro-Ballistic Apparatus, by Captain

A. Noble, late R.A., sect. 29, page 13.
64
and that the difference in the results given by various brands of

powder, as shown by the velocities obtained from a gun of small calibre,
is not a safe criterion on which to base any calculation of the effects
produced in a gun of large calibre, where the charge of powder is so
much greater. The velocities, therefore, given in the foregoing table
are not altered, and I believe them to be practically correct.
Variation in the Velocity of Armstrong Guns in Terms of the Weight

of the Charge. Plate XV.
7. The following table shows the velocities of the 110-pounder and

12- pounder Armstrong guns, fired with various charges of powder.
In consequence of the difference of brand of powder used in these
experiments, it is difficult to lay down any law regulating the variation
of velocity.
The experiment was chiefly in order to determine the velocity with
those charges likely to be used in ricochet practice.
TABLE VI.
TABLE showing the Velocity of Service Armstrong Projectiles in Terms

of the Weights of the Charge.
Round s

Nature of
No.
.
of
Ordnance. at Velocity.
Weight. Brand Nature. Weight. Diameter. 30Yards.
of Powder.
lbs. L. G. lbs. in. ft. ft.

110-pr. 5 16.00 Solid s. · 111 600 7.088 1259'5 1265 :2
A. 4. 4/7/61
Do. · L. G. Solid s. · 111'600 1164'3 1169 *4
3 14.00 A. 4. 4/7/61 7.088
Do. · 5 L. G. Solid s. 7.088 1120'0 1124 7

12.00 A. 4. 29/5/61 ❤ 111.600
12.00 L. G.
Do. 5 A. 4. 29/5/61 Com. sh. · 103 875 7.088 1161'4 1166 7
L. G.
Do. 4 4.00 A. 4. 4/7/61 Com. sh. 103.875 7.088 573*5 575 6
L. G.
Do. 3 2.00 A. 4. 4/7/61 Com. sh. - 103 875 7.088 405'8 407.1
L. G. 1348'0
CO6
12-pr. - 2.00 4/7/61 Seg. sh. 11.75 3.074 1336.5

A. 4.
L. G.
Do. 3 1.75 A. 4. 4/7/61 Seg. sh. • 11.75 3*074 1264.2 1274 3
25 L. G. 11.75 3'074 1162.6 1171 5

Do. 1'50 4/7/61 Seg. sh.
"
A. 4.
G.
Do. · 30 1.50 L.A. 4. 29/5/61 Seg. sh. · 11.75 3.074 1233'0 1243'0
Do. L. G. 11.75 727.5 732.1

5 0*625 A. 4. 29/5/61 Seg. sh. 3.074
L. G. 11.75 616.1
Do. 4 0.500 A. 4. 29/5/61 Seg. sh. 3'074 619 7
L. G. 11.75 497'3 500 1
Do. 3 0.375 A. 4. 29/5/61 Seg.sh. 3'074
65
TABLE VII.
TABLE giving the results of Experiments to ascertain the Velocity of

Solid Shot fired from a 40-pr. Land Service Armstrong B. L. Gun
with reduced charges .
Weight of projectile 41.53 lbs.

Diameter 4.84 inches.
Charge. Proportion Velocity.

No. of between
Rounds . Weights of REMARKS.
Weight. Brand Chargeand At
of Powder. Projectile. 100 Feet. Initial.
lbs. ft. ft.

5 2.656 0.063 800.7 804'8 The charges were
made up to the pro-
5 1.766 L. G. R. 2/12/61 0*042 629.8 per length by means
A. 4. Lot 383. 626.8 of sawdust.
No lubricating wad
5 0.875 0.021 400 *3 402'0 used.
8. As the foregoing experiments did not furnish the necessary data

from which to found any law respecting the variation of the velocity in
terms of the weight of the charge, it was determined to carry on
experiments from the 12- pounder Armstrong gun by firing it with
charges, decreasing by 4 ounces at a time from 2 pounds, which is the
capacity of the powder chamber, to 4 ounces . A fine day was selected,
and the whole experiment was executed under the same atmospheric
circumstances .
As it was found that the powder was of exactly the same strength as
that used with the reduced charges given in Table VI., the velocities
with these reduced charges have been added, and the following table
constructed, giving the velocity of the 12-pounder Armstrong segment
shell in terms of the weight of the charge.
TABLE VIII.
TABLE ofthe Results of Experiments to ascertain the Initial Velocity of

the 12-pr. Segment Shell in terms of the Weight of the Charge.
Segment shell 11.75 lbs.
Diameter - - 3.074 inches.
Charge. Proportion Velocity.

No. of between
Rounds. Weights of REMARKS.
Weight. Brand Charge and At Initial.
of Powder. Projectile. 30 Yards .
Ibs. ft. ft.
0000 10
3 2.000 0.1702 1338*3 1349'8

1.750 0*1490 1293'3 1303 *5
1.500 0.1277 1229.1 1239'0 Date of experiment,
11/11/62.
5 1.250 L. G. R.14/4/62
СТ
0*1064 1100.1 1108*4 The charges from 1.25

A. 4. Lot 875- |
Curtis &Harvey. lbs. to 0.25 lbs. in-
clusive, were made
10 20 20 50 10
5 1'000 0'0851 955'3 962'0

0.750 0'0638 791'2 796*5 up to the proper
0'625 0.0532 727.5 *732'1 length by means of
3 0.500 0'0425 615.0 * 618'0 sawdust and a lubri-
cating wad.
5 0'500 *L. G. R. 29/5/61 0'0425 614'8 618.4
A. 4. Lot 333. *Date of experiment,
4 0.375 0.0319 497'3 *500*1- 31/10/61.
3 0*250 0.0213 400 7- 408*2
F
66
Variation in the Velocity of Armstrong Projectiles in Terms of the

Weight ofthe Shot.
9. The experiments given inthe following table were made with a

view to ascertain the velocity of certain heavy projectiles used in
experiments against iron plates, and to determine whether rifle pro-
jectiles could attain a high velocity when fired with the same propor-
tionate charges as are used with smooth-bored ordnance.
TABLE IX .
TABLE showing the Velocity of Projectiles of various Weights, fired

from Armstrong Service Guns.
Rounds

Nature of
No.
.
at
of
Ordnance. Velocity.
Brand Nature. Weight. Diameter. 30 Yards.
Weight. of Powder.
lbs. lbs. in. ft. ft.

L. G. 14/4/62 Solid bolt 199*5 7.088 753'8 756'7
∞
110-pr. · 8 10.00
A. 4.
Do. 1 11.00 L. G. Solid bolt 199*5 7.088 802.8 805*2
14/4/62
A. 4.
Do. 2 12.00 L. G. 14/4/62 Solid bolt 199*5 7.088 841.1 843 7
A. 4.
Do. 1 11.00 L. G. Solid bolt 174 4 7.088 889'8 891.9
A. 4. 29/5/61
2
Do. 1 12.00 L. G. 29/5/61 Solid bolt 150 *2 7.088 991.8 994.9

A. 4.
Do. 1 25.00 2 A. 4. 23/5/61 Solid sh.- 100'00 7.090 1582 5 1591*3
Do. 10 14 48 L. G. 14/4/62 Solid s. 57.92 7.094 1572.5 1595*2
10
1
-
A. 4.
12-pr. 30 1.50 L. G. Seg.sh. 11.75 3'074 1233*0 1243'0
A. 4. 29/5/61
I
Do. · 15 1.50 L. G. 14/4/62 Seg. sh. 11.75 3'074 1229'4 1239'4

A. 4.
Do. - 15 1.50 2 A. 4. 23/5/61 Seg.sh. - 11.75 3'074 1243'0 1253'1
Do. 5 2.00 2 A. 4. 23/5/61 Seg. sh. - 8.00 3'074 1722.7 1746*1
10 L. G.
Do. 2.00
A. 4. 29/5/61 Seg. sh. · 8.00 3'074 1640 *3 1662*0
Do. 6 2.144 2 A. 4. 23/5/61 Solid s. 5'40 3'070 2083*1 2170.0
Do. 5 2.05 2 A. 4. 23/5/61 Solid s. 5'59 3'070 2004'3 2067'3
Do. 11 1.394 L. G. 14/4/62 Solid s. 5'60 3'070 1583 5 1627.2
A. 4.
10. From this last table it appears, that elongated rifle projectiles can
attain a very high velocity when fired with large charges of powder ;
and also that this velocity is somewhat greater than that given by
spherical shot fired from smooth-bored guns with the same relative
charge.
It also appears that the velocity is greatly influenced by the nature of
the powder ; I shall, however, take another opportunity of alluding
to this fact.
The low velocity given by the experimental bolts fully accounts for
their small superficial effect when fired against iron targets.
67
Experiments upon the Effect of using a Short Projectile with

Rifle Guns.
11. In order to determine whether a rifle gun would give a high
velocity and corresponding range if it were fired with the same relative
charge as a smooth bore ; Colonel J. H. Lefroy R.A. proposed to
shorten the length of the solid projectiles used with the 110- pounder
and 12-pounder Armstrong guns, and fire this short shot with a charge
one fourth its weight. Accordingly, a number of projectiles of one
diameter in length having been made for these guns, practice was
carried on in order to determine the initial velocity, range, &c. of the
proposed shot.
The following tables give the results :-
TABLE X.
TABLE giving the Velocity of Solid Projectiles of one Diameter in
Length, fired from the 110-pr. Armstrong Gun, with a Charge of
one-fourth the Weight of the Shot.
Charge. Projectile.
No. of Velocity Initial
Rounds. at REMARKS.
Brand of Mean 30 Yards. Velocity.
Weight. Powder. Weight. Diameter.
lbs. L. G. R. lbs. in. ft. ft.
10 14.48 14/4/62 57.92 7'088 1572.5 1595*2
A. 4.
Curtis and Harvey.
TABLE XI.
TABLE giving the Velocity of Projectiles of one Diameter in Length,
fired from a 12-pr. Armstrong Gun, with a Charge of one-fourth the
Weight ofthe Shot.
Round s
No.
Charge. Projectile.
of
Velocity Initial
.
at REMARKS.
Weight.
Brand of 30 Yards. Velocity.
Powder. Nature. Weight. Diamt.
12 1*394 L. G. R. 14/4/62, S. shot 5.580 8.07 1583*5 1627.2
A. 4.
Curtis and Harvey.
TABLE XII .
TABLE showing the Results of Practice to test Range and Accuracy
of short Experimental Shot of one Diameter in Length, fired from a
110-pr. Armstrong Gun.
Difference
Charge 14.48 lbs. Mean weight of projectile 57.92 lbs .

Elevation
observed
reduced
.Deflection
Mean
Deflection
Rounds
Gun above plane 17 feet.

Quadrant
Mean
Mean
No.
by
Range
.of
Ranges.
.of
Mean
.
Date. Time of
Flight.
Min. Max. Mean.
1862.
20
yds. yds. yds. yds. yds. yds.

10
Aug. 20 - 5 Not ob- 1,432 1,736 1,572 102.6 8.3 5.8

served.
5 5 " 2,649 2,994 2,848 80 22.1 14.3
Gun laid along a line of pegs on the sand. The deflection is not to be
depended on, as the screen came in the way of the trunnion sights .
F 2
68
TABLE XIII.
REPORT of Practice to test Range and Accuracy of short Experimental

Shot, fired from Armstrong 12-pr. Gun, No. 282.
Charge 1.394. Mean weight of projectile 5· 582 lbs.

Gun above plane 17 feet.
Deflection.
No. of Elevation Range. REMARKS.
by Correction
Rounds. Tangent. 1st Graze. allowed for Left. Right.
Right.
O yds. yds. yds.
1 4 0 1,179 4 7.2
22
76
2 4 30 1,186 9
3 5 0 1,266 10 11.6
32
4 5 30 1,302 10 35
6 0 16 16
20
5 1,345
6 6 30 1,406 20 21 -
7 7 0 1,384 30 - 5
8 0 30 4.24 1
9 0 45 509 9 0'6 Struck target.
10 0 50 482 9 2.0
11 0 55 531 9 2.6
12 1 5 561 12 2.0
Gun laid at a target 9 × 9 feet. The first 7 rounds at 1,500 yards, the
remaining rounds at 500 yards.
12. From these results it appears that the rifle gun gives a high
velocity when fired with a large relative charge of powder, but that
in consequence of the short nature of the projectile, it is very difficult
to ensure stability to the axis of rotation ; this is particularly remarkable
in the case of the 12-pounder projectiles, which turned over almost
immediately after leaving the muzzle of the gun, and consequently
were exposed to an enormous resistance of the air, the base of the shot
being flat ; this accounts for the unsatisfactory practice shown in Table
XIII.
The 110-pounder short shot on the contrary did not turn over, and
the practice made by these projectiles was by no means bad ; still it was
evident that they required more bearing surface, and the Committee
directed that they should be slightly increased in length, so as to
weigh about 60 lbs.
13. These new projectiles differed but little from those first used ,
except in a very slight increase of weight and bearing surface ; they
were fired under rather disadvantageous atmospheric circumstances ,
but the results were most satisfactory and remarkable. From Table XIV.
it appears that the range of these short projectiles at 2° and 5° of
elevation exceeds that of the 68-pounder by about 400 and 900 yards
respectively. The velocities, however, not being as uniform as could
be wished, it was resolved to increase this weight to 68 lbs. , thereby
affording greater bearing surface.
69
TABLE XIV.
TABLE showing the Results of Practice to determine the Velocity,

Range, and Accuracy of short Experimental Shot of 7.26 inches in
length, fired from a 110-pr. Armstrong Gun.
Mean weight of shot 60 ·00 lbs.
Mean diameter of shot 7.08 inches.
Charge 15.00 lbs. L.G.
A. R.14/4/62 .
Powder, Curtis and Harvey.
No. of Velocity Mean Elevation Range

at Initial by Quad- in Deflect Remarks.
Rounds. 30 Yards. Velocity. rant. Right.
Yards.
ft. O
22
83
yds. ft.
1 1533.0 2 1,486 21 Strong wind blowing across
234
1547'6 range.
"" 1,570 30
1502.8 99 1,532 23
1550 8 99 1,636 24
1,556
10
5 1531.2 5 2,594* 34 * Doubtful. Not taken in

mean.
6 1523'3 "" 2,931 82
1502.9 ‫وو‬ 2,933 51 Wind very gusty.
8 1528 1 " 2,937 92
Mean 1527.9 1547 0 2,933
NOTE. The deflections cannot be depended on, as the gun could not
be laid along the line of pegs in consequence of the screen in front of it.
14. The new projectiles were nearly 8 inches in length and
weighed as nearly as possible 68 lbs.
The first experiment was to compare the effect of the 110-pounder
Armstrong breech loading rifle gun, firing these short projectiles, with
the 68-pounder smooth bore, using spherical shot. Both guns were
fired at an iron target representing a section of the ship " Warrior ;"
the distance was 200 yards and the velocity of each shot was obtained
just before it struck the target.
The following table gives the results :-
TABLE XV.
TABLE giving the Results of Practice against Iron Plates, with a short
Experimental Shot of 7.90 Inches in Length, from the 110- pr. Arm-
strong Rifle Gun, in comparison with the 68-pr. Smooth-bore Gun
firing Spherical Shot.
Penetration
or
No. of Weight Weight Velocity Computed Indent REMARKS.
Rounds. of of Pro- at 176 Initial in Inches
Charge. jectile. Yards. Velocity. at 200
Yards.
lbs. lbs. ft. ft.

2'00
11111
16.00 66.00 1,367* 1,580 68-pr. smooth bore.

16.00 68.00 1,443 1,550 3.00 110-pr. gun.
16.00 68.00 1,467 1,568 2.90 ‫دو‬
18.00 60'00 1,591 1,710 2.70 "" bad metal in shot.
18.00 68.00 1,486 1,596 3.00 ""
at 580yds.
1 13.00 72.00 1,148 1,300 through Whitworth 70-pr, steel shell at
600 yards.
* At 200 yards .
70
Experiments to determine the Velocity of the 150 lbs. Solid Spherical

Projectile with different Charges of Powder. Plate XVI.
15. The following table shows the results of the various experiments
carried on to determine the velocity of the 150-pounder or 12 ton
smooth bore gun, constructed on Sir Wm. Armstrong's principle.
The first series was for the purpose of ascertaining the velocity with
different charges of service powder ; the higher charges constituted the
proof of the gun, and the cartridges were fired in different places by
means ofthe magneto-electric machine.
In consequence of the necessity of limiting the larger charges to one
round each, the velocities obtained by these are not so reliable as if
they were the mean result of a number of rounds, but as great care
was taken during the experiment, I am of opinion that these velocities
may be accepted as practically correct.
The second series was for the purpose of comparing the effect of a
different description of powder. Except where otherwise stated, a
grommet wad was placed over the cartridge each round, and no wad over
the shot.
The gun was laid with the axis of the bore horizontal ; the mean
windage was about 0.08 inch, and the mean area of windage 1.312
square inches.
The cartridge was fired through the vent, except in some of the
proof rounds ; these rounds were fired in the following order, 60 lbs. ,
70 lbs., 80 lbs. , 90 lbs.
The first two rounds were ignited in the usual manner through the
vent, then, in consequence of there being such a slight increase in the
velocity, it was thought desirable to ignite the 80 lbs. cartridge in
front.
For this purpose a magnetic tube was placed in the cartridge about
6 inches from the choke end, and the wires from the tube passing out
over the shot communicated with the magnetic apparatus.
This mode of igniting the cartridge had evidently a great effect on
the velocity, as shown by the table.
The charge of 90 lbs. was ignited by the same means in two places,
six inches apart, in the centre of the cartridge.
TABLE XVI.
TABLE showing the Velocities of Solid Spherical Shot, fired from Sir
William Armstrong's 150-pr. smooth Bore 12 Ton Gun, with different
Rounds
Charges of Powder.
No.
of
Proportion
.
Charge Projectile. between

and Length
of Weight of Velocity Initial
Brand of Cartridge Projectile at 40 REMARKS.
and Velocity.
Powder. Mean Mean in Inches. Weig ht of Yards.
Weight. Diameter. Charge.
W. A. L. G. lbs. in. ft. ft.
lbs.
111135553 45
90 149'875 10.40 32.0 1975 5 2010'0 *No wad used.

*1 80 "" 39 28.7 1957'6 1992.7
*1 70 "" "" 23.2 1835 7 1869*1
*1 60 "" "> 20.5 1826'8 1859 3
50 99 "" 19.0 1735'3 1766'4
40 "" ‫وو‬ 15.0 1696*6 1726'4
30 " "" 1543.3 1569'0
20 "" 39 1327.7 1344 8
10 ‫دو‬ 99 905'5 917.2
2.A.4.
393
50 35 19'8 1919.8 1954'0

40 " 93 15 5. 1742 4 1774'0
71
16. Several most interesting conclusions may be drawn from the

foregoing table, the two principal ones being,—
1st. That with large charges, which are consequently of a considerable
length, it is advantageous to ignite the powder near the centre.
2nd. That a large grained powder gives a considerable increase of
velocity, and that this difference is more marked the larger the
charge is.
To enable us to reason upon these facts it will be well first to have
a clear understanding of the nature of gunpowder.
17. Gunpowder is an intimate mechanical mixture of three chemical
substances.
When this matter is exposed to a temperature of about 650° F. rapid
oxidation takes place, and a large volume of gas is produced, which is
⚫ still further expanded by the great heat resulting from the chemical
change which takes place.
Gunpowder does not explode simultaneously but burns progressively,
that is to say, the surface of the grain is first ignited, and the combus-
tion is gradual, although very rapid. Gunpowder must be looked
upon merely as a mechanical agent by means of which a certain amount
of " work " is accomplished .
The amount of this work depends upon the pressure exerted and
the space through which this pressure acts.
A charge of powder, as it is used in modern ordnance, consists of a
number of grains enclosed in a cartridge or flannel bag tied up at one
end and " hooped " with cotton thread, so that it may take as nearly as
possible a cylindrical form.
This cartridge is of something less diameter than the bore of the
gun with which it is used.
18. Let us take the instance of the 150 pounder smooth bore gun,
with a charge of 50 lbs . of service powder.
Here the charge consists of a vast number of small grains enclosed
in a flannel bag and formed into a cylinder of about 19 inches in length.
When the gun is loaded, this cylinder of powder is placed at the
bottom of the bore with a grommet wad over it, and a spherical solid
shot of 150 lbs . weight resting against the wad.
On the gun being fired, through the vent, the flame from the friction
tube passes into the cartridge and ignites it at the top of one end, thereby
suddenly generating a quantity of gas around the place of ignition .
This gas then endeavours to penetrate, through the interstices of the
grains, into the rest of the cartridge in order to ignite it all ; in doing
so a large quantity of it rushes through the space left between the
cartridge and the top of the bore, as being the easiest outlet for it ;
this gas ignites the whole top of the cartridge in its passage along it,
until it finally reaches the shot and pushes it forwards.
In this it is assisted by the quantity of gas which is endeavouring to
find its way through the grains of which the charge is composed ; in
doing so the rear part of the cartridge becoming ignited first, the
volume of gas, thereby generated, pushes the front part forward and
so moves the shot.
The shot having moved a certain distance, the powder has conse-
quently a larger space to spread into, and the final combustion takes
place.
With the service powder it is probable that before the gas arrives
thus at its maximum tension, the shot has moved forward a distance of
at least one and a half calibres.
72
Therefore in the case of the 150 pounder, before mentioned, the

charge of powder occupied a space of about 3,000 cubic inches at the
time of its maximum tension.
It is evident that, for the same guu , the larger the charge and conse-
quently the longer the cartridge, the further will the shot move before
the gas arrives at its maximum tension.
Therefore, with the service powder, before the gas has developed its
full force, the shot has moved forward a certain distance, and has
thereby curtailed the space through which the force is to act upon it ;
consequently the " work done " on the shot is less than it would have
been had the projectile not moved before the powder arrived at its
maximum tension.
The " work " on the gun is also less, as the powder has acquired a
larger space in which to develop itself before arriving at its maximum
tension, and the initial pressure per square inch is thereby lessened by
being spread over a greater surface.
19. Let us now take the instance of the 150 pounder with the same
charge of 2 A 4, or large grained powder.
This powder is composed of grains of a size of 1 to 2 mesh, that is
each grain is about the size of a good large nutmeg.
The proportion of ingredients, mode of manufacture, &c ., is identical
with that of the service powder, the only difference being in the size
of the grain and in the density being slightly less .
The 50 lbs. charge of this powder consists of a number of large
grains enclosed in a flannel bag, and forms a cylinder of about 20 inches
in length.
In the experiments alluded to the loading was performed in the
same manner, and the gun was fired through the vent.
Upon the gun being fired, the flame from the friction tube passes
into the cartridge and ignites several large grains ; the gas so developed
does not require to find an outlet by the space left between the
cartridge and the top of the bore, as the large interstices between the
grains afford an easy passage. The gas spreads thus rapidly through
the cartridge and ignites almost every grain before the shot has per-
ceptibly moved from its initial position . The gas therefore arrives at
its maximum tension almost before the shot has moved . Let it be sup-
posed, however, that it has moved to the extent of half a calibre ; the
space then occupied by the gas at the moment when its force is fully
developed is about 2,095 cubic inches.
20. Therefore, if this theory be true, the difference between the
spaces occupied by the two powders at the moment of their maximum
densities is about 900 cubic inches, almost one third of the total space.
This accounts fully for the observant effects with the large grained
powder ; in the first place, the velocity of the shot is increased in con-
sequence of a greater force acting on the projectile through a longer
space ; in the second place, the gun is more severely tried in conse-
quence of the volume of gas occupying a less space at the time of its
maximum tension, and the initial pressure per square inch being thereby
increased.
21. It is easy to understand that if large charges of small grained
powder be lighted in the centre, the velocity will be increased, as the
gas first developed will be enabled to penetrate the rest of the cartridge
in two directions.
The following table shows the comparative velocities obtained with
equal charges of different brands of powder. From this table will be seen
the increase of velocity given by the large grained powder, particularly
with large charges.
73
TABLE XVII.
TABLE showing the Velocities obtained with different Descriptions of

Powder, the relative Weights of the Charge being the same.
Velocities with different Brands.

Nature of Weight Weight
of Pro- REMARKS.
G. R. L. G. R. L. G. R. W. A.
Ordnance . jectile. Charge. 2. A. 4. L.A.4. A. 4.
23/5/61. 29/5/61. 14/4/62. A.4. L. G.
4/7/61. 22/10/60.
150-pr. smooth 150 50 *1,954 -- 1,766 * Gun burst while
bore. using this powder.
Do. 150 40 1,774 1,726
120-pr. rifle - 98 24 5 +1,690 + Gun rendered un-
serviceable the first
round.
110-pr. A. · 100 25.0 $1,591 Vent-piece smashed
T
· and blown out.

Do. 110 14'0 1,156 1,169
||
70-pr. A. M. L. 74.6 10'0 1,329 1,271 -

gun.
12-pr. A. · 11.75 1.50 1,253 1,243 1,239 1,171 1,139
Do. 8.00 2.00 1,746 1,662
12-pr. Whit- 12.07 1.75 1,350 1,326
worth, B. L.
12-pr. Whit- 12.07 1.75 1,229 1,214
worth, M. L.
Experiments to determine the Velocity of Whitworth Projectiles from

Field Guns.
22. The following table gives the velocities of solid shot fired from
the 12 -pounder Whitworth field guns with different charges of powder.
The service charge is that of 1 · 75 lbs.
TABLE XVIII.
TABLE giving the Velocities of Whitworth 12-pr. Field Guns, firing

Solid Shot with different Charges.
Rounds
No.
Charge. Projectile.
of
Nature of Velocity Initial

.
Ordnance. at REMARKS.
Brand of Mean Mean 30 Yards. Velocity.
Weight. Powder . Weight. Diameter.
lbs. lbs. in.
L.G.R.4/7/61
105
12-pr. B. L. 1.75 12.15 2.97 1316 1 1326 3

Whitworth A. 4.
gun. Lot. 345.
SOLD SOLD
3 1.50 "5 • ‫دو‬ 1229'3 1238'0 1st series.

"9 1.50 95 1235 2 1244'3 2nd series .
1.54 2.A.4.23/5/61 12.07 2.95 1306.0 1315 *5
12-pr. M. L. 1.75 L.G.R.4/7/61 12.15 2.97 1205'3 1214 3
Whitworth A. 4.
gun. Lot 345.
5 1.50 "" 33 1133'6 1141 8
Experiments with special Projectiles of different Lengths from Whit-

worth Field Guns. - Plate XVII .
23. Mr. Whitworth, being desirous of ascertaining the difference of

velocity due to a reduction in the length of the projectiles made on his
system, I was directed by the Ordnance Select Committee to place
myself in communication with that gentleman relative to the object he
had in view.
74
Mr. Whitworth supplied six different projectiles, varying in length

by half a diameter, from three and a half diameters to one diameter
long.
The projectiles were all solid, and were fired from the two field guns
rifled on the Whitworth principle, namely, the 12-pr. wrought iron
breech loader, and the 12- pr. brass muzzle loader.
The difference between the velocities given by the two guns is due
to increased length of bore in the breech-loading gun.
There is, however, one length of projectile ( 1 · 5 diams. ) with which
both guns give nearly the same results ; unfortunately there were not a
sufficient number of projectiles to admit of further experiments being
made as to the cause of this anomaly.
The following Table gives the results :-
TABLE XIX.
TABLE showing the Velocities of special Solid Projectiles fired from

Whitworth Field Guns.
Charge. Projectile.
Nature of REMARKS.
Ordnance.
Brand of
Powder.

(3 1.75 2.A.4. 23/5/61 33 14'558 2.95 0 120 1244 21251.7
3 1.75 "2 3 12.072 2.95 0 145 1340'2 1350 * 1
12-pr. Whit- 3 1.75 "" 2 10 020 2.95 0.174 1450 3 1464.0
worth gun,
breech load- 2 1.75 99 2 7.865 2.95 0.222 1632.8 1653.8
ing.
3 2.00 "" 1 6.202 2.95 0.322 1867 11905 1
21.25 " 1 3.417 2.95 0.366 2101 * 82210* 3
(31.75 "" 314 558 2.95 0.120 1124 51131.0
3 1.75 "" 3 12.072 2.95 0.145 1220 * 81229.4
3 1.75 23 2 10 020 2.95 0.174 1326 1 1338 *1
12-pr. Whit- 3 1.75 2 7.865 2.95
worth gun, 99 0 222 1472 8/1490 *7
muzzleload- 3 2.00 1 5 943 2.95 0 336 1849 11886*5
ing.
3 2.00 ‫وو‬ 1 6 122 2.95 0.326 1847 31884 7**Second experi-
ment,as the first
appeared ano-
malous.
31.25 ‫دو‬ 1 3.417 2.95 0.366 1914.2 2006.8
.
12-pr. Arm-
strong stan- -31.50 39 11.75 3.074 0.127 1247 3 1257 4† †In comparison.
dard gun.
Difference in Velocity between Armstrong and Whitworth Field Guns.
24. The following Table gives the results of experiments made for
the purpose of comparing the velocities of the 12-pr. breech loading
Armstrong gun, and the 12 -pr. muzzle loading Whitworth gun, the
relative weights of the charge being the same.
75
The difference between the velocities appears to be mainly due to

there being no windage in the Armstrong gun ; the powder has also a
greater surface of projectile to act against.
TABLE XX .
TABLE showing the Velocities of the 12-pr. Armstrong Gun of 8 cwt.,

and the 12-pr. M. L. Whitworth of 13 cwt., fired with Charges
relatively the same.
Rounds
Velocity
Velocity
.No.
Diameter
Initial
of
Charge. Projectile. Proportion

between
Weight
Yards
Weight
30
at
Nature of Weight of
.
Ordnance. Charge
.
and
.
Brand of Nature.
.
Powder. . Weight of
Projectile.
6 2.00 L. G. 4/7/61 Seg. sh. 11.75 3.074 0*170, 1336 5 1348'0
12-pr. Arm- A. 4.
strong gun, 5
8 cwt., 1.50 L. G. Seg.sh. 11.75 3.074 0.127 1166 3 1175'0
breech load- A. 4. 4/7/61
ing. 5
2.05 2A4. 23/5/61 Solid s. 5.60 3.072 0.366 2004 3 2067.3
6 2.00 L. G. 4/7/61 C. sh. " 11.75 2.95 0.170 1255 3 1264.5
12-pr. Whit- A. 4.
worth gun,
13 cwt., 5 L. G.
muzzle- 1.50 4/7/61 C. sh. · 11.75 2.95 0.127 1162 3 1169'0
5 A. 4.
loading. 1.25 2 A. 4. 23/5/61 Solid s. 3.41 2.95 0'366 1914 2 2006'8
Experiments with the 70-pr. M. L. Whitworth gun.
25. The following Table gives the velocities of the 70-pr. Whitworth
muzzle loading gun with different projectiles and various charges of
powder.
These experiments were carried on in connection with the trial of
this description of ordnance. The flat-headed shell mentioned in the
Table is the one which penetrated the 4-inch iron plate at Shoeburyness
on the 16th of September 1862.
On that occasion the necessary wire targets were placed in front of
the gun, and the velocity of the projectile was obtained by making it
pass through the targets before it struck the plate.
It is worthy of remark that the velocity of the short 52 lbs. common
shell is nearly the same with a charge of 6.678 lbs. as it is with 9 lbs. ;
and that in general this gun does not give high velocities with large
charges.
1,282 feet is a low velocity for a charge of over one- sixth.
This, most probably, is owing to the small diameter of the bore, and
consequent great length of cartridge in the larger charges. In these
long cartridges the front part acts as a wad for a certain distance, and
the projectile is moved forward before the gas has arrived at its
maximum tension. It must be borne in mind that the Whitworth
projectile is free to move when acted upon by a comparatively small
force ; this is not the case with a lead coated projectile, which requires
a much greater force to cause it to enter the grooves in the bore.
76
TABLE XXI.
TABLE giving the Velocities of different Projectiles fired from a 70- pr.
Muzzle-loading Whitworth Gun.
Rounds
Charge. Projectile.
.
Velocity Initial
No.
at REMARKS.
of
Brand of Mean Mean 30 Yards. Velocity.

Weight. Powder. Nature.
Weight. Diameter.
lbs. lbs. ins. ft. ft.
L. G. R., 4.98
A. 4. 14/4/62
10
5 9'00 Solid sh. 71.25 5.42 1115 5 1122.5

Curtis& Harvey
5 9.00 Do. Com. sh. 52.87 " 1273 4 1286'0
4 6.678 Do. Do. 52.87 99 1247.5 1259'0
5 10'00 Do. Do. 68.56 " 1191.2 1199'4
5 9.00 Do. Do. 68.56 1125 *5 1132.5
L. G. R.,
8* 10'00 A.4. 19/5/62 Do. 68.56 1196*6 1204.7 * Fired at 7°
Pigou & Wilks clevation.
L. G. R.,
3 9'00 A.4. 14/4/62 Sh.sh. · 68*59 "" 1165.0 1172.5
Curtis& Harvey
1 12.00 Do. Solid sh. 69.75 ‫وو‬ 1272.7 1282'8
Flat-
1 12.00 Do. headed -70 *59 35 1265'8 1275.8
shell.
Experiments with the 70-pr. M.L. Armstrong Gun,

26. The following Table shows the results of experiments made to
determine the velocity of projectiles fired from the 70-pr. Armstrong
muzzle loading gun.
It appears that the large grained 2 A 4 powder gives a higher
velocity, with the same relative charge, than the service powder.
TABLE XXII .
TABLE giving the Velocities of different Projectiles fired from a 70-pr.

Muzzle-loading Armstrong Gun, with various Charges of Powder.
Round s
Charge. Projectile.
.
Velocity Initial
No.
of
at REMARKS.
Brand of Nature. Mean Mean 30 Yards. Velocity.
Weight. Powder. Weight. Diameter.
lbs. lbs. ins. ft. ft.
5 10'0 2 A. 4, 23/5/61 - Com. sh. 74.6 6'25 1321.8 1329 0
L. G. R., Fired from 6-
00 20 00 LO
3 11.0 A. 4. 14/4/62 Do. "" 1311.7 1318 7 groove muz-

5 J0'0 Do. Do. "" 1264'9 1271.7 zleloading
11.0 76.5 "" shunt gun of
3 Do. S. shot "3 1303'6 1310 0
5 10.0 Do. Do. · "" 1239'8 1246.0 60 cwt.
Fired from 3-
5 9.00 Do. Com. sh. 68.4 6.30 1275'8 1283 8 groove shunt
gun, made of
Mersey iron.
Comparison between 70-pr. Armstrong and 70-pr. Whitworth Guns.

27. From this last Table it appears that the 70-pr. Armstrong muzzle
loading gun gives a much higher velocity, with the same relative
charge, than the 70-pr. Whitworth.
This seems to be principally owing to the difference of diameter
in the two guns .
77
In the Armstrong gun the powder has a greater surface of projectile

to act upon, and a large charge can also be used without making the
cartridge inconveniently long.
The following Table shows the comparative velocities of these two
L.G.R.
guns with the same brand of powder, viz . , 14/4/62 , C. and H.
A4
TABLE XXIII.
TABLE showing the Comparative Velocities obtained from a Whitworth

70-pr. and an Armstrong 70-pr. with the same description of powder.
70-pr. Whitworth. 70-pr. Armstrong.
Proportion Proportion
Mean between Mean between
Weight of Weight of Weights of Initial Weight of Weight of Initial
Weights of Velocity.
Projectile. Charge. Projectile Velocity. Projectile. Charge. Projectile
and Charge. and Charge.
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.

70*59 12.00 5.882 1275*8 74'60 11.00 0.781 1318*7
69.75 12.00 1 1282.8 74'60 10.00 1 1271 *7
5.812 7.400
10.00 1 1199'4 76.50 11.00 1 1310'0
68.56 6.850 0.954
68'56 1 1132-5 76.50 10.00 1 1246'0
9.00 7.617 7.650
52.87 9'00 1 1286'0 68.40 9'00 1 1283'8
5.875 7.600
71.25 9'00 7.918 1122.5
52*87 6.678 1 1259'0
7.917
28. From this Table it appears that the Whitworth gun gives the
greatest relative velocity with a charge of 6-678 lbs. and shell of
52.87 lbs. and that over 2 lbs. of powder added to this charge increases
the velocity by only 27 feet.
This is a very remarkable result, and shows the effect of making the
cartridges too long.
Experiments with Rifled Cast Iron Guns.
29. The following Table gives the velocity of elongated projectiles

fired from the service 32-pr. gun rifled under different systems .
This experiment was carried out in connexion with a competitive
trial between different systems of rifling, as applied to cast iron guns.
In the first two guns the projectiles are constructed on the expanding
principle, and the shell is made to rifle, something in the same manner
as the service Enfield bullet, by a base of lead being forced to assume
the shape of the bore upon the explosion of the charge. The projectiles
used with the last two guns are entirely of iron, Mr. Lancaster's shell
being that in which the cross section is an ellipse or oval, and
Mr. Haddan's having projections on its surface, which fit into the
grooves of the gun.
The guns were fired with the proposed service charges, and the last
column in the Table gives the velocity corrected to what it would
have been supposing the charges to have been uniformly one -tenth the
weight of the shot. This calculation is based upon the law that the
velocity is proportional to the square root of the charge, which is
practically correct when the difference between two charges is small .
78
TABLE XXIV.
TABLE showing the Velocity of Experimental Shells fired from a 32-pr .
Rounds
Service Gun of 58 cwt. rifled under different Systems.
No.
of
Charge. Projectile. Initial
.
Nature Velocity,
Velocity Initial Corrected
at for a
of Ordnance. Brand 30 Yards. Velocity.
Weight. ofPowder. Weight. Diameter. Charge of
th.
lbs. lbs. in. ft. ft. ft.

L. G.,
20 10 10 10 20
Mr. Britten 5 5.00 A. 4. -4/7/61 50 *36 6*24 1199.7 1209 *2 1213.3

Mr. Jeffrey - 5 5'50 Do. · 48.06 6'26 1253'0 1263'6 1181.2
Mr. Lancaster · 6.00 Do. 51°00 6'88 1234'4 1246'0 1149'0
6.32
Mr. Hadden 5 7.00 Do. 54.20 6.19 1267.9 1277.1 1123.7
12-pr. Armstrong, 5 1.50 Do. 11.75 3.074 1166.3 1175.0 1040°0
for comparison.
Experiments to determine the Velocity of the Service Round Shot fired

from Rifle Guns.
30. The following Table gives the results of experiments made to

determine the loss of velocity caused by rifling a gun with shallow
grooves.
The guns used were the 32-pr. service gun rifled on Mr. Britten's
principle, and the same gun in its smooth bore state.
The result shows that under the same circumstances the rifle gun
loses 135 feet of velocity when firing round shot in comparison with
the smooth bore gun. This loss is therefore due to the increased
windage.
TABLE XXV.
TABLE giving the Results of Experiments to determine the Velocity of

Spherical Shot fired from a Rifle Gun.
Rounds
Charge. Projectile.
.
Nature Velocity Initial

No.
RE-
of
of Ordnance. at
Brand 30 Yards. Velocity. MARKS.
Weight. of Powder. Weight. Diameter.

32-pr. smooth 5 10'0 L. G., 31.37 6.17 1638.1 1674'0
bore service. W.A.22/11/60
32-pr. rifled, Brit- 5 10'0 Do. 31.37 6.17 1507.7 1539'0
ten's system.
Experiments to ascertain the Variation in Velocity caused by a

difference of Spiral in Rifle Guns.
31. These experiments were carried on by means of two 5-inch
guns, rifled on Mr. Jeffrey's principle, and fired with his elongated
expanding projectiles.
The guns were 68-pr. blocks with the dead head left on, and bored
to a diameter of 5 · 10 inch.
It appears that with the low charge of one-eighth the increased
twist has the advantage, while with the higher charge of one-sixth
the low twist is superior.
The high velocity obtained with these low charges is due to the
great length of bore.
79
The following Table gives the results :-

TABLE XXVI.
TABLE showing the Velocities of Experimental Shells fired from 5-inch
Cast-iron Guns rifled on Mr. Jeffrey's Principle.
Length of Bore in Calibres -- 28.2.
Round s
Charge. Projectile.
Nature
.
No.
Velocity Initial RE-

of
ofOrdnance. at s. Velocity. MAR

30 Yard KS.
Brand
Weight. ofPowder. Weight. Diameter.

L. G.,
5-inch gun,No. 93. 4 4.586 W.A.22/11/60 36 56 5'00 1388'0 1397.8
Spiral, 1 turn 14
in 120 calibres. 5'916 L. G., /4/62 35.51 5.00 1628.9 1641.4
A.4.
5-inch gun,No. 95. L.G. 22/10/60 36.56

4 4.586 W. 5.00 1410 4 1420*5 * Gun
Spiral. 1 turn A. burst at
14
in 90 calibres. 2* 5'916 L. G., /4/62 35.51 5.00 1606'0 1618'0 thethird
A.4. round.
5 L. G.,
12-pr. Armstrong. 1'50 W.A. 22/11/60 11.75 3.074 1130 *5 1139'3
In com-
Standard . L. G., parison.
1.50 A.4. -14/4/62 11.75 3'074 1233'2 1243.2
Proofof Gunpowder bymeans of Navez's Electro Ballistic Apparatus.

32. The following Tables give the results of experiments carried on
in connexion with the proof of gunpowder by means of Navez's
apparatus.
A 32-pr. service gun of 58 cwt. was employed in these investigations.
The projectiles were solid spherical shot very accurately made, and of
a larger diameter than the service shot.
The cartridges were all made of exactly the same weight, length ,
and diameter, so that each round of ammunition occupied the same
space in the bore.
The " measure of uniformity " denotes the regularity in the velocity
given by a number of consecutive rounds.
TABLE XXVII.
TABLE showing the Velocities of special Spherical Projectiles fired from
a 32-pr. Service Gun, 58 cwt., with different Brands of Powder.
Mean weight of shot - 33.50 lbs.
Mean diameter of shot - 6.312 in.
Charge - 8.00 lbs.
Mean Mean Mean Measure

No. of Brand of Powder. Velocity Initial Range Relative of
Rounds. at 30 Velocity. in Strength. Unifor-
Yards. Yards. mity.
ft. ft.
8 L. G. · 1663*6 1698.3 629 1000.0
13/1/59. Lot. 83 1000'0
W. A.
10 L. G. 10/4/62 · 1624'0 1657.5 584 976.0 7918 7
W. A.
5 L. G. 20/12/58. 1660.5 1695.2 581.6 998*2 545.0
Curtis and Harvey. L. 357.
5 L. G. 1/1/59. 1632.9 1666*7 569 585+7
Halland Son. L. 559. 981.4
80
TABLE XXVIII.
PROOF OF GUNPOWDER.
ABSTRACT showing the Velocities obtained with different Brands of
Powder from a 32-pr. Gun of 58 cwt.
Mean weight of shot - 33.506 lbs.
Mean diameter of shot 6.312 ins.
Difference
Difference
Charge 8.00 lbs.
Mean
Mean
from
from
Deflection.
Rounds
Whole
YRange
., ards
the
No.
Brand Velocity
of
Group
of
.
.
of at 30 REMARKS.
of
Right
.
Powder. Yards.
.
yds. yds.
L. G. - First round missed.
1 2341678
W.A. 18/1/59 Missed . * Gun washed after this round.

Do. 1647 4 -16 2 5'5 635 0.2 Not taken in mean, as the
Do. 1678*6 15'0 25'7 639 1.2 gun was not properly dried.
Do. 1660'2 3.4 7.3 690 2.0t Gun washed and dried after
Do. 1674.9 11.3 22.0 570 10th round, and scaling
Do. (1581*1+) (533) 0.4 charge of5 lbs. fired.
Do. 1671 4 7.8 18.5 594 0.0
Do. 1656 5 - 7.1 3.6 553 0'2
1
1
9 Do. 1658*2 5'4 5.3 596 00 0.0

10+ Do. 1662'0 1.6 9.1 760 - 1.0
13309 2 67.8 -
-
I
1663'6 8.47
1
I
L. G. washed and dried as be-

559 - 0°4 * Gun
H234B Co.
1608 5 -15'6 44.4

II
11 W.A. 10/4/62 fore.

12 Do. 1654'9 30 8 2.0 559 0.2 † Gun washed and dried as be-
13 Do. 1627'8 3.7 25'1 Not observed. fore and scaled.
14 Do. 1622 5 -1'6 30 4 668 3.0
15* Do. 1615 5 8: 6 37 4 575 3.0
1བྲཱ│
16 Do. 1624 3 0.2 28'6 668 3.0

9:|
17 Do. 1622.5 -1'6 30.4 517 0.4

18 Do. 1617 2 6.9 35.7 564
19 Do. 1634 9 10.8 18.0 588 0.4
20+ Do. 1612.0 -11'9 40.9 556 1.0
240 *1 91.7 -
-
I
1624 1 9.17
I
I
21 L. G. 20/12/58 1688 *4 618 1.0

1-
27.9 35.5 * Gun washed and dried as be-

Curtis and
2323
fore and scaled.

Harvey.
22 Do. 1645*7 -14 8 7.2 567 1.4
23 Do. 1671 4 10.9 18'5 588 2.0
|| | | | |||
24 Do. 1658*4 - 2.1 5.5 641 2'0

25* Do. 1638.5 22.0 14.4 544 1.0
302.4 77.7 -
8828
GYG 15.54 -
I
1660*5
26 L. G. 1/1/59 1613'8 -19'2 39.1 Not observed.

Hall and Son
4 |14|1
27 Do. 1638 5 5'5 14 4 583 2.0

28 Do. 1615 6 17'4 37 3 548 2.0
29 Do. 1651'3 18.3 1.6 629 1'0
30 Do. 1645*8 12'8 7.1 516 1.6
165'0 73.2 570 5 -
- 1633'0 14.64 24 8
Total mean, 1652 9 feet at 30 yards.

Initial, 1687 5 feet.
81
TABLE XXIX.
TABLE showing the Chemical Constitution, &c. of different Brands of

Service Gunpowder.
Chemical Constitution in 100 Parts. No. of

Brand of Powder. Grains in
10 Grains
Nitre. Charcoal. Sulphur. Moisture. Residue. Total. Weight.
L. G. -
W.A. 13/1/59 74.26 14.68 9.98 1.08 100.00 59
L. G.
W.A. 10/4/62 . 74.88 14.49 9'73 0'90 100'00 109
L. G.
Curtis and 20/12/58 74.06 14.95 9.93 1.06 100.00 64
Harvey.
L. G.
26
Hall and Son 1/1/59 74.88 13.80 10.44 0.88 - 100.00
33. From these results it appears that with projectiles of this increased
diameter the velocity is much greater than it would have been had ser-
vice shot been used ; this is owing to the great decrease of windage ; a
charge of 8lbs., consequently, is equivalent to a charge of 10lbs. with
the service shot.
34. It is remarkable that the velocities are greater or less according as
the number of grains in a given quantity of powder are less or greater,
this is a singular proof that, with powders of the same class of manu-
facture, the velocity to a certain extent depends upon the size of the
grain, and consequently, the ease with which the gas first developed can
penetrate through the rest of the cartridge.
35. As gunpowder is a mere mechanical agent whose value depends
upon the force which a given quantity of it exerts, or in other words,
upon the initial velocity which a certain charge gives to a projectile ; its
strength and value can be determined in the most accurate manner by
means of Navez's apparatus, and arrangements are now made for carrying
on a systematic proof of powder by this method.
The powder also undergoes a careful investigation with regard to its
hygrometric qualities, chemical constitution, density, &c.
36. From Table XXVIII. it appears that with smooth bore guns, the
ranges do not correspond with the velocities, except these latter show
some marked difference. It is therefore quite impossible to measure the
strength of gunpowder by means of the ranges of projectiles, as these
ranges are liable to so many errors independent of the strength of the
powder.
37. The following tables give the results of experiments, made to
determine the strength, &c. of various experimental powders, in compari-
son with the service powder used for rifle guns.
It appears that the service powder exceeds all the experimental
powders in strength, although the grain of the latter is much the largest.
This is owing to the difference in the density and glazing ; 2A, and
A, powders are unglazed and very dusty, this prevents the thorough igni-
tion of the grain.
A, is a very highly glazed powder, and its uniformity is remarkable,
but its density seems to be rather too great.
G
82
TABLE XXX.
TABLE giving the Results of Experiments to ascertain the Strength of

various Descriptions of Powder.
Weight of shot - ·. 41.25 lbs.
Charge 5.00 ""
Velocities Relative Strength

No. of Brand of Powder. at 30 Velocities. and
Rounds. Yards. Uniformity.
ft.
12345
1180 8
L. G. R. 14/4/62. 1194 0 1192 5 mean. 1000 0 strength.
A. 4. Lot 875. 1196*1 1199 5 initial. 768 2 uniformity.
Curtis and Harvey. Service. 1196*4
1195 1
1156.2
1172.9 1170.6 mean. 981.2 strength.
2 A.4. 8/5/62. Unglazed. 1175'9 1177.0 initial, 596 7 uniformity.
1170.0
1178.0
1168.9
123450
1181.8 1172 5 mean. 982.9 strength.

A. 3. January 1861. Unglazed. 1165.0 1179.0 initial. 804 5 uniformity.
1173.8
1172.9
1152 2
1145*2 1152 6 mean. 966 1 strength.
A. 2. February 1861. Glazed. 1160.0 1158 8 initial. 1000 0 uniformity.
1154 2
1151 2
TABLE XXXI.
TABLE showing the Chemical Constitution, Density, &c. of different

Brands of Powder.
Brand Nitre in No. of Grains

of 100 Density. in 50 Grains REMARKS.
Powder. Parts. Weight.
2 A. 4 · 74.9 1.526 Each

size grain
of a The tendency of gunpowder to absorb mois-
ture, when under the same conditions (as
nutmeg. regards size of grain, &c.) , is inversely as
A. 3 · 74.5 1.607 8 its density. The high glazing of A. 2 and1
A. 2 74.0 1.716 28 L. G. R.
L. G. R. A.4. may, however, considerably modify
A. 4. 75.0 1.620 60 the absorption of water by these samples.
(Service.)
Experiments with Charges of Compressed Powder.
38. The following table gives the results of experiments made to

ascertain the value of compressed gunpowder for military purposes.
The compressed charges consisted of a solid cylinder of powder com-
pressed with a pressure of about three tons per square inch. These
cartridges weighed 1.5 lbs., and were fired in comparison with the
service cartridge of loose powder from the 12-pounder B. L. Armstrong
field gun.
83
TABLE XXXII.
TABLE showing the Results of Experiments made to ascertain the

Strength, &c. ofCompressed Powder.
Ordnance 12-pr. Armstrong Gun, No. 8.
Projectile, solid shot- 11.625 lbs.
Charge, 1 lb. 8 ozs.
No. of Velocity
at
Mean
initial Relative
Measure
Rounds. of REMARKS.
30 Yards. Velocity. Strength. Uniformity.
ft.
198450 CO
1215'8
1235'9 Service powder.
1230.1 L. G. R. 14/4/62.
1235 *2 A. 4. Lot 875.
1242.8 Curtis and Harvey.
1231.6
Mean 1231 9 1242.0 1000.0 1000'0
1934 LO
1138.4
1125*2
1119'6 Powder compressed in a cylinder with
1109'6 3 tons on square inch.
1106.0
1097.8
Mean " 1116.1 1124.0 905.0 507.8
39. From these results, it appeared that the compressed powder was
considerably inferior to the service ammunition. It was remarked,
that the gun fouled more rapidly when using the compressed charges
and this is shown by the velocity, which is constantly decreasing,
with this powder.
In order, however, to test the accuracy of the conclusions drawn
from the results given by Navez's apparatus , practice was carried on
to test the different powders by means of the ranges, &c. The following
table gives the results.
TABLE XXXIII .
TABLE showing the Results of Practice made to compare the Effects of

loose and compressed Powder.
Object-to test A4 powder in compressed form, in comparison with loose powder.
Rounds
12-pr. B. L. gun, No. 44, charge 1.5 lbs. solid shot.

No.
of
Mean Ranges. Mean Mean Mean

.
Powder. Elevation. Weight of Diff. of observed reduced

Degrees. n
Projectile. Min. Max. Mean. Range. Deflexio . Deflexion.
O lbs. yds. yds. yds. yds. yds. yds.

Loose 5 2 11.625 1058 1076 1067 5 1.65 1.22
Compressed- 93 99 750 938 877 61 1.53 1.52
Loose "9 "" 2003❘ 2047 2020 19 8.01 1.17
Compressed- " "2 1716 1852 1792 37 5.47 1.76
Loose "" 10 99 3209 3259 3238 21 36.21 1.18
Compressed- "" ‫وو‬ "" 2717 3089 2976 103 29.87 4.64
Elevation by quadrant.
With loose powder.-Gun free from fouling ; no difficulty in loading.
With compressed powder.-Gun commenced to foul immediately ; hard deposit forming in
powder chamber.
Rounds 8 and 10, and from 10 to 15, the shot could not be got home ; spunge had to be used
each time.
The hard fouling took some time and trouble to clean properly.
G 2
84
40. These results confirmed the conclusions arrived at from the

experiments with Navez's apparatus, namely, that powder compressed
in a solid cylindrical form was not adapted to artillery service.
It is easy to give a reason for this . The compressed cake is lighted
at one end, and the gas first developed has no means of penetrating
into the rest of the cylinder except by burning it gradually away from
the surface ; it thus acts something like rocket or fuze composition
and the powder does not arrive at its maximum tension until the shot
is at a considerable distance from the seat of the charge. A low
velocity and great fouling are the consequence .
Experiments to determine the Velocity of Rifled Mortar Shells with

different Charges.
41. The following table gives the results of experiments carried on
in order to determine the velocity of common shells fired from the
7-inch Armstrong rifled mortar, with different charges of powder.
In this experiment the wire targets were placed 60 feet apart, as
the velocity was expected to be very low with such small relative charges.
It appears that with these low charges the velocities are proportional
to the square roots of the charges, or
V₁ = V
Vi velocity with charge c¹.

V velocity with charge c.
TABLE XXXIV.
TABLE showing the Velocity of the 7-inch rifled " Shunt " Mortar fired
Weight of Shell 80 lbs.
Diameter of Shell - 6.94 in.
Computed Difference
Propor- Initial
tion of Velocity Velocity, between
No. of Charge. Weight at Initial assuming Experi-
mental REMARKS.
Rounds. oftoCharge
Pro- 120 Feet. Velocity. and
taking Computed
jectile. 6 lbs. as Velocities.
Standard.
lbs. ft. ft. ft. ft.

1 0.0113 293.2 294.7 287.5 7.2 Powder.
123458
22333∞
0*0227 412*7 415'0 406*6 8.4 L. G. R.

0.0341 512*7 515*7 498'0 17.7 A 4 14/4/62.
0*0454 581.1 584 6 575°0 9.6 Lot 875.
0.0568 642.9 647.0 642.8 4.2 Mortar fired at an ele-
0'0681 699*7 704.2 704.2 0.0 vation of 8°.
Velocities of Smooth-bored Ordnance with reduced Charges.
42. The following table gives the results of experiments to ascertain

the velocity of carronades and iron howitzers with reduced charges.
The charges used in this experiment were similar to those employed
at Woolwich in 1824 in connexion with experiments on breaching a
Carnot wall erected in the Woolwich Marshes.
85
TABLE XXXV.
TABLE giving the Velocities of various projectiles used in Experiment
Proportion
between
Weights
against Carnot's Wall, at Woolwich in 1824.
Charge
Projectile
Windage
.Velocity
Rounds
of
Initial
Mean
and
Projectile.
Diameter
Velocity.
No.
Distance
of
.
.
Muzzle
. ght
Second
Nature of
.
ge
Feet
Mean
REMARKS.
Mean
per
Char
Ordnance.
from
Wei
.
.
lbs.oz. lbs. in. ft.

10-pr.Howitzer, 3 7 0
co
90 0 9 835 0.165 0.0777 95 864 9 879 057 calibres in length.

common shell.
5 1 3 9*835 0.1650* 0132 95 302.6 306.0
8-pr. Howitzer, 4 4 0 7.849 0.1510 0824 100 836 2 851 4
common shell.
10 00
" 5 0 11 48.5 7.849 0.1510 0141 95 284 0 287 7

68-pr. Carro- 3 5 0 66.0 7.90 0*1500* 0757 115 872 2 886 0 7.2 calibres in length
nade, solid
shot.
"9 41 0 66.0 7.90 0.150 0 0151 98 319 7 323:0
Experiments with Mr. Woollcombe's Disc Gun.

43. The following table gives the results of experiments to ascertain
the velocity of eccentric disc projectiles fired from a small gun of about
"
11 calibres length of bore..
These projectiles have been fully described by the Inventor in an
interesting paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society,
March 13, 1862.
The pounder brass gun was fired as a comparison, but from the
great difference in windage between the two guns no parallel can
be drawn.
TABLE XXXVI.
TABLE giving the Results of Experiments with Mr. Woollcombe's Disc

Projectile.
Velocity
Rounds
Velocity
Initial
Yards
No.
Charge. Projectile.
Powder
of
Brand
at
.
.
Weight
20
Weigh
.
of
Nature of REMARKS.
.
Ordnance. Nature. Diameter.

.
Oz. OZ. in. ft. ft.

( Eccdisc.
entric 1-855 1440 714 3
10
Disc gun .. 5 2.25 7.75 87

Law-
0.765
Nrence
Calibre =
.4, o.
G.
L.
Do. · 1 2.625 1494 4 1542*1 ins.

99 ,, 99 Major 1.875.
Minor · 0.780.
Brass -pr., 8 1.625 Spherical 6*187 1'430 1038 01091 1 Calibre = 1'60 in.
smooth bore.S s. shot.
Experiments on the Resistance of the Air to the Motion of Projectiles.

44. The following tables showthe results of some experiments which
were made in order to determine the velocity at different distances of
projectiles fired from various natures of rifled and smooth bore guns.
These observations were carried on in connexion with experiments
86
made by the Special Committee on iron against iron plates and iron
targets.
In these investigations two instruments were employed, one to
denote the velocity at 30 yards from the muzzle of the gun, and the
other at 200 yards, thus estimating the loss of velocity caused by the
resistance of the air in the shot's passage over the space included between
30 and 200 yards, namely, 170 yards. In discussing the results of
this experiment it must be borne in mind that although it furnishes
data for directly determining the resistance of the air, the number of
rounds fired are not sufficient to enable us to determine the coefficients
ofthe resistance with accuracy. It will require a much more extensive
series of experiments, employing a number of guns and firing with
different charges, &c., before we can hope to arrive at any satisfactory
result relative to the air's resistance to the motion of projectiles.
This small experiment, however, is interesting in many ways. It
proves the great advantage which elongated possess over spherical
projectiles in overcoming the air's resistance and this fully accounts
for the long ranges obtained by the former. It also appears that the
spherical projectile meets with more resistance than we are lead to
suppose by the most approved theories ; this I think is owing to the
fact that these theories are based upon the results of experiments made
with projectiles of small diameter. Thus Hutton's experiments were
chiefly carried on with a ball of two inches diameter, and General
Didion's coefficients are chiefly deduced from the result of experiments
made with a shot of 4.656 inches diameter, which is only slightly larger
than our 12 lbs. spherical shot.
TABLE XXXVII.
TABLE showing the Results of Experiments to determine the Velocity of

different Projectiles at Two Distances.
Velocity
Velocity
Velocity
Mean
Mean
Yards
Diameter
.Yards
200
Projectile.
Weight
at
at
30
. rge
Yards
170
lost in
Nature of Ordnance. REMARKS .

Mean
Mean
.
Cha
Mean
.
Ibs. lbs. in. ft. ft. ft.

110-pr. Armstrong 14.00 110.50) 7.04 1151 31121.2 30.1 Solid shot, elongated.
" 12.00199.50) 7· 04 841 1 827 0 14.1 Solid shot, elongated, flat
pointed.
>> 11.00 199 50 7.04 802 8 790 3 12*5 "" 39
10 00199 50} 7*04 765 3 755 1 10* 2
68-pr. smooth bore 16.00 66 00 7.91 1558 21367 3 190 9 Solid shot, spherical.
12-pr. Armstrong - 1.50 11.75 3.03 1218.5 1149 4 69 1 Segment shell, elongated.
45. In discussing the results of these experiments I shall employ

the formula given in section 53, Chapter I, and suppose the resistance
to be expressed by two terms, the one proportional to the square, the
other to the cube of the velocity ; r being equal to 1427.2 feet. The
expression for the coefficient of the air's resistance will then be
P log (1 + √1 ). - log ( 1+ )
A= X
g & R² log e
87
In which,-
A coefficient sought.
g = gravity.
T = 3.1415926 .
R = half diameter of shot in feet.
log e = 0.4342945.
P = weight of shot in lbs.
r = 1427.2.
V = velocity at nearest range.
V1- velocity at furthest range.
a = space between the two ranges.
46. Let us now examine the value of A for the 68-pr. smooth-bore
gun, taking the data from Table XXXVII . We shall then have—
g = 32.1908 feet.
T = 3.1415926.
R 3.955 inches.
log e 0.4342945.
Р 66.0 lbs.
= 1427.2 feet.
V¹ 1558.2 ""
V = 1367.3 ""
a = 510 feet.
R² in feet equals (3-955)

12 * = 0 · 10862.
Putting in these values in the equation we have-

66
A= X
32.1908 × 3.1415926 × 0 · 10862 × 0.4342945
1427.2 1427.2
log ( 1+ 1367.3 log ( 1+ 1558.2
510
66
X log 2.0438 G log 1.9593
4.77086 510
0.0280608
= 13.834 x
510
= 0.00076116.
47. But
pl =A (1+ )
where v equals the mean of the observed velocities.
In the present instance

1367.31558.2
= 1462.7.
2
Therefore
1462 71
(1 +
pl = 0.00076116 (1 + 1427.2
= 0.00076116 × 2.0248
= 0.001541 .
88
In these calculations I have not taken account of the difference in the

densities of the air, as this is of minor importance, and is not required in
the present instance.
48. In like manner, if we take the data furnished by the 110 -pr. with
14 lbs. charge, we shall have-
110.50
A=
32 1908 x 3.1415926 × 0 · 086191 × 0 · 4342945
1427.2 - 1427.2
log ( 1+ 1121 2 log ( 1+ 1151.3
X 510
= 29.190 X log 2.7292log 2.23964
510
0.0064059
= 29.190 ×
510
= 0.00036364 .
49. And,
1136.25
pl = 0'00036364 1+
(1 1427.2
= 0.00036364 x 1.79614
= 0.0006585.
50. The values of A and p¹ can be calculated in the same way for the
heavy shot fired from the 110-pr. and for the 12-pr. segment shell ; and
the following table gives the results :-
TABLE XXXVIII.
TABLE giving the Values of A and p¹ calculated from the Data supplied
by Table XXXVII.
Nature of Weight Weight | Velocity Velocity Mean of

Ordnance. of Pro- of at at observed ofA. Value of p¹.
jectile. Charge. 30 Yards. 200 Yards. Velocities. Value
lbs. lbs. ft. ft. ft.
68-pr. 66'00 16.00 1558 2 1367'8 1462.7 0.00076116 0'001541
110-pr. Armstrong- 110.50 14.00 1151 3 1121.2 1136.2 0.00036364 0'0006585
29 199 50 12.00 841.1 827.0 834'0 0.00047837 0'0007579
199 *50 11.00 802.8 790'3 796'5 0.00045332 0.0007063
199*50 10.00 765 3 755*1 760°2 0.00039302 0.0006023
12-pr. Armstrong · 11.75 1.50 1218.5 1149'4 1183.9 0.00045870 0.0008891
51. From this table it appears that the resistance to spherical

projectiles of large diameter is greater than that given by General
Didion's formula, Chap. I., sec. 53, where the coefficient A is assumed to
be equal to 0.0005137 for all natures . The resistance is also greater
than Hutton makes it.
52. In order to compare the results given by these two formula, let us
calculate from the data supplied by Table XXXVII. what ought to be the
reduced velocity of the 68-pr. shot after passing over a space of 510
feet.
Chap. I., sec. 70, gives Didion's equation for determining the final
velocity, assuming that the line of fire is horizontal, which we may safely
do in the present case .
Vi
∞ VI
V= 1+
2°
89
In the example before us

VI 1558 : 2
x = 510
r = 1427 ;
and it only remains to determine C, and put in the several values.
In Table I. Chap. II. the value for C for the 68-pr. solid shot is given,
viz., 5870 ; but the weights of the shot being different, this value must
be reduced in terms of the weights-
66
5870 = 5848
66.25
1558.2
V= 510
1558.2 1558.2
1 + el1f96
1427 1427
1558.2
V =
2.0919 X 20.04360 1.0919
0.04362 0.04363
e0-0 4360 = 1 + 0 · 0436 + + + & c.
1.2 1.2.3
= 1 · 0436 + 0 · 00095 +0 : 00001
= 1.04456
1558.2
V=
2.0919 x 1.04456 1.0919
1558.2
1.0932
= 1425.3,
or 58 feet more than is given by experiment.
53. Let us now take Hutton's equation, Chap. I. sec. 40 ; we shall have
x = 510
d = 7.91
V 1558 2
- 231
q
And putting in these values in the equation.
V
x = 1338 d log v
(==2)
we have
1558.2 - 231
510 = 1338 × 7.91 x log
V - 231
510 1327.2
=
10585.8 log ( - 231
1327.2
0 : 048188 = log ;
·231
but
0.048188 log 1.1173
therefore
1327.2
1.1173 =
v - 231
1 · 1173 (v - 231) = 1327.2
1.1173 v - 1.1173 231 1327 · 2
1 · 1173 v = 1327 2 + ( 1 · 1173 × 231 )
v = 1327.2 + 258.1
1.1173
v = 1419 feet,
or 51.7 feet more than is given by experiment.
90
54. If we use General Didion's formula, employing the coefficient

found by experiment, viz. , A = 0 · 00076116, we shall have for the
value of C for the 68-pr.
1 P
C
2g ATΑπ R2
1 66
64.3816 0.00076116 x 3.14159 x 0.10862
3947
and 2 C7894.
Putting in this value in the equation given in section 52, we have-

1558.2
1558.2 510 1558.2
V= 1+ e 7894
1427 1427
V = 1367.3,
which is the value given by actual experiment.

The only experiment in which General Didion appears to have used
a large projectile corresponding to the 68-lb. shot are those mentioned
in Lois de la Résistance de l'Air, page 32 ; an abstract of which is
given in Chap. I, Table XVII.
The gun used in this experiment was a coast- service howitzer, firing
a shell of 49 383 lbs . weight , and 8 646 inches diameter.
If we take the velocities at the respective distances of 50 and 131
feet, with the higher charges of 4.410 and 7.716 lbs., and put in the
values in the equation given in section 45, viz.,
P lo g ( 1 + 1 ) d
A X log (( 1+
1 + 1)
9 R2 log e α
where g equals gravity in France 32 179 feet, we shall find that for
the charge of 4.410 lbs.
A = 0.0008335,
and for the charge of 7.716
A = 0.0009733.
General Didion does not appear, however, to have taken any account
of these experiments.
55. Count de St. Robert of the Sardinian Artillery has adopted the
following expression, founded on the results of the experiments made at
Metz in 1839-40, for the resistance of the air, viz. :-
pl = 0.03874 { 1 + (6006) ² },
taking the metre and kilogramme as units.

This expression, when altered to suit the English measures of the
pound and the foot, becomes-
。¹ = 0.0007877 { 1 + (2288-6) * }
{ b) ³ } .
919
56. From ballistic experiments made in Russia in 1858, Colonel

Mayefski has proposed the formula-
p¹ = 0 · 012 1+
0.01 2{ (200)"},
which, altered to English measures, becomes-
v 2
pl = 0.0002283 1+
{ 656.2
Both Count de St. Robert and Colonel Mayefski make the first term
proportional to the square, the second to the fourth power of the ve-
locity.
57. The following table gives the value of pl for the 68-pr., calcu-
lated according to each of these formulæ, namely :-
V
Experimental pl = 0.00076116 ( 1 +
(1+ 1427.2
v
Didion pl = 0.0005137
(1 + 1427.2
v 2
St. Robert
p¹ = 0 · 0007377 { 1+ ·
2283 :) *}
v
Mayefski pl = 0.0002283 1 +
{ (656 2)'}
2
TABLE XXXIX.
TABLE giving the Value of pl for the 68-pr.; calculated according to

different Formulæ, from the Data supplied by Table XXXVII.
Formula. Value ofp¹.
Experimental · 0.001541
Didion 0.001040
St. Robert 0.001040
Mayefski 0.001363
58. It appears from this table, that the formulæ of Didion and
St. Robert give the same results, as might be expected from the fact
of their joint foundation on the experiments at Metz in 1839-40.
Mayefski's formula gives a result which is nearer to that obtained by
the experiments at Shoeburyness, but as he has arrived at his formula
chiefly by observing the difference of range given by guns of various
calibres, it must be received with caution.
59. As before mentioned, these results from the Shoeburyness
experiments are not sufficient to form a basis upon which to found a
theory upon the resistance of the air ; they, however, serve to point
out what we may expect from the results of further investigation.
It appears that the resistance is greater to a large spherical projectile
than we have been led to suppose by the most approved theories, and
that it is either proportional to a higher power of the diameter than
the square, or to a higher power of the velocity than has been generally
adopted.
92€
Experiments in connexion with Iron Plates,
60. The following table gives the velocities of the Whitworth and
Horsfall guns when fired against iron targets.
In this experiment the necessary screens were erected opposite the
iron targets, and the projectile was made to pass through the wires
before striking the plate. It is to be regretted that the dimensions and
weights of projectile used with the Horsfall gun were not the same on
each occasion, as no comparison can be made between the velocities at
the two ranges . The Whitworth projectiles are those which obtained
such a remarkable penetration, at Shoeburyness 13/11/62, through iron
plates, the 70 -pounder shell completely penetrating the 4 - inch iron
armour with the low velocity of 1,100 feet. These projectiles owe
their extraordinary power of penetration to the material of whichthey
are composed, namely, tough steel or homogeneous iron.
The 130-pounder large shells held a bursting charge of 5 lbs. , and
were fired without a fuze, the powder being ignited by the impact.
TABLE XL.
TABLE giving the Results of Miscellaneous Experiments in connexion

with Practice against Iron-plated Targets.
Rounds
r
No.
Diamete
Distance
Charge. Projectile. Velocity.

.of
Muzzle
Second
Weight
.Weight
Rate
per
Nature of
from
.
Brand of
.
Ordnance.
.
Nature.
.
Powder.
lbs. lbs. in. yds. ft.

L. G. 9
Horsfall 13-inchgun 1 74.4 W.A. 10-60 s. shot • · 279.5 12.80 40 1609*3
L. G.
92 74 4 W.A. 284 8 12.92 780 1299*2
Whitworth 130-pr. 1 27.0 L.G.R. 23 11 Flatheaded 6.362
151-0 26.965 1170
365
M.L. gun. A. 4. 61 steel shell

" 1 27.0 99 " 151 0 "" 1179
99 1 27.0 "9 "" 130'0 "" " 1244
1 27'0 "" shot 129.0 99 1203
"" 1 27.0 "" Cast-iron 130'0
com. shell 99 "" 1227
L. G. R.
1 23.0 A. 4. S Flatheaded 129.0 $6.36 580 1278 *5
steel shot 26.965
" 1 25.0 ‫وو‬ shell 131'3 99 " 1268'0
70-pr. Whitworth - 1 13.0 " Flatheaded 81.0 54.987 1107
steel shell 25.425 "
25 1 13.0 ‫وو‬ 39 81.0 ‫دو‬ 1101
"" 1 13'0 "" ‫وو‬ 72.5 " 1148
" 1 13'0 " 72.5 "S 1146
61. It may not be out of place here to give a reason for the ignition
of the charge in these shells without the action of a fuze.
This ignition must have been owing to one of the following reasons :-
1st. Breaking of the shell, and consequent flame developed.
2d. Heat generated on impact.
93
3d. Friction of the powder on itself and the inside of the shell, on
impact.
62. 1st. It is an ascertained fact, that powder will explode in a shell
if the latter be broken.* This is owing to the small particles of iron
becoming incandescent.
But the Whitworth shell does not break up upon impact, and the
flame developed by the breaking up of the plate cannot get to the burst-
ing charge.
63. 2d. Heat generated on impact will ignite gunpowder, provided
the heat be developed in sufficient quantity.
Thus you may make a soft iron nail red hot by striking it a few
blows on an anvil. But Mr. Whitworth's shells are composed of
hardened steel, and after passing through the plate, they do not acquire
so high a temperature as boiling water, in fact, in most cases the heat
developed in the projectile is very slight. Gunpowder, therefore, could
not be exploded by the heat generated in the metal of which the shell
is composed .
64. 3d. Friction of the powder, either caused by rubbing against
itself or against the interior of the shell, will explode it.
It is easy to produce heat by friction. If two pieces of ice are rubbed
together, sufficient heat may be developed to melt them. Two pieces
of wood rubbed together will ignite if the friction be sufficient. Thus
it is easy to understand that gunpowder may ignite in the same manner.
Heat may be produced from friction either gradually, as when two
sticks are rubbed together, or instantaneously, when a substance suddenly
receives a blow.
This is the case with the bursting charge of the shell ; upon the
explosion of the charge in firing it is " set up " in the interior of the
shell, and becomes a hard compact cake ; its volume is reduced by
about one-third, and consequently there is an empty space left in the
inside of the shell. Upon impact, this compressed powder is driven,
with enormous force, into this empty space, and receives a violent blow
or shock against the iron ; sufficient heat is developed by this blow and
the friction against the inside to explode the charge.
65. The reason that the powder does not explode from the shock
received in firing is, that the inside of the shell is full, and in setting up
the powder " cushions " on itself, and so deadens the shock. If the shell
is not full it frequently explodes in the muzzle from the force with which
the powder is driven into the empty space. It is an ascertained fact that
the bursting charge of shells is set up within them as I have described,
unexploded shells having been picked up on the range at Shoeburyness
and examined. In some the powder cake was so hard that it could not
be cut with a copper tool.
Miscellaneous Experiments.
66. The following Table gives the results of several experiments which
have not been embodied in any of the foregoing abstracts :—
* Sir H. Douglas, Naval Gunnery. Fifth edition, Art, 291 , 292, 293.
94
TABLE XLI.
TABLE giving the Results of Miscellaneous Experiments with different

Guns.
Velocity
Rounds
Initial
Velocity
No.
ter
Charge. Projectile.
.Yards
of
.
.
at
Diame
Weight
Weigh
30
Nature of REMARKS,
Ordnance. Brand of
.
Nature.
.
.
Powder.
lbs. lbs.
110-pr. or L. G. R.
7-in. rifle 4 9.00 A. 4. 29/5/61 c. shell 103.875 7.088 949 *4 953 7
Howitzer Lot333.
L. G. R.
40-pr. S.S.
gun 5 5'00 A. 4. 14/4/62 s. shot 41.50 4.84 1168 5 1174-8 Side B. L.
Lot 875, C. & H.
L. G. R. Gun reduced
20-pr. L.S. 5 2.50 A.4. 29/5/61 s.shot • 21 187 8.83 1098 41105 4 six inches in
gun Lot 333. length.
12-pr. S.S.
gun, 4 1.50 seg. shell 11.75 3 074 1161 11170.0 No. 56.
short "
gun.
L. G. R.
99 6 1.50 A. 4. 4/7/61 " 1093 51101.6 No. 296.
Lot 345.
99 1.50 ‫دو‬ 39 25 "J 1099 21107.3 No. 321.
6 1.50 " "" " 1108 41116.6] No. 40.
12-pr. L.S. 2 1.00 2 A. 4., 23/5/61
gun 29 "" 976 0 983 0}
L. G. R.
9-pr. gun
R. H.A. 6 1*125 A. 4. 4/7/61 9.25 1007 9 1018.2 ( Unstrength-
ened shell.
2
Lot 345.
Experiments with Small Arms.
67. The following Tables show the velocities given by different

natures of small arms. This experiment was made in connexion with
the competitive trial of small arms at Woolwich during the summer of
1862. It appears that with the large-bore rifles the velocity is affected
by the amount of spiral ; thus the service Enfield and Enfield C have
the same spiral and nearly the same velocity of projectile . This is also
the case with Enfield A and Enfield D. The highest velocity is given
by Enfield B, where the spiral is a mean of the two former ; and the
Lancaster arm, with the greatest spiral, gives the least velocity. In all
the small-bore rifles the spiral was the same, viz., one turn in 20 inches ;
and the only difference was in the lubrication, which was a mixture of
wax and tallow for all the arms. There is a slight increase in the velocity
given by the Lancaster arm when the lubrication was simply wax, and
the shooting with this arm was found to be superior with this lubrication.
As the Westley Richards ' arm was fired with a different charge of powder,
no comparison can be made between it and the others.
These experiments were conducted at the small-arm range in Woolwich
Marshes, the necessary wires, &c. being erected there. The wire used
for making targets was 0.00797 inches diameter.
95
TABLE XLII.
ABSTRACT showing the Velocities given by different Descriptions of

large Bore Rifles, fired with the Service elongated Bullet.
Charge. Projectile..
Nature of Arm. REMARKS.

465665
grs. grs. in. ft. ft. Pitch ofRifling.

Service Enfield · 68.35 I2 530 0'55 1206'3 1265:1 1 in 6.5 feet.
ཐམབྲྀ
Enfield A. - "" 1190*6 1248 6 1 in 4.0
Enfield B. ‫وو‬ 99 2 བ ཧྨ བ བ
99 1212.6 1271 6 1 in 5.25 39
Enfield C. 99 1210*2 1269:01 in 6.5
Enfield D. 99 99 1191.2 1249*2 1 in 4.0 99
Lancaster 39 93 ‫وو‬ 1183.0 1234 9 1 in 3.0 "
TABLE XLIII.
ABSTRACT showing the Velocities given by different Descriptions of

small Bore Rifles, fired with elongated Bullets.
Charge. Projectile.
Nature of Arm. REMARKS.
grs. grs. in. ft. ft. Lubrication.

Curtis &
Enfield · 70 Harvey, 530 0.442 1188 4 1223 6 Waxand tallow.
547
Reg
No. 6.
Whitworth · 70 Do. 33 1174 2 1208*2 99
Lancaster · 70 Do. 59 22 1174 7 1208 *7 99
Do. 70 Do. "3 ‫وو‬ 1188 2 1223 4 Lubrication,
wax.
Westley Richards - 76 Do. 0.468 1219 7 1257*7 Nobasecavity in
"" 0.4475 of bul-
let, wax and
tallow.
Experiments with Experimental Explosive Compounds.
68. The following Tables give an interesting proof of the value of

Navez's electro-ballistic apparatus.
A substance as a substitute for gunpowder having been submitted to
the Ordnance Select Committee, that body directed that experiments
should be made with it in comparison with the service gunpowder. The
first experiments were with a view of ascertaining whether the new
substance (which looked like red pine sawdust) was possessed of any
explosive force or not. For this purpose two Enfield rifles were fired
alternately at a screen composed of a number of elm boards placed at a
distance of half an inch apart. These boards had been previously well
soaked in water.
One rifle used the service ammunition and the other cartridges made
up with the new substance.
Both arms fired the service elongated bullet.
The distance was 30 yards, and the penetrations at this range are given
in Table XLIV .
96
TABLE XLIV.
ABSTRACT showing the Penetration obtained by the use of Experimental

Powder, in Comparison with the Service Powder, from an Enfield
Rifle with Service Bullet.
No. of
No. of -inch
Elm
Nature ofPowder. Rounds. Charge. Boards REMARKS.
pene-
trated.
grs. 2ARE E 2
1831
Service 68.5 12 Distance, 30 Yards.

" 12
19 12
Experimental 34.0 11 The experimental powder looked like red
pine sawdust.
"" 2 35 ∙11 The recoil was slight, and the fouling in-
appreciable.
" 3 ‫وو‬ 12 The space occupied by the charge of 34 grs.
was about 0.10 inch less than that occu-
pied by the 68 grs. of service powder.
4 45.0 16 In loading both powders were placed loose
48.0 11 into the barrel, and the experimental
6 50°0 13 powder seemed to stick to the sides of
the bore a good deal, on account of its
lightness.
69. These results proved that the new substance was possessed of
considerable explosive power ; and, in order to determine whether this
power could be depended on as a uniform force, it was fired in comparison
with the service powder, and the velocities obtained by means of Ñavez's
apparatus.
The results of this experiment are given in Table XLV., and prove
that the new substance could not be used for military purposes as a
substitute for gunpowder in fire-arms, in consequence of its great want of
uniformity, no two rounds giving anything like the same velocity.
TABLE XLV.
TABLE showing the Velocities obtained from a Service Enfield Rifle and
Bullet, by using Experimental Powder, in Comparison with the
Service Ammunition.
Service Bullet 530 grs.
Service Charge 68 : 5 grs.
ormity
Experimental Charge 34.0 grs.

Measure
Strength
Velocity
Relative
Mean
Velo-
Unif
Initial
Charge
of
Yards
Velocities at 30 Yards at each Round.

city
.
Mean
Nature of
at
30
.
.
Powder.
.
.
Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
grs.
Service · 68.5 1181 3 1186.3 1179'6 1182.6 1234 5 1000.0 1000'0
Experimental 34 0 1158 1 1091.2 1232.7 1136'5 1108 2 1145 *3 | 1190 *4 964.3 66.6
A
.III
-PPENDIX
CHAPTER
Wire
the
Experiments
I
these
1861-2
Years
.on
during
carried n
Experiments
the
all
of
Results
show
Tables
following
The
Remarks
.of
Column
ethe
in
stated
otherwise
is
it
where
xcept
apart
Feet
D,120
of
aistance
at
invariably
were
Targets
,b
on allistic
bElectro
Navez's
-of
means
Committee
theS.
O.
by arried
cProjectiles
Velocity
oy
determine
,tof
Experiments
Results
the
giving
TABLE
1861-2
Year
the
., or
fApparatus
Projectile Readings
of Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
Ordnance
. . .
Instrument
of
No. Dat
of e Brand
of of
No.
Inst ri-
Experu- Charg
. e REMARKS
.
.
Powder .
Rounds Feet
Distance Cor-
entt
.mmen Dia- Dis-
Natu eigh t Pro- Ob-
Nature
. No. re.jun
Wm.. eter . ctor from
jectile per served
.rected
SMuzzle
. econd
II
. III
. .
IV V. .
VI .VII VIII
. .IX X. XI
. .
XII .XIV
XIII .
XV .
XVI XVII
.
I.
.lbs lbs
. .
in .
ft
L.
R.
G. 91
.- rrmstrong 16.0
Ap110 shot
*6S.
111
0 7'088 42.45 102.90 90 1260
*3
32 5/12/61A.
4. 4/7/61 determine
To the
*55
42 *55
102 1270
*3 .16
lbs
with
velocity
" "" "" "9 "" "" *35
42 102
30 1271.3 *2
1265
99 "" "" .
charge
97
35 "" *55
42 103.20 ""33 1256'0
"" "" 33 "3 42.40 *80
103 1239
*7
"" "" .
22 "" 42.50 1215'6 * hot
screen
S.struck
12345
59 ‫وو‬ ‫وو‬ 39
105'05 59J"
" 55
སྤྲོ ༡༢ སྶརྨུ བ
14/1/62 14'0 104.85
41.00 39 *5
1188 To determine
the
99 >> " 39 39 41.00 *65
106 1153
*7 1169'4 velocity
.
lbs
14
with
བ
99 ‫وو‬ 33 "" >> "S 41.00 *9
1150 .
charge
‫وو‬ "" " ""
106'80 ""
ཐཱ གྷ ཐ
123
99
ཐཱ
མ མ 2
R.
G.
L. 29/5/61 12.0 41.70 110'65 1093'6
""
8/10/61.4A. "" >> 37
‫وو‬ 109'45
41'70 1115'0 To
determine
the
"" >> "" 55 108
*95
41.75 "" *71125'0
1124 .
lbs
12
velocity
with
99 "" " 55 35 "" 109'05
41.60 "" 1120
*4 charge
.
4+ "" "5 01090 " 1122.2
"" 2" 99 5 "" °41.65
39 35 " " "" 41.70
109.30 1117.7
53 6 ‫وو‬95 "" "" "J
བྷ་ མ པ རྨ མགྷ
3"
123420 CO
རྒྱུ བཱ མ བ སྶ རྒྱུ
བྷ ། ཨོ བྷ ཐཱ ཀྵ ཉྙ
99 2
R.
G.
L. 875
103
shell
C. 33.60 *50
98 *7
1155
10/10/A.
4.61 29/5/61 " ""
33.70 98
*45 *7
1158 determine
the
33 "" 55 "" 33.75 *35
98 35 1161.6 7
1166 lbs
.12
with
velocity
>> 98.90 " *7
1151 charge
.
H
33.75 "
" >> ‫כ""ל‬ 33.75 97'75 1172'6
‫وو‬ 33.65 98,20 ‫"وز‬3 1162
*2
‫"دو‬ " 53
1 23456
"
མ ཐ ཐ བྷ ཐ
3 ; ཀྶ ཐཱ བྷ ཉ
‫وو‬
ཀྶ རྨ ཐཱ བྷ ཀྵ
བྷ ཐཱ བཱ བྷ མ
. ontinued
cVelocity
-
Projectiles
of
to
the
determine
Results
Experiments
Table
giving
Ordnance
. .
Projectile of
Readings Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
No.
of Date
of .
Instrument
Brand
of No.
of
Instru- Experi- Charge
. .
REMARKS
Powde
. r .
Rounds Distance
Feet
ment
. ment
. No. Di- Dis- re
eigh
mete Pro- from Ob Cor-
.
Nature jNatu
.aW. unct or
rt jectile
. per served
.rected
Muzzle
S. econd
I. II
. III
. IV
. V. X
II
III
V.IVI X. .
XI .XII XXVI
V
IV
.XIII .
XVII
L.
R.
G. lbs
. .
lbs .
in .
ft
15/1/62
32 A. 4/7/61 409
.-prmstrong
A110r 4.0 875
103
shell
C. 7.088 33.25 128
*20 90 564.8 apart
.feet
90
Targets
4. to
made
Cartridges
33.15 126.95 574'1
575'6 length
proper
the
" " " "" 53 33.15 *55
126 578'0 wad ust
"" "" " ‫وو‬ "3 "" 577.0
.-dacoal
by
33.20 126'80 ""
99 39 " ""
1 234
ཌ ❁༢༢ མི
"""
Ha
‫כל‬ ascer-
Eto
(xperiments
28/1/62 2'0 32.15 395
*7 the
tain
velocity
" >> 59 " "" " ‫وو‬ 32.25
123'65 ""
4405
*207.1 reduced
with
" " "" >> " 32.25
122'00 ""
121'55 " 407.7 60
. argets
Tcharges
" " " 59 " "" ‫وو‬
‫"وو‬ 29 32.25 *4
404 feet
apart
.
>> "" "" " >> 39 "9 122'15 ""
1234
R.
G.
L. ve-
the
ascertain
To
10/10/61 29/5/61 1 91 12.0 Bolt *25
150 33.75 8
991 9994 locity
experi-
of
4.
A. 108.95 ""
mental
.
bolts
16
1 11.0 174
37 ‫وو‬ 33.70 889'8 891.9
98
>> " 33 39 39 "

116.60 ""
ascertain
the
To
ve-
3:9
☺ ☺
2. 3/5/62
29/5/62 2A.4 1 144 25'0 100'00
shot
S. 54
25 103'05 8
1582.9 -1591 with
locity
one-
"> " fourth
charge
.
39
35
R.
G.
L.
A.
20/8/62.4 14/4/62 1 14.48
20 57.37 51.45 102'05 " 2
1529 apart
feet
.120
Targets
"9 ‫ވ‬ " 59
57-25 51.45 99.90 "" 1592.9
"9 " "" 57.25 " 51.50 100
*80 8
1563
99 35 " " " "" 39 feet
Targets
120.5
"" 58
°06 "" 51.50 *10
100 " *7
1587 apart
.
55 >> "" 57.18 51.60 100
*10 1591'1 1595
2
"> 93 "" 58.18 "" 51.45 *45
101 "" 1547
*1
" "> " 58.18 "> 51.50 100
*40 "" 1584'1 ascer-
to
Experiments
"" 55 ‫وو‬ 58'06 >> 51.50 101.25 59 1555
*7 of
velocity
the
tain
‫وو‬ " >> >> ‫"وو‬ "" 1545
9 the
from
shot
short
58.31 51.50 101.55 "
" " " 10 " " 58'00 "" 51.50 *40
100 1
1584 .r-pifled
110 r
gun
" " >> 99 " "
234567890
ཉྙཱ བྷ བྷ ཉྙ རྨ ཀྵུ བ ཀྵ བ
ཉ རྣ ཉྙ ༢ རྣ བྷ ྷ ཉ ཉྙ
གྷ ཐཱ ཨཱུ བྷ རྨ བྷ བྷ ཨ ཀྵ
16/10/62 °0
15 060
°0 51'50 101
*30 1547'6 No
lubricating
(wads
» "" >> "" 51.50 1533'0 .
used
"" " ‫وو‬ "" 39 "" "" 51.55
101.75 ""99
102.75 39 1502'8 To
ve-
the
ascertain
99 "" 55 59 51.60 101.30 1550
8 short
with
locity
55 33 "" 51.65 102'15 """ 1531.2 0
1547 -fourth
one
and
shot
99 " "" ‫""دو‬ .
charge
51.55 102.30 " 1523'3
" " " 55 55 "" 51.50 102.90 1502.9 feet
120.5
Targets
" "" "" >> "" "" ‫د""و‬ 51.60 102.20 " 1
1528 .;5°levation
eapart
" " "
1284568
"" " "
AAAAAAA
༢ ༢ ༢ བྷ ༠ ༢ ༢ བ
Results
giving
Table
the
Experiments
of
determine
to
Velocity
cProjectiles
.-ontinued
.
Ordnance .
Projectile Readings
of Velocity
. Initia
Veloci lty
of
No. Instrument
. .
Date
of Brand
of No.
of
Instru- Experi- .
Powder .
Rounds Char
. ge REMA
. RKS
.
ment ment
. Dis-
Dia- Pro- Distance
Feet Ob-
Cor-
Natu
. re No. WNature
. eight meter from
per
.junctor ject
. ile .Muzzle
Second rected
.served
I. .
II .
III .
IV V. II
V.VI .
VIII .IX X. XI
. .
XII X VI
IV
V
.XIII .
XVII
lbs
. .lbs .
in .ft
L.G.R. determin
To
the
ve- e
32 14/11/62
A.
.
4 26/11/61 11068
.A-prrmstrong 16.0 S.
shot 7.09
68.0
48.25 101.50 530 1442.8 .locity
feet
530
at
2 "" "" "" "" 48
*20 60
100 1467.4 In
with
ex-
connexion
1 ‫وو‬55 18.0 48
*25 100'00 "" 1486.7 against
periments
1 >> 60'0 " 48.15 1581
6 iron
plates
"" >"> "" 32 96.90 ""39 .
ོ མ བ པོ
L. ""
R.
G. ‫כ‬,
23/7/62A.
.4 14/4/62 1 110
g.-prun 409 14.0 *5
110 7.095 36.00 *7100 5 90 1159'8
>>
35 " 52 55 110.0 "" 36'05 101.00 "> 1155
*2
"2 59 F 55 22 55 110.5 36'10 101'60 1146'3 *3
1156
" " "" 110'0 "" 36.10 101'25 99 1152
*7
‫دو‬ *0
111 36.10 *90
100 "" 1159.1
55 "" 110.5 55
ཚེས་ ་ ྂ ྐ རཿ
33 "" "" "" 37.00 600
‫وو‬103.80 1129'1
" 99 ‫وو‬55 "" "" 110.0 37'25 104.05 1129'4 determin
To
the
ve- e
110.5 37'05 104'80 55 1112.5 locity
dis-
two
at
99
"" " "" "2 "" " 110'0 "" 37.05 tances
35. "" 55 "3 "" 5" 55 104.25‫وو‬ 1122.1 ,by
the
use
59. 29 55 "" 111.0 37.10 104.05 1127.5 instru-
two
of
""12.0 *5
198 7.088 31.50 117.85 ""90 845'4 .
ments
» >> 31.40 118.50 836'9
"" 55 22 :0
11 55 199.0 55 31.35 121.55 55
35 " ‫دو‬59 >> " 802'8
" ‫وو‬99. ?? 55 10.0 >> 200'0 55 31.25 125.00 "99 765
*3
12.0
ཐ ྐ ྂ མི➢ ཤྩ ཀྨ ཡཿ
55 >> 55 55 198
*5 " 31.40 119.50 600 829'0
"> >> 5) >> ""11.0 " 31.45 119'90 825.1
>> >> 33 3"
"3199*0 31.40 123'05 ""55 790'3
37 "" "" "" 10.0 200'0 " 31.50 126
*50 *1755
55 ""
ཐ ཐ ནྡྷ
R.
G.
L. shell
C.
11/10/61 A. 29/5/61 .p- owitz
h110 r 1er 9.00 103.875 33:10 110
*85 90 955'9
"> 4. determin
To
the
ve- e
>> "" >> 33 >> "" 55 *65
110
33.15 959'3 953 locity
the
of
7-inch
55 112.4
533 941.5 *7 .howitzer
55 ‫"وو‬3 ‫"وو‬
* 5 0 >>"
33'65 *9
940
1234
‫دو‬59 >> 35 55 "" 112.55 "
12/9/61 Arm-
.L-p.r
40 S. 35 5'0 S.
shot 41.50 4.836 43.30 1168.1
" strong
108.20 59
H
gun
. determine
To
42.50 *45
108 1148.0 1164 the
ve-
> "" " 40
the
of
locity
-p. r
H 2
" " " "" ‫وو‬ 42.55 107.75 9935 1162'4 4 service
gun
42.50 1149
3: .
>> 5 >> " 42
*45
108.40 "3
1163.5
‫""دو‬ "" 59 "" 59 "" "" 107.65 "
2344
བ བ བ བ
A
giving
Table
Experiments
of
Results
determine
to
Velocity
the
cProjectiles
.-ontinued
Ordnanc
. e Projectile
. Readings
of .
Velocity Initial
Velocity
.
of
No. Date
of Brand .
Instrument
of No.
of
Instru-
Experi- .Charge REMARKS
.
Powde
. r Round
. s
ent
m.ment Dia- Dis- Pro- Distance
Feet Cor-
Ob-
Nature
. No. Natu eigh
eter
unctre
W..jmectil t from per
eor .Muzzle
Second served
r. ected
I. .II .
III .
IV V. VVI
.I II
III
X X. .
XI .
XII XIII
. XIV
. XVI
.
.XV .
XVII
H
L.
R.
G. 29/5/61 S.
40
.S-pArm-
.r lbs
. .lbs .
in .ft
32 26/9/61 5'0
S.shot
136 41.50 4.836
36.20 105.85 90 1079
*4
.
4
A. strong
gun
.
36.10 103.00 1126'0 ve-
To
determine
the
"" " "" >> 36.15 102.50 99 the
.40
locity
-pofr
‫و>"و‬ "" >> >> "" ‫""وو‬ >> 7
1135 1
1134 S.
55 55 36.15 *55
103 1118.3 gun
.
1 234
"" 55 59 " 36.20 102.70 "" 1
1133
"" ‫و‬
‫""و‬ "" " " ""
ེ གནཉན
R.
G. "3
L.
ཆུསྶསྶ
2/10/62A.4. 14/4/62 1 4.84 44.40 109'50 1163.8
" " >> 99 ve-
the
determine
To
"" " >> "" >> 99 99 44
°50 *30
109 7
1169 side
the
of
locity
44
45 109
*25 " 7
1169 1174.8 -loading
ex-
breech
"> 99 39 "" "" 99 ""
55 "" " " "" "" 55 44 45 *25
109 1169-7 .
gun
perimental
39 5 >> 44.50 109'30 1169.7
1 234S
G.
L.
R. " 55 39
a
40 25/11/62 2/12/61 ‫وو‬
A.
.4 1 -prmstrong
.A40
546
r 2.656 41.53 *10
39 102.75 100 792.5
100
G. ‫وو‬ ‫وو‬ 39'15 101.70 807.1

35 39 59 " " 804-8
792.4
"9 " " 39
°05 102.70 "
‫وو‬ " "" "" "" 39
°10 101'50 809'0
‫ כל‬35 "" 39.10 102'00 802.4
>> 1.766 "3 "" ""
"" >> "" 55 "" "" 35'00 15
114 624.2 To
ve-
the
determine
"" "" " "3 "" "" 35.00 114'00 *8
625 reduced
with
locity
55 "" "" " 99 "" "" 35.05 75
114 619.5 629'8 .
charges
"" 55 "9 " "" "" 35'00 113.75 628.0 apart
.80
feet
Targets
59 35 ‫""وو‬ 550.875 "" 35.15 113'00 636
2*
" 99 ‫ وو‬39 ‫و""و‬ 31.00 142.00 ‫وو‬99 396.1
>> 55 >> 55 "" " 31.00 143
*10 *2
388 0
402
ཉྷནྡྷནྡྷ ; བྱཱ ཉྙཉྙཱ ཉྙཱནྡྷ ༢ ཉྙཱ ཉྙ ༢༢ ; རྨ

29 "" " "" 26.00 135'55 ‫وو‬35 416.7
R. 99
G.
L.
A
32 14/10/62
.
A.4 14/4/62 237
5.0 2544 5108
*0 90 1180
8
99
མོ
41.25 ""
66
» G. 44.30 107.90 1194
0
"" 59 44
°20 70
107 *1
1196
" 99 "" "" "9 "9 the
on
Experiments
95 ‫""وو‬ 55 "" " 44.10 107.60 "9 1196'4 1199.5 gunpowder
of
proof
"9 8/5/62
,u4.
2A.n- 55 "" 33 ‫وو‬99 55 44.10 107.65 9935 1195
1
"" " 55 >> "" °10
44 109'60 .་ 1156.2
" >> glazed
. " 108.80 1172.9
"" "" ‫"وو‬ 39 44.05
44.15 "
1175.9
" " " ‫وو‬ " 39 99 108.55
99 > " " 44.00 108.80 " 1170.0 1177.0
‫وو‬ " 44.10 1178.0
"" "
23451A23 12345
" 59 "" 108.50 "
ཤྲཱནྡྷནྡྷསྶ ། ཟློ ཏྱཾ ནི ནི ནི ནི མ མ མ ཐ ི ྐ ི ཆོ rb ཉྙ ❖ ; བྷཱུ རྒྱུ རྒྱུ ; རྟ

continued
-
Projectiles
Velocity
determine
to
Experiments
of
Results
the
giving
.Table
Ordnance
. Projectile
. Readings
of Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
of
No.
Date Instrument
.
Brand
of No.
of
Experi-
Instru- .
Powder .
Rounds Charge
. REMARK
. S
.
ment Dis- Pro- DistanceFeet
per Ob-
Cor-
.
ment Nature
. No. WNature
. eightDia from
jmeter
. unctor.jectile
Muzzle
. sected
erved
r.Second
I. .
II .
III .
IV V. .
VI VII
. VIII
.IX X. .XI XII
. V
.XIII
XIV
VI XVII
.
.lbs .
lbs .
in .
ft
32 A.3.1
u14/10/62
,/1/61n- 237
A40
.-prrmstrong 5.0 shot
S. 41.25 4.84 44.20 *0109
5 90 1168'9
glazed
.,, G. 20
44 108'40 1181.8
9" ""ཨ "" "" 59 " 44.15 109
°20 "" 1165'0 1179.0 the
on
Experiments
59 "" 99 " 44.25 108.85 "" 1173.8 .proof
gunpowder
of
99 "" 39 ‫وو‬ 99 "" 44.20 108.85 1172.9
" 95 ">
12345
33
ོ ཉ གྷ ཉྙ
སྦེ མ མ མ མ
‫وو‬
1A.2
. /2/61 *944.25
109 5 1152.2
" "9 "" 39 99 " 44
*25 110
*30 1145'5
‫دو‬ " 99 "" ‫""وو‬ "" 35 ""
"" 39 "" ‫و""و‬ " "" 35 44
30 109'60 "" 1160'0 7
-1158
"" 44.30 109*90 1154.2
» "" 39 >> "" 35 44.30 1151.2
>> " 99 "" ‫""وو‬ "" 110'05 ""3
12345
ཐཱ གྷ གྷ བྷ བྷ
L.
R. "9
G.
ཤྲཱ མཱ ཤྲཱ ཉྙ ཉྙ
29/5/61 1 Arm-
.L-p.r
20 S. 40 2.50 21.187 43'50
3.83 113'90 1067'0
24/9/61.
4A. stro
.gun ng "5 35
"" *45
43 1112.4 determine
To
the
ve-
" "" 111.30 33
1114-3 L.
S.
locity
the
of
101
" ,, "" 35 ‫وو‬ 99 30.70 98.10 1104.0

"" "" 99 " ‫""وو‬ " 30.65
98'00 "" 1104'6 -r
p.20
A
59 99 " " 99. 99 30
*70 97.85 1108.0
"9
:; ; ;
; ྣ ; ;
ཨ ཨཱ བ རྨ
ཐཱ ཀྵ ཀྵ ཀླ
" 10/10/61 " 59 27 "" 99 "" 33.75 104.70 1055'0
39 99 " 101.80
33.80 ‫وو‬ 1102.6 6( un
ireduced
Gnches
"" 33.90 1101.2 length
.in
· 99 "" 33.85
102'00 """
100'55 1124-7 *4
1105 Toloss
the
determine
59 "" 59 55 "" 33.90 1072.6 the
to
due
velocity
of
" S" 6 "" ‫وو‬39 " "" 33.80
103.75 """"
102.50 1091.0 length
in
.reduction
" L.
R. 95
G. 39 ""
གྷ ཀྨ ཀྵ ཀྵ ཐཱ བ
རྒྱུ བྷ བ སྶ རྨསཾསྶཧྨསྶཀྨ
24/7/62A.
4. 4/7/61 C.shell
21
937 ‫دو‬3.84 111.60
41.40 1072.1
"" ""
25
" 39 "" 41.40
*40
110 1092.8 determine
To
the
ve-
99 33 110*15
41.30 3" 1095'5 1102-5 the
Shell
C.
locity
of
59 ‫وو‬ "" 41.50
*45
110 35 1093'7 the
-pfrom
L.20 r
.S.
99 " 55 "" 109
°141'450 "" 1127.3 gun
.
"" 33 ‫""وو‬ " ‫وو‬ 99 41.30*35
110 "" 1092'0
R.
G.
L. 20
.S-p.r
Arm-
S.
"
27/9/61A.4
. 29/5/61 strong 13 S.shot
21
187
2.5 ‫دو‬ 3.83 42.60 120
*20 953'3
.gun
རྣ ཤྩ ; ཤྩ ༢ བཿ。
ཉ ཀྐ ཀྐ ཀྐ བ བ བ ཞེའ མ མ མ 25
" 55 "9 39 39 31.80 107.10 99 *7
987 determine
To
the
ve-
59 31.90 106.95 991.3 997.5 locity
20
.-pthe
ofr
"" " 106'60
31.85 995
*5
"" " "9 99 99 S.S.
gun
.
12345 O 1 N FI20 CO 1234

59 "" " "" ‫دو‬ 32 31.90 106.95 "" 991.3
ཨཱ གྷ གྷ ༢
36 ཐ མ མ མ མ ོ ་ མ མ མ ཐ
the
giving
Table
Experiments
Results
determine
to
Velocity
of
cProjectiles
ontinued
.-
.
Ordnance Projectile
. of
Readings Initial
Velocity
.
Instrument
. .
Velocity
No.
of
Date
of Brand
of No.
of
Instru-
Experi- Powde Charg
. e REMARK
. S
. r Rounds
.
ment
. ment
. Di- Dis- Pro-
Natu Feet
Distance Ob-
Cor-
.
Nature No. eigh
metere
Waj.. ectilor from
per
. unct ert SMuzzle
. econd served
.rected
I. .
II .
III .
IV V. I.VVI
II
X
III X. .
XI .
XII X
.X IV
XIII
. VI
V XVII
.
G.
R.
29/
L. 5/61 lbs
. .
lbs in
. .ft
32 4.
11/9/61A. .A12
-p8rrmstrong 1.50 Seghl
175
.1s3.074 41.70 103.70 90 1226'4
"9 "" "" " "9 41.60 10
103 1236.9
‫دو‬ "" 41.75 102.65 "" 1249'9
" 39 " 59 59 "" 41.80 ""
"" 99 99 "" 59 " *45
103 1233'9
"" "" "" ‫و"و‬ 99 " "" 41.75 103.85 59 1225
4
བྷ ཐ ཐ ཐ
33 99 "" 41.75 103'45 " 1232.8
" " ""
ཚོ་ རྒྱུ ༢༢༢

‫ وو‬12/9/61 43.55 1220'0 Experiments
com-
in
99 " "" 59 99 99 43.35
105.90 ‫ وو‬99
105'00 7
1234 1243.0 vari-
with
parison
"" 59 " "9 " "" 43.55 on
fired
guns
ous
"" "" " " "" 39 105'00 ""39 1239'0 same
.the
day
24/9/61 "" 43.50 *60
106 1204'3
33 39 ‫وو‬ "9 "3 " "" 43.55 *35
105 " 1231.7
99 99.9 "" " ". "" "3 43.55 1237'0
102
"" 39 99 " 99 55 99 "" 105'10 >>>>

09
"" 26/9/61 "" 43.50 106.00 1216'8

9" "" 99 "" 99 43.60 2
1225
"9 " 39 "" "" "9 43:60
105'70 ""99
65
105 1226'3
"" "" ‫وو‬99 39 " 39 ""
གྷོ ཐ བྱཱ
☺☺☺
27/9/61 99 1.50 42.95 105
*20 1222.0
>> "S "" 43'05 103.85 99 1253'0
*
99 35 "" "" 8*301 92.05 " 1237'0
"". .99 99 "" altered
C.*onjunctor
སྶ ;
99 "" ""
8/10/61 41.70 104.90 1201.6
9" " "" "" 41'70 missed ""
55 59 " "" ""
INSERO DOO ON RER OR 22

:99 "" 99 39 "" "" 41.70 25
103 1236'0
མ མ བ
9/10/61 9" 41.75 103.85 ‫وو‬ 1224.5 Experiments
com-
in
>> 39 39 " 59 41.80 103.85 " 1225'6
"9 "" 24 "9 99 vari-
with
parison
41.85 103
*40
*
99 "
‫ وو‬99
9" ‫وو‬35 99 "" "" 1236'1 on
ous
fired
guns
11/10/61 " ‫وو‬ 41.65 103
*25 1235'0 the
same
day
.
>> " >> " 39 41.60 *20
102 59 1256.2
" 27 99 39 39 41:55 *85
102 "" 1241.2
*
" ‫وو‬59 " "" 35 "" 39 99
" 14/11/61 35.75 1216.7 of
brand
t
new
(A
L.
G. " " " ""
97.75 ""
*
4/7
R. /61
+29 powder
com-
was
33 " 4.
A. " " "9 99 "9 "" 35.65 99.65 "" 1177.6 menced
this
at
" " 30 " 35.80 100
*75 1160'3 .
round
99 " 99
*** *** 2 2 8
‫وو‬
.-ontinued
cProjectiles
of
Velocity
the
determine
to
Experiments
Results
giving
Table
Projectile
. Readings
of Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
.
Ordnance .Instrument
Date
No.
of Brand
of No.
of
Instru-
Experi- Charge
. REMARKS
.
.
Powder Rounds
. Feet
Distance Ob-
.
ment ment
. Dia- Dis- Pro- from eight Cor-
.
Nature No. jmWNature eter
unctor
uzzle
econd
M...S. ectile .per
ected
rserved
I. .
II .
III .
IV V. V.VI III
II .IX X. .XI .
XII XIII
. XIV
. XV
. .
XVI XVII
.
R.
G.
L. lbs
. .lbs .
in .ft
32 26/11/61 4/7/61 31 .A-prmstrong
12 r 8 1.50hl
.sSeg 11.75 3.074 33.50 98.50 90 *7
1153
.
A.4 33.50 1159'0
32 " 39 98.20
" 33 "" 99 59 "" 33.55 Missed
.
‫و?و‬ "" 55 33 " 55 "
‫وو‬
3/12/61 34 1.50 30.65 95.00 "" 1155
*6
"" " 33 "" 30.70 94.75 1161.1
1
" 39 35 59 "" *5
1173
36 "" " 65
30 94.00 35
39 .39 99
; ཨཱ སྶ
གྷ བྷསྶ
4/12/61 37 37.55 102
*40 1165
*4
95. 99 1171'0
མ
59 37.50 102.05
མཱ
" " 38 "" 35 1165
*1
39 ‫وو‬ ‫دو‬ 37.40 102.25 ‫وو‬
99 ""
མ
99 ‫""وو‬
གྷ
A
103
ཉ་ོོ བ བ
14/1/62 40 40.85 107.20 *5
1140
‫ވ‬. " 41 ‫وو‬ " 35 40.80 *55
105 *81170
"" "" "" 40
*80 *75
105 1167'0
བྷ གྷ
42 "" "" Experiments
com-
in
‫رو‬39‫د‬ " "" ""
བྷ ཐ ཨ
‫وو‬ with
parison
va-
28/1/62 43 37.30 102.30 35 1164.8 1171.5 on
fired
guns
rious
99 33 "" "" 25
37 .
Missed
3
‫وو‬35 4.41 "" "" the
same
day
.
‫دو‬ 45 "3 37.35 00
103 53 *3
1150
"" 33 " "
ཨམ
ཐ ཐ ;
བ བ བ
‫وو‬ 41.20 1145'3
"" 12/3/62 46 " " "" "" 41.20
102.10 ""
1157
*2 Targets
.
apart
feet
110
"" " 47 "" "> 101'50 ""
*9
1187
‫وو‬ 48 41.25 °05
100 39
99 3
" 33
ཐ ཐ ཐ
999
‫وو‬ ‫وو‬
:。
15/4/62 49 36.15 102'40 "" 1137.5
50 39 39 55 36'20 101'35 " *4
1157
"" 9" 51 39 " 58 36.20 *25
101 1159
*3
" 3" 59 39 " 39 ""
སྙ བྷ ཐ
ཐ བ ཐ
་ ་
བྷ རྒྱུ བྷ
24/4/62 52 36.00 101.20 *21156
53 99 " 59 36.10 100
*50 ‫وو‬ 1171.1
"" 39 54 " 3
" "" 36.00 *55
100 1168.1
"" 99 "" "" ‫وو‬55 "" 39
☺☺
99 385 228
བྷསྶ སྶ
ཀྵ ཀྵ ;
བ བ བ
14/5/62 55 36.60 103.00 "" 1136'0
39 " 56 "9 39 33 33 "" 39 101'10
36.70 "" 1172.3
" 59 55 39 35 "" 36.70 1163'0
9
93 57 59 "" ""
101.60 ""
determine
to
Experiments
of
Results
the
giving
Table
continued
-
Projectiles
.Velocity
.
Ordnance Projectile
. of
Readings .
Velocity Initia
Veloci
. lty
No.
of Date
of Instrument
.
Brand
of No.
of
Instru- Experi
. .Powder .
Rounds Charge
. REMARKS
.
ment
. .
ment Dis-
Dia- Pro- Distance
Feet Cor-
Ob-
.
Nature No. WNature
. eight from meter unctor
ectile
uzzle
SMj..jper
econd rected
.served
I. .
II .
III IV
. V. .
VI I III
.VVII
X X. .XI .
XII X
.X IV
XIII
. VI
V XVII
.
ཌ
G.
L.
R. lbs
. lbs
. .
in .
in
32 16/7/62 4/7/61 282
.-prmstrong
A12 r 1.50
.Seg
shl 11.75 3'074 44.55 Missed 90 -
4.
A.
I
44
*50 *85
110 1139'6 Experiments
com-
in
99 " 39 " 59 "" 55 "" 44.50 110
*55 various
with
parison
53 "" "" "" >> "" 1145
*4 1171.5 the
on
fired
guns
"" 55
44 109
*20 "" 1172'8
" " ‫>>وو‬ 55 "" 55 >> "" 50
44 *90
109 1158.0 same
.
day
"" 55 "3 " 39 " 44
*65 1147.2
"" "9 "" "" " 110
*60
55
ི མའ མ མ ནི
24/7/62 64 41.45 106.60 1163.3
99 "" "" "" >> 41.35 107.90 1136'9
" " " "" "" 99 "" 41.40 107.95 1137'0
"" "" 39 "" "" 99 99
--
*** 3828
☺☺☺
☺☺☺
1/8/62 R.
G.
L.
A.
4. 14/4/62 67 42.75 61198
55 "" "" "" "" 106.85 ""
68 42.60 104'65 1233'6
104
"" " 69 "" >> "" "" 42.75 20

104 >> 1240'1
99 99 70 "" "" 99 "" 42.80 103'50 "" 1255'1
" " ‫"وو‬ "" "" "9 "" "" "" Experiments
com-
to
71 "" "" "" " 42.75 45
103 1255'1 two
in-
the
pare
""
ཐ ཞ མ མ མ
37 99 72 40.60 102.60 " *7
1220
73 "9 "9 ‫و""و‬ "" "" 99 40
*60 1232.2 struments
.
39 "" 74 "" " " " "" "3 102'05 999"
1236'3
"" 99 "" 40'60 101'85 4
1239
"" 75 "" 40.60 101'60 ‫وو‬ 1241'6
76 "" 40'60 101'85 1236'3
55 32 "" "
588RENRER
མ ཞན ན
གྷ ། བྷ ཤྩ བྷ ཉྙཱ ཤྲཱ ཤྩ ཐཱ བྷ སྶ
‫وو‬
32 2/10/62 77 8 44.00 106'80 1210'6
" 78 99 99 >> 44
°00 Missed >>
"" 99 "9 99 99 39
39 ‫ دو‬33 79 99 39. 99 44.00 105
°30 1242.5
" 80 "9 11.79 44
°05 Missed
"9 81 99 "" "" 9" 44
05 "" 1238'5
"9 93 " " "" *45
105
" "" "3. 82 44.15 106.30 " 1224.2
83 "" 44.10 106.75 1213.7 Recovered
shell
,fired
‫وو‬ ,
84 59 "9 >> 106'45 39
44'10 1219'9 with-
time
asecond
‫و"و‬ " 59 " " " 44.10 107.20 "" 1204'3 out
lbeing
-. oaded
re
59 " " " " "" ""
FRR888
"
****
2A.
4.
14/5/62 23/5/62 86 36'40 97.10 Experiments
com-
in
» 99 "" "" "9 1244.6 various
with
parison
" » 87 " " 36.50 96.90 1251'0
2153'0 the
same
guns
fired
"" " ""
དྷ
" "9 " " 36.40 Missed "" .
day
33 "
888
99
. ontinued
cProjectiles
—
determine
of
Velocity
the
Experiments
to
Results
Table
giving
Ordnance
.. ,
Projectile Readings
of Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
Instrument
.
No.
of Date
of Brand
of No.
of
Instru- Experi- .
Charge REMARK
. S
Powder
. .
Rounds Distance
Feet
ment
. .
ment Nature WeightDia-
.Nature Dis- Pro- from Cor-
Ob-
. No. jmeter
. unctor.jectile per served
.rected
.Muzzle
Second
I. .
II .
III .
IV V. .
VI VII
. VIII
.IX X. .XI XII
. .
XIII XIV
X
.XVI
V .
XVII
.
lbs in
. .ft
28/5/62/54.
32 *|6232A2. 89 .-prmstrong
A12 r 91
hl
*7.1Seg
s1.50 3*074 44
*60 105'50 90 1251.2
∞
90 44.55 105'40 1252
*5
"" 91 "" 99 9" 6* 5
44 *0
2106 1238'3
ཐ
"" 55 "" 55 39 "" 99
སྐྱསྶ
29/5/62 92 99 44.30 40
104 *7
1268 adofifferent
Powder
39 " 93 " 45
44 104.95 1260
*1
" "3 "" 55 ‫وو‬ 95 *6
1274 .
barrel
94 "" 44
40 *25
104
99 99 "3
བྷསྶ སྶ
""
ཚབླ ; 。 སྶ ོ ྨ
ཉྷ ; ཉྙཐཱ ཨོ
24/6/62 95 11.75 41.95 *25
103 99 *5
1241
» 96 "" 35 41.95 103
*40 1238
*4 01253
*1
55 "" 35 ‫ވ‬ "" 41.85 102'85 99 1248
*7
AA སྐ མ
" >> 97 "" 99 99
፡፡
y
☺ yy
14/7/62 9*8 282 1.3 46.10 115'45 1081.8 mistake
C,b* harge
53 55 55 46
*25 *45
108 1222'5 unces
1l. b.
5oonly
☺
55 59 99 1.50 99 "" com-
in
Experiments
100 1.50 ‫وو‬ *45
108
46.10 1219.2
105
>> " "" >> va-

with
parison
ུ ོ
37 101 1.50 ‫وو‬ 107'70
46'10 1230'5 fire
>> 59 35 >> "3 59 46
*10 Missed
. rious gunds
" 102 9" 33 35 "" "" "" day
same
.the
107.60 55 *7
1232
གྷ བ
46'10
མ མ ལ .ཐ བ མ ད ཾ
"" 59 103 " 55 35 59
བྱ བ སྶ
L.
G. 199 ‫وو‬
32 12/8/6
A.
15/4/62 W. 104 8 36'10 101'05 "" 1160
*9
33 "" ""
105 "" 36'15 101.75 " 1149
*1
"" 106 99 " 3" *0
236 Missed
.
39 3" "" 55 "" "9 55 ""
མ་བསྶ
ཐ ཐ ཐ
L.
G.
15/7/62 W.
A. 22/11/60 107 282 55 43.75 109'90 >> 1144.0 1139.0
"
29
108 "" 43.85 110.85 "" *8
1127
" " 109 "" 39 "" "" 43.60 108'45 1169
*2
>> "" >>
37 ‫دو‬ 110 *50
38 105
*50 1122.9
55 99 111 " ‫وو‬ 38
*75 105
*95 1119'5
99 " 112
‫""وو‬ "" "" 38.60 105.20 "" 0
1130
"" 53 " 55 "" 29 ""
☺☺☺
☺☺☺
མ་ རྣ མ ཆ མ ཐ
R.
G.
L. 11.625
32 11/11/62
.
4
A. 14/4/62 1 8 1.5 >> 43.50 106.05 55 1215'8
"
43.50 105
10 *9
1235
93 "" " "" *50
43 *0
5105 *1
1230
3. 59 ‫وو‬99 "" 39 " >> 1235'2 *0>1242 in
powder
Service
43'45 104.95
བཱ ། ཐཱ ཀྵ
39 55 43.50 104.78 55 *8
1242 comparison
.
39 99 ‫ל‬ "" 43.40 105
*20 " 1231'6
" " "" 53 " 33
IFLO CO
ཀྵ སྶ
ཐཱ ཀྨ ཐ ཀྶ རྨ
བྱ ། བ ཐ བ ཐ བྷ
eeete
of
Results
giving
Table
the
determine
to
cExperiments
-ontinued
Projectiles
.Velocity
Ordnance
. .
Projectile of
Readings Velocity
. Initial
.Velocity
of
No. Date
of .
Instrument
Brand
of No.
of
Instru- Experi- Powder
. Rounds
. Charg
. e REMARK
. S
.
ment .
ment Dia-
Pro-
Dis- Distance
Feet Ob-
Cor-
Nature
. No. WNature
. eight unctor from
jmeter
. ectile per
Muzzle
.Second ected
r.served
I. .
II III
. .
IV V. V.VI II I X
.VIII X. .
XI XII
. .
XIII .
XIV .
XV XVI
. .
XVII
lbs
. .
lbs .
in .ft
32 11/11/62 .A-prrmstrong
12 8 1.5 shot
S.
11.625 *0374 43.50 109.95 90 *41138
39 Compressed 99 99 >> "9 43.50 110'65 1125.2 determine
To
ve-
the
powder "" " " 43.50 9* 5
110 1119'6 0
1124 com-
with
locity
59 .
cake " 39 43'50 111.50 99 1109.6 .pressed
powder
"" "" ‫"وو‬ "" "" *50
43 70
111 1106'0
43.55 1097'8
12345 8
"" "" "3 59
112.20 ""
ཤཱ རྨ རྨ ྡ ཀ རྨ
༠༢༢ སྶ ཐམ
G.
L.
R.
23/7/62A.4
. 14/4/62 282 s. hl
Seg 11.75 44
°00 105.50 "" 1233
*2
35
390
"" 99 "" "" 44.20 65
106 99 1210'6
" 44.00 10
106 1220
*5
" 39 "" ‫وو‬55 39 43.90 30
106
59 "" 33 99 99 "" 1214.1 two
at
Experiment
106
99 " 39 "9 93 99 44.10 106

50 .
99 1214.1 distances
,using
"9 43.20 108.60 600 *5
1158
" 33. " 59 "" 99 109.75 instruments
.two
39 33 " 99 43'05 1133.9
" "" 99 "" "" 43.00 108.60 7
1154
99 99 55 "" 43.00 108.85 1150.0
"" "" 43'05 Missed ""
"9 99 » ""
1 2346LQS4S
"" 99 "9
ེ་ ོ ན་ ཐ ོ ྨམ རྒྱུ རྣ
བྷ གྷ བྷ བྷ ཐཱ ཋ ུ ཧྨཧྨ
བྷ ། བ བ བ བ ཐ རྣ བ ཐ བ
11/11/62 8 2.0 45
°00 102.75 90 1324'0
"" " 99 99 44.90 8
1349
99 33 59 39 " "" 102.20 99 9
1334
"" >> 99 "" 44.95 101.40 1356'0
‫وو‬99. 1.75 43.50 103.15 "" 1278'8
39 90 ‫"وو‬9 " "" 43.50 1303
5
1298'0
"" " 9" 99 99 59 43.55
102.30 99
1303'0
9" 99 39 ‫"وو‬3 102'15
39 59 ‫وو‬ 1.25 *50
43 1082.7 determine
To
59 >> "" 43.60
113.00 39
110
*65 1127.0 the
ve-
". 99 99 39 "" 1108 different
with
locity
33 99 "" "" » " 43'60 111'40 ""39 1113'1 4 .
charges
39 59 " " " 43.60 112.95 " 1085'3
‫وو‬ "" "" 99 43.65 112
60 1092
*3
"9 59 "" 1.00 ‫وو‬ 34.30 112.20 9
954
>> ‫وو‬55
34.40 85
111 9
960
19 " 9" >> "" " "" "
རྣ བྷ གྷ བ སྶ རྨ རྒྱུ བ ཉྷ ཐཾ ཉྙ སྶ ;
"" 99 "9 " 39 " "" 34.30 113.10 ‫دو‬99 942'6 0
962
"" » " "" 99 "" " 34'40 111'95 959'5
" 39 "9 " " " 35
34 111.95 ""99 958'8
198123LSET2346
‫وو‬
continued
-
Projectiles
Velocity
determine
to
Experiments
of
Results
the
giving
.Table
Ordnance
. Projectile
. Readings
of Velocity Initial
Velocity
Instrument
. . .
No.
of Date
of Brand
of of
No.
Instru- Experi- .
Powder .
Rounds Charge
. REMARKS
.
ment
. .ment Dis-
Dia- Pro- Distance
Feet Cor-
Ob-
Nature
. No. Natu eigh
eterre t from
W.j.mectil
. unct eor per served
.rected
econd
S.Muzzle
I. II
. III
. .
IV V. XV.IVI.II
III
X .
XI .
XII .XIII
XIV XV
. .
XVI .
XVII
lbs
. lbs
.in .ft
G.
L.
R.
32 .11/11/62 14/4/62 12
.A-prrmstrong
8 S.shl
3.074
.10.75
1.75 30'50 121.10 90 801.9
A.
4. the
determine
30.50 122
*45 787'6 To
" "" "9 >> ‫ور‬ 59 " >> 30.40 122.15 39 789'8 796
*5 diffe-
with
velocity
"" "" ‫وو‬ "" "" "" *45
30 121.70 794-7 rent
charges
.
39 "9 99 "" "" 30.50 782'9
1 235
" "" "" 122.90 9
"
སྙ ཐ ཐ ཨོ
‫وو‬ ‫وو‬
99 39 0.50 30.55
139.10 99 622
*2
"" 55 "" 30.55 139'90 615'6
> 55 "9 30.50 *25
140 610'3 618'4
9" " 39 30.55
139'60 617.1
"" 80.50 139'40 618'8
99
བ བ བ བ བ
ཉ ༢ བྷ གྷ མ
བ ཾ ཀྨ གྷ
བཱ 2 ལྟ བྷ ཐ
ོ་༢༢ འད -2 ལྟ བ བ བ
ཐ འ བ མ མ
L. 99
R.
G. ‫وو‬
107
.
24/7/62 4.
A. 4/7/61 99 282 2.0 99 55 41.90 98.65 1345.2
41.95 98.80 Experiments
com-
in
" 99 "" "" 99 "" "" 1343.0 Whit-
with
parison
" "" 99 42.00 99
*60 99 1324.9 0
1348 worth's
.M12
L.
-pr.
99 99 99 "" " 42.10 9* 0
99 99 *3
1320
"" gun
.
1934 1 1 234
"" "9 "" "" "" 41.90 98*75 1342.8
" ‫ވ‬." 42.00 1342.9
"" "" >> >> " 55 98.85 ""
ཐ ཨཱ བྷ ལྟ མཐ
" 99 "" 1.75 "" " 41.45 .
101.10 1276'0
" 41.45 101.95 "" 1257'4 1274
3
59 93 99 " 55 39 "" 41.35 1259'1
55 59 "5 "9 "" 99 101.80 """
23
ཉ རྨ ཨཱ མ སྶ ཐ ཾ མ
བ བ བ བ ནྡྷསྶ བྷསྶ ཐ
R.
G. 99
L.
.
31/10/61 29/5/61 31.00 107.30 *5
729
99 4.
A. " 08.625 " 99
59 "" 30.95 107.50 726.9 Experiments
55 "s "" 31.05 107
65 99 726'5 with
re-
"" "9 " 39 "" 31.10 107
*60 727'6 732.1 duced
charges
.
99 99 "" 99 39 "" "" 30.90 727.3 .
apart
feet
90
Targets
39 22/10/61
. "9 "" 30.55
107.40 """"
107.85 718.9
"" >> 39 39 "
མ ཐ ཐཱ གྷ བྷ བཻ
" 99 39 55 99 "" 55 30.50 106.90 """ 727.2
""
ཉ མ མ བ མ མ
བྷ གྷ ཉ ཉ ཉཐ
55 ཐ ཨ 2 བྷ ཨཱ བ
31/10/61
. 99 "" 0.50 99 " 99 30.95 119
*20 620.1
31.00
ཐ
120'00 39
☺
39 59 99 59 614'0 619.7
‫و""و‬ 9" "" 39 95 30.85 120.05 *7
612
"
སྙ ;
39 55 99 "" 39 31.00 120
*15 39 *1
613
1234567 1834
སྶ 2 གྷ ;
ཐ 2
‫وو‬
773
7
Table
giving
Results
the
Experiments
of
determine
Velocity
Projectiles
cto
.- ontinued
Ordnance
. .
Projectile Readings
of Velocity
. Initial
.Velocity
of
No. Date
of Brand
of .
Instrument
No.
of
Instru- Experi- .
Powder .
Rounds .
Charge REMARKS
.
.
ment ment
. Dia- Dis- Pro- re DistanceFeet Cor-
Ob-
Nature
. No. jNatu eigh
eter
unct
.mW.. ectilor
et from
per
.Muzzle
Second served
.rected
I. .
II III
. .
IV V. VI
I II
.VIII
X X. .
XI XII
. X
XIII
.XIV
. VI
V .
XVII
R.
G.
L. lbs
. .
lbs .
in .
ft
31/10/61
4.
32 A. 29/5/61 1 -prrmstrong
.A12 8 shl
.Seg
0.375 11.75 3'074
31.10 136.50 90 488.7
+24
39 35 "" >> "" 31.00 135'00 *4
499 1
500 apart
.90
feet
Targets
33 J" "> ‫وو‬ 30.95 134
*30 55 504'0
>> 35 ‫و""و‬ "" "
☺☺
6/11/61 56 1'50 35
*35 101.25 1142.1
33 55 "" ""
> "" "" >> >> ‫دو‬3" "" 35'25 599*0 ‫وو‬ 0
1172 1170-0 determine
To
the
ve-
"" 33 " 39 "" 35.40 100'40 ‫وو‬ 1158'5 short
the
of
locity
"> 35
*25 *50
99 " 1172'0 g-prun
>> "" >> ‫و>>و‬ 35 .12
བྷ ཐཱ བྷ བྷ
‫وو‬ L. "
R.
G.
" 4
12/3/62.A. 4/7/61 296 35.15 98.95 1081.8
59 55 "" 33 53
ཝ
"" 55 "" "" "" 41'00 104'90 1088'6
" "" 99 >> 55 "" ‫و>>و‬ 41'05 104
*40 *6
1098 1101.6 Short
-prith
,w.g12un
33 "" "" >> "" "" 41.00 103'90 ‫وو‬ 1106'9 muzzle
grip
.
108
41.00 105'00
108
39 " "" 39 "" >> "" "" 1086'8 Targets

.
apart
feet
110
"" "" "" "" *95
40 104.95 "" 1086.7
ི། ཾ ོ ི་ མ མ
99 >> 321 35 41.05 105'45 "" 1079'6
55 " ‫وو‬ "" 33 "" "3 41'00 104
35 *5
1098
"" "" 93 33 >> "> "" 55 41.10 104
*25 1102.3 1107.3 with-
-prun
.g12
Short
55 33 "" >> "" 5" 41.10 104.50 >>55 1097⚫7 muzzle
out
.
grip
"" " ‫وو‬33 "" 55 40'95 103.65 1110'6 .
apart
feet
110
Targets
‫وو‬ 39 "3 41.10 105'10 1086'8
" >> "9 41.10 90
103
"" 53 " 55 "" "" 1108.8
99 41.10 103
30 *1
1120
‫وو‬39 33 ‫وو‬23.
55 ‫وو‬59 ‫""وو‬ ‫وو‬55 41'05 *45
104 1097.7 12-
Armstrong
Short
"" "" "" " "" "" 41'05 103'60 99 1113.4 gpr
. un
39 39 99 "" "" >> 41.10 103.60 " 1114'4 apart
feet
110
.Targets
"" ‫وو‬ 41'05 50
104 55 *7
1096
59 "" 53 ""
མ མ མ མ མིངྒེ མ མ མ བ མ
28/5/624.
2A.
23/5/61 8 1.00 8*.00 44.60 *50
120 975'0 determine
To
ve-
the
99 "" 39 44.75 *50
120 "" 977'0 0
983 reduced
"" 55 33 " >> 33 locity
with
A
14/5/62 2.00 52.45 1724.3 .
charge
55 59 "" 53
97.35 33 segment
*R
H.
.]A.
shell
" 35 52'55 97.75 93 1712.4 deter-
E(toxperiment
"" 99 "" ‫وو‬55 52.40 97.40 "" 1720.3 1
1746 mine
whether
" " ‫وو‬ 52'40 Missed
. an
" ‫و""و‬ " 97.25 "" 3
1728 Armstrong
projec-
99 52.45 could
tile
attain
ཐ ཀྵ སྶ ཐཱ སྶ
99 ‫و""و‬ 52.45 97.25 ‫وو‬ 3
1728
23 1234 1 2346S456 12 1234B6

"
མ མ ཐ བ བ ཐ ༢ ཐ
‫و""و‬ velocity
.great
Ra
‫وو‬ ‫دو‬
the
giving
Table
Experiments
Results
determine
to
Projectiles
Velocity
the
cof
.-ontinued
Ordnanc
. e Projectile
. Readings
of Velocity Initia
No.
of
Date Instrument
. . Veloci
. lty
of Brand
of No.
of
Instru-
Experi- Charge
.
Powder
. Rounds
. REMARKS
.
.
ment .
ment Dis- Pro- Distance
Feet Ob-
Nature
. No. WNature
. eightDia- Cor-
per
metunct
er
j. ecti leor from Muzzle
S. econd ected
r.served
I. .II .
III .
IV V. .
VI VII
. VIII
.IX X. .XI XII
. .XV IV
. VI
XXIII .
XVII
L.
R.
G. lbs
. lbs
. .
in .ft
14/5/62A.
4. 29/5/61 8].-prmstrong
A12 r 2.00
shl
.Seg 11.75 3'074 51.75 98.55 90 *01652
deter-
to
123
52.50 99
*50 *5 Experiment
"" "" 35 " 55 >> ኣ 35 1644 an
whether
mine
2" "" >> 55 >> 52.45 99'60 1638'7 1622.0 Armstrong
projec-
°45
52 100'00 55 1624*3
"" "9 " 55 "3 55 52.50 99'50 "" 4
1644 attain
could
tile
35 55 "" " 33 52.45 *30
99 " velocity
great
.
‫وو‬55 16
65/6
7122A.4.23 33 >> 55 " *7
1649
"" · >> 282 Shot
2.144 · 5*402 53.55 91 *50 *1
2049
55 51.50 389*5 2051.2 de-
to
Experiments
>> 35 55 55 " 51.65 88.95 2081'9 velocity
the
termine
"" " 29 55 39 51.60 88.85 "" *6
2084 2170.0 fired
projectiles
of
"" "" 55 "" 51.50 88
*45 *4
2101 alarge
relative
with
>> "" 99 "" "" 53
་ ་་་
20/8/62 55 "" 51.45 87.90 2130'3 powder
of
charge
332.05 ‫وو‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ 5'594 "" 50.75 89.80 "" 1990'8 from
rifled
guns
.
39
1 QFO HA 60 FOOT
‫وو‬ 33 53 50
7
* 5 89 *50 5" 2001'7 The
projectile
was
a
109
33 "" " ‫وو‬33 "" 33 >> "" *75

50 89.35 3" 2009'6 short
shot
of
one
35 " 55 5" 39 3
-2067
35 3" ‫وو‬ 50'80 89
*30 2014
9 diameter
in
length
.
"3 55 "5 23 50
*80 89.50 "" 5
2004
"" "" "> "" "" ""
A
G.
L.
R. ‫وو‬
A.
.4 14/4/62 shot
S.
1.394 5'576 3.072 50 *70 101.20 1525
*2
" 39 35
" >> 55 "" 50
*75
99'70 1575'9 de-
Experiments
to
‫وو‬ 50.70 *25
99 33 1589'5
3" 35 33 "" 65
50 "" termine
the
velocity
"" >> 55 "" "" 99
*75 "" 1570'8 of
.
fired
projectiles
> ‫""وو‬ "" "S ‫وو‬ "" "" 750
*0 99'50 " 1581'0 with
acharge
of
55 55 "" 53 35 33 "" "" 50
*80 99.30 "" 1591.2 1627-2 one
-fourth from
"" "" " "" "" "" ‫وو‬ 29 50.80 100'05 1565'9 rifled
guns
.
" "" 8 >> 35 50.70 *75
100 >> *7
1539 The
projectil
was
a e
"" ‫""وو‬ 55 9 55 "" " 50'80 98.75 "" 1610
*2 diameter
one
of
shot
"" 33 10 ‫وو‬ ‫وو‬55 50.75 99.15 1594'6 length
,in
‫وو‬ 50.75
99.00 "" 1599'8
55 12
‫"وو‬ >> 35 33 55 99.00
50 *75 55 *8
1599
" 35 L.
R. "
G. >> " 35 " 35 55
28/1/62A. 4. 4/7/61 A.9-prrmstrong
2 1.125
.
Seg.shl 9.25 3*074 37.20 111.80 1002'6 determine
To
the
" 37'20
111'90 1001.1
99 "" " >> ‫ވ‬ 39 " 37.20 112.20 996
*7 velocity
the
9-pr
,of
33 ‫ގ‬ 33 37.35
111.15 1014
*7 -1018
*2 .
gun
59 55 ‫وو‬55 55 uSeries
,1st
n-
ཨོ བྷ 2 བྷ
‫وو‬ 55 39 99 99 35 "" 37.25 110
*55 3
1022 .
shell
strengthened
>> "3 35 55 37.15
111.25 *1
1010
COLO 1 234B6TO - OES HOME CO
སྶ
སཉྙཉྙ ༢ ཐ ཐ
བྷ ཐཱ གྷ བྷ གྷ
‫وو‬
བྷ 3 བྷ བྷ བྷ བཱ
‫وو‬
Table
continued
-
Projectiles
Velocity
determine
to
Experiments
of
Results
the
.giving
Ordnance
. Projectile
. Readings
of Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
No.
of Date
of Instrument
.
Brand
of No.
of
Instru- Experi- Powd
. er Rounds
. Charge
. REMARKS
.
ment
. ment
. Dia- Dis- Pro-
Natu Dista
Feet nce Cor-
Ob-
Nature
. No. eigh
eterre
Wj...munct t from
or.j ectile per r. ecteedd
Muzzl
S. econde serv
I. .
II .III .
IV V. .VI VVII
.I III
X X. .XI XII
. .
XIII XIV
. X VI
.XV XVII
.
lbs
. lbs
. in
. .ft
32 24/4/62 L.R.
G. .A9-prrmstrong
1 hl
25
1.s*Seg 9.375 3.074 35.60 109'50 90
A.4
. 4/7/61 1012'3 determine
To
the
ve-
"3 *60
35 *75
108 1023'6 locity
the
91
.-pofr
ས༵ ;
"" 39 "" 35.55 10
108 131032
*7036
» 59 55 35.70 108.60 55 *5
1027 .
gun
55 "" 55 1025'1 2nd
,series
"" 55 55 "" *55
35 108.60 shell
.
stren gthened
"" 55 "" " "" 108.60
35
*65 1026'7
མ ཀྵ ཀྵ གྷ བ
"5 in
lighted
1 234 CO
(Cartridge
; ཉྙཱ ྨ
ཐཱ རྨ ; རྨ རྨ
ཉ གྷ ཐཱ ཨ རྨ
‫وو‬ 55
G.
L. .- rmooth
sp150 places
two
the
near
22/11/60
30/4/62 W.A. 1 bor shot
S.
149
875
90'0 10'40
55.00 94.35 118 *51975 *92009 .
centre
" .gune ‫وو‬ in
lighted
Cartridge
" "" 39 °080 33 94'70 121 1957'6 7
1993 centre
.
70.0 97.25 1835
*7 1
1869
25
" 55 >> "" " ‫כ""ל‬ 120 Cartridgeslighted
" 55 "" 55 °0
60 ‫وو‬ 70
54 97.15 1826'8 *3
1858 through
.
vent
the
*0
50 10.39 53.20 97.40 >> 1753
*8
110
‫دو‬55 >> " "" 55 *5

253 97.85 "" 1736'0 1766
*4 Grummet
wad
over
"" " "" 55 "" " 53.15 98.25 "" 1716'0 cartridge
.
" 55 "" 55 "" "" "" 53'10 98'55 "" 3
1702 1782.6
"" 33 99 55 55 "" "" Cartridge lighted
HHHHHQWT
55
、 བ ;
39
ཐཱ གྷ སྶ
མ ཐཱ གྷ ཐཱ སྶ ྐབ
G.
L. ;no
front
.near
wad
13/3/62 W.A. 12/8/61 40.0 48'90
149
10.40
62
*595.00 121 1675'7
" >> 55
" 55 >> 150
*250 " 49.00 94.90 1683'3
" 55 55 55 "" 149
*750 48.95 94'65 1690.7 *4
1726
193 93.90
48.90 1717.5
"" " 35 55 150'000 ""55
149 94.00
48.95 1715'7
" 55 >> >> "J *062 ""
སྙ བྷ ; བོ
"" "" 55 "" 30.0 7149
* 50 41.65 90.75 121 *41506
>> >> 150
*375 44.60 94.45 1542'3
‫وو‬ 150.062 55 44.70 94.60 1539'3 Grummet
wad
over
55 39 >> 5149
* 00 >> 44.70 94
*75 *7
1534 0
-1569 cartridge
.
» >> 55 >> 149
*500 >> 93.95 8
1554
>> "" >> "" *55
44
"" >> >> 55 149.625
20 ‫د"و‬ 44.70 94.40 *6
1545
སྙ ཐ མ ོ མཤྩ
སྐ རྣ ན ན ་ བླན ཐ རྨ ཀྵསྶ
ཉྙ བྷསྶ སྶ སྶ
55 149'875 37.55 *5
395 1309'3
55 >> 150
*375 ""99 40'00 75
96 1342.8
>> >> " *750
149 55 39.95 97.35 1326'0 8
1344
150
437 40.05 97.25 1331.0
55 >> 149.750 >> 39.90 97'15 *4
1829
123F20 19845O CO 12345

>>
མ མ མ རྒྱུ མ སྶ་ ་༢ ྴ ༢ ེ ནཱ
❖ ྣ རྣ འ བ
༢ ྣ;;;
AAAA
.-
Projectiles
of
cVelocity
the
determine
toontinued
Experiments
Results
giving
Table
of
Readings .
Velocity Initial
Velocity
.
.
Ordnance .
Projectile .
Instrume nt
of
No. Date
of Brand
of of
No.
Charge
. .
REMARKS
Instru- Experi- .Powder .
Rounds Distance
Feet
Dis-
Dia- Pro-
Natur Cor-
Ob-
.
ment ment
. Nature
. No. eighte from
eter
unctor
jm.W. ectile per served
r. ected
econd
S.Muzzle
V. .
VI .
VII .X
I
VIII X. .
XI XII
. .
XIII .XIV
XV .
XVI .
XVII
.
II III
. .
IV
.lbs .
lbs in
. .ft up
made
Cartridges
L.
G. .prmooth-
s150 1 10 10
8750
*4shot
S.149 34.85 *2121
115
0 922.2 coal-
with
size
to
32 30/4/62 W.A. 22/11/60 bor
gun
. e .
wad
dust
34.75
113.65 .33 941
*4 917.2 from
dirty
very
G
* un
55 " 29 34.75
*5
6120 853'0
ཐཱ
"" "
☺
*3 "" "" 55 .dust
coal
the
"" "
123
‫دو‬ ‫وو‬
2A.
23/5/61
4. 50.0 *9
310 53.20 93.15 >> *11946
" " " 53.10 93.45 1925'0 SGrummet
over
wad
"" " ‫وو‬ "" "" 53.25 94.00 " 1905
*2 0
1954 .
cartridge
" " " "" ""
99 » "" "" 53.15 1902⚫S
"" 99 " "" 93.95 ""
1834
""
༢༢ ; ཉྙ
" 53.05 99.10 "" *2
1679 near
lighted
Cartridge
"2 59 " " .wad
;nfront
the o
35
་
40.0 48'65 92.85 *5
1748
111
"" "" "" "5 48.60 93.75 >> 1711.2 over

wad
Grummet
"" "" "" " 95 1752.8 1774-0 .
cartridge
" 59 " 48.70 92.80 ""
"" " " >> " >> " "" 48.75 92.75 1756'8
" >> "" "" "" "" "" 48.65 97.95 > *4
1567
" " "" 1572'0 1597
0 wad
.No
"" >> >> 48.65 97.70
"3 "" "
123412
‫"دو‬
བྷ བྱཱ ; ཐཱ ཉྙ
"
" G.
E. Horsfall
-in
18 the
determine
To
1 74.4 Sphe- 800
15: 2
279 48.75 96.70 120 1631.0
1609.3 initial
velocity
.
16/9/62 10/
A. 9/60
W. .
gun rical apart
.100
feet
Targets
S.
.
shot the
determine
To
G.
L. 883
182
284 48.90 98
*35 2340 1299'0 - impact
of
velocity
25/9/62 W.A. 1. " " tar-
iron
an
against
23
.
get
L.
R.
G. 108 Flat 6.36 47.80 98'00 1740 1278'5
1 .p- rhitworth 23.0
W130 headed
129'0 6.96
A.
41. shot
steel con-
in
Experiments
‫وو‬ 1268'0 iron-
with
nexion
1 25.0 Flat 131.3 47.80 98
*40 "" .
targets
99 " >> headed plated
39
steel
]
shell feet
100
targets
Wire
R.
G.
L. 27.0 37.55 91.50 2340 1169'9 .
apart
4.
3/11/62A. 23/11/611 " " 151'0 ""
2 1.0 37.50 91.00 1179'4
"" ‫وو‬ 33
Projectiles
continued
.-
Experiments
of
Velocity
the
determine
to
Table
Results
giving
.
Ordnance Projectil
. e of
Readings Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
No.
of Date
of .
Instrument
Brand
of No.
of
Instru- Experi- Powde
. r .
Rounds Charge
.
Dia- Pro- Feet
Distance OCor-
' b-
.
ment ment
. Nature
. No. WNature
. eight Dis- from per
meter
.junctor jectiuzzl
lede
MS.. econ .rected
served
I. II
. .
III .
IV V. VII
.VI VIII
. .IX X. XI
. XII
. XIII .
.XIV XV XVI
. .
XVII
lbs
. lbs
. .
in .ft
L.
R.
G. )36(6
32 3/11/62A.
4. 23/11/611 108
130
-pr.Whitworth27.0 headed
Flat
130'0 )
6.96 37.55 88'20 2,340 *7
1244
,
loader
muzzle steel
shell
.
1 iron
Cast 37.60 89.00 35 1227.2
>> 99 "" "" shell
. " 59
1 headed
Flat 37.50 89.90 "" 1203
*8
" 55 55 33 .
shot
steel "
25
L.
R.
G.
5/9/62 A. 19/5/62 r
.p- o.
D70 110.0 C.
.
shell 68
*562 4$45.98 2 44.35 107.25 90 *7
1215
99 4.
44*30 109
*20 1173.7 feet
120'6
Targets
>> 99 "" "3 29 55 44'25 107
*90 *9
1198
93 55 "" 33 "" 25
44 108.10 1194'8 1204-7 apart
.
>> >> >> "" 35 " 1204'1 Gun
7°
at
fired
33 55 44.20 107'60 elevation
.
"" "" 35 44 25 107'70 1203'0
112
33 55 33 "" 44.30 108'05 1197'8

"" "" 99 "" *25
44 108'60 *7
1184
55 >> "" 33 To
the
determine
བྷ བྷ མཱ ༀ རྨ བད
བྷ བྷ བྷ བྷ གྷ ཀྨ མ
L.
R.
G.
❁ཝུ ;; ༢༢ སྶ རྣ ;
44
*30 108.95 1172.8 velocity
with
99 59 4.
A. 14/4/62 59 99 " different
charges
.
"" 40
44 109'35 *8
1166
59 "" 99 "" °40
44 107'80 1198.1 *4
1199
55 "" >> " "" 44
40 107.55 1203
*2
‫ دو‬39 " " 55 "" 55 39 44
°40 107.00 93 1215'0
"" 33 " " 44.00
111.20 1123.9
མ མ མ ཡི
"" "" " "" 9'0 ‫""دو‬
44.20 111.80 35 1116
*1
" " 59 ‫وو‬35 44.10
111.45 *1
1121 1132-5
" >> 59 35 35 44.00
111.00 "" 1127.7
"" 35 55 "" " » 33 44.10 110
*50 *9
1138
33 "S " " *678 " 52.875 " 37.80 98.60 5559 1245.9
>> 93 55 "" 37.75 98
*20 1*
1253
>> " 39 "" *8
1239 1259.0
" 59 " ༉ ཀྨ ཀྵ ཨཱ ཨཱ བྷཉྙཱ བྷ རྨ ཀྵུ ; 37.85 99.00 5929
>> 37.80 98.35 39 1251'1
23
1 2345678 1 284 1 60 60 FILOINE

གྷ བྷ བྷ བྷ ཤྩ རྨ རྨ བཱ ཉྙཱ གྷ བྷ རྒྱུ མ
16/9/62 2 Flat
594
70
headed " 48.50 108.65 120 *8275.8
11265
93 " 1 39 :0
12
R.G.F shell
.
2 Flat
69.00
headed 48.50 108.35 1282.8
1272.7
33 " 55 shot
. ‫دو‬
211
c-
Projectiles
. ontinued
Velocity
of
determine
Experiments
to
the
Results
Table
giving
of
Readings Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
Ordnance
. .
Projectile .
Instrument
No.
of of
Date Brand
of No.
of
. REMARKS
.
Powder
. .
Rounds Feet
Distance
.
ment ment
. Dis-
Dia- Pro- Nature
eight Ob-
Cor-
Nature
. No. from per eter
W.j.mectile
uzzle r. ected
serv ed
S.Munctor
econd
I. .
II .
III .
IV V. .
VI X.I X
VVII
.III XI
. .
XII XIII
.XIV XV
.X
. VI .
XVII
.
lbs .
lbs in
. .ft
G.R.
L. .- rhitwort
Wp70 71
shot
S. $4.98 41.55 109.00 90 1120'4
32 30/7/62A. . 14/4/62 1 M.
L.
gun 1 h 9'0 25 }
25.42 To
the
determine
4. . 1116'8
"9 1090
*241.55 1122.5 differ-
with
velocity
"9 " 9" "" "" 55 41.55 *30
109 1
1115 ent
charges
.
"" "" "" " 39 41.60 *65
109 "" 1109'6
"" 99 "" 99 "" Missed
"" " "" "" 99 52.875
shell
C.
9'00 "" .41.50 9593
41.75
100'80 1290
9
" "" >> " 41.80 101.90 59 1267
*4
"" " 99 ‫وو‬ 99 " 99 41.80 1269'6 1286
0
བ བ མ བར རྣ
"" 101.80 5"33
"" " 99 33 "" 41.90 102.00 1267'5
>> " "" "" " 41.90 101.80 1271.9
39 " "" 99
23451QBAS
99 Flat- "" ‫وو‬ Experiments
con-
in
སྐྱ་ ཉྙ ཾ རྨ རྨ ི ཀྵུ རྒྱུ ཀྵུ ོ

L.
R.
G. 1 2 13'0 81.00
headed 37.50 *50
94 1740 1107.4 nexion
iron-
with
" A. .4 23/11/61 .
sh
steel 99 plated
.
targets
35
‫وو‬ 37.55 1104.7 feet
100
targets
Wire
113
" 94.75 "

"" " "" " " 72.50 37.50 92.45 " 1148.6 .
apart
" " "" "" 37.50*55
92 1146.5
;
" 9
" " 99 " " ""
དྷ དྷསྶ
.- rhitwo
Wp12 rth 14.588 *65
44 1240'3 determine
T
the
(o
2A.
28/5/62
23/5/61
4. -loader1
.breech S.shot
1.75 2.95 106'05 90 especial
of
velocity
59.
。་
44.75 105
*60 1252.2 7
1251 various
of
projectiles
59 "" "" "9 "" 44
*70 1240
*2 with
, ired
flength
" " "" 59 12.072 44.60
106'10 ""29
101.45 1345
8 different
charges
.
" 55 "" 55 " " 55
44 101.75 1340
*2 1350
*1
" " " "" "" " 9" 44.70 102'00 7
1334
"J "" 99 "" 10.020 "" 49.55 102.60 1448'4
35 59 "" "" 49.45 102.55 1446.9 0
1464
>> "" "" " "" 99 "" 49.50 102.30 6
1455
36
" "" "s "" 49.65 1643.5 1653
35 " "" ""
‫ وو‬7.865 ""39
49.70
96'65 "
Missed
. 8
" 99 39 59 "" 49.70
97.30 9959 1622.1
" "" "3 "" 2,00 6'212 "" 53.7095.25 1867.8 1905
1
" 23 99 "9 *2612 58.70 95.75 "" 1844'6
"" "" "" "3 5.943 "" 53.70 1888.8
ྨ ྣ་ བ སྙ ཀྨ རྨ ཉ རྣ ཐ ཨཱ ཨཻ ཀྵུ ཉྙ
"9 " 55 "" 99 99 94.80 """"
ཐཾ བྷ བྱཱ བྷ བྷ བ བ བྷ ནྡྷབྷནྡྷནྡྷསྶ བ
བྱཱ བྷ ;
29/5/62 1.25 3'417 "" 91.30
54.00 "9 2086'0
"" "5 Mised 2210.3
99 " 99 "9 54.00
*75
90
.54.00 59
2117.6
༦༦
" 99 "" " 99 ""
212 1 2812HQH3123 128

སྙ ཐ ;
☺☺☺
.-ontinued
cProjectiles
of
Velocity
the
determine
to
Experiments
Results
giving
Table
Projectil
. e of
Readings Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
Ordnance
. Instrument
.
No.
of Date
of Brand No.
of
of REMARKS
.
.
Powder
. Rounds
. Distance
Feet
ment
. .
ment Dis-
Dia- Pro-
Natureight
eter e from Ob-
Cor-
Nature
. No. unctor
Wm..jectile per .served
rected
. econd
SMuzzle
I. .
II .
III .
IV V. VI
. VII
. VIII
.IX X. XI
. .
XII .
XIII .
XIV XV
. .
XVI .
XVII
R.
G.
L. 12
,.W-prhitworth lbs
. lbs
. .
in .ft
32 3/12/61A. 4/7/61 1.75 shot
S. 2.97
12.15 37.95 95.20 90 5
1324
.
4 -loader 1
.breech
38.10 95.15 1329
*7 To
the
determine
" 99 "" 55 39 "" "" "S 38.00 95'55 "" 1317.7 the
of
velocity
"> " "" "" "" 55 37.90 95.75 "" 5*
1310 1326
3 solid
dif-
with
shot
" " ‫وو‬95 ‫وو‬99 "" "" 55 38.00 95.80 "> 1312'0 ferent
charges
.
» 55 >>> 59 "" "" "3 99 38.00 95.85 " 1310
7
» " " 99 "" 59 "" "" 39 99
28/1/62 1.50 42.70 85
103 1245'2
99 " "" 99 " 42.60 50
104 "" *21229 the
up
pushed
*Shot
" "" " "" "" "" 42.70 107.05 1179.1 0
1238 mistake
in
bore
by
" "" "" "" 99 42.65 107.00 "" 1
1179 .
home
ramming
"" ‫وو‬ 99 ‫دو‬59 "" "" 42.55 2* 0
105 "" 1213.5
>> ‫ وو‬59 » " 39 " ""
ཤྲཱ གྷ གྷ གྷ གྷ
ཉྙ ཨ ཐཱ གྷ ཐ
22
2A.
4.
24/6/6223/5/61 1.54 12.072
2.95 41.90 *85
99 *4
1316 with 14
comparison
In
114
» 39 "" 100 0
*341.95 "" 1307.2 5
1815
" » 99 99 "" "" " "" 41.85 *75
100 "" 4
1294 .A-prrmstrong
12
"5 "" 59 "" 99 99
R.
G.
L. ‫وو‬
A
24/4/62A. 4/7/61 1.50 12.15 2.97 39.40 101.75 1217.0 easier
fitted
S†hot
"" .
4 " " 1223'0
39'45 101.50 than
others
the
,
99 " " 99 " "" ‫وو‬ 39.40 40
100 1244'6 and
slipped
up
the
" " " 99 55 55 99 35 39.35 100
40 99 1243.5 3
1244 rammed
when
bore
99 >> 59 99 35 55 55 5" 39.35 2° 0
100 1247.9 .
home
>> >> " 33 "" "" 39.35 102.50 1200
7
» ‫و"و‬ 33 "" "" ‫وو‬
ཝོ
♥♥♥♥♥
23/5/61
2A.
28/5/624. W12
,.-prhitworth 1.75 2.95
14.588 43.25 110.90 "" 1116.2
" muzzle
l-. oader "
36
43.35
110.05 99 *7
1133 0
1131
" >> " » " » " 39 110 0
*543.25 1123
*5
"" "" 59 " "" 55 "" 12.072 105.50 1223.1 the
" >> "" 99 "" " 43.40
43.30 "9
1235'9 4
1229 determine
To
99 99 55 "" 55 99 39
105.00 99
106.50 1203'3 special
of
velocity
43.35 va-
of
projectiles
» 55 " "" >> 10.020 2* 5
49 95
106 1323.8
" " "" ‫"وو‬3
49.35 107.00 99 1324'6 1838
1 rious
lengths
.
" "" ‫دو‬ " " " 106.85 1329'9
49
*40
S" " " "S 7.865 101 5
*449.25 1473'3
" " " "9 "" 101.40
49.35 1477'8 1490
7
" " "" 99 ‫وو‬ 49.30 101.70 1467-4
"9 >> ‫وو‬ 99
៖៖៖៖៖៖៖៖៖៖៖
95
1 284 LO CO HED HOS 123456 1 2312312312S

******
‫وو‬
Projectiles
continued
.-
Table
Velocity
determine
to
Experiments
of
Results
the
giving
Ordnance
. Projectile
. of
Readings Velocity
. Initia
.Velocilty
Date Instrument
.
No.
of of Brand
of No.
of
Instru- Experi- .
Powder Rounds
. Charg
. e REMA
. RKS
ment Dia- Dis- Pro Distance
Feet Ob-
Cor-
. .
ment Nature
. No. Natu eigh
eter
- ret from
unct
Wmj.. ectil eor per rected
.served
Muzzle
.Second
I. .II .
III .
IV V. .VVI
II .IX
VIII X. XI
. XII
. XIII
. .XIV XV . .
XVI .
XVII
lbs
. .
lbs in
. .
in
32 .
29/5/624,22A3/5/61 1 Wp12
.-1rhitworth 2.00 shot
S. 5'943 2.95 53.90 96'40 90 1824
8
-loader
.muzzle 5 .
series
1st
99 54.00 95'60 "" 1865.9 1886
" 59 " 33 "" 5" 54'00
95
*80 1856
*7
"" 95 "" ""
24/6/62 6.212 "" 40 0
*581.10 1869
*4
"བ >> 99 " 40.50
81.95 1831.9 1884 7 .
series
2d
"" " "s "" "" >> 40.50 81.75 >> 5
1840
» " "" "" "" ""
23 123
"
བཱ ༢ སྶ
ะ :
ྷི ཧྨ ༢
☺☺☺
‫وو‬
☺☺ ☺
29/5/62 1.25 3.417 54.50 95.25 59 *0
1906
55 "" " 54
40 94.95 1916'0 2006 8
"" "" 99 54.40 94.85 " 1920
*5
" "" "" >> >> >>
གྷ བ ;
L.
R. >>
G. ‫وو‬
12/3/62A. 4/7/61 1'75 12.15 2.97 36.80 94.90 "" 1193.2
4. " "
115
43.90 101
*60 2
1214
59 >> "s 55 " " 43.95
101.90 "99 1208.7 1214.3 )
99 >> " "9 "" " 43.85 102.15 1201'0
5" » " 99 determine
To
ve-
the
128 1 234
" " 43.90 102.10 """ 1203.2 locity
diffe-
with
"" "" " >> " "5 43.80102.15 1199.6
"" "" >> "" 43.35 ""
106.00 1112.6 rent
charges
.
"" " ‫وو‬1*50 "" " Targets
feet
.110
apart
40.20
101.75 " 1131.5
" " "" >> "" 35 102.20
40.10 "" 1121.0 1141
"" 55 "" 55 " "" > 40.10 100
*60 1151.8 8
>> 55 " " 40.05 101.65 "" 1130
*4
" 59 "" " 40'05 101.50 "99 1133.3
" 99 >> "" "" ""
ཨོ ཀྵ ཉྙ བྷ ཀྐ མ ཐ ཐ བཱ གྷ བ
༢ ༢ ཐཱ ༢ རྨ
གྷསྶ སྶ 96 ཀྨ ཀྨ ཀྨ ཀྨ ཀྨ ཀྨ ; ; ཉྙ གྣ ;
24/7/62 2.00 11.75
shell
C. 2.95 42.00 10
103 " 1245'8
"" 99 " "" 42.05 *25
104 1222.8
" "" » >> "9 >> 55 " 42.15 20
102 99 1268'9 1264
» " » >> "" 55 41.95 1248.8 5
>> ‫""دو‬ 59 >> "" "" 102.90 "" determine
the
To
ve-
‫وو‬ ‫وو‬55 42.00
102.30 "" *2
1263 locity
the
with
" 99 » " " >> 42:05 1282.2
99 » "" 55 "" " 59 39 101.50 35 proportionate
same
BAG
16/7/62 1.50 44.60 109
°30 1170.6 pcharge
12
-asr
.the
" >> "" "" 44
*60 109
*40 *8
1169 L.
B.
Armstrong
"" 35 55 " 99 44
65 gun
.
I 2
Missed‫""وو‬
" >> >> ""
བྷ ཨཱ ཨཱ ཀྵ ཉྙ ཐཱ གྷོ ཧྨ
44.55 *30
110 1151.1 1169.0
» ‫ وو‬59 39 44'60 1145'3
བྱཱ ཉྙ ཉྙ བྲཱ
"" ‫رو‬ 99 "" 110'65 """
༢
55
44 109.10 1174.8
" 39 ""
རྨ བ གྷ ཀྶ བ བ
FLOO
བྷ ཐཱ ཉྙ མ ཨཱམ
བ མ བ མ མ མ
བྷ ཐཱ ཉྙ པེ རྣམ
ཉྙ
བྷཧྨབྷསྶརྣ
giving
Table
Experiments
Results
determine
to
Velocity
the
of
cProjectiles
.-ontinued
.
Ordnance Projectile
. Readings
of Velocity
. Initia
Veloci lty
No.
of Date
of Instruments
. .
Brand
of No.
of
Instru- Experi- Powder .Charge REMARKS
.
. Rounds
.
.
ment ment
. Dis- Pro- Distance
Feet Cor-
Ob-
Nature
. No. WNature
. eightDia- jmeter.junctor
. ectile from per
.Muzzle
Second .served
rected
I. .
II .
III IV
. V. .
VI VVII
.IIII
X X. XI
. XII
. XIII
.XIV .
XV XIV
. XVI
. I
70
.A-prrmstrong .lbs lbs
. .
in .ft
32 3/7/62 23/5/61
4.
2A. 30 10.0 shell
C.
375
74 6.25 42.25 99.75 90 1327.6
""
shuntgun .
59 "9 9" " 99 9" 42.35 100
*10 1321.8 lmuzzle
"" 42.25 100'10 "" 1322.3 0
1329 roove
g.-6oader
99 99 "" "" "" 99.85 "" Το determine
the
" >> " "" "" " 99 42.30 1326'5 va-
with
velocity
42.20 100'40 1311'0
1 2340
"" "" "" charges
rious
.
ས༵ ;; ཀྵསྶ
L.
R.
3/10/62 G. ‫وو‬
A.4
. 14/4/62 11.0 74.625 102.60 1315'3
" " 44.50 99
"" " °4440 102.80 1308'2 1318
7
33 " 5" .99 " 44
°50 102.75 "" 1311.7
39 "" 33 °0
10 "" 59
"" -" >> "" 50
44 104'05 1281.5
" " "" "" " "" 45
44 105'10 9999 1256
*7
"" "" " "" "" 40
44 10
105 31271
71255
116
93 44.30 104
*55 99 1265'6
" >> "" 44.40 *5
1265
" "" 55 "" "" S.
shot
76.500 104.65 ""99
59 " "" 11.0 °30
44 10
103 1298-7
99 "" " " 99 44.30 102'05 """" 1323'6 1310.0
44.25 10
103 1297.6
33
"" " 55 "" 10
00 76.50 99
"3 -prrmstrong
.A70 44
45 *2
1239 .6groove
""
1 29110121
105'90 ""39
。 པེ ༔ ཀྐབ བ ན བ བ བ བ
muzzle
-loading
བ བ བ རྨ 35 བྷ བྷ ཧྨ ཀྵ བྷནྡྷཧྨ ཧྨཉྙམ ཐ
ghun
.s" un t
59 > 33 " 55 » >> 35
44 05
105 1256'9 1246.0
99 " 95 " "" 35
44 106.00 99 *2
1236
" "" 33 "" " 44.25 106'50 39 1225'4
" >> " 45
44 105'80 1241'4
༢ ༢༢ བྷ
2/10/62 55 "" 39 99 "
22 " 4shell
*9.00
68
C.1 6.30 44.50 104.05 :5
1281
"" "5 " 44
45 1275.8 m
shunt ade
g,3-(roove
"" "" "" " "" "" *35
44
104.25 "
1283.8
1277.1 from
aboflock
" 4 99 99 "" " "" 104.15 ""
ersey
iM."' ron
>> 55 "" 99 » 40
44 104.30 39 *5
1273
5 44.35 104.40 1271
*4
""
; ; ཉྙ ;
‫وو‬ R.
G. "
L. -pifle
,.r32
r "" " "
" 14/11/61
.
A.4 4/7/61 Britten
system 8658 5'0 *36.24
5074 33.85 1185'6
. " 97.15 ""
» " " " 33.85 96.80 "" To the
determine
55 50.437 99
*187
50 33.85 95.50
1192.2 1209.2
1217.2 ron
-iof
cast
velocity
" "" 25 ‫ دو‬95
50 33.90 95.65 1215.8 rifled
guns
.
" *499 "»
33.80 97.00 ‫وو‬ 1187.6
55 D " " 50.312 55
2345 1LQBER 12345

རྒྱུ །༢ མ ེ མ
、 སྶ
determine
to
Experiments
of
Results
the
giving
Table
continued
-
Projectiles
.Velocity
" Ordnance
. .
Projectile Readings
of Velocity
. Initial
Instrument
. .Velocity
of
No. of
Date Brand
of No.
of
. .
Rounds Charg
. e REMARK
. S
.
ment .
ment Dia- Pro- DistanceFeet
per Ob- Cor-
Natur
. e No. WNature
. eightDis- . eter
mjunctor .
jectile from Secon
ervedd
sr. ected
03 Muzzl
. e
I. II
. III
. .
IV V. .
VI VII
. VIII
. .
IX X. .XI XII
. IV
.XIII
X V XVI
. .
XVII
.
lbs .
lbs .
in .
ft
L.
R.
G. effrey
8,460
,-pr.rifle
J32 5.50 shell
C.
875
47 6'26 33.80 93.30 90 1261.0
32 14/11/61
4
.A. 4/7/61 1 .system
*125
48 33.80 1266
*2
" 59 "" "" 33 99 47'937 "S 33.75
93'05 39
*6]1261.9
1263
" " " "" "" 48.375 "" 33.85
93.20 99
93.70 *5
1253
"9 " 55 99 39 "" *250
48 "9 33.80 94.50 99 *4
1236
" 55 " 99 ‫و‬ "" 47.625 99 33.75 1247.4 determine
To
the
ve-
" "" "" "" "" 93.90 "5
- ron
cast
locity
iof
1 8,640 rad-
,.-pifle
Hr32 7.00 06.19
55
° 62 33.90 1289
*2
55 99 dan
.system "" 92.10 " rifle
guns
.
39 53.125 "" 33.80 94.25 *41241
39 >> "" "" 54'000 33.90 92
*55 ‫وو‬ 1278'0 1277.1
" 39 " 54.437 33 33.80 93.70 3939 *7
1252
"" 375
54 33.95 1278'4
"5 33 "3 "" 92.65 ""
23456 T 2345
བཱ གྷ ཐཱ ཀྵ
3/12/61 1 9,050 ran-
,L.r-pifle
32 6'00 51.00 6.887 37.60 1242.3
117
"9 93 6.82 98.55 "9
གྷསྶ ལྔོ
caster
.
99 99 2 35 99 "9 37.70 98'60 1243'6
>> "" 99 "" "" "9 37.75 99'00 999" 1236
*4
4 "" 37.55 99.10 1229.9 1246
°0
99 5 9
"
72" "5 " "" "" 37.55 98.70 99 1238.1
"9 6 "" >> 37.65 99.50 1224.0
9" ‫"وو‬
OF CO
L.
G. 9960 rit-
r
,.r- ifle
Bp32 24 3Spher
.10.00
1.375 ‫وو‬ 6'17 48.10 98.70 1515'9
37 12/8/62 22
མ ཐ ྐ ཀྶསྶ སྒྱུ
A.
W./11/ ten's
. .
S.shot
47.90 1589
*4 loss
the
determine
To
"" "" 35 55 " "" 59 48'05
97.75 35
99'45 1491
*3 1539
0 velocity
of
flring
in
"" 33 "" "" "" "" 3" 48.15 99.65 39 1488
*4 round
from
shot
99 >> 29 "" " "" 48.00 *5
1503 rifle
guns
.
29 "9 "" " "" 99 "5 " 99.00 99.59
༢༠༠ ནན་ ཆ་ ཉམསམ

55 55 -pgun
.s32ervice
r
(7,138 "" 48.10 95
*75 1612.8
"3 99 48.10 45
94 " 1659
*1 the
with
compare
To
" "9 59 " " "" "3 99 48.15 0
61674
1653 preceding
experi-
59 59 "" 99 " 9" 48
*25
94.65 9"
96.10 1606'0 ment
.
>> " 99 "
2842 LOG
"" "9 99 ‫وو‬ 99 33 99 48.10 *45
94 ‫وو‬99 *1
1659
15/7/62 ‫وو‬ iJeffrey
.-5n.gun S.shot
4.586
36.562
93 5'00 98.10 1400'8 determin
theTo
ve- e
55 43'45 "
43.55
98
*45 1394'3 locity
of
a5-inch
98.60 *4
1390 -1397.8 rifled
gun
long
of
" 4 " 43.40
43.55 ""
*40
99 1366'0 .
bore
99 " 99 99 39
HESA
"" "" "" ‫وو‬9"
☺☺
Experiments
of
Results
giving
Table
the
determine
to
cVelocity
-ontinued
.Projectiles
Ordnance
. .
Projectile Readings
of Velocity
. Initial
.Velocity
No.
of Date
of Instrument
.
Brand
of No.
of
Instru- Experi- .Powder Rou
. nds Charge
. REMARKS
.
ment
. .
ment Dia-
Dis- Pro- Distance
Feet Ob-
Natu
. re No. from jNatu eighret
eter
.Wunct Cor-
uzzl
econor
MS.m.. ectil eed rserved
ected
.per
I. II
. III
. .
IV V. .
VI VIII
.IVII
X X. .
XI .
XII XIII
. XIV
V
.XVI XVII
.
L.
G. 60 lbs
. .
lbs .
in .ft
32 1/
22/1A.
16/7/62 W. 1 Jeffrey
-i5 nch 95 5shot
S.
4 86 36.562 98.90
44.50
5'00 90 1409.1
365
gun
.
"g "" "" 99 "" 55 *4440 *5995 1389'0 5
1420
>> ‫وو‬ 59 "" "" "" 44.50 98
*50 ‫وو‬ *7
1419 ve-
the
determine
To
59 55 55
44 98.40 " 1423.8
" a5-nch
iof
locity
234
R.
G.
L. 99 "" " "
1/8/62 A. 14/4/62 93 35'312 °10
49 *6
1646 gun
rifled
iong
of
4. 99 5.416 " 96.00 99
bore
.
35
"" "" 35.500 " 48.95 95 1642.9
" ‫وو‬ ‫دو‬ " 99 *562
35 49'00 96.00 """ 0
1643 4
1641
བྷ མ མ
"" " ‫دو‬ 55 " 35.500 "" 47.50 95'20 1610'3
"" "9 35.687 "">> 47.60 95.10 1617.4
"" 99 "" 35.125 47.50 *25
95 1610'3 1618
0
33 "" 35.500 ‫""وو‬ 47.45 95'40 "" 1601.7
118
55 99 35.312 >> 47.40 * 39 G

burst
.* un
L.
**
‫ وو‬17/9/62 G.
32 18
A./1/59
W. p32
.g- run 11234
8.0 33.344 97.00
6'312
50
*10 1647.4 .
used
wads
No
བ ཐ ཨསྶསྤྱི
"" "
>> "" 33.594 "" 50.00 96'05 1678'6
33.469 °05
50 96.60 " °2
1660
>> "" "" ‫وو‬59 99 ""
55 "" "" 33.422 >> *10
50 9625 " 1674.9
"" ‫"دو‬ "5 50.05 98.85 1** 581 3
1698 *
taken
" " 33.625 """
33'437 50
*15 96'40 " 1671'4 mean
in
N. ot
"9 "3 99 "3 96
*7150
50 "" 1656.5
55 99 "" 33 33'406 ""
50.00 *60
96 *2
1658
" 55 "9 "" 33.875 ""
96'60 " 1662'0
99 20/12/58
G.
L. 9 55 ‫وو‬99 99 33'594 50.10 39 Experiments
the
on
" "" 1 99 55 33.484 ">> 50.15 95.95 99 1688'4
Curtis
.H&arvey proof
gunpowder
.of
a
****
2 28
" » 39 " 33.609 *05
50 97.00 " *7
1645 1695
2
" 59 3 " " 99 33.516 2959 50 *350
°096 1671.4
55 93 4+ " "" 33.422 50.05 6* 5
96 1658'4
" *197.25
50 0 *5
1638
" 39
1/1/59
G.
L. "" "" 33.469 >>99
98.05
250 39 1613'8
99 55 "" "" 33.531 >> °0 55
.
Son
and
Hall
❖ བ ༢༠ བ
A
55 " "" 33.391 *1500 97'25 *5
1638 1666
7
33.547 "999 50
°20 98.00 39 1615'6
>> " 99 33.531 50.20 97.00 1651.3
‫و""و‬ " "" 50.20 97.15 "9 1645'8
1 2341S 1 234 COGO T 29451 2345

99 33.578 """"
32 བ བ
* :::
♡♡♡ s
☺☺☺☺
2222
.-
cProjectiles
Velocity
the
determine
toontinued
Experiments
of
Results
giving
Table
. Readings
of Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
.
Ordnance Projectile Instrument
.
of
No. Date
of Brand
of No.
of
Charge
. REMARKS
.
Instru- Experi- .
Powder Rounds
. Distance
Feet
Dis-
Dia- Pro- Cor-
Ob-
ment
. .
ment Nature
. No. Weight
.Nature .meter
junctor .jectile from per . ected
rserved
Muzzle
.Second
.
II .
III .
IV V. VIII
.I
.VVIX
II X. XI
. X IV
III
.XII .
XV .
XVI .
XVII
I. lbs
. lbs
. .
in .
ft
L.
G. 50.15 98'15 90 1608'5
32 17/9/62
W.A. 10/4/62 g.32
-prun 11234 8.0 594
33
shot
S. 6.312
33
531 50.20 96.90 1654
*9
32
99 35 " 99 "" 33.328 33 *10
50 97.55 1627'8
" "" " "" *594
33 "" 50'10 97.70 "" 1622'5
99 "" » " 99 * 47
533 " 50.15 97.95 1615'5 1657.5 Eon
the
{ xperiments
" "" 55 53 99 *406
33 " 50.15 97.70 1624'3 .proof
gunpowder
of
>> ‫وو‬ "" 3" " >> 1622.5
"" "" 33'406 50'10 .97.70
ཐ བཱ ཀྵ ཀྵ རྨ
" >> "" " "
99 " 33.469 " 50'15 97'90 33 1617.2
ม 55 "" " "5 594
33 50
*15 97'40 1634.9
"" "" 59 99 55 99 *594
33 55 50'10 98'00 55 1612.0
10 "" "" "" "
1 234567890
""
མ བ བ
R.
G.
L. nch
s"-i7hunt C.
shell 88.00 6'94
48.10 102.30 120 708'1
15/10/62 14/4/62 .
mortar
rifled 1 6.00
119
" A.
4. 48.10 102.85 700'6 704.2
" " "" "" 99 3" 48.10 *5
690 To
ve-
the
determine
99 99 99 6103 *0 different
locity
with
99 99 99 "" 5°00 "" "" 43.15 102.25 6*
64.5 charges
" 55 "" » $43.20 102.40 *4
644 647.0 .
99 39 ‫وو‬ "" ""
" " " 59 " 43.20 102.90 638'8
99 " "" " ‫وو‬ 4.00
‫وو‬99 "" "" 15
43 109 *75 568'0
99 99 " "9 " " 43.10 107.15 *6
592 584.6
" 39 99 99 "" " 43.20 108 *25 *7
582
"" " 29 59 " 103.85 516'4 Targets
.
apart
feet
60
99 "" 3.00 99 "3 31.70
59 "" 39 9 39 106.00
31.75 515
7
501.2
99 " 99 " ‫""وو‬ " "" 103
31.75*35 *7
520
99. " "9 " 2.00 99 31.75 122.90 397'7
>> 39 99 9" ‫و"و‬ 55 117.50 *8
427 415.0
29 "" "" 59 31.75
" 99 59 1.00 137'90
31.50 318'6 294-7
‫""وو‬ "" 39 "" "" 267.8
1 2312SIL
55 99 2 31.50 147.00 >>
ཁྱོ ། མ རྣ མ མ མ མ མ བྷ གྷུ བ ན གྷུ ཀྵ མི མ
"" 39 " 29 99 55
བཱ ཉྙཱ ཉྙཱ ཉྙ ༢ ཤྩ བྷ བྷ གྷ བྷ བྷ ཋ ཉྙ བ རྨ
25
G.
L. ade 5'0 937
65
shot
S. 7.895 35.35 99 *50 115 879
*2
40 4/1
W.A.2/62 .p- arron
c68 r
66
*000 7.903
35'40 100'50 "" 866'2 0
886 .Targets
apart
feet
90
" "S " *86575 35.50
7.909 *25
100 871'1
55 " "" 121.50 302.1 determine
To
the
ve-
མ
55 1.0 7.900
23'30
65
*937
99 ‫وو‬55 "" 35 "" 7.910
23.40
66
*0113.60 00 332'8 323.0 different
with
locity
99 "5 313'1 charges
.
1 2312
23.30
7.885
66 25
*1118.55
99 ‫و"و‬ ‫"وو‬
‫وو‬ "" 7.885
23.30
66'000 114.00 7
330 Targets
ft
.a50part
39 » "" 99
ྐསྶ མ
""
ཨ ༣༢༢ བ མ ཐ
ཐཱ བྷ ཧྨབྷཧྨ བ
Results
giving
Table
Experiments
the
determine
to
Projectiles
of
Veiocity
continued
.-
Ordnance
. Projectile
. Readings
of Initial
Velocity
Instrument
. .Velocity .
of
No. Date
of Brand
of No.
of
Instru-
Experi- Powder Charge
. .
REMARKS
. .
Rounds Dist
.
ment ment
. Dia- Dis- Pro-
Natu Feetance Ob-
Cor-
.
Nature No. re
eigh
eter
Wj..mectilor per
. unct et from SMuzz
. econle
d .recteedd
serv
I. II
. III
. .
IV V. II
V.VI VIII
X.
.IX .
XI XII
. XIII
. XVI
..XIV
.XV .
XVII
G.
L.
3/1 .lbs .ilbs
n .ft
49 W.
A. 2/62 1 iron
10
-inch 209 7'0 shell
C.
90
00 9'823 49.50 86'65 95 867.1
howitzer
. 879'0
9'829
*55
49 86.55 *6
870 .
apart
feet
50
Targets
99 " " 22 "" 99 9.829
49'60 87.20 856
*9
39 " 3" "" 1.187 "9 9.850 20.90 120
*20 297-2
» 99 59 "" "9 9.831 20.90 120
*20 297.2
33 99 "" ‫دو‬ "" ""
ཤྲཱ ཀྵ རྨ ;
"" 99 ‫وو‬ 99 "" 9'829 20.95 119
*75 298
*9 306'0 Targets
feet
.50
apart
9" " "3 99 "" "" "" 20.75
9.836 117.50 309.6
"" " " .i- ron
howitzer
n " 99 9.852
20.90 117.50 310.2
8229 4.0 48.50 37.50
7.846 108.20 100 796'3 de-
to
Experiments
99 99
2812941
99 "9 37.50
7.846 105.15 834.8 termine
the
velocity
33 "" -33 37.60
7.865 104.75 841.3 -851.4
" "9 " "9 "5 "" different
with
99 ‫وو‬ "" "9 99 99 7.860
37.60 104'60 843.3 charges
.
7.860 37.45 105.80 825.7 Targets
90
apart
.feet
120
"" " 0.687 59 "" 8

7 43 30.50 *60
143 287.0
" "" 23 33 "" 99 Targets
feet
.60
apart
1
99 " 39 " "" 20.80
7.845 141.00 272.9
"9 "> "5 "" 7.845
20
*80 123
*25 286.3 287.7
" "9 " "" 99 99 7.833
20.90 121'45 292.8 .
apart
feet
50
Targets
" >> 93 "" "" 20.90
7.845 124'90 281.1
རྨ མ© ཐ ; ཉྙ ཉྷ ; རྨི ❁ སྶ ;
""
མ མ མ ཐ མ ཐ མད བྷ བྷ ; བྷ རྨ ཨ ཨ ཨཱ གྷ
L.
G.
37 A.
W. 22/11/60 pg68
-. run 16.0
7307 shot
S.
66'00 41.80
7.91 90.85 *5
1552
" 99 9" 99 "" "" "" 41.80 590
*0 1563'6
"3 39 " " > "" "" 41.70 90
*55 *5
1558
"" "" " "" "" 99 "" 41.85 91.10 1546'4
41.90 90'05 1581'7
♥
55 » 59 99 "" "9 99
32 "" "" 42.50 398
*5 1368'4
600
99 " two
ཚེ ** ཚེ
"" "" "3 ,, 42'45 98.35 1367.1 Eat

( xperiments
55 42.30 98.20 " 1366'0 distances
,using
" "" " 42.30 98.30 35 1364'4 .two
instruments
59 " 39 "" 55 33 97.60 1386.1
29/7/62 9" " "" "" 42'45
" 55 13 39 39 41.45 90.50 90 *1
1557 Mcharge
"" 41.45 90'80 1547.9 *inistake
3 " " 41'60 89'00 1611'6 .
Powder
of
"- " "" 99 42.40 98.25 600 1362.9
" 42.30 98.40 1356'5
59 59 "
HAVED LIG
99 *8 99 42'40 97.20 1425.3
བ ཞེ བ 2 རྒྱུ
མ བྷ བྷ བྷ ནྡྷ བྷ ཧྨ ཀ ན ནྡྷ ཎྜ
ཀྵ ཀྵ ; ; སྙ ོ ེ ༢ ུ ན ན
བ བ པོ མ མ ཆ་ མ མ མ མ ོ ྴ མ འ རྒྱུ ན ན ནི ཤྩ ེ མ
Projectiles
continued
.-
Experiments
of
Velocity
the
determine
to
Table
Results
giving
Ordnance
. Projectile
. of
Readings Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
No.
of Date
of Instrument
.
Brand
of No.
of
Instru- Experi- Powder Rounds
. Charge
. REMARKS
.
. Distance
Feet
.ment ment
. Nature
. No. W.Nature
eight Dis-
Dia- Pro- from Cor-
Ob-
j.met
uncer
tor jectile
. per rected
.served
SMuzzle
. econd
I. II
. III
. IV
. V. .
VI .
VII .VIII IX
. X. .
XI .
XII X
.XIII
IV XV . .
XVI XVII
.
724
G.
L. ⚫lbs
. .lbs in
. .
ft
32 24/6/62 W.A. 22/11/621 120
1.A-p20.0
rrmstrong .
shot
S. 140.0 6'9 40
*55 100'00 90 *2
1280 1284
0
s"g, hunt un To
the
determine
.
loader
muzzle velocity with
14/7/6223/5/61
2A.
4. 1 24.5 98'0 45.75 91
*85 105 1670'0 1690 different
,charges
"" 2 " " headed
Flat "" 45
*85 91.90 99 1672.1
22
"" "9 "3 "" "" . 39
Oz .shot .""
OZ ""
28/3/62 Lawrence Disc
Mr.
of
gun 1 2.25 Eccentric 7.75 1$.855 *40
49 89'95 60 1431.9
99 .G.
4
No.
L. Woollcombe
. " Disc
. 0.765 the
determine
To
23
*5490 89'85 1439
*2 the
of
velocity
" "" " 9" " "" "" 1487.3
23451H 23
*50
49 89.00 1470'3 ". isc
dg un
aaaaa
☺☺☺☺☺☺
" 99 "" "" 55 59 " "" *45
49 °20
90 "9 1424'9
" " >> 55 "" "" " 39 *45
49 89.85 " *4
1437 Tfeet
90
>argets
992.625 35 59 93 ""
121
39 "" *25
53 92.25 11494
*4542.1 .
apart
>> b-pr
,. rass ‫وو‬
gun 1.625 ,S.
shot 6.187 39
1.43 *35
45 *25
100 99 1047.2
‫وو‬99 33 . cal
.smooth
bore spheri
*3450 *60
100 *1
1039 1
-1091 .
comparison
In
99 99 " "" " "" " 345
*5 101.25 99"9 1027.7
aa ∞
" " 39 99 ""drams
. "9 .grs ""
10/6/62 2.
I. 1 Enfield
Service
3 2.5 elon- 530
Service 0.55 44
45 107.10 90 1213.6
99 .
rifle .
bullet
gated
45
44 107.75 *11200 1265
1
"
234123ALSERIES 20
"" 44
*55 107.15 ‫وو‬ 1214'6
བྷནྡྷསྶསྶསྶ རྒྱུ རྒྱུ ཀྵུ ན མ མ ཀྐ རྨ ནྡྷ མྦ བ རྨ བ

སྙ ; 3 སྶསྙ
99 99 55 99 "" "" 29 *50
44 107.95 39 1197.0
93 " " Enfiel
.rifle d "" " 44.55 109'00 39 1176.8
"3 " 39 ‫وو‬ "" 65
44 107.80 1203'0
"" "" 99 "" 99 ‫دو‬ " 65
44 108
3* 0 1192
:8 *6
1248
29 29 "" " "" "" *65
44 108 70 99 1184
7 Experiments
to
9" 99 " 9" "" ‫وو‬ ""
"" °70
44 *20
108 1195'9 the
ascertain
" "" " B. ‫""وو‬ 99 45.00 *60
107 55 5
1214 velocityof
ed ྴ མ ཐ ཨཽ 3 ཐ ི ྴརྒྱུ
" "" "

""
"" "
99 45
*10 106'85 "933 1232'6 small
arms
.
"" 55 44.95 108*20 6]*1200
91271
" 35
33 9"
""
39. »
59 *90
44 108'00 99 1204.0
""
99 "" "" 45'00 107.75 """. 1211.3
"" ‫>>دو‬ 55
44 106
*60 1226'2
"" "" .
33 44.60 107.10 ‫وو‬ 1216.7
99
39
"
95
"" 9" ""
"" " "
99 44.50 107.75 ""59 1201
•1 0
1269
" 44
45 107.85 1198.0
" 99 99 39 "" " 44.60 107
*45 *3
1209
39 " 59 39
‫وو‬
Experiments
Results
giving
Table
Projectiles
of
Velocity
the
determine
to
continued
.-
.
Ordnance Projectile
. of
Readings Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
of
No. Date
of .Instrument
Brand
of of
No.
. Rounds Charge
. REMARK
. S
.
ment .
ment Dis- Pro- Feet
Distance Ob-
Cor-
Nature
. No. WNature
. eightDia- j.mete
unctror from
per
ject serv
.recteedd
MS.. uzz le
ecoile
nd
I. II
. III
. .
IV V. V. II
VI .
VIII XIX
.. XI
. .
XII XIV
.XIII XV
.XVI XVII
drams
. .in
grains
. .ft
32 10/6/62 2.
I. D
Enfield
.
rifle 2.5 Service 0'55
530 44.55 108.30 90 1188
*9
elongated
.
bullet 1249
2
"" >> 44
*60 107.85 9" 1201.0
"" "" "" "" "" "" 44
*55 *35
108 1189'8
"" 99 " "" 55 99 " 44.35 108'40 "" 1185.1
59 " "" "" " 99 99
"" 6/ 2 55 Lancaster
.
rifle 3 "" 38.40 102.40 " 1189'0
99 " "3 538'40
103
*0 1168'0
"" " "" 38.45
101.85 *8
1200 9
1234
"9 99 99 ‫وو‬ "" ""
" "" ‫"وو‬ 39 " 38.35 *45
103 " 1168'0
" " 99 38
*45 102.70 1189'1
35 " 55 "
234 12345
39 grains " ""
"" Enfield
rifle
, 1 70 Elongated 0*442 38.50 102.55 "9 1188
*2
"" " 39
T
122
small
bore
. .
bullet
"" Cylindro- 38.40 102.65 1184.2 Experiments
to
" 39 conoidal
. "" "" 1223.6
339
36
‫وو‬ 8 ascertain
velo-
the
"" 38.45 101.85 99 1200 small
of
.city
arms
99 99 " "" >> " 38.50 102.60 *2
1187
99 59 55 39 >> 99 "" 38.55 102.95 "" 1181.5
"" 55 " " Whitw
rifle
, "
orth " "" 59 39
°00 102.30 "" 1203'6
988
3451
99 99 99 small
bore
. "9 >> 95 "3 ""
39'00 103.90 1172.5 1208
*2
33 39'05 05
104 "3 1170
°7
‫"وو‬ 39 " 33 59 "" 55 "" 39'10 104.50 *2
1163
99 "" 59 "" "" " 29 39'15 65
104 1161.3
99 59 59 Lancaste
rifle
, "5 r ‫وو‬35 95 "" *45
40 104.85 "9 1183'4
18457
59 " "" 55 " "" ""
RR ; ཧྥུŠ
small
bore
. ‫وو‬
40.55 105.75 1168
*7
11208
"9 " " ‫وو‬ "" "" 40.35
105.05 1177.6
86
99 " 59 "9 40.55 105'60 1169'8
55 » 9" 99 ‫כל‬99 " 99 9" "
1/7/62 ,
Richards
Westly cavity
No
76 50.447 38.70 100
*60 1231'4
99 ""
སྶ ; ༤
.
bore
small .
base
in 20.468
A
"" 38.80 101.20 1221'3 7
1257
" ‫כל‬ 99 "" " "" "" 38.75 101.10 ‫""وو‬ 1222'3
13 " 29. "" ‫دو‬ 38.80 102.10 12
(3'3
59 99 "3 99 23 "" ‫وو‬ 38.75 101.20 *2
1220
234 1 2345
"" 59 99 " "
.-
of oncluded
Projectiles
cVelocity
the
determine
to
Experiments
of
Results
giving
Table
. Readings
of Velocity
. Initial
Velocity
.
Ordnance
. Projectile .Instrument
No.
of of
Date of
Brand of
No.
Charge
. .
REMARKS
Instru- Experi- .Powder .
Rounds Distance
Feet Ob-
Cor-
Dia- Dis- Pro-
Nature
eight from
.
ment ment .
Nature No. eter
unctor
j.mWectile per .rected
served
Muzzle
.Second
VI
. .VIII IX
VII . X. .XI .
XII XIII
.XIV .
XV .
XVI .
XVII
I· . .
II III
. IV
. V. .
in .
ft
grains
. .
grains
I.
2. Lancaster
,
Rifle 1 70 Cylin- 530 0'442 38.50 102.95 90 1180'5
24 1/7/62 1 dro
con-
Small
.
bore
oidal 1181'6 as-
Experiments
to
38'60 103'00
35 55 39 " " 38.60 102.20 *1
1197 certain
velocity
the
" "" "" 1193'3 small
arms
.of
» 55 38.70 102.50 4
1223
95 33 "" 38'60
101
*75 1206'0 The
small
Lancaster
59 09 ‫وو‬ 99 " "" 1179'5 lu-
wax
with
bore
09 " 38.50 103'00 ""
59 " 3" "" 33 59 38.60 103'10 "" 1179'7 rication
.
5" "" " "
བྷ ཀ མ བ བམ
བྷནཱ ཉྙཉྙ བ མ
"" "
234567
བཱ ཉྙ བཱ བྷ རྨ གྷ
.
service
2.
I. 1 .
Enfield
Service 68 Service 0.55 37.25 101'55 *3
1181
29/10/62 >> elonga- 55
"
ted 5
-1234
bullet
.
123
37.35 101.40 1186'3 ents

Experimwith
" " " >> >> 31 37'30 101.70 "" 1179'6 explo-
experimental
» 59 99 "" .
compounds
sive
ང ཐ
" 99
བ
Experimental 34 37.30 102.85 99 1158
*1
.39 39 55 ""
300
.
sawdust
བ
37.30 65
106 21091 1190
4
" 55 35 55 35 " 37.30 99'00 1232.7
99 55 >> "> 37.35 1: 5
104 1136'5
55 39 "" " 37.25 105'60 1108.2
- 234
99 " " "
99 23 33
སྙ ; ; སྶ
"
བ བ བྷ བཱ
""
124
APPENDIX I.
Table showing the Times corresponding to the Arcs for Instrument No. 40, the
Time of a small Oscillation being -=0.3342 seconds.
Arcs. Partial Total Arcs. Partial Total

Durations. Durations. Durations. Durations.
。
о // "/
"002914 "001602
13 *073278 54 *154376
⚫002810 *001595
14 *076088 55 *155971
*002716 ⚫001588
15 ⚫078804 56 *157559
*002633 ⚫001581
16 * 081437 57 - *159140
*002557 * 001575
÷
17 *083994 58 *160715
*002488 *001569
18 · *086482 59 *162284
*002425 ⚫001564
2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8120658
19 088907 60 *163848
*002367 * 001559
20 *091274 61 *165407
*002314 *001554
21 *093588 62 *166961
⚫002265 *001550
22 *095853 63 *168511
⚫002219 ⚫001546
23 *098072 64 *170057
⚫002177 *001543
24 ⚫100249 65 *171600
⚫002138 ⚫001539
25 *102387 66 *173139
⚫002101 *001536
5 % 3 2 N N
26 *104488 67 *174675
⚫002066 *001534
27 *106554 68 *176209
*002034 * 001532
28 *108588 69 *177741
'002003 *001530
29 •110591 70 *179271
⚫001975 *001528
30 *112566 71 *180799
*001948 ⚫001527
31 *114514 72 * 182326
⚫001922 *001526
32 *116436 73 *183852
*001898 *001525
N P R R 0 2 3
33 *118834 74 *185377
*001875 *001525
34 *120209 75 *186902
⚫001854 .001525
35 *122063 76 *188427
⚫001833 *001525
36 *123896 77 *189952
⚫001814 ⚫001526
37 *125710 78 *191478
⚫001796 ⚫001527
38 *127506 79 *193005
⚫001778 *001528
39 *129284 80 *194533
⚫001762 *001530
40 *131046 81 *196063
⚫001746 ⚫001532
% % %
41 *132792 82 *197595
⚫001731 ⚫001534
42 *134523 83 •199129
⚫001717 *001536
43 *136240 84 *200665
⚫001704 ⚫001539
44 * 137944 85 *202204
*001691 ⚫001543
45 *139635 86 *203747
*001679 *001546
46 *141314 87 *205293
⚫001667 001550
47 *142981 88 *206843
• 001656 *001554
48 *144637 89 *208397
⚫001646 * 001559
49 *146283 90 *209956
*001636 *001564
50 *147919 91 *211520
⚫001627 ⚫001569
51 *149546 92 '213089
*001618 *001575
52 •151164 93 •214664
⚫001610 2.001581
53 *152774 94 *216245
125
Table showing the Times corresponding to the Arcs for Instrument No. 40—
continued.
Arcs . Partial Total Arcs. Partial Total

Durations. Durations. Durations . Durations.
O 12 O "1
858
"001588 "002034
95 ⚫217834 123 *267250
⚫001595 ⚫002066
96 *219428 124 *269316
8
*
⚫001602 ⚫002101
97 •221030 125 *271417
⚫001610 *002138
98 ⚫222640 126 *273555
*001618 ⚫002177
99 •224258 127 *275732
*001627 ⚫002219
100 *225885 128 ⚫277951
⚫001636 *002265
101 *227521 129 *280216
⚫001646 ⚫002314
102 *229167 130 *282530
⚫001656 ⚫002367
103 *230823 131 · *284897
⚫001667 * 002-125
104 *232490 132 - *287322
⚫001679 *002488
105 • 234169 133 *289810
*001691 ⚫002557
106 *235860 134 *292367
*001704 ⚫002633
107 *237564 135 *295000
⚫001717 *002716
108 *239281 136 *297716
⚫001731 ⚫002810
109 *241012 137 *300526
⚫001746 *002914
110 *242758 138 *303400
⚫001762 ⚫003033
111 ⚫244520 139 *306473
*001778 ⚫003168
112 *246298 140 *309641
* 001796 ⚫003325
113 *248094 141 *312966
* 001814 ⚫003510
114 *249908 142 *316476
*001833 ⚫003730
115 *251741 143 *320206
*001854 ⚫004001
116 *253595 144 *324207
*001875 *004343
117 *255470 145 *328550
*001898 ⚫004793
118 *257368 146 *333343
*001922 ⚫005442
119 *259290 147 *338785
⚫001948 ⚫006447
120 ⚫261238 148 *345232
⚫001975 ⚫008386
121 *263213 149 *353618
⚫002003 *020186
122 *265216 150 *373804
APPENDIX II.
Instrument 37.
TABLE showing the Relations between the Arcs passed through and the
corresponding Durations for t = 0 · 3350.

"/ "/
30 "112835 35 "122355
⚫001953 ⚫001837
31 *114788 36 *124192
* 001927 *001818
32 *116715 37 *126010
888
⚫001903 ⚫001800
33 •118618 38 *127810
⚫001879 ⚫001782
34 *120497 39 *129592
⚫001858 001766
126
TABLE II.- Navez Electro-Ballistic Apparatus- continued.

// O "1
40 "181358 "001606
⚫001750 97 •221560
41 •133110 ⚫001614
⚫001735 98 *223174
42 *134845 ⚫001622
⚫001721 99 *224796
43 136566 ⚫001631
⚫001708 100 *226425
44 *138275 ⚫001640
⚫001695 101 *228065
45 · *139971 * 001650
*001683 102 *229715
46 *141654 ⚫001660
⚫001671 103 *231375
47 *143325 ⚫001671
⚫001660 104 *233046
48 *144985 ⚫001688
*001650 105 *284730
49 *146635 ⚫001695
⚫001640 106 *236425
50 •148275 ⚫001708
⚫001631 107 *238133
51 *149904 ⚫001721
*001622 108 *239854
52 *151526 *001735
⚫001614 109 *241589
53 ⚫153140 ⚫001750
⚫001606 110 •243339
54 *154746 ⚫001766
⚫001599 111 • 245105
55 *156345 ⚫001782
⚫001592 112 *246887
56 *157937 ⚫001800
⚫001585 113 *248687
57 · *159522 ⚫001818
g
༄ཆ༄
⚫001579 114 *250505

58 •161100 *001837
⚫001573 115 *252343
59 •162673 ⚫001858
*001568 116 *254201
60 •164240 ⚫001879
117 *256080
*001903
⚫001531 118 *257983
80 *195000 ⚫001927
⚫001533 119 *259910
888
81 · •196533 ⚫001953
⚫001535 120 •261863
82 •198068 *001980
*001537 121 - *263843
83 *199606 ⚫002008
⚫001539 122 *265851
84 *201145 ⚫002039
⚫001542 123 *267890
85 ⚫202687 ⚫002071
888888
⚫001546 124 *269961

86 *204233 ⚫002106
⚫001549 125 ⚫272066
87 *205782 ⚫002143
⚫001553 126 ⚫274209
*207336 *002182
⚫001557
12
127 *276391
89 *208894- *002224
*001563 128 •278615
90 •210458 ⚫002270
*001568 129 *280885
91 *212026 ⚫002319
*001578 130 •283206
92 *213599 *002382
⚫001579 131 *285588
93 *215178 ⚫002430
⚫001585 132 ⚫280818
94 *216763 ⚫002493
⚫001592 133 290511
95 *218355 ⚫002562
*001599 134 *292073
96 ⚫219954
127
APPENDIX III.
TABLE showing the TIMES corresponding to the ARCS for INSTRUMENT No. 32, the
Time of a small Oscillation being = 0.3337 Seconds.
Arc. Total Partial Arc. Total Partial

Duration. Duration. Duration. Duration.
O
30 *112397 '001945 82 *197298 *001531
31 *114342 *001919 83 *198830 *001533
32 *116261 ⚫001895 84 *200364 *001536
33 *118156 *001872 85 •201900 ⚫001540
34 *120028 '001851 86 *203441 *001543
85 *121879. ⚫001830 87 *204985 *001547
36 *123710 *001811 88 *206537 ' 001551
37 *125521 ⚫001793 89 ⚫208084 *001556
38 *127314 *001775 90 ⚫209641 *001561
39 *129090 *001759 91 211202 '001566
40 *130849 ⚫001743 92 •212769 * 001572
41 *132592 *001728 93 *214342 *001578
42 *134321 ⚫001714 94 •215920 * 001585
43 *136035 ⚫001701 95 *217505 *000592
44 *137737 *001688 96 *219098 *001599
4.5 *139425 *001676 97 •220698 ⚫001607
46 •141102 ⚫001664 98 *222306 * 001615
4/7 *142766 '001653 99 *223921 * 001624
48 * 144420 ⚫001643 100 * 225546 ⚫001633
49 *146063 ⚫001633 101 •227179 * 001643
50 *147697 *001624 102 •228823 *001653
51 *149321 *001615 103 *280476 *001664
52 150937 ⚫001607 104 * 232141 *001676
53 *152544 ⚫001599 105 •233817 *001688
54 *154144 *001592 106 *235506 ⚫001701
55 *155737 ⚫001585 107 *237207 *001714
56 *157322 *001578 108 *238922 ⚫001728
57 *158901 *001572 109 *240650 *001743
58 *160473 ⚫001566 110 ⚫242393 *001759
59 *162040 ⚫001561 111 *244153 *001775
60 *163602 ⚫001556 112 *245928 *001793
61 *165158 ⚫001551 113 *247721 *001811
62 *166710 ⚫001547 114 *249533 ⚫001830
63 *168258 ⚫001543 115 *251363 ⚫001851
64 *169801 ⚫001540 116 *253214 *001872
65 *171342 ⚫001536 117 *255086 *001895
66 *172870 ⚫001533 118 *256981 *001919
67 *174413 001531 119 258901 ⚫001945
68 *175944 ⚫001529 120 *260846 *001972
69 *177474 ⚫001527 121 *262818 *001999
70 *179002 *001525 122 *264818 ⚫002030
71 *180527 *001524 123 *266849 *002062
72 *182052 ⚫001523 124 *268912 ⚫002097
73 *183576 *001522 125 ⚫271009 ⚫002134
74 *185098 *001522 126 ⚫273144 ⚫002173
RRER 287
75 *186621 *001522 127 •275318 *002215

76 *188144 * 001522 128 *277534 ⚫002261
77 *189667 *001523 129 *279795 ⚫002310
78 *191190 ⚫001524 130 *282106 ⚫002363
79 *192715 ⚫001525 131 *284469 ⚫002421
80 •194241 ⚫001527 132 *286891 ⚫002484
81 *195768 *001529 133 .... ....
128
APPENDIX IV.
Time ofa small Oscillation being = 0.3320 Seconds.
Arc. Total Partial Arc. Total Partial

Duration. Duration. Duration. Duration.
30 •111823 ⚫001935 82 *196291 ⚫001524

31 •113758 ⚫001910 83 •197815 ⚫001526
32 •115668 ⚫001885 84 *199341 001529
33 *117553 ⚫001863 85 *200870 ⚫001532
34 •119416 *001842 86 *202402 *001536
35 *121257 ⚫001821 87 *203938 ⚫001540
36 •123078 ⚫001802 88 *205478 ⚫001544
37 •124880 ⚫001784 89 •207022 ⚫001548
38 126664 ⚫001766 90 ⚫208570 *001554
39 •128431 ⚫001750 91 *210124 ⚫001559
40 *130181 ⚫001735 92 •211683 *001564
41 *131916 ⚫001719 93 *213247 ⚫001571
42 *133635 ⚫001706 94 •214818 ⚫001578
43 •135341 ⚫001693 95 *216396 ⚫001584
44 *137034 ⚫001680 96 ⚫217980 ⚫001591
45 *138713 *001668 97 *219571 ⚫001600
4.6 *140381 ⚫001656 98 •221171 ⚫001607
47 142037 ⚫001645 99 *222778 ⚫001616
48 *143682 ⚫001635 100 ⚫224394 *001625
49 *145318 ⚫001625 101 •226019 ⚫001635
50 *146943 ⚫001616 102 * 227654 *001645
51 *148559 ⚫001607 103 ⚫229300 *001656
52 *150166 ⚫001600 104 *230956 *001668
53 *151766 ⚫001591 105 232623 *001680
54 *153357 ⚫001584 106 *234303 ⚫001698
55 *154952 ⚫001578 107 *235996 ⚫001706
56 *156519 ⚫001571 108 *237702 ⚫001719
57 •158090 ⚫001564 109 *239421 ⚫001735
58 *159654 '001559 110 *241156 ⚫001750
GOTCHI ::
59 •161213 * 001554 111 *242906 ⚫001766

60 *162767 ⚫001548 112 *244672 ⚫001784
61 •164315 *001544 113 *246457 ⚫001802
62 *165859 ⚫001540 114 *248259 * 001821
63 *167399 ⚫001536 115 *250079 ⚫001842
64 *168935 ⚫001532 116 *251921 ⚫001868
65 •170467 ⚫001529 117 *253784 ⚫001885
66 •171966 ⚫001526 118 *255669 ⚫001910
67 *173522 ⚫001524 119 •257579 ⚫001935
:: RENR NR REPR
68 *175046 ⚫001522 120 *259514 ⚫001962

69 *176568 ⚫001520 121 *261476 ⚫001990
70 *178088 ⚫001518 122 *263466 ⚫002021
71 *179606 *001517 123 •265486 *002052
72 *181123 ⚫001516 124 ⚫267539 .002087
73 *182689 ⚫001515 125 *269626 ⚫002124
74 *184153 *001515 126 *271756 ⚫002163
75 *185668 * 001515 127 •273912 ⚫002204
76 *187183 ⚫001515 128 *276117 *002250
77 ⚫188698 ⚫001516 129 *278367 ⚫002299
78 •190214 ⚫001517 130 *280665 ⚫002351
79 •191731 ⚫001518 131 *283017 ⚫002409
80 *193249 ⚫001520 132 *285426 ⚫002472
81 *194769 *001522 133 .... ....
APPENDIX
V.
converting
for
and
Ounces
P
Avoirdupois
around
,oTABLE
Decimals
into
.Drams
Ounce
an
of
.Grains drams
. Oz
. .
lbs qrs
. ,
cwt .
tons
27.34 I
437.50 16
=
7000.00 256
- 16 1
28
112 4 1
2240= 80 20
= 1
Drams Drams
in Ounces
Drams
and
Decimals
of
lavoirdupois
b.
.1in
Dec.
of
.oz
or in
Ounces
or
.
Ounces
lb.
of
Dec. 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
⚫004 ⚫008 ⚫012 ⚫016 ⚫019 ⚫023 ⚫027

⚫031 ⚫035 ⚫039 ⚫044 ⚫047 ⚫051 ⚫055 ⚫058 lof 62
a*0b.
0.062 ⚫066 ⚫070 ⚫074 ⚫078 ⚫082 ⚫086 ⚫090
⚫094 ⚫098 •101 •105 1• 09 1• 13 1• 17 •121 •125
129
0.125 •129 •133 •137 •141 •144 1• 48 152156

•160 •164 •168 1• 72 •176 •180 •183 ⚫187 ‫دو‬
0.187 •191 •195 •200 •203 ⚫207 •211 15
•219 ⚫223 •226 •230 ⚫234 2 ⚫ 38 •242 ⚫246 •250 ‫""دو‬
0.250 •254 2• 58 •262 2• 66 2• 69 ⚫273 2 • 77 2• 81 •285 •289 2⚫ 93 2
⚫ 97 3⚫ 00 ⚫305 .308⚫312
0.312 ⚫316 ⚫320 ⚫324 ⚫328 3⚫ 32 ⚫336 •340 ⚫344 ⚫348 •351 ⚫355 ⚫359 ⚫363 ⚫367 ⚫371 ⚫375 ""
6 0.375 ⚫379 ⚫383 ⚫387 ⚫391 ⚫394 ⚫398 ⚫402 4• 06 ⚫410 ⚫414 .418•422 •426 ⚫430 4⚫ 33 •437
7 0.437 ⚫441 ⚫445 •449 ⚫453 ⚫457 •461 •465 ⚫469 ⚫473 .476•480 ⚫484 •488 4⚫ 92 •496 *500
8 0.500 •504 •508 ⚫512 ⚫516 ⚫519 •523 •527 •531 5• 35 ⚫539 5• 43 ⚫547 ⚫551 •555 5• 58 •562 ""
0.562 •566 5• 70 •574 ⚫578 •582 •586 ⚫590 ⚫594 ⚫598 6• 01 •605 ⚫609 ⚫613 ⚫617 •621 •625 ""
10 0.625 ⚫629 ⚫633 .637•641 ⚫644 ⚫648
6* 52 •656 6• 60 ⚫664 .668⚫672 ⚫676 •680 •683 -687 ""
11 0.687 6• 91 •695 ⚫699 ⚫703 •707 ⚫710 ⚫715 ⚫719 •723 7• 26 •730 .734⚫738 7• 42 .746⚫750
12 0.750 ⚫753 .766
⚫762
⚫758 ⚫769 .777
.773⚫781 ⚫785 ⚫789 ⚫793 ⚫797 ⚫801 •805 .808⚫812 99
13 0.812 ⚫816 •820 ⚫824 .828 .832 .836⚫840 8• 44 ⚫848 .855 8• 51 ⚫859 .8638• 67 ⚫871 .875 "9
14 0.875 ⚫879 ⚫883
.887 ⚫891 ⚫894 ⚫898 ⚫9•02 .906⚫910 ⚫914
⚫918 ⚫922 ⚫926 ⚫930 9
* 33 .937 """"
15 0.937 ⚫945
⚫953
⚫949
⚫941 ⚫957 ⚫961 ⚫965 ⚫969
⚫973 ⚫980
⚫976 ⚫988
⚫984
⚫992 -996•1000
K
16 1.000 ""
·· ..
-
1Example
i83
lbs
p
of
decimals
F
the nd
ound
ind
Etnr3xpress
oz
13
,a
side
7d
at
T rams
.decimal
top
he
intersection
two
these
of
.
840
is
columns
-3.84
8lbs
.Answer
BRITISH
9 OC 1920
MUSEUML
PL. I.
PENDULUM .
Scale of 1/2 .
Front View.
Pendulum b.
24 Needle 1. Section through AB.

k 19
200
m g
6
103
62
..
13 5
m
5
23 139 3 12 10 d 10 9
29
1,5 <--15
a
k NE
28
0 EH
0 37
d
158
601
a
b 42
I 15.
130
5
7,5
30 1,5 15
0
12
1
12 C 440
110
173
50 100 G
60 90
32 70 80 A B
37
Vernier
NNNA
30 Ꮓ W
y y y y
9
X X
CD
JD
D
7.9 79
175 175
Back View.
Plan .
y
Section through CD .
212
54 54 12
F
t
u u
20 7,5
27. 27. X
W W
18
20 17,5
0,9 1,5 a -
15 ---
S
0.9 u 10
h
93.5
76
D
18
000 23
D
15:
16
27 31 1
r
09
85
1,5 1,5
70
23
.
y 35
9 99
d 46
b
670
h 9 18.
V
a
Z
P
-S S 36
S
V
Ꮓ W W
Z
f y
У
frontrut 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 Millimètres .

10 5 0 10
Day & Son,Lith's to the Quee

PL. 2.
CONJUNCTOR .
PATTERN 1858 .
Scale of 1/2.
Weight r.
iron
10
a 10
20
lead
20
444
-12-
36
4
b a b a b
18
72
13
Section through AB .
----21.
j
200
58
7
O
15 9
1 h
15 n
h 02
21
30
.
13 g 30 10
7
h
32
о
Lidented
Cock with divided Cylinder j

screw-head and ivory end.
24.12X5
OT
c
P 1
२७
6,5
m 5,5, 1
0
0,7
n A
n
12
7
191
14
K--- 30 Mortar f. -B 16
4.5 57
16
.
8
↓
25
27 0,7
33
170
16 .
+ 50 60 70 80 90 1 Mètre .
O 10 20 30 40
Day& Son, Lith to the Queen

128
APPENDIX IV.
Time ofa small Oscillation being = 0.3320 Seconds.
Total Partial Arc. Total Partial

Arc. Duration. Duration. Duration. Duration.
30 *111823 ⚫001935 82 *196291 *001524

31 •113758 ⚫001910 83 *197815 ⚫001526
32 *115668 *001885 84 *199341 ⚫001529
33 *117553 *001863 85 *200870 ⚫001532
34 *119416 ⚫001842 86 *202402 ⚫001536
35 •121257 *001821 87 *203938 ⚫001540
36 *123078 *001802 88 *205478 ⚫001544
37 *124880 *001784 89 *207022 ⚫001548
38 *126664 ⚫001766 90 *208570 *001554
39 *128431 *001750 91 *210124 ⚫001559
40 *130181 *001735 92 •211683 * 001564
41 *131916 *001719 93 *213247 ⚫001571
42 *133635 *001706 94 *214818 ⚫001578
43 *135341 *001693 95 *216396 ⚫001584
44 *137034 *001680 96 ⚫217980 ⚫001591
4.5 * 138713 ⚫001668 97 *219571 ' 001600
46 *140381 *001656 98 *221171 ⚫001607
47 *142037 ⚫001645 99 *222778 ⚫001616
48 *143682 ⚫001635 100 *224394 * 001625
49 *145318 *001625 101 *226019 ⚫001635
50 *146943 ⚫001616 102 * 227654 *001645
51 *148559 *001607 103 *229300 *001656
52 *150166 ⚫001600 104 *230956 *001668
53 *151766 ⚫001591 105 *232623 ⚫001680
54 *153357 ⚫001584 106 *234303 ⚫001693
55 *154952 *001578 107 *235996 *001706
56 *156519 ⚫001571 108 *237702 ⚫001719
57 *158090 * 001564 109 *239421 *001735
58 *159654 ⚫001559 110 *241156 ⚫001750
59 •161213 *001554 111 *242906 ⚫001766
60 *162767 ⚫001548 112 *244672 *001784
61 *164315 *001544 113 *246457 ⚫001802
62 *165859 *001540 114 *248259 *001821
63 *167399 *001536 115 *250079 ⚫001842
64 *168935 ⚫001532 116 *251921 *001863
65 *170467 *001529 117 *253784 ⚫001885
66 *171966 ⚫001526 118 *255669 ⚫001910
67 *173522 ⚫001524 119 *257579 ⚫001935
68 *175046 ⚫001522 120 *259514 ⚫001962
69 *176568 *001520 121 *261476 ⚫001990
70 *178088 * 001518 122 *263466 ⚫002021
71 *179606 *001517 123 *265486 *002052
72 *181123 ⚫001516 124 ⚫267539 .002087
73 *182689 *001515 125 *269626 *002124
74 *184153 *001515 126 *271756 ⚫002163
75 *185668 * 001515 127 *273912 *002204
76 •187183 ⚫001515 128 *276117 * 002250
77 •188698 ⚫001516 129 *278367 ⚫002299
78 *190214 ⚫001517 130 *280665 ⚫002351
79 *191731 ⚫001518 131 *283017 *002409
80 •193249 ⚫001520 132 *285426 ⚫002472
81 *194769 *001522 133 .... ....
V.
APPENDIX
TABLE
converting
for
Ounces
Drams
and
Decimals
into
P
Avoirdupois
a
,oof
round
Ounce
.an
.Grains dra
.Oz
. ms .
lbs .
qrs .
cwt .
tons
27.34 1
437.50 16
=
-
7000.00 256 16
16
28
=
112
4=
→
2240 = 80
20
1***
3
=
Drams Drams
in Ounces
Drams
and
Decimals
of
lavoirdupois
b.
.1in
Dec.
of
oz
.
or or
in
Ounces
Ounces
. Dec.
of
lb. 1 2 3 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
⚫004
⚫008 ⚫012 ⚫016 ⚫019 ⚫023 ⚫027
⚫035
⚫031 ⚫039 ⚫044 ⚫047 ⚫051 ⚫055 ⚫058 of
l⚫062
ab.
0.062 ⚫066 ⚫070 ⚫074 ⚫078 ⚫082 ⚫086 ⚫090 ⚫094 ⚫098 •101 1• 05 •109 •113 •117 •121 1• 25
99
129
0.125 1•·29 •133 •137 •141 ⚫144 1• 48 •152 1• 56 1• 60 •164 •168 1• 72 •176 •180 •183 •187
0.187 1· 91 •195 •200 •203 •207 •211 ⚫215 ⚫219 •223 2• 26 •230 •234 2⚫ 38 •242 ⚫246 •250 99
2
0.250 • 54 •258 2⚫ 62 .266⚫269 ⚫273 ⚫277 •281 •285 ⚫289 ⚫293 •297 ⚫300 3⚫ 05 .308 3• 12 ""
0.312 ⚫316 ⚫320 ⚫324 ⚫328 332 ⚫336 3• 40 ⚫344 ⚫348 •351 ⚫355 ⚫359 ⚫363 ⚫367 ⚫371 •375 ""
0.375 ⚫379 3• 83 ⚫387 ⚫391 ⚫394 ⚫398 •402 ⚫406 •410 ⚫414 ⚫418 •422 •426 ⚫430 ⚫433 4• 37 99
0.437 ⚫441 •445 ⚫449 4• 53 ⚫457 •461 .465•469 ⚫473 .476⚫480 ⚫484 .488•492 ⚫496 5• 00 39
0.500 •504 •508 ⚫512 •516 ⚫519 5• 23 •527 5• 31 •535 5• 39 5• 43 ⚫547 ⚫551 ⚫555 5• 58 5• 62 "9
012345678
9 0.562 •566 ⚫570 •574 ⚫578 5• 82 5• 86 ⚫590 ⚫594 ⚫598 •601 •605 •609 •613 ⚫617 ⚫621 •625 ""
10 0.625 ⚫629 ⚫633 •637 6• 41 .644⚫648 *652 •656 •660 ⚫• 664 .668⚫672 .676•680 •683 -687 ""
11 0.687 •691 6• 95 ⚫699 ⚫703 .710 ⚫707 ⚫715 ⚫719 •723 •726 .730⚫734 ⚫.738 .742 .746•750 99
12 0.750 ⚫753 ⚫758 ⚫762 ⚫766 ⚫769
⚫773 ⚫777 .781⚫785 ⚫789 ⚫793 ⚫797 8• 01 •805 ⚫808 ⚫812 ""
13 0.812 8
.816• 20 ⚫824 8⚫ 28 8⚫ 32 ⚫836 •840 •844 ⚫848 ⚫851 •855 •859 •863 .867⚫871 .875
14 0.875 ⚫879 .883⚫887 ⚫891 8 ⚫ 94 .8989• 02 .906
⚫914
⚫910 ⚫918 ⚫922 ⚫926 .930
⚫933 ⚫937 99
15 0.937 ⚫945
⚫941
⚫949 ⚫953 .957⚫961 ⚫965 ⚫973
⚫969
⚫980
.976 ⚫984 ⚫988 ⚫996
⚫992 •1000 ""
K
16 1.000 ""
F-
1Example
decimals
ati83
lbs
p
aof
oz
13
,a
decimal
dEthe .T nd
ind
ound
tnr3xpress
7side
top rams
he
intersection
of
columns
two
is
.these
840
83.84
-
Answer
.lbs
BRITISH
9 OC 1920
MUSEUML
PL. I.
PENDULUM .
Scale of 1/2 .
Front View.
Pendulum b.
24 Needle 1. Section through AB.

k 19
200
m g
6
103
62
..
13 5
m
5
23 139 3 12 10 d 10 9
29
1,5 <--15
a
k NE
28
0 EH
0 37
d
158
601
a
b 42
I 15.
130
5
7,5
30 1,5 15
0
12
1
12 C 440
110
173
50 100 G
60 90
32 70 80 A B
37
Vernier
NNNA
30 Ꮓ W
y y y y
9
X X
CD
JD
D
7.9 79
175 175
Back View.
Plan .
y
Section through CD .
212
54 54 12
F
t
u u
20 7,5
27. 27. X
W W
18
20 17,5
0,9 1,5 a -
15 ---
S
0.9 u 10
h
93.5
76
D
18
000 23
D
15:
16
27 31 1
r
09
85
1,5 1,5
70
23
.
y 35
9 99
d 46
b
670
h 9 18.
V
a
Z
P
-S S 36
S
V
Ꮓ W W
Z
f y
У
frontrut 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 Millimètres .

10 5 0 10
Day & Son,Lith's to the Quee

PL. 2.
CONJUNCTOR .
PATTERN 1858 .
Scale of 1/2.
Weight r.
iron
10
a 10
20
lead
20
444
-12-
36
4
b a b a b
18
72
13
----21.
j
200
58
7
O
15 9
1 h
15 n
h 02
21
30
.
13 g 30 10
7
h
32
о
Lidented
Cock with divided Cylinder j

screw-head and ivory end.
24.12X5
OT
c
P 1
२७
6,5
m 5,5, 1
0
0,7
n A
n
12
7
191
14
K--- 30 Mortar f. -B 16
4.5 57
16
.
8
↓
25
27 0,7
33
170
16 .
+ 50 60 70 80 90 1 Mètre .
O 10 20 30 40
Day& Son, Lith to the Queen

BRITISH
9 OC 1920
MUSEUM
PL. 3.
DISJUNCTOR .
PATTERN 1858 .
Scale of 1/2 .
Section through CD.

C
69 30
d
0
-za-
Section through E F.
E C
6.56.5
100
1.5
.10. la
16
6
3
O O
12
A h 27 f B
2715 O
12.
i 69 32
2.
170 34
F D
Pressure Screw c .
6,5
26
Cylinder d.
Trigger i. Stopper Spring .
56 --- 18
4 8
30.
о 14. 28
17. 69 16
69
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 Mètre .
O
Day& Son,Lith to theQueen

BRITISH
9 OC 1920
JUSEUL
PL: XV.
DIAGRAM SHOWING THE VELOCITIES OF THE 12 PR : ARMSTRONG SEGMENT SHELL
in terms of the weight of the charge..
Weight of Shell. 11.75 lbs.
12 PR: ARMSTRONC Diameter of Shell 3.074 ins.

SEGMENT SHELL .
feet feet
0.25 0.50 0.75 7.00 7.25 7:50 . 7.75 2.00
Weight of Velocity 1400 1400
Charge Feet
lbs: per second.
2.00 1350
1.75 7303
1300 1300
7.50 1239
7.25 7708
7.00 962
0.75 796
0.50 618 1200

1200
0.25 403
7100 7100
1000 1000
900
900
800
800
700
700
600
600
500
500
400
400 7.50 7.75 2.00
0.75 1.00 725
0.25 0.50
Day & Son,Liths to the Queen.

Pl . XVI .
DIAGRAM SHEWING THE VELOCITIES OBTAINED WITH THE 150 PR SMOOTH BORE GUN .
As a function of weight charge.
Feet Feet Ubs.

10 lbs. 20 30 1.0 50 60 10 80 90 Feet
2100 2100
2010
2000 2000
1993
1900 1900
1869
1859
1800
1800
1766
1726
1700
1700
1600
1600
1569
1500
1500
1400
1400
1345
1300
1300
1200:
1200
1100
1100
1000
1000
917 900
10 80 90 lbs.
900 50 60
30 40
10 Vbs 20
Day & Son Lith. tothe Queen

PL: XVII
DIAGRAM SHEWING THE INITIAL VELOCITIES OF PROJECTILES FIRED FROM WHITWORTH FIELD CUNS .
As a function of the weight of the shot.
Black line, 12 PE B.L. Whitworth Exp Velocities.
Red line, 12 Pr M.L.Whitworth do do
75 74 73 72 77 70 9 7 5
7800 1800
Black Red
7700 1700
lbs. ozs feet. Ubs. 02S. feet
74 " 9 7252 74 9 1137
72 11 7 1350 12 "1 7 1229
10 04 1464 10 04 1338
7 " 15 1654 7 75 1492

7600 1600
7500 7500
1400
7400
7300
7300
7200
1200
7700
1100
1000
1000 5
9 7 6
73 12 77 10
75 74
Day & Son,Liths to

1863 Noble-Report On Ballistic Experiments

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1863 Noble-Report On Ballistic Experiments

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

33

MAJOR ( Brevet Lieut . - Col . ) J. H. LESLIE ,

England , - Oranand Select Committee

ASSOCIATE MEMBER ORDNANCE SELECT COMMITTEE.

[ 5108. -400. - 8/63. ]

The previous HISTORY of BALLISTIC EXPERIMENTS .

31. Modification of above by Capt. De Brettes - - 25

DESCRIPTION of NAVEZ'S ELECTRO-BALLISTIC APPARATUS, for determining

REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS carried on at SHOEBURYNESS during the Years

43. Experiments with Mr. Woollcombe's Disc Gun 85

46. Value of the Coefficient for the 68-pr. Smooth-bore - 87

52. Comparison between Didion's Coefficients and those obtained at Shoe-

53. Comparison with Hutton's equation - 89

HAVING been directed by the Ordnance Select Committee to draw up

* In continuation of Report on Experiments with Navez's Electro-Ballistic

1. The determination of the velocity of projectiles is indispensable to

Matter's Machine of Rotation. Plate XI.

2. Mattei's machine consisted of a vertical cylinder of paper or thin

the last term = V will express the velocity sought.

In general, the cylinder turned with an equable motion of t = § of a

TABLE giving the Velocity of Shot fired under various atmospheric

Length Projectile. Velocities in Weather.

ft. OZ. drs.

TABLE showing the Velocity of different Guns, with various kinds of

in. Oz, drs. ft.

Musket "" 1.00 1,736 F. war.

*" Treatise on Gunpowder and Fire-arms," by Gen. D'Antoni.

Grobert's Machine of Rotation.* Plate XII.

3. Col. Grobert, a French officer, modified this proceeding of Mattei

and the velocity of the ball will be-

Gregory's Machine of Rotation. Plate XIII.

* Traité de Balistique, par. M. Didion.

Experiments made by this method gave the following velocities.

TABLE showing the Velocity of Shot determined by firing into a butt of

Nature of Gun. Weight REMARKS.

6. In addition to those already mentioned, it appears that in 1764

* Vide " Treatise on Gunpowder and Fire-arms," by General D'Antoni, translation

* Traité de Balistique, par. M. Didion.

Sir Wm. Congreve's principle, which consisted in an alteration and

Ballistic Pendulum of 1814 from a model made to a scale of 1/

Day& Son,Lith" tothe Queen

The Block, diameter 27.5 inches.

Day& Son, Liths totheQueen

Day & Son Liths to the Queen

Experiments were also carried on at Gavre in 1842-6. These experi-

Ballistic Pendulum employed at Metz in determining the Resistance

13. This pendulum was of wood. The récepteur, or block, which

The Adjustments of the Ballistic Pendulum.

The Centre of Gravity.

This is determined by balancing the oscillating system on the edge of

x = distance of centre of gravity of system from axis of suspension .

V= (PDK + pa² + bi²). (PD + pa + bi) 9 2 sin α

Weight ofthe Oscillating System.

V = (PDK + bi²) . ( PD + bi) 9 2 sin 3 a

18. The several adjustments of the block pendulum apply equaly to

" 1. The Ballistic Pendulum.

" 2. The Gun Pendulum.

" The centre of oscillation is supposed to have been properly adjusted.

" Both Pendulums.

Weight of the compensator 222.66 lbs. 216.50 lbs.

ABSTRACT showing the Mean Initial Velocities of a Siege Gun of 24,

in. lbs. lbs. in. ft.