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GR 12 Calculus
GR 12 Calculus
Calculus
Name :
• Average Gradient
• Limits
• First Principles
• Differentiation by Rules
• Gradient at a Point
• Equation of a Tangent
• Factor and Remainder Theorem
• Factorising Third Degree Polynomials
• Curve Sketching
• Concavity – Second Derivative
• Problems based on Curve Sketching
• Optimisation, Rate of Change, Motion
1
Exercise 1 : Average Gradient
1. Consider the function 𝑓 ∶ 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 − 𝑥. Determine the average gradient:
1.1 between 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 3
1.2 over the interval [ -3 ; -2 ]
1.3 between the points (−1; 𝑓(−1)) and (−3; 𝑓(−3))
lim 7 12. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
11. 𝑥→0 lim
𝑥→ −1 1+𝑥
13. ℎ2 − 4 14. 2
4𝑥 − 1
lim lim
ℎ→−3 ℎ + 2 𝑥→ 2𝑥 − 1
1
2
15. 32𝑥 2
−2 16. 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
lim lim
𝑥→4 1 − 4𝑥 𝑥→𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑥
1
17. 3𝑥 18. 3𝑥
lim 2 lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 2 𝑥→0 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
19. 1 1 20. 𝑥3 + 8
lim [1 + ] lim
𝑝→0 𝑝 𝑝−1 𝑥→−2 2 + 𝑥
2
Exercise 3 : First Principles
Find𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ), the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥 ), by using first principles:
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −3𝑥 2
4. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 5. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 2 − 3 6. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
7. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 8. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 9. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −2𝑥 2
1 1 1
10. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 11. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 12. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
Exercise 4 : Differentiation by Rules
1. Differentiate with respect to 𝑥 :
1.1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4 1.2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −2 1.3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥
1.4. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −5𝑥 1.5. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 2 1.6. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 − 2
1.7. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 1.8. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −1 1.9. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −2𝑥 −2
1 1 2
1.10 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 1.11. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1.12 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑥 𝑥4 𝑥6
1
1.13 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 1.14. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 1.15 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3√𝑥 2
3. Find :
𝑑𝑦
3.1. if 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6 3.2. 𝑔′ (𝑠) if 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝑠 −2 + 6 + 4𝑠 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 2 1 3 3 1 1
3.3. [ 𝑡 − 𝑡 + 4 − 3𝑡 −1 ] 3.4. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑡 3 2
3
Exercise 5 : Gradient at a Point
Find the gradient of curve defined by :
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 2 2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = −2
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
4
Exercise 6 : Equation of a Tangent
A. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at each given value of 𝑥 :
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 0 2. 𝑔(𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 2
4
3. ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 0 4. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = +1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 1
𝑥
⚫
⚫
7. A curve has the equation 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)2 . Find the equation of the tangent
to the curve at the point (-1;1).
8. A curve has the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 √𝑥. Find the equation of the tangent to
the curve at the point (4;8).
9. A curve has the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4 . Find the equation of the tangent to
𝑥 √
the curve at the point (1;5).
10. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 1
at the point where 𝑥 = 2.
11. A curve has the equation 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1). Find the equation of
the tangent to the curve at the point where 𝑥 = 2.
. . . pto for 12. . .
5
3
12 A curve has the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 +3𝑥. Find the equation of the tangent
𝑥
to this curve at the point where 𝑥 = 1.
13 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 4√𝑥 at the point
where 𝑥 = 4.
14 Find the equation to the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 6𝑥+4 at the point
𝑥 √
where 𝑥 = 1.
15 A curve has the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 4. A tangent to this curve has a
gradient of 5. Find the equation of this tangent.
16 A tangent to the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 5) has a gradient of 2. Find the
equation of this tangent
17 A curve has the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥. There are two tangents to this
curve, with a gradient of 6. Find the equation of each of these tangents.
18 A curve has the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥. There are two tangents to
this curve, with 𝑚 = 7. Find the equation of each of these tangents.
3. ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 3
3.1 Find ℎ′(𝑥 ) and hence determine:
3.1.2 the turning points of the graph of ℎ.
3.1.3 points on the graph of ℎ for which ℎ′(𝑥 ) = 9.
3.2 3.2.1 Find ℎ(−2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(−3)
3.2.2 What can you conclude about at least one root of the equation ℎ ?
3.3 3.3.1 Find the equations of the tangents to the curve at its turning points.
3.3.2 Find the points at which these tangents again cut the curve.
4. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 8𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 + 9
4.1 Find 𝑔(𝑥 ) and hence determine:
4.1.1 where 𝑔′(𝑥) = 0
4.1.2 points on the graph at which the gradients will be 30
4.2 Write down what you know about the graph of 𝑔 at the points in 4.1.1.
4.3 4.3.1 Find 3
𝑔 ( ) ; 𝑔(−1) and 𝑔(−2)
2
4.3.2 What can you tell about the zero’s of 𝑔
4.4 4.4.1 Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of 𝑔 at 𝑥 = 1
4.4.2 Find the coordinates of another point where the tangent cuts the
graph.
4.5 Find 𝑔′′ (𝑥 ) and hence determine:
4.5.1 on which intervals the graph of 𝑔 is concave up and concave down.
4.5.2 any points of inflection on the graph.
. . no. 5 . . .
8
5. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑦
With intercepts as shown
8
5.1 Prove that 𝑎 = −3 ; 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑐 = 4
5.2 Determine the equation of the tangent
at 𝑥 = 1
O
5.3 Does the tangent in 5.2 cut the graph of -2 -1 4 𝑥
Explain your answer.
5.4 Solve for 𝑥 if 𝑓(𝑥 ) ≤ 0
6. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦
with turning points at (0;4) and (2;0) 4
6.1 Prove that 𝑎 = −3 ; 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑐 = 4
6.2 Determine the equation of the tangent
at 𝑥 = 1
6.3 Does the tangent in 6.2 cut the graph of
𝑓 again? Explain your answer. O
6.4 Determine the values of x for which the 2 𝑥
graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is :
i) increasing ii) decreasing iii) stationary
7. Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8 with 𝑦
intercepts on the axes at A; B and C.
7.1 Prove that OC = 2AB. A
O
C 𝑥
7.2 Determine the equation of the
tangent at P if 𝑥 = −1 P⚫
7.3 Find another point where the cubic
function and the tangent at P
B
intersect.
7.4 Find any points of inflection.
11. A bomb is dropped from an aircraft its distance (𝑠) from the earth is given
by the formula 𝑠(𝑡) = 12𝑡 2 where 𝑡 is the time in seconds.
11.1 Determine how far the bomb falls in :
11.1.1 0,1 sec 11.1.2 2 sec
11.1.3 4 sec 11.1.4 3 sec
11.2 Calculate the average speed from 0,1 sec to 4 sec.
12