Microchimica Acta (2019) 186: 191

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3298-8

ORIGINAL PAPER

A hybrid material composed of reduced graphene oxide and porous

carbon prepared by carbonization of a zeolitic imidazolate framework
(type ZIF-8) for voltammetric determination of chloramphenicol
Yue Yuan 1 & Xianzhen Xu 1 & Jianfei Xia 1 & Feifei Zhang 1 & Zonghua Wang 1 & Qingyun Liu 2

Received: 22 January 2019 / Accepted: 2 February 2019 / Published online: 18 February 2019
# Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
Porous carbon was prepared from a zeolitic imidazolate framework (type ZIF-8) by carbonization at 800 °C (Z-800). A hybrid
material was then obtained by direct co-electrodeposition of Z-800 with graphene oxide (Z-800/rGO). Z-800 is N-doped with
good electrical conductivity and displays electrocatalytic activity. Z-800 readily undergoes mass transfer and also prevents
graphene to agglomerate during electroanalysis. The hybrid was placed on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to obtain an
electrochemical sensor for chloramphenicol (CAP) detection. Under the optimized conditions, the response of the modified
GCE (typically measured at a low potential of −0.07 V vs. Ag/AgCl) is linear in the 1 to 180 μM CAP concentration range with a
0.25 μM detection limit (S/N = 3). In our preception, the method has a wide scope in that it may be applied to the preparation of
various kinds of other (doped) porous carbon/rGO composites for use in (bio)chemical sensors.

Keywords Electroanalysis . Electrochemical sensor . Graphene nanocomposite . Food sample . Antibiotic detection

Introduction on human body. Chloramphenicol can lead to rash, optic

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic
which is used widely in the treatment of various bacterial
infectious diseases [1]. However, researches have shown that
chloramphenicol residues in food have serious side effects
Yue Yuan and Xianzhen Xu contributed equally to this work.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article
(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3298-8) contains supplementary
material, which is available to authorized users.
* Jianfei Xia
xiajianfei@126.com
* Zonghua Wang
1
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong
Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon
Nanomaterials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass
Fiber Materials and Textiles, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and
Modern Textile, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People’s
Republic of China
2
College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shandong
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, People’s
Republic of China
neuritis and other adverse reactions. Moreover, it is toxic
to human hematopoietic system and digestive system, and
may cause aplastic anemia [2]. Various analytical methods
have been developed for CAP determination such as liquid
chromatography (LC) [3], gas chromatography-mass spec-
trometry (GC-MS) [4], liquid chromatography-electrospray
ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) [5],
and chemiluminescence [6]. Despite their good accuracy and
precision, the above measurements usually require expensive
equipment or long response time. In contrast, electrochemi-
cal methods have the advantages of low coast, simple oper-
ation, rapid response time and real-time applicability [7]. For
i n s t a n c e , Yi n ’ g r o u p p r o p o s e d a m e t h o d f o r
photoelectrochemical detection of CAP. It is based on the use
of aptamers protected with photoactive WS2 nanosheets, and
DNase I-assisted target recycling [8]. Gan et al. reported a
reliable strategy for simultaneous detection of CAP and
PCB72 based on magnetic aptamer-quantum dots encoded
dendritic nanotracers [9]. Immune recognition technology of
antibodies immobilized on the electrode surface makes the se-
lectivity in real sample analysis promoted effectively. However,
it brings some problems like high cost, poor stability and time-
consuming preparation process of antibodies.
191 Page 2 of 8
Nanomaterials modified on the electrode catalyze substrate
directly and generate electrical signal, which is considered a
facile method with comparative selectivity, stability and repro-
ducibility for antibiotic detection. It has reported a number of
diverse electrode materials used for electrochemical determi-
nation of CAP such as N-doped graphene sheets decorated
with Au nanoparticles [10], titaniumnitride-reduced graphene
oxide hybrids [11] and magnetic hollow porous nanoparticles
[12]. Among various materials, porous carbon has been
regarded as a most potential and common catalyst due to their
large specific surface area, good structural integrity and low
cost [13, 14]. At present, there are various methods for pre-
paring porous carbon, of which the most common strategies
are template and activation. Template includes: 1) Hard tem-
plate method is to introduce carbon precursor into the channel
with ordered pore structure, and use acid or alkali to etch
templates after high temperature treatment [15] and 2) Soft
template method refers to that depending the interaction such
as hydrogen bond between soft templates (such as surfactant)
and carbon precursors (for example, phenolic resin) to achieve
self-assembly, after removing soft templates and carboniza-
tion at a high temperature [16]. Besides, activation method
contains physical activation and chemical activation.
Although the porous carbon has a high surface area, their
structures are usually disordered and the pore size distribution
is wide, which limits their potential electrochemical
applications.
Significantly, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) used as
precursors or sacrificial templates have received particular at-
tention in energy storage and conversion, and have demon-
strated unprecedented electrochemical properties in recent
years [17]. MOFs have not only high specific surface area
and good thermal stability, but also three-dimensional pore
structure and controlled pore size [18]. Inspired by their di-
verse structures, MOFs-based porous carbon has been report-
ed widely, including MIL [19], IRMOF [20] and ZIF-based
[21]. Among these MOFs, ZIF-8 based porous carbon has
showed excellent performance, such as high carbon content,
ordered holes and stable property [22]. In the highlight, when
ZIF-8 derived porous carbon hybridizes with graphene
forming nanocomposite, it presents efficient electrocatalytic
activity which attributes to their synergistic effects of extreme-
ly electrical conductivity of rGO and C-N active sites of ZIF-8
derived porous carbon [23, 24]. In addition, the porous struc-
ture improves mass and electron transfer. It also protects
graphene from aggregation by forming homogeneous nano-
sheets instead. Electrodeposition is a facile and convenient
way to implement in aqueous electrolyte. In this work, elec-
trodeposition was utilized to not only reduce graphene oxide
on an electrode directly [25] but also fabricate the uniform
porous carbon-graphene composite.
Herein, we have synthetized a homogeneous nanocompos-
ite of Z-800/rGO by co-electrodepositing ZIF-8 based porous
Microchim Acta (2019) 186: 191
carbon (Z-800) and graphene oxide (GO) directly. The uni-
form N-doped of Z-800 provides C-N sites with electrocata-
lytic activity. Besides, the porous structure of Z-800 can not
only improve electron and mass transfer but prevent agglom-
eration of graphene in electroanalysis process as well. The
composite presents great performance in the determination
of CAP. To our best knowledge, this is the first time to utilize
co-electrodeposition to prepare such an electrode composite
material for electrochemical detection of CAP.
Experimental
Reagents and apparatus
Zn(NO3)2•6H2O and 2-methylimidazole were obtained from
Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd. (http://www.aladdin-e.com).
Graphite was purchased by Qingdao Fujin Graphite Co. Ltd.
(Qingdao, China). Chloramphenicol was purchased from
Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (http://www.aladdin-e.com).
Ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and
oxytetracycline were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical
Reagent Co., Ltd. (https://www.reagent.com.cn) Na2HPO4,
NaH2PO4, NaCl and other chemicals were of analytical
reagent grade. The water used in this experiment was
double-distilled.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtain-
ed by JEOL JSM-7001F scanning electron microscope.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were ob-
tained by JEOL JEM-1200EX transmission electron micro-
scope. Powder X-ray diffraction data (PXRD) were recorded
with Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer. Cyclic voltammetry
(CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were per-
formed by CHI-660C electrochemical workstation (Shanghai
Chenhua Instrument Co., Ltd., China) with a conventional
three-electrode system: the bare or modified glassy carbon
electrode (GCE, diameter: 3 mm) as the working electrode, a
platinum wire as the auxiliary and an Ag/AgCl electrode as
the reference electrode.
Synthesis of the zeolitic imidazole frameworks ZIF-8
and Z-800
The ZIF-8 was synthesized according to the previous report
with minor modification [26]. The detail synthesis shows in
the Electronic Supporting Material. Referring to the previous
work of our group [27], in this experiment, we chose 800 °C
as the pyrolysis temperature. The sample ZIF-8 was put onto a
quartz boat and placed in a tube furnace. Afterward, the fur-
nace was heated to 800 °C at a rate of 5 °C min−1 under an Ar
gas flow. It was maintained at 800 °C for 4 h then cooled down
to the room temperature. The resulting porous carbon material
was dispersed into 2 M HCl under ultrasonication to remove
Microchim Acta (2019) 186: 191
inorganic remainder. The product was washed with deionized
water until pH 7.0 then dried in an oven.
Fabrication of Z-800/rGO and the electrochemical
sensor
Graphite was oxidized to graphene oxide (GO) according to
the modified Hummers’ method [28]. The detail synthesis
shows in the Electronic Supporting Material. Z-800/rGO
was yield on an electrode surface by direct co-
electrodeposition of GO and Z-800 mixture [25]. Z-800 was
added in 2 mg·mL −1 GO then electrolysis of the Z-800/GO
homogeneous suspension was carried out by typical cyclic
voltammogram (CV) on a GCE. The potential range was from
−1.5 V to 0.5 V, the scan rate was 25 mV s−1 and the sweep
segments were 20. Electrochemically reduced Z-800/GO
sheets were fabricated on the GCE directly.
Electrochemical measurements
The electrode modified with Z-800/rGO nanosheet was im-
mersed in 10 mL of 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0, containing 0.9%
NaCl) containing 0.1 mM CAP for 450 s at room temperature.
Then cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the sensors were re-
corded. The potential range was from −1.2 to 0.8 V, and the
scan rate was 100 mV s−1. Differential pulse voltammetry
(DPV) was recorded from −0.4 to 0.4 V in the same condition.
The working potential was about −0.07 V.
Fig. 1 TEM and SEM images of ZIF-8 (a, d), Z-800 (b, e) and Z-800/rGO (c, f)
Page 3 of 8 191
Results and discussion
Choice of materials
There are two crucial factors in the process of CAP electro-
analysis, electrical conductivity and specific area of the mate-
rial. MOFs derived porous carbon is considered as a sort of
potential materials and catalysts for their high surface area and
ordered structures compared with conventional porous mate-
rials [17]. Among various MOFs, ZIF-8 derived porous car-
bon possesses excellent electrocatalytic activity due to C-N
active sites. Especially, when porous carbon hybridized with
rGO, the porous structure of Z-800 can improve electron and
mass transfer, and prevent agglomeration of graphene in elec-
troanalysis process as well [29].
Characterization of ZIF-8, Z-800 and Z-800/rGO
Figure 1a shows a regular hexagon with a very smooth border.
As depicted in Fig. 1d, ZIF-8 crystals present a dodecahedron
structure and distribute tightly with the almost same size of
about 150 nm. After the carbonization under 800 °C, the struc-
ture of product shrinks due to the pyrolysis of organic ligands.
As shown in Fig. 1b, an apparent irregular border can be
observed which demonstrates the influence of carbonization.
Figure 1e shows that the surface of nanoparticles becomes
rough but still maintains the same frame structure as ZIF-8.
As shown in Fig. 1c and f, rGO with obvious ripples and
191 Page 4 of 8
wrinkles is typical and nanoparticles with dodecahedron struc-
ture distribute evenly on the rGO surface.
PXRD of ZIF-8 and Z-800/rGO composite are shown
in Fig. 2a. Comparison sample XRD with pattern sim-
ulated [14] indicates that the pure phase ZIF-8 has been
prepared. After analyzing the XRD images of carbon-
ized products, we can find that most of peaks in the
XRD images of Z-800 almost disappear and there is
only a broad peak at 25° which is the diffraction peak
of graphene-like structure in the (002) plane. Besides, a
small peak at 42° can be observed which is consistent
with the diffraction peak of graphene in the (101) plane.
XPS was carried out to investigate the element composi-
tion. Fig. 2b shows the binding energy of different atoms.
Compared with ZIF-8 (shown in Fig. S1), carbon content of
Z-800 increases while nitrogen, oxygen and zinc decrease,
Fig. 2 a XRD patterns of ZIF-8 and Z-800. b XPS wide angle spectra of Z-800. c High resolution N1 s spectra and (d) High resolution C1s spectra of Z-800
Microchim Acta (2019) 186: 191
which is owing to the carbonization process. Nitrogen and
carbon content are further implemented. As shown in Fig.
2c, the peaks at 398.4 eV, 399.9 eV and 401.1 eV correspond
to the pyridinic-N, pyrrolic-N and graphitic-N respectively;
and the carbon in Z-800 is made up of C=C (284.6 eV), C-
N (285.2 eV), C-O (285.8 eV), C=O (288.1 eV) and O-C=O
(289.3 eV). The status of nitrogen and carbon in the Z-800
resembles the previous report [30].
Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size
distribution are depicted in supplementary material (Fig.
S2). The BET result shows that Z-800 has high surface
up to 800.0 m2 g−1. The pore size distribution is fitted by
Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method which shows a nar-
row center at 3.8 nm. Furthermore, the surface area and
pore volume are 127.7 m 2 g −1 and 0.87 cm 3 g −1 ,
respectively.
Microchim Acta (2019) 186: 191
Fig. 3 CVs of (a) Bare GCE, (b) ZIF-8/GCE, (c) rGO/GCE, (d) Z-800/
GCE, (e) Z-800/rGO/GCE in 0.1 M KCl and 5 mM of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4-
Electrochemical behavior of chloramphenicol (CAP)
on the Z-800/rGO modified electrode
The performance of the Z-800/rGO/GCE was first con-
firmed with CV measurements in 5 mM of [Fe(CN)6]3
−/4-
. As shown in Fig. 3, bare GCE exhibits a pair of
reversible redox peaks due to the reversible redox reac-
tion of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4-. When ZIF-8 is modified on the
GCE, the peak current decreases because of poor con-
ductivity of ZIF-8. As expected, after rGO is loaded on
the surface of GCE, an increasing peak current is ob-
served owing to the special structure of graphene. When
Z-800 is dropped on the GCE, the peak current in-
creases as well, implying that porous carbon derived
from ZIF-8 can promote the electron transfer for its
Fig. 4 a CVs of Z-800/rGO/GCE in the absence (a) and presence (b) of 0.1 mM CAP in 0.1 M PBS (pH e7.0). b CVs of 0.1 mM CAP in 0.1 M PBS
(pH 7.0) on (a) Bare GCE, (b) ZIF-8/GCE, (c) rGO/GCE, (d) Z-800/GCE, (e) Z-800/rGO/GCE
Page 5 of 8 191
great conductivity. After Z-800 and rGO are co-
electrodeposited on the GCE, the increase of peak cur-
rent is higher than either Z-800 or rGO, because the
structure of porous carbon can prevent agglomeration
of graphene during reaction effectively.
The electrochemical behavior of the Z-800/rGO on de-
tecting CAP was investigated by CV method. Figure 4a
shows the CVs of Z-800/rGO in the absence (curve a) and
presence (curve b) of 0.1 mM CAP in 0.1 M PBS con-
taining 0.9% NaCl (pH 7.0). It is obvious that a pair of
redox peaks appears with addition of CAP. For further
comparison, as shown in Fig. 4b, a small cathodic peak
at −0.619 V but no corresponding anodic peak for bare
GCE indicates that it is of little capacity to detect CAP.
When ZIF-8 is dropped on the GCE, there is no convinc-
ing change. As for separate Z-800 or rGO, a pair of redox
peaks with weak intensity appears respectively due to the
electric conductivity of rGO and the high graphitization
degree of Z-800. However, a much higher redox peak
can be observed at −0.070 V and − 0.115 V on Z-800/
rGO/GCE, attributing to synergistic effects of extremely
electrical conductivity of rGO and C-N active sites with
electrocatalytic activity of ZIF-8 derived porous carbon.
Optimization of method
The following parameters were optimized: (a) Sample
pH value; (b) Accumulation time. Respective data and
Figures are given in the Electronic Supporting Material
(Fig. S3, S4) The following experimental conditions
were found to give best results: (a) Best sample pH
value: 7; (b) Optimum accumulation time: 450 s.
191 Page 6 of 8 Microchim Acta (2019) 186: 191

Fig. 5 DPV curves of different concentrations of CAP (0 μM, 1 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM, 50 μM, 70 μM, 100 μM, 130 μM and 180 μM) and its calibration
plots between the peak currents and the concentrations

Analytical performance streptomycin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and oxytetracy-

Under optimized conditions, electrochemical responses of
CAP in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0) at Z-800/rGO/GCE were record-
ed by DPV. Fig. 5 depicts the peak current for the measure-
ment of increasing concentrations of CAP from 1 to 180 μM
(1 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM, 50 μM, 70 μM, 100 μM, 130 μM and
180 μM). The linear equation is I (μA) = 1.176 c (μM) +
67.43 (R2 = 0.9986) with the linear range from 1 μM to
180 μM. The limit of detection is 2.5 × 10−7 M (S/N = 3).
The error bar is calculated from three independent experi-
ments (n = 3). Table 1 compares Z-800/rGO nanocomposite
with other CAP sensors. Z-800/rGO/GCE shows satisfied de-
tection limit and linear range, which may be attributed to the
combined advantages of C-N sites with electrocatalytic activ-
ity advantages, porous Z-800/rGO with good conductivity and
large specific surface area.
cline. In a typical experiment, DPV signal responses of
0.1 mM CAP mixed with different interferences at a higher
concentration of 1 mM were measured, respectively. There is
no significant change of DPV signal, depicted in Fig. 6 indi-
cating that these potential interferences have negligible influ-
ence in the detection of CAP.
Reproducibility and stability
The reproducibility of the sensor is carried out on 5 Z-800/
rGO modified electrodes for parallel determination of 0.1 mM
CAP. The RSD about current is 2.1% which indicates the
sensor owns good reproducibility. The stability is confirmed
by using the sensor stored for 3 weeks to detect CAP, the
results show that it has still retained 90.2% of initial response.

Real samples analysis

Interference studies
The detection of CAP residues in animal-derived foods is of
To explore the selectivity of Z-800/rGO, some potential inter- great significance. In this work, the milk and honey samples
ference antibiotics were selected, including ampicillin, were selected for analysis. The standard addition method was

Table 1 Comparison for electrochemical detection of CAP on various electrodes

Electrode Linear range LOD Technique Refs.

Au/N-RGO/GCE 2–80 μM 0.59 μM LSV [10]

3DRGO/GCE 1–113 μM 0.15 μM DPV [31]
Fe3O4-carbon fiber microelectrodes 0.04–1 μM 0.017 μM DPV [32]
3DCNTs@CuNPs@MIP 10–500 μM 10 μM CV [33]
Self-assembled monolayer gold electrode 50–1000 μM 44 μM Amperometric [34]
Z-800/RGO/GCE 1–180 μM 0.25 μM DPV This work
Microchim Acta (2019) 186: 191
Fig. 6 DPV responses of 0.1 mM CAP in the presence of different
antibiotics, respectively. The concentration of each antibiotic is 1 mM
used to estimate the practical application of the Z-800/rGO/
GCE. The honey sample was prepared by mixing 1.0 g honey
with 4 ml ethyl acetate in 5 mL buffer and then it was centri-
fuged. The supernatant was diluted with water for 20 times
and then standard CAP solution was added. The milk sample
was prepared using similar method except for trichloroacetric
acid instead of ethyl acetate. Results are shown in Table S1. It
is noted that the recoveries of analytes are between 98% and
106%, which indicates that Z-800/rGO has potential as elec-
trochemical sensor for detection of CAP in real sample.
Discussion
Results show that a new strategy has been proposed to be used
to detect CAP, but this method also has two major limitations:
(a) Porous carbon was prepared under 800 °C, and it does not
line with the principle of environmentally friendly chemistry.
(b) During the pretreatments of real samples, a small quantity
samples may lose, which will cause inaccurate results.
Conclusions
A zeolitic-imidazole framework (ZIF-8) derived porous carbon /
rGO nanocomposite was firstly synthetized by co-electrodepos-
iting. The porous structure of Z-800 improves electron and mass
transfer, and also prevents the agglomeration of graphene during
electroanalysis. It was found that this electrode material shows
great performance for CAP electrochemical determination with
great selectivity, reproducibility and stability. The sensor was
Page 7 of 8 191
successfully applied to detect CAP concentration in real samples
and received good recovery. Moreover, the strategy provides a
new path to fabricate other electrochemical sensors using porous
carbon / rGO composite materials.
Acknowledgements We really appreciate the financial support from the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (21645007 and
21475071), the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province
(No.ts201511027) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong
(ZR2016BM21).
Compliance with ethical standards The author(s) declare that
they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdic-
tional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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