Meaning of Philosophy
Friday, September 04, 2020 8:23 AM
Philosophy
• Philo-"to love"
• Sophia-"wisdom"
Love of wisdom
• It is also defined as the attitude of the mind
that by natural light of reason studies the
first causes or the highest principle of all
thing
Scientific Approach
• It uses scientific approach because the
investigation
• It follows certain step or it employ certain
procedure
Natural Light of reason
• Uses his natural capacity to think or observe
the world and people
Study of all things
• A philosopher does not limit himself to
particular object of inquiry
• He question almost anything, if not,
everything
First Cause/ highest Principle
• An idea which means something is main and
first cause why an event/situation took place
• It is the principles because everything in the
world and every situation has a starting point
or a beginning
• The first principle are:
○ Principle of Identify- it means a thing,
idea, person always has a name, a
concept, and a characteristic for that
thing to exist
○ Principle of Non-contradiction- it is
impossible for anything to be and not to
be at the same time, and at the same
respect
○ Principle of Excluded Middle- there is no
middle ground
○ Principle of sufficient reason- nothing
exist without a sufficient reason for
it's being and existence
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Branches of Philosophy
METAPHYSICS
• Metaphysics is the philosophical branch
that studies reality, existence, the
nature of being, the physical world, and
the universe.
• It seeks to answer difficult questions
like, what is the nature of reality? How
can we say that the world exists outside
of our thoughts? How did mankind come
to be? How was the universe made? Was
the universe made? How can our
disembodied minds control or affect our
physical bodies? How can we prove the
existence of something? Can
“nothingness” exist? Etc.
EPISTEMOLOGY
• Then there’s my favorite branch,
Epistemology. So, Epistemology is often
referred to as the theory of knowledge.
It delves into the definition, scope, and
parameters of knowledge and knowledge
formation. It seeks to explain how we
acquire knowledge, how knowledge
relates to notions like justification,
truth, and belief, and how and where it
falls in the spectrum of certainty and
error.
• It is a study that asks big questions like
what is knowledge? What can we know
for certain? How do we know what we
know? How can we acquire knowledge?
What is a justified belief, and what
makes it justified? Etc.
LOGIC
• Logic is the branch of philosophy that
studies reasoning. It teaches us how to
differentiate between good and bad
reasoning and how to construct valid
arguments. It seeks answers to
questions like, what is valid reasoning?
How can you distinguish between a good
argument and a bad argument? How can
you spot fallacies or errors in an
argument?
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• Now, we’ve all studied logic in one form or
another. In Math class, logic came in the
form of puzzles or word problems that
required the use of inductive or deductive
reasoning to arrive at the right equations
or solutions. In English/Speech class, we
studied fallacies and paradoxes and
solved riddles with inferences, which
taught us how to create convincing and
logical arguments and how to debate
properly. And the list goes on.
ETHICS
• Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is
often referred to as the study of
morality. It seeks to address questions
about how we should live our lives, how we
define proper conduct, and what we mean
by the good life. It’s a study that teaches
us what the virtuous life is like and how
we can put these virtues into practice.
• Ethics concerns itself with questions like,
what is the good life? How should we act?
What do we mean by virtue? What does
“right” even mean?
AESTHETICS
• In the world of philosophy, Aesthetics
refers to the study of everything related
to beauty, art, and good taste. This
includes how we define art, how we feel
when viewing art or witnessing beauty,
how we judge works of art, and how we
form our taste.
• This branch of philosophy concerns itself
with questions that include: What is art?
What makes an artwork successful? Is
art an expression of feelings? Can it be a
“vehicle of truth?” Is “good taste” innate
or learned? And, is art and morality
connected?
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Allegory of the Cave
• It was a reflection that distinguish
between appearance and reality
• There are two worlds:
○ World of appearance and the real
world
○ The person who can reach the
highest level of knowledge is a
prisoner who has freed
○ In the realm of knowledge, opinion,
is the lowest form; one can still
know kind of truth
Ethics has Five main Frameworks:
• Devine Command-strong individualism
does not exist but, rather the collective
is emphasized
• Consequentialism/ Utilitarianism- it is
the most desirable consequence
• Deontological- whatever is moral duty to
do.
• Virtue- what kind of person I ought to
be? It focuses on characteristic
Development
• Relativism- what does my culture/
society think I ought to do?
Epistemology
• Induction- is the believe that the
general ideas are formed from the
examination of particular facts
• Empiricist- is the philosophers who feel
that knowledge is acquired in this way
• Deduction finding a general law
according to which particular facts can
be understood/ judge
• Rationalist- it's advocates
Importance of Aesthetic
• Vitalize our knowledge
• It help us like more deeply and richly
• It bring is in touch with our culture
 Attaining a Comprehensive look in

life
Thursday, October 22, 2020 10:17 PM

3 great Original Center of Philosophy IN THE EAST, PHILOSOPHY IS RELIGION AND

RELIGION IS PHILOSOPHY

ACCORDING TO EASTERN PHILOSOPHERS

• Life is a translation of thought; it is philosophy
in action
Buddhism
• "THE MIDDLE WAY"
• A practice of living in moderation and consuming
only what you need to live.
third
• Acceptance of the validity of intuition and
mysticism.
• If logic is no longer able to solve a life problem,
Asian mind resorts to intuition.
FILIPINO THINKING: FROM LOCAL-GLOBAL
Dimension of Filipino
• Loob
• Concept of time
• Bahala na
Loob
• Refers to one's inner self or more specifically,
one size does not fit all. to the internal dimension of person's identity
• Kagandahang-loob(kindness)
Cultural Difference
• Kagandahang loob(generosity)
• East
○ Show sharing of one's self to other
○ Unity, connected to one another
• In short, the Filipino generally believes in the
balance
goodness of human being
• West
Time
○ Individualism
• It is considered cyclic
○ Freedom ○ The wheel of fortune blends well with
Three Attitudinal Imperatives foreign philosophy of Asian region such as
Western(FIRST) the "karma", of the indians and yin yang of
• Linear matter china
• There is a beginning and the end • Filipino time is misinterpreted as always delayed
Eastern in the committed time of arrival. This idea is
• Oriental thought is a circular manner. misleading since Filipino farmers are early
• Samsara or rebirth risers to go to their field and cannot waste time
• Succession of worlds and succession of for work
lives • Siesta time is also important for Filipino Culture
that must not necessarily considered as
negative

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Friday, October 23, 2020 5:24 PM

Bahala Na
• One of the most outstanding Filipino virtues
• It is one aspect perceived as courage to
take risks
• Bahala na is seen as fatalistic sort of leaving
everything to god/to chance-such as
uncertainty of life
Filipino thoughts and Value
Positive and Negative
Filipino Culture
• A system of hierarchy, authority and
dependency
Utang na loob
• Debt of gratitude
• Reciprocating debts of gratitude between
coordinates and subordinates holds the
whole group together
Bayanihan
• Moving Spirit of Filipino people
• Whatever good one will redound to one's
benefit because of supreme Judge will
dispense just compensation whether in his
life or in the next
Filipino Philosophy
1. Replacing colonial consciousness with a
nationalist consciousness
2. Creation of super industrial society
3. Utilization of education as the means of
realizing the image of the future as a super
industrial society.
4. Choosing not just for oneself but for all
humanity, for the nation as a whole
Life of Abundance
• Came from Latin word "abundave" meaning,
to overflow non-stop
• It is outflowing rather than incoming
• It is equated to materialism but it is when
empty our hands and surrender, when we
offer oneself all these are abundance
• It is not we keep but what we share
• It is a choice
• It is to evolve higher being

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Philosophizing
Friday, October 23, 2020 5:51 PM
• Philosophizing means to think or express
oneself in a philosophical manner. It
considers a matter from a philosophical
standpoint.
Methods of Philosophizing
• Phenomenology: On Consciousness
• Existentialism: On Freedom
• Postmodernism: On Cultures
• Analytic Tradition
• Logic and Critical Thinking: Tools in
Reasoning
• Fallacies
Phenomenology
• It was founded by Edmund Husserl
• It is essentially a philosophical Method
• These focuses on careful inspection and
description of phenomena/appearances,
defined as any object of conscious of.
• The condition of being conscious
○ The normal state of being awake and
able to understand what's happening
around you
• It is the scientific study of the essential
structures of consciousness
• The truth is based on the person’s
consciousness
Husserl’s formulated reductions
Phenomenological Reduction/Epoché
• is a suspension of judgments about the
existence or non-existence of the
external world.
• all questions of truth or reality simply
describes the contents of consciousness
• phenomenological effort to stop shoving
theories into our descriptions of
experience
Eidetic Reduction
• eliminates the merely empirical contents
of consciousness and focuses instead on
the essential features, the meaning of
consciousness.
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In sum, Phenomenology concludes that people
cannot fully and directly experience the physical
world but we can only see and analyze the
consciousness of our minds that perceive the
physical world.
EXISTENTIALISM: ON FREEDOM
Soren Kierkegaard
• was a Danish philosopher, theologian, poet,
social critic and religious author who is
widely considered to be the first
existentialist philosopher
• Existentialism is a form of philosophical
enquiry that explores the nature of
existence by emphasizing experience of
the human subject—not merely the thinking
subject, but the acting, feeling, living
human individual.
• Unlike Phenomenology, existentialism is not
primarily a philosophical method. Neither is
it exactly set of doctrines but more of an
outlook or attitude supported by diverse
doctrines centered on certain common
themes.
• 6 basic themes:
1. The human condition/the individual to
the world
2. The human response to that condition
3. Being, especially the different
between the being of person and being
of other kinds of things
4. Human Freedom
5. The significance of choice and decision
the absence of certainty
6. The concreteness and subjectivity of
as lived against abstractions and false
objectification
POSTMODERNISM: ON CULTURE
• Postmodernism is NOT a Philosophy.
• Postmodernism is more of an attitude and a
reaction to modernism which is based on
knowledge.
• They believe that humanity should come at
truth beyond the rational to the non-
rational elements of human nature.
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• They consider that to arrive at truth,
humanity should realize the limits of
reason and objectivism.
• They value our existence in the world and
in relation to it
There is no one truth that is true for all people
at all times, but there are several truths that
are true and unique for each person. There is no
objective truth.
ANALYTIC TRADITION
• Analytic philosophy is the conviction that
to some significant degree, philosophical
problems, puzzles and errors are rooted
in language and can be solved or avoided
by a sound understanding of language
and careful attention to its working.
• There is great emphasis on the role of
language in truth and logic because
truth and logic can only manifest
through words and sentences.
LOGIC & CRITICAL THINKING:
TOOLS IN REASONING
• Logic is centered on the analysis and
construction of arguments.
• Critical thinking is distinguishing
facts (objectives) and opinions
or personal feelings (subjective).
○ Critical thinking could influence
helps us uncover bias and prejudice
• Serve as paths to freedom from half-
truths and deceptions.
Inductive Reasoning
• Based from observations in order to
make generalizations.
• is often applied in prediction,
forecasting, or behavior.
Deductive Reasoning
 draws conclusion from usually one broad
judgment or definition and one more
specific assertion.
 often an inference.
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Validity and Soundness OF AN ARGUEMENT
• An argument is sound if and only if it is both
valid, and all of its premises are actually
true. Otherwise, an argument is unsound.
• In effect, an argument is valid if the truth
of the premises logically guarantees the
truth of the conclusion.
Strength of an Argument
• An argument that succeeds in
providing such probable support is strong
argument. While an argument that fails to
provide such support is weak.
FALLACIES
• A fallacy is a defect in an argument other
than its having false premises.
• To detect fallacies, it is required to
examine the argument’s content.
Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad misericordiam)
• A specific appeal to emotion in which
someone tries to win support for an
argument or idea by exploiting his or her
opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt.
Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentum ad
ignorantiam)
• Whatever has not proven false must be
true, and vice versa.
equivocation
• is an informal fallacy resulting from the use
of a particular word/expression in multiple
senses within an argument
composition
• The fallacy of composition arises when one
infers that something is true of the whole
from the fact that it is true of some part of
the whole
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Division
• A fallacy of division is the error in logic
that occurs when one reasons that
something that is true for a whole must
also be true of all or some of its parts.
Against the Person(Argumentum ad homimen)
• This fallacy attempts to link the validity
of a premise to a characteristic of belief
of the person advocating the premise.
However, in some instances, questions of
personal conduct, character, and motives,
among others, are legitimate if relevant
to the issue.
Appeal to force(Argumentum ad Baculum)
• An argument where force, coercion, or
the threat of force is given as
justification for a conclusion.
Appeal to the People (Argumentum ad Populum)
• An argument that appeals or exploits
people’s vanities, desire for esteem, and
anchors on popularity.
False Cause (Post Hoc)
• “Since that event followed this one, that
event must have been caused by this one.
This fallacy is also referred to as
coincidental correlation or correlation
not causation.
Hasty Generalization
• In logic and reasoning, a faulty
generalization, similar to a proof by
example in mathematics, is a conclusion
made about all or many instances of a
phenomenon, that has been reached on the
basis of one or a few instances of that
phenomenon.
begging the question
• The fallacy of begging the question occurs
when an argument's premises assume the
truth of the conclusion, instead of
supporting it. In other words, you assume
without proof the stand/position, or a
significant part of the stand, that is in
question. Begging the question is also
called arguing in a circle.

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DETERMING TRUTH FROM OPINION
Friday, October 23, 2020 6:44 PM

Ludwig Wittgenstein • Applying understanding and knowledge to

• He spoke of the picture that can be form of new and different problems
reality, and in which by way of a model, • Willingness to change one’s point of view
represent the existence and non-existence of
• Willingness to say “I don’t know”
state of affairs.
• Continually examining and reexamining ideas
• Studies or identifies the relationship between
The attributes of a critical thinker include the
language and reality where it can defy the
limits of science. following:
• He’s recognized for his philosophical work of • Looks for evidence to support assumptions
the 20th century. and beliefs
• Wittgenstein described spoken and written • Adjust opinions
language, that is, propositions, as one of these • Looks for proof
pictures and defines its meaning in terms of its • Examines problem
capacity for being true or false. For Aristotle, courage is also required in
• “The limits of my language means the limits of developing practical wisdom or the habit of
my world." - Ludwig Wittgenstein
exercising good judgment to choose effective
means in achieving worthy goals.
Con artists take advantage of the emotive side of
EVALUATING OPINIONS
language in two very important ways:
• First, they use emotive meaning masked as • An opinion can be insisted on another person
cognitive meaning to whip up emotions so that even though the opinion itself is entirely
reason gets overlooked. false and in some cases malicious.
• Secondly they use emotively neutral terms of • Six types/ types of Opinion
euphemisms to dull the force of what they say, ○ Public Opinion
and thus make acceptable what otherwise ○ Group Opinion
might not be. ○ Scientific Opinion
WISDOM AND TRUTH
○ Legal Opinion
• For Double (1999), although philosophy is an
○ Judicial Opinion
organized body of knowledge, the subject
○ Editorial Opinion
matter of philosophy is questions, which has
three major characteristics. • When dealing with opinions and arguments,
1. Philosophical questions have answers but the we must analyze the facts and handle the
answers are still in dispute. emotion that goes along with the facts.
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by • Often, an argument is not just about the
science, common sense or faith. resolution of disagreements but also about
3. Philosophical questions are perennial the class of strong emotions.
intellectual interest to human beings.
CRITICAL THINKING
• Is the careful, reflective, rational and
systematic approach to questions of very
general interest.
• Critical thinking is a life long process of self-
assessment that further consist of:
○ Arriving at reasonable and informed
conclusions
○ Defining, analyzing and devising solutions

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