I.

INTRODUCTION
Hospitality beyond borders—is what we felt when we were in these two different coun
tries located in Southeast Asia namely Philippines and Singapore. Both the Philippines and
Singapore are rich because of the treasure they hold—culture, history, and people. In this te
xt, we will discover the distinctness and similariti
es of the Philippines and Singapore. There are
7,107 distinct islands that together comprise the
Philippines. The enormous island of Luzon in th
e north, the large island of Mindanao in the sout
h, and the group of islands known as the Visaya
s that are situated between them encompass th
e three primary geographical regions in the Phili
ppines. These three areas are symbolized by the three stars on the Philippine flag. The 21,0
00 miles of natural shoreline on the Philippines' island terrain which also features lush and s
cenic rolling hills, with verdant valleys and rivers extending through them. There are an array
of natural harbors and picturesque coves scattered along the region's mountainous and une
ven coastline. The majority of the interior of the nation is a mountainous region with an abun
dance of peaks over 10,000 feet (Country Reports, 2022). Consequently, the majority of the
Philippine terrain is mountainous, with narrow to wide coastal plains. Meanwhile, The Republ
ic of Singapore is a tiny island city-state that is situated 85 miles north of the equator near th
e top of the Malay Peninsula. It is a level terrain with a maximum elevation of 581 feet and a
total area of 250 square miles (641 square miles). It stretches twenty-six miles from east to
west and fourteen miles from north to south at its broadest peaks. It is a level terrain with an
optimal elevation of 581 feet and a total area of 250 square miles (641 square miles). It enco
mpasses 26 miles from east to west and 14 miles
from north to south at its widest points. It is lowlan
d; the center of the plateau's gently sloping reserv
oir region and nature preserve are located there
(Country Reports, 2022). Both Philippines and Si
ngapore are island countries which are abundant
in culture.
Based on the studies of Philippine Atmosp
heric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Ad
ministration (2021), the Philippines has a tropical, maritime climate. It is distinguished by freq
uently hot weather conditions, a high level of humidity, and copious rainfall. The three most s
ignificant factors that influence the country's weather and climate are temperature, humidity,
and rainfall. Whereas, due to its proximity to the equator, Singapore has regular tropical wea
ther throughout the course of the year, including high and consistent temperatures, torrential
downpours, and high humidity. Many of its climatic factors, including temperature and relativ
e humidity, do not differ significantly from month to month. However, several kinds of indicat
ors show substantial hour-to-hour diurnal changes, demonstrating the significant impact that
energy from the sun has on the local climate. Two monsoon seasons separated by inter-mon
soonal intervals define Singapore's climate. The Southwest Monsoon lasts from June to Sep
tember, whereas the Northeast Monsoon lasts from late December to early March (Meteorol
ogical Service Singapore, 2020). Both Philippines and Singapore experience tropical weathe
r due to their geographical location.
Koyfman (2019) claimed that Filipino and English are the nation's two primary langua
ges. The official position of English is a relic from the country's tenure as a U.S. colony betw
een 1898 and 1946, whilst Filipino is the official language. Along with that, the country of the
Philippines is home to 183 alive languages, the great majority of which are indigenous dialec
ts. The most prevalent regional tongues in the Philippines include Aklanon, Basian, Bikol, Ce
buano, Chavacano (a Spanish-based creole), Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ilonggo, Ivatan, M
aranao, Kinaray-a, Waray, Maguindanao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tausug, and Y
akan. The majority of them are Austronesian languages that are spoken by native people. O
n the other hand, the country's geographic location and colonial background of Singapore ha
d major implications in the broad spectrum of languages that its residents utilize to communi
cate nowadays. The inhabitants speak a variety of languages, including Mandarin, Tamil, En
glish, and Malay, according to information gathered. The languages emerged as an outcome
of linguistic interactions between locals and immigrants from diverse ethnic origins. It appear
s that the nation has English, Malay, Tamil, and Mandarin as its four major languages. More
over, Singapore's official language is Malay and one of Singapore's most common language
s is now English (Chepkemoi, 2017). Hence, both countries have diverse language due to dif
ferent factors.
Furthermore, Roman Catholicism is
the predominant religion in the Philippines, f
ollowed by Islam and various forms of Chris
tianity. Every religion is safeguarded by the
law in the Philippines, and no single religion
is given preference over any other. The do
minant religion in the country of the Philippi
nes is Roman Catholicism. Early in the 150
0s, the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan brought this belief to the world. The secon
d-largest religion in the Philippines is Protestant Christianity. After the Spanish-American Wa
r, in the last years of the 18th and early nineteenth centuries, missionaries from the United St
ates brought Evangelical Protestantism to the Philippines. After Catholicism and Christianity,
Islam is the third most popular religion in the Philippines. Prior to the introduction of Christian
ity, the religion was practiced in the area for approximately a century. Karim ul Makhdum, an
Islamic priest, was the individual who initially brought Islam to the country. On the same Islan
d, he later built the first mosque, which is still in service today and stands as the oldest mosq
ue in the nation. Hinduism, Judaism, the Baha'i Faith, indigenous beliefs, other Christians, a
nd atheists are some of the country's minor faiths (Anthony, 2019). Conversely, according to
a study of Pew Research Center (2014), Singapore, a city-state on the coast of Malaysia, is r
egarded as the nation with the most religious diversity worldwide. Although there are ten rec
ognized religions by the government, Buddhism is the most prominent, followed by Christiani
ty and Islam. The government forbids the practice of certain religions, including Jehovah's W
itnesses and the Unification Church due to violation of law. The government formally recogni
zes Buddhism (33.2%), Christianity (18.8%), Islam (14%), Taoism (10%), and Hinduism (5
%) as the primary religions in the country. Less than 1% of Singaporeans are thus associate
d with other religions, such as Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Jainism, and Judaism, whereas 18.5
% are not (Perkins, 2019). The Singapore and Philippines' dominant religion are distinct whe
rein the majority of Philippine's belief are Roman Catholic whilst Buddhism is the most promi
nent i Singapore.
According to Sawe (2017), on August 9th, 1965, Singapore, a nation in Southeast Asi
a, declared its independence from Malaysia. A
President functions as a leader of state and a
Prime Minister serves as the head of governm
ent in Singapore, which, according to its consti
tution, has a parliamentary representative de
mocratic system of government. The nation co
nducts democratic elections within a multipart
y system. Meanwhile, the Philippines is a repu
blic with a presidential system that governs in
which the executive, legislative, and judicial br
anches of government are all granted a comparable amount of authority (Official Gazette, 20
20). Both of which have different government types.
II. CONTENT
Grieving and unlawful—it is what we think when we hear or watch the news regardin
g the killings and number of deaths in the war on drugs. That leaves a question to our mind,
"what are the reasons of the nation's leader about the war on drugs?".
According to reports, Singaporean
leaders killed one person in October 2022,
increasing the city-state's total executions
between March-October 2022 to 11. The t
en offenders who had died earlier the yea
r 2022 had all been granted the death pe
nalty after being determined responsible
of drug trafficking, despite the fact that th
e particulars of the rumored eleventh exe
cution were never made public. A majority
of those involved were either Malaysian citizens or belonging to an ethnic minority. With the
exception of one execution for marijuana trafficking, all of the death sentences are related to
heroin trafficking. Kasiviswanathan Shanmugam, Singapore's concurrent Minister for Law an
d Home Affairs, supports his stand on upholding the execution penalty by asserting that if it
were to be lifted, "the movement of drugs into Singapore would be considerably higher." But
it's hard to support and prove his claim.
 The amount of narcotic
s confiscated by law enforceme
nt authorities is the only inform
ation currently available on the
distribution of illegal substance
s in Singapore. Given the cover
t nature of manufacturing and d
elivery, information regarding t
he quantity of drugs that have
been collected cannot adequat
ely represent the entirety of the drug markets. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime publishes
the most accurate statistics on drugs in the targeted region. The Office reported a rise of 10
percent in the total quantity of methamphetamine captured in Singapore throughout 2020–20
21 in its most recently released investigation regarding synthetic drugs in East and Southeas
t Asia. Wherein the methamphetamine was cited as the main substance of concern in every
Southeast Asian nation. Additionally, the total amount of methamphetamine seized by author
ities grew in Cambodia and the Philippines, two neighboring nations that have not implement
ed the death sentence, by 9.9% and 5.2%, respectively, between 2020 and 2021. This is co
mparable to or less than Singapore. To comprehend how the death penalty affects the suppl
y of pharmaceuticals, it's important to look at related aspects. These variables include the ex
planations of individuals for taking part in drug trafficking and their awareness of their potenti
al of receiving the death penalty as a punishment.
If the death penalty were lifted, it is unlikely to happen that additional Singaporeans w
ould pass away from drug-related conditions. In justification of Shanmugam's claim, he highli
ghted the substantial number of drug overdose fatalities in countries like the United States a
nd Canada, where crimes associated with drugs do not carry the death sentence.
It is uncertain if Singapore and other nations in the vicinity are keeping tabs on the a
mount of fatal drug-related incidents on an internal basis considering that many Asian nation
s don't disclose information regarding drug overdose-related deaths. Data on drug-related de
aths from the UN Office on Drugs and Crime expose that there are only a few reports in the
surrounding area and none for Singapore. There is insufficient evidence to support the death
sentence imposed to individuals proven guilty of drug crimes (Lai, 2022).
According to the data of The Organization for World Peace (2018), the viciousness d
eployed by the administration of former President Rodrigo Duterte against alleged narcotics
connections has been referred to as "The Philippine War on Drugs." When confronting the is
sue, Duterte imposed an uncompromising approach favoring eradication over rehabilitation.
Since June 2016, several hundred of individuals have died in drug raids by law enforcement
 and from unidentified vigilante murderers who ar
e purportedly murdering drug addicts on the form
er President's orders. According to the Armed C
onflict Location & Event Data Project, the Philippi
nes' war on drugs has elevated it to the fourth-m
ost extremely dangerous nation in the world.
The Philippine National Police has been c
harged with fabricating assassinations by equipp
ing the perpetrators with narcotics and firearms.
In return for protection, drug users have the capability of registering with the authorities, alth
ough many of these authorized users have nonetheless died as a result of police abuse. Cen
tral Luzon, Calabarzon, and the National Capital Region have been the most heavily targete
d locations.
International entities inclu
ding the United Nations and sever
al human rights organizations hav
e denounced the drug campaign
on a global scale. A recent UN re
port called for a "independent, im
partial, credible investigation into
all allegations of serious violation
s of human rights and internation
al humanitarian law," in which Dut
erte withdrew the Philippines' fro
m the International Criminal Court. Moreover, D
uterte has repeatedly rejected the findings from
human rights investigations while intensifying hi
s crackdown and characterized by police directi
ves and official rethoric that may have been reg
arded as "permission to kill", claiming that the dr
ug problem has grown worse. Meanwhile, the n
umber of death due to war on drug continues to
rise as majority of the victims and families have
yet to receive justice.
III. CONCLUSION
 A culture's ability to establish and preserve its cultural identity as well as essential inf
ormation and practices is referred to as cultural resilience. A resilient culture may continue t
o exist and advance despite obstacles and problems (Sekolah Pascasarjana, 2013). The not
ion of cultural resilience is crucial to me, to the society, and to world considering that it demo
nstrates how a person and society may overcome unfortunate circumstances not only due to
the individual traits but also with assistance of broad sociocultural influences.
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