CHAPTER 1

The Nature
of Probability and
Statistics

WEBEX 1

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 JIM 106: OVERVIEW
Chapter 1: Nature of Probability and
Statistics
Chapter 2: Frequency Distributions and
Graphs

Chapter 3: Data Description

Chapter 4: Probability and Counting

Rules
Chapter 5: Discrete Probability
Distributions

Chapter 6: Normal Distribution

Chapter 7: Confidence Interval and

Sample Size

Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing

Chapter 9: Testing the Difference Between

Two Means and Two Proportions

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 CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW
1.1: Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics

1.2: Variables and Types of Data

1.3: Data Collection and Sampling

Techniques

1.4: Observational and Experimental

Studies

1.5: Uses and Misuses of Statistics

1.6: Computers and Calculators

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 LEARNING
OUTCOMES

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 • Statistics is the science of conducting
studies to
collect,
organize,
summarize,
analyze, and
draw conclusions from data.
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 • A variable is a characteristic or attribute that
can assume different values.
• The values that the variables can assume
are called data.
• Variables whose values are determined by
chance are called random variables.
• A population consists of all subjects
(human or otherwise) that are studied.
• A sample is a subset of the population.
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 • Descriptive statistics consists of the
collection, organization, summarization, and
presentation of data.
• Inferential statistics consists of generalizing
from samples to populations, performing
estimations and hypothesis tests, determining
relationships among variables, and making
predictions.

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 Try
this!

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 Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Categorical Numerical,
Can be ranked

Discrete Continuous
Countable Can be decimals
5, 29, 8000, etc. 2.59, 312.1, etc.

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9
 The boundaries of a continuous variable are
given in one additional decimal place and
always end with the digit 5.
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 Try
Determine the measurement level of the given variables below.
this!

Variable Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Level

Hair Color Yes No Nominal
Zip Code Yes No Nominal
Letter Grade Yes Yes No Ordinal
ACT Score Yes Yes Yes No Interval
Height Yes Yes Yes Yes Ratio
Age Yes Yes Yes Yes Ratio
Temperature (F) Yes Yes Yes No Interval

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 Some Sampling Techniques
• Random – random number generator
• Systematic – every kth subject
• Stratified – divide population into “layers”
• Cluster – use intact groups
• Convenient – mall surveys
• Sampling error – Sample vs. population
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 • Suspect Samples
o Is the sample large enough?
o How was the sample selected?
o Is the sample representative of the
population?
• Ambiguous Averages
o What particular measure of average was used
and why?

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 • Changing the Subject
o Are different values used to represent the
same data?
• Detached Statistics
o One third fewer calories…….than what?
• Implied Connections
o Studies suggest that some people may
understand what this statement means.

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 • Misleading Graphs
o Are the scales for the x-axis and y-axis
appropriate for the data?
• Faulty Survey Questions
o Do you feel that statistics teachers should be
paid higher salaries?
o Do you favor increasing tuition so that
colleges can pay statistics teachers higher
salaries?

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 • TI-83/84 Plus
• Microsoft Excel
• Microsoft Excel
with MegaStat
• Minitab
• SPSS
• R

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 SUMMARY

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 End OF CHAPTER 1

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