THEORIST
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
- known as the “Lady with
the Lamp”
- first nurse and first
nursing theorist
- environmental theory
- providing care to wounded
and ill soldiers during the
Crimean War
- founder of Educated and
Scientific Nursing
- wrote the first Nursing Notes
- “Notes on Nursing: What it
is, What is not” (1860) that
became the basis of nursing
practice and research
CRIMEAN WAR
- October 5, 1853 to March
30, 1856
EDUCATION
- good mathematician
- nurse statistician
- philosopher
THE ADVENTURES OF MARTIN
CHUZZLEWIT
- Dicken’s novel
- a novel that portrays a
victorian drunken, untrained,
and inexpert nurse causes
stigma and bad impressions
about nurses
USE OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
- florence uses polar
diagram (statistical
diagram) in her reports,
books, and letters
THE ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
- concepts of ;
- ventilation
- warmth
- light
- diet
- cleanliness
- noise
- she focused on the physical
aspects of the
environment
- “Nursing is an act of
utilizing the environment
of the patient to assist him
in his recovery.”
- configure external factors
associated with the patient’s
surroundings that affect life
or biologic and physiologic
processes and his
development
5 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF
A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
1. Pure Air
2. Pure Water
3. Efficient Drainage
4. Cleanliness
5. Light
- emphasized in her
environmental theory is the
provision of a quiet and
noise-free and warm
environment, attending to
patient’s dietary needs by
assessment,
documentation of food
intake, and evaluating its
effects on patient
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
NURSING METAPARADIGM
NURSING
- different from
medicinegoal of nursing is
to place the patient in the
best possible condition for
nature to act
PERSON
- patient is the focus of the
environmental theory
- nurse should perform the
task for the patient and
control the environment for
easy recovery
HEALTH
- healthy body can
recuperate and undergo
reparative process
- environmental control uplifts
maintenance of health
ENVIRONMENT
- environment could be
altered to improve
conditions so that the
natural laws would allow
healing to occur.
ERNESTINE WIEDENBACH
- born in August 18, 1900
- died in March 8, 1998
- hamburg, Germany
- art of clinical nursing
theory
- developed “The Helping Art
of Clinical Nursing
conceptual model”
B.A FROM WELLESLY COLLEGE
- 1925
R.N. FROM JOHNS HOPKINS
SCHOOL OF NURSING
- 1925
M.A. FROM TEACHERS
COLLEGE, COLUMBIA
UNIVERSITY
- 1934
CERTIFICATE IN
NURSE-MIDWIFERY FROM THE
MATERNITY CENTER
ASSOCIATION SCHOOL FOR
NURSE-MIDWIVES IN NEW YORK
- 1946
1952
- wiedenbach joined the Yale
Faculty as an instructor in
maternity nursing
1958
- wrote “Family-Centered
Maternity Nursing”
IDA ORLANDO
- ernestine was influenced
by her works on the
framework
1954
- became an assistant
professor of obstetric
nursing
ERNESTINE WIEDENBACH
THE HELPING ART OF CLINICAL
NURSING THEORY
- “any individual who is
receiving help of some kind,
be it care, instruction or
advice from a member of the
health profession or from a
worker in the field of health.”
NURSING
- the practice of identifying a
patient’s need for help
through the observation of
presenting behavior and
symptoms
- functioning human being
who not only acts, but
thinks and feels
PATIENT
- any person receiving help
of some kind from the
health care system
NEED-FOR-HELP
- measured desired by the
patient
CLINICAL JUDGEMENT
- represents the nurses
likeliness to make sound
decisions
SOUND JUDGEMENT
- result of disciplined
functioning of mind and
emotions, and improves
with expanded knowledge,
as well as increased clarity
of professional purpose
SENSITIVITY
- alerts the nurse to an
awareness of
inconsistencies
in a situation that might signify a
problem
PERSON
- each person, whether a
nurse or patient, has a
unique potential o develop
self-sustatining resources
WIEDENBACH PROPOSES THAT
NURSES THAT NURSE IDENTIFY
PATIENTS’ NEED FOR HELP IN
THE FOLLOWING WAYS ;
1. observing behaviors
consistent or inconsistent
with their comfort
2. exploring the meaning of
their behavior
3. determining the cause of
their discomfort or
incapability
4. determining whether they
can resolve their problems
or have a need for help
4 ELEMENTS OF CLINICAL
NURSING
1. philosophy
2. purpose
3. practice
4. art
JEAN WATSON
- born in June 10, 1940
- in williamson west virginia
- theory of human caring
- transpersonal theory
- caring is the essence of
nursing
- university of colorado -
BOULDER
- wrote books after a traumatic
injury
LEWIS GALE SCHOOL OF
NURSING
- ranaoke virginia, 1964
WATSON CARING SCIENCE
INSTITUTE
- est. 2008
THEORY OF HUMAN CARING
TRANSPERSONAL THEORY
- philosophy and theory of
Transpersonal Caring
- caring can help the person
gain control
- “Nursing is concerned
with promoting health,
preventing, illness, caring 6. the science of caring is
for the sick, and restoring complementary to the
health.” science of curing
- caring can be demonstrated 7. the practice of caring is
and practiced by nurses central to nursing
7 ASSUMPTIONS MAJOR ELEMENTS OF CARING
1. caring can be effectively THEORY
demonstrated and
practiced only TRANSPERSONAL CARING
interpersonally RELATIONSHIP
2. consists of carative factors - nurse go beyond
that result in the satisfaction
of certain human needs CARING OCCASION
3. effective caring promotes - caring moment is dealing
health and individual or with patient with care
family growth
4. caring responses accept the CARATIVE FACTORS
patient as he or she is
now, as well as what he or
what she may be come
5. caring environment offers
the development of
potential while allowing the
patient to choose the best
action for themselves at a
given point int time
JEAN WATSON LOWER ORDER POSTMODERN NURSING AND
10 CARATIVE FACTORS PSYCHOPHYSICAL NEED OR BEYOND
1. forming humanistic-altruistic FUNCTIONAL NEEDS - 1999
value system - need for activity, inactivity,
2. instilling faith-hope and sexuality INSTRUMENT FOR ASSESSING
3. cultivating a sensitivity to self AND MEASURING CARING IN
and others HIGHER ORDER NURSING AND HEALTH
4. developing a helping trust PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS OR SCIENCES
relationship INTEGRATUVE NEEDS - 2002
5. promoting an expression of - need for achievement and
feelings affiliation CARING SCIENCE AS SACRED
6. using a problem-solving for SCIENCE
decision making HIGHER ORDER - 2005
7. promoting teaching learning INTRAPERSONAL-INTERPERSO
8. promoting a supportive NAL NEED OR GROWTH INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH ON
environment SEEKING NEED CARITAS AS HEALING
9. allowing for existential - need for self actualization - nelson & watson, 2011
phenomenological forces
WORKS AND BOOKS CREATING A CARING SCIENCE
WATSONS’ HIEARCHY OF NURSING : THE PHILOSOPHY CURRICULUM
NEEDS AND SCIENCE OF CARING - hills & watson, 2011
- 1979
LOWER ORDER BIOPHYSICAL HUMAN CARING SCIENCE : A
NEEDS OR SURVIVAL NEEDS HUMAN SCIENCE AND HUMAN THEORY OF NURSING
- need for food and fluid, CARE - A THEORY OF NURSING - watson, 2012
elimination, and ventilation - 1985
DOROTHEA OREM
- july 15, 1914 - june 22.
2006
- one of america’s foremost
nursing theorists
- developed self-care deficit
nursing theory
- orem model of nursing
- worked as a staff nurse,
nurse educator, administer
and nurse consultant
PROVIDENCE HOSPITAL
WASHINGTON, DC
- where dorothea earned her
diploma
BSN ED., CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
OF AMERICA
- 1939
MSN ED., CATHOLIC
UNIVERISITY OF AMERICA
- 1945
1976
- received honorary Doctor
of Science Degree
CONCEPT OF NURSING AS THE
PROVISION OF SELF CARE
- first published in 1959
NURSING CONCEPT OF
PRACTICE
- was published in 1971
- The 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and
6th edition of this book were
published in 1980, 1985,
1991, 1991, 1995, and 2001
respectively
GUIDLINES FOR DEVELOPING
CURRICULA FOR THE
EDUCATION OF PRACTICAL
NURSES
- where dorothea helped in
publishing
- in 1959
NURSING: CONCEPTS OF
PRACTICE
- published in 1971
- where she outlines her
nursing theory; the
Self-care theory deficit of
Nursing
- helped established Orem as
a leading theorist of nursing
practice and education
THE 6TH EDITION OF NURSING:
CONCEPTS OF PRACTICE
- published by Mosby in
january 2001
SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY
- considered a grand nursing
theory, means the theory
covers broad scope with
general concepts
- applicable to all instances
of nursing
- logical in nature
- simple yet generalizeable
DOROTHEA OREM
NURSING
- “the act of assisting others
in the provision and
management of self-care
to maintin or improve
human functioning at the
home level of
effectiveness.”
- focuses on individual’s ability
to perform self-care
3 RELATED THEORIES
1. THEORY OF SELF-CARE
- delineates the demands of
self-care requisites that an
individual needs to meet in
order to stay healthy or get
better from illness
UNIVERSAL SELF-CARE
REQUISITE
- associated with life
processes
- maintenance of the
integrity of humas
structure and
functioning
5 METHODS OF HELPING
DEVELOPMENTAL
SELF-CARE REQUISITE
- associated with
developmental
processes
- generally derived
from a condition ar
an event
HEALTH DEVIATION
SELF-CARE
- required in conditions
of illness, injury, or
disease
2. THEORY OF SELF-CARE
DEFICIT
- nurses can help patients
meet their self-care need by
utilizing 5 methods of
helping
1. acting for and doing
for others
2. guiding others
3. supporting another
4. providing an
environment
promoting personal
development in
relation to mwwt the
future demands
5. Teaching another
3. THEORY OF NURSING
SYSTEM
- wholly compensatory
nursing system
- partially compensatory
nursing system
- supportive-educative
system
DOROTHEA OREM
NURSING PROCESS
1. ASSESMENT
- diagnose and prescription
- analyze, interpret, and
make judgement regarding
patient care
STEP 1: COLLECTING
DATA ON
- persons’ health
status, requirements
for self care, and
capacity to perform
self care
- physicians’ and
person perspective of
the persons health
- health golas within the
3. IMPLEMENTATION
2. NURSING DIAGNOSIS EVALUTION
PLANS WITH SCIENTIFIC - production and
RATIONALE management of nursing
- designing nursing system system
- plan for delivery care
STEP 3:
STEP 2: - nurse assists the
- nurses design a patient or family in
system that is wholly self-care needs to
compensatory, partly attain goals toward
compensatory, or positive and health
supportive-educative related outcomes
- to promote patients - actions are guided by
therapeutic self care rationals of nursing
demans and diagnoses
compensate or - evaluation of results
overcome patients achieved compared to
self-care deficits planned outcomes

There are
context of lifestyle,
health status and life
history

nstances
VIRGINIA HENDRESON
- born in Kansas City
Missouri
- in 1897
- the need theory
- “the nightingale of modern
nursing”
- “the first lady of nursing”
- “modern-day mother of
nursing”
- “20th century florence
nightingale”
- 5th of the eigth children of
Lucy Minor Abbot and
Daniel B. Henderson
- moved back to virginia at
the age of 4
- emphasized that a nurses’
job is to the patient, not
the doctor
BELLEVUE
- prep school run by her
grandfather
- william richardson abbo
1930
- nurse supervisor and
clinical instructor at the 14 COMPONENTS OF VIRGINIA
outtpatients department of HENDERSONS’ NURSING NEED
Strong Memorial Hospital, THEORY
Rochester, New York
1934 - 1948
- professor at Teachers
College Columbia
University in New York for
14 years
THE NEED THEORY
- emphasizes the importance 14 NEEDS AS APPLIED TO
of increasing the patients’ MASLOW’S HEIRARCHY OF
independence and NEEDS
focusing on the basic
human need so that
progress after
hospitalization would not
delayed
- rather straightforward,
comprehensible, and
applicable to people of all
ages.