GROUP MEMBERS

Mahboob Ahmad 22-ME-70

Abdullah Abrar 22-ME-74
Muhammad Jafar 22-ME-78
Saad Hussain 22-ME-82

SUBMITTED TO
Engr. Muhammad Sumair

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND AERONAUTICAL

ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY TAXILA

Contents
1 Introduction of Imepeller............................................................................................................3
1.1 Types of impeller...................................................................................................................3
1.1.1 Open impeller................................................................................................................4
1.1.2 Closed impeller...............................................................................................................5
1.1.3 Semi-open impeller........................................................................................................6

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 Introduction

Definition of centrifugal pumps

Centrifugal pumps are mechanical devices used to transport fluids by converting mechanical
energy from an external source (e.g., an electric motor) into kinetic energy in the fluid being
pumped. They work by using a rotating impeller to create a centrifugal force that moves the fluid
through the pump and into the discharge pipe.

Mechanism of Centrifugal Pumps:

The mechanism of a centrifugal pump is relatively simple. It consists of three main components:
an impeller, a casing, and a shaft. The impeller is a rotating component that contains blades or
vanes that move the fluid. The casing is a stationary component that surrounds the impeller and
guides the fluid to the discharge point. The shaft connects the impeller to the motor that rotates it.

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When the impeller rotates, it creates a centrifugal force that moves the fluid from the
center of the impeller to the outer edge. As the fluid moves through the casing, it gains
momentum and pressure. Finally, it is discharged from the pump through the discharge
port. Parts of
centrifugal pump

There are following important parts of a centrifugal pump as mentioned here.

1. Rotor or Impeller
2. Casing
3. Suction pipe with a foot valve and a mechanical strainer
4. Delivery pipe

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Chapter #01

1 Imepeller
An impeller is a rotating component of a centrifugal pump, usually made of metal, plastic, or
other materials, that transfers energy from the motor to the fluid. It plays a crucial role in various
applications, including water treatment, HVAC systems, and industrial processes. Impellers are
designed with different shapes, sizes, and numbers of blades to optimize fluid flow and
efficiency based on the specific application requirements.In water-related contexts, impellers are
commonly used to circulate and move fluids, such as water or wastewater. They work by
drawing fluid into the center of the impeller and then expelling it outward, creating a flow or
pressure within the system.The wide introduction of impellers in various industries has
significantly improved fluid handling processes, offering benefits such as increased efficiency,
reduced energy consumption, and better control over fluid flow. Impellers have become essential
components in many fluid handling systems, enabling the efficient movement of liquids and
gases in a wide range of applications.

Figure 1:Impeller

1.1 Types of impeller

There are several types of impeller are as follows

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1.1.1 Open impeller
An open impeller is a type of centrifugal pump impeller characterized by its design with blades
or vanes that are not fully enclosed within a central disk. Instead, the blades are attached to a
hub, and there are open spaces or gaps between the blades. This design allows the pumped fluid
to flow freely through these openings.Open impellers are typically used in applications where the
pumped fluid is clean and free of solids or abrasive particles. They are less efficient than closed
impellers but are easier to manufacture and maintain. Open impellers are suitable for tasks that
require less head (pressure) and are commonly used in applications like water circulation,
cooling systems, and low-pressure liquid transfer.

Figure 2:open impeller

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1.1.2 Closed impeller
A closed impeller is a type of centrifugal pump impeller that consists of a solid, disk-like
structure with curved blades or vanes attached to it. Unlike an open impeller, which has blades
that are separate from the central disk, the blades of a closed impeller are fully enclosed within
the disk. This design creates a continuous, smooth surface, and there are no gaps or openings
between the blades.Closed impellers are known for their efficiency and are commonly used in
applications where the pumped fluid may contain solids or abrasive particles. Because of their
closed design, they are less prone to clogging or damage from debris in the fluid. They also
generate higher pressure and are suitable for tasks that require higher heads (pressure) to move
fluids against resistance.Closed impellers are often found in industrial settings, wastewater
treatment plants, and applications that involve transferring liquids with suspended solids. They
are favored for their durability and ability to handle challenging conditions.

Figure 3:closed impeller

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1.1.3 Semi-open impeller
A semi-open impeller is a type of centrifugal pump impeller that combines characteristics of both
open and closed impellers. It consists of a central hub with blades or vanes attached to one side,
while the other side remains open or partially exposed. This design offers a balance between the
advantages of open and closed impellers, making it suitable for various pumping applications.

Figure 4:semi-open impeller Here's

a more detailed explanation of semi-open impellers:

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Blade Design

The blades on the impeller are attached to one side of the central hub, and they extend outward
into the fluid being pumped. The opposite side of the hub remains open, allowing fluid to flow
through the gaps between the blades.

Solids Handling

Semi-open impellers are well-suited for applications where the pumped fluid may contain some
solids or debris. The open side of the impeller allows larger particles to pass through without
clogging or causing damage, while the blades help propel the fluid forward.

Efficiency and Performance

While semi-open impellers are generally less efficient than closed impellers, they are more
efficient than fully open impellers. They can generate moderate pressure (head) and are suitable
for tasks that require a balance between solids-handling capability and efficiency.

Common Applications

Semi-open impellers find use in various industries and applications. For example, they are
commonly employed in wastewater treatment plants to handle sewage with suspended solids.
They are also used in applications such as slurry pumping, where a mixture of liquids and solids
needs to be moved.

Maintenance

Semi-open impellers are relatively easy to maintain compared to closed impellers because they
provide some access to the impeller blades for inspection and cleaning. This feature can reduce
downtime and maintenance costs.

Derivation

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