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Integrating Non-Conventional instrument transformer

Customer process for technical qualification of Non-Conventional Instrument

Transformer products for high-voltage GIS applications

W. OLSZEWSKI, G. CHAROT, N. PRESSER, M. KUSCHEL

Siemens AG
Germany, France

Z. QASTALANE
RTE-France
France

SUMMARY

Non-Conventional (Low-Power) Instrument Transformers (NCIT or LPIT) for protection and

measurement are offered today by various European and Asian vendors for high voltage
applications in GIS and AIS. The development and testing of NCIT technology by the
manufacturers have been performed according to the qualification requirements for “type
tests”, “routine tests”, or “special tests” which are defined either in older IEC standards
60044-8 for ECT (electronic Current Transformer) and 60044-7 for EVT (electronic Voltage
Transformer), or in corresponding latest series of IEC 61869-x standards. Depending on
chosen design and specific technology of NCIT some further “manufacturer-internal
development tests” could be necessary to verify the functionality and quality of the product.

Prior to the decision for the application of the new transformer technology in their substations
the interested utility companies have to deal with procedures for product testing and
qualification, some of them different to those applied since decades for conventional CT and
VT technology. Large utilities dispose their own technical expertise with knowledge and
experience of existing technologies. They are able to specify qualification tests and
procedures necessary for the release of the new technology for own projects.
The aim of tests for utilities is to check the industrial maturity of equipment and its
performances before taking the decision to move to an industrial deployment.

This paper provides an overview on customer process for technical qualification of combined
(ECT and EVT) three-phase NCIT 145 kV product for high-voltage GIS applications. The
experimentation project jointly performed between well-known operator of high voltage grid
in France and German NCIT manufacturer is described.
In scope of the NCIT experimentation project a specification with required type tests for
electronic current transformer and voltage transformer was defined by the customer.

wojciech.olszewski@siemens.com
The specification has become to a leading document for customer qualification process of
NCIT product.
The defined tests and test level cover the fulfillment of all required dielectric, mechanic and
functional features necessary for the safe and reliable operation of the product in customer
substation.

The key challenge for the manufacturer of NCITs is the proof of accuracy class of electronic
voltage and current transformers required in common system with the Merging Unit.
Accuracy class will be determined at the digital output from the Merging Unit.
Also for the customer the results of basic accuracy tests for metering and protection and
accuracy tests vs. temperature changes are the most important acceptance criteria.

This paper focuses on individual stages of accuracy type tests for combined three phase non-
conventional instrument transformer. It describes chosen test equipment and auxiliary devices
for supply and measurement of test voltage or current.
In addition to classical accuracy requirements, the three-phase combined measuring system
had to deal also with the influence of measured current or voltage between the tree phases.
Also the mutual influence from the sensor for current measurement to the sensor for voltage
measurement had to be evaluated. Applied numerical compensation of influence by the
crosstalk or by the influence of temperature will be introduced.

For both last aspects no requirements or limits are specified in the valid standards.
Recommendation for future additions or extensions in the relevant standards is provided
together by the customer and NCIT manufacturer.

KEYWORDS

NCIT – Non-Conventional Instrument Transformer

LPIT – Low Power Instrument Transformer
ECT – Electronic Current Transformer
EVT – Electronic Voltage Transformer
GIS – Gas Insulated Switchgear

wojciech.olszewski@siemens.com
INTRODUCTION
Non-Conventional (also common called Low-Power) Instrument Transformers (NCIT or
LPIT) for protection and measurement applications are offered today by various European
and Asian vendors in high voltage projects for GIS and AIS. Several trail projects with NCIT
in customer networks were established. Experience with solutions for AIS or for GIS in
different voltage levels exists.
The development and testing of NCIT technology at the manufacturers have been performed
according to the qualification requirements for “type tests”, “routine tests”, or “special tests”
which are defined either in older IEC standards 60044-8 for ECT (electronic Current
Transformer) and 60044-7 for EVT (electronic Voltage Transformer), or in corresponding
latest series of IEC 61869-x standards. Depending on chosen design and specific technology
of NCIT some further “manufacturer-internal development tests” could be necessary to verify
the functionality and quality of the product.

Picture 1: System with 3-phase combined NCIT-Sensor (integrated in cast resin partition) and Merging Unit

German manufacturer of high voltage GIS provides a NCIT-system with a three-phase

combined ECT/EVT solution for 145 kV voltage level together with the Merging Unit. The
sensor technology is based on Rogowski coil sensors for current measurement and electric
field probe sensor with capacitive measurement principle for voltage measurement [1].

Both non-conventional sensors are integrated in the same cast resin partition of the 145 kV
GIS. The partition is equipped with one passive sensor-connection box for each phase. In this
box the overvoltage protection and the EMC measures are realized. There is no active
preprocessing of signals in the connection box. The ECT and EVT sensors are connected by
network cables with the Merging Unit which provides the numerical calculation of measured
values and transmits the data according to IEC61850-9-2-LE protocol to connected protection
and measurement/metering devices.

The integration of NCIT-sensors inside of cast resin ensures high reliability and long term
functionality, because the casted parts cannot be influenced either by the vibration, high
temperature or by SF6 insulation gas. The sensors are not directly affected by high current or
high voltage; they are sensitive to the surrounding magnetic or electric field. The entire sensor
system is full maintenance-free and after completed one-time calibration during the routine
testing in the GIS factory or on site there is neither need for further calibration nor for
adjustment of sensors (exception: Merging Unit or passive printed board in the sensor-
connection box may have to be replaced once or twice in the life time of the switchgear,
similar to the replacement of electronic protection or bay controller devices).

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UTILITY COMPANY VIEW
Prior to the decision for the application of the new transformer technology in their substations
the interested utility companies have to deal with procedures for product testing and
qualification, some of them different to those applied since decades for conventional CT and
VT technology. Large utilities dispose their own technical expertise with knowledge and
experience based around the technologies that have been used long time and their
participation in the elaboration of LPITs standards. They are able to specify qualification tests
and procedures necessary for the release of the new sensor technology for own projects.

In the regulated utility sector however there may exist motivation to drive improvement in
service continuity to customers and achieve greater efficiencies through enhanced information
gathering and data analysis.

Smaller commercial users who may rely on external service providers for routine tasks of
operation and maintenance of their GIS would typically be less constrained in accepting
NCIT’s. The technical knowledge and experience required is typically outsourced to these
external service providers who may be independent or may be the local service department of
the NCIT manufacturer.

ADVANTAGES of NCIT for UTILITIES

NCIT-sensor technology provides in comparison to the conventional CT /VT a number of
benefits which make this technology interesting for the utility companies. Among others the
following criteria are the motivation driver for launching of product qualification process:

More compact GIS design

reduced weight, lower dimensions and less cabling
Green and cost efficient :
less SF6 gas , copper cabling reduced by 80% with fiber optics
Improved measurement behavior
with wide dynamic range due to no saturation
effect in multi-purpose current sensor (e.g. 40 A to 100 kA)
Simplified engineering and logistics
only one hardware variant for all purposes
Improved safety
low signal levels for safe maintenance and operations
Improvement in service continuity to customers of the utility
greater efficiencies through enhanced data gathering and analysis

These technical criteria as well as many corresponding economic and safety criteria were of
big interest for large French utility company- provider of high voltage grid and operator of
some hundreds AIS and GIS substations from 63 kV to 400 kV in France. To obtain full
technical and economic benefits from NCIT and to ensure necessary safety requirements the
utility company’s department for R&D and Innovation specified a number of necessary
qualification tests for NCIT-Merging Unit technology [2].
This specification has become to a leading document for customer qualification process of
NCIT product. End of 2012 the agreement about jointly development and qualification
process was signed between German GIS manufacturer and French customer. NCIT
experimentation project was launched. The aim of the project is the qualification of NCIT-
MU technology and finally the pilot installation of the solution for a three-phase 63 kV GIS
project in utility company’s network.

4
Tests listed in the tables below cover the fulfillment of required dielectric, mechanic and
functional features necessary for the ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the product in
customer GIS substation. Some of the tests have to be performed with the Merging Unit.
For most of test the future (not valid up to Feb 2016) IEC 61869-6 standard is referred.

QUALIFICATION TESTS SPECIFIED for ELECTRONIC CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Standard Clause
Type tests
reference reference
Short time current test (dynamic and thermal) IEC 60044-8 8.1
Temperature-rise test IEC 60044-8 8.2
IEC 61869-6 7.2.2.
Lightning-impulse test IEC 60044-8 8.3.2
IEC 61869-6 7.2.3
Switching impulse test IEC 60044-8 8.3.3.
Wet test for outdoor type electronic current transformers not required not required
EMC tests IEC 60044-8 8.8 & 8.5
IEC 61869-6 7.2.5.
Low-voltage components voltage withstand test IEC 60044-8 8.7
IEC 61869-6 7.2.601.
Basic accuracy test IEC 60044-8 8.9.2 and 8.10
For measuring and protective electronic current IEC 61869-6 7.2.6.602
Temperature cycle accuracy test IEC 60044-8 8.9.3.
IEC 61869-6 7.2.6.603
Test for accuracy vs. frequency IEC 60044-8 8.9.4.
IEC 61869-6 7.2.6.604
Accuracy test in relation to variations in the gas density ----- -----
Test for accuracy in relation to replacement of components IEC 60044-8 8.9.5.
IEC 61869-6 7.2.6.605
Verification of the IP coding not required not required
Vibration tests IEC 60044-8 8.13
IEC 61869-6 7.2.602.

Routine tests
Power-frequency test IEC 60044-8 9.2.1.
IEC 61869-6 7.3.1.
Partial discharge measurement IEC 60044-8 9.2.2.
Power-frequency voltage withstand test for low-voltage components IEC 60044-8 9.3
IEC 61869-6 7.3.601.
Accuracy tests IEC 60044-8 9.4
IEC 61869-6 7.3.5.

Special tests
Chopped lightening-impulse test on primary terminals IEC 60044-8 10.1

Multiple chopped lightening impulse test on primary terminals --- ---

Measurement of capacitance and dielectric dissipation factor IEC 60044-8 10.2
Mechanical tests not required not required
Climatic ageing test for synthetic insulators. n.a. n.a.
Test for the mutual influence of the phases (and of the current on the -- --
voltage or vice versa) on measurement accuracy
Tests for accuracy versus harmonics IEC 60044-8 10.4

Table 1: Required qualification tests for electronic current transformer

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QUALIFICATION TESTS SPECIFIED for ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Standard Clause
Type tests
reference reference
Lightning-impulse test IEC 60044-7 8.1.2.
Switching-impulse test IEC 60044-7 8.1.3.
Wet test for outdoor type electronic voltage transformers not required not required
Basic accuracy tests for measuring LPIT IEC 61869-6 7.2.6.602.1
Basic accuracy test for the protective LPIT IEC 61869-6 7.2.6.602.2
Response test under transient voltage operating conditions -- --
Temperature cycle accuracy test IEC 61869-6 7.2.6.603
Test for accuracy versus frequency IEC 60044-7 8.3.3.
Test for accuracy in relation to replacement of components IEC 61869-6 7.2.6.605
Accuracy test in relation to variations in the gas density --- ---
Secondary short circuit withstand test n.a. n.a.
Temperature rise test
Transmitted overvoltage test n.a. n.a.
Radioelectric interference tests not required not required
Electromagnetic compatibility tests IEC 61869-6 7.2.5.
Low-voltage components voltage withstand test IEC 61869-6 7.2.601.

Routine tests
Power-frequency withstand tests on primary voltage terminals and IEC 60044-7 9.2
Partial discharge measurement

Power-frequency voltage withstand test for low-voltage components IEC 60044-7 9.3
Tests for accuracy IEC 61869-6 7.2.6.

Special tests
Chopped lightning impulse test IEC 61869-1 7.4.1.
Tests for multiple chopped lightening impulses --- ---
Measurement of capacitance and dielectric dissipation factor --- ---
Mechanical tests Not required Not required
Climatic ageing test for synthetic insulators. n.a. n.a.

Table 2: Required qualification tests for electronic voltage transformer

In case of combined solution with ECT and EVT in one common component, some tests (e.g.
lightning-impulse test) can be done in one test session. The results are valid for both sensors.

ACCURACY TESTS for NCIT - OVERVIEW

The key challenge for the manufacturer of NCITs is the proof of accuracy class of electronic
voltage and current transformers required in common system with the Merging Unit. In these
tests the accuracy class has to be determined at the digital output from the Merging Unit.
Also for the customer the results of basic accuracy tests and accuracy tests vs. temperature
changes are the most important acceptance criteria.

6
Basic accuracy type test for the combined NCIT sensor consists of four parts. The accuracy
for measuring and for protective sensor will be determined separately for the voltage and for
current sensor respectively.

Following table illustrates the detailed requirements for performing the basic accuracy test.

Nr
Test Required by
Tests Comments
object standard

1 IEC 60044-8
Basic accuracy
8.9.2 and 8.10 Accuracy must be determined
test
ECT on the output from the Merging Unit.
Measurement
IEC 61869-6
and Protection
7.2.6.602
2 For measurement, the rated frequency is
IEC 60044-8
Accuracy test between 49.5 Hz and 50.5 Hz
8.9.4.
ECT in relation to
IEC 61869-6
the frequency For protection, the rated frequency is
7.2.6.604
between 48 Hz and 51 Hz
3 Accuracy must be measured on the output from the MU.
The test must be performed
Basic accuracy
IEC 61869-6 at 80%, 100% and 120% of the rated voltage
EVT test
7.2.6.602.1 in the normal reference frequency range for the
Measurement
measurement (49.5 Hz – 50.5 Hz)
and at the ambient temperature.
4 Accuracy must be measured on the output from the MU.
The test must be performed
at 2%, 5% of the rated voltage,
and at the rated voltage multiplied by Fv=1,9 (30s),
Basic accuracy IEC 61869-6
EVT at the rated frequency
test Protection 7.2.6.602.2
and at the two extreme values of the normal reference
frequency range for protection purposes (48 Hz–51 Hz)
and for the extended frequency range (46 Hz-53 Hz)

Table 3: Basic accuracy tests - overview of requirements

BASIC ACCURACY TEST – PROCEDURE and TEST SETUP

During the described qualification project the experts from authorized testing laboratory
joined by the experts from the customer, witnessed the performance of accuracy tests.

For the basic accuracy test of measuring ECT the primary test current was injected to one
phase of test object (cast resin partition with integrated NCIT-sensors). The other two phases
remained not connected. All measurements were done at the ambient temperature. They were
then repeated for the two remaining phases.

7
For determination of amplitude error and phase-shift error the digital measuring bridge
WM3000I from Zera was applied. The bridge was connected to the secondary output signal
from conventional reference CT and on the other side
to the digital output from the Merging Unit (see
picture with principle of test setup below). Digital
bridge had to be time- synchronized with the Merging
Unit.

After comparison of both measured values the ZERA

bridge device calculates the amplitude error and phase
error (see picture at the left).

Picture 2: Display in digital measuring bridge

For parallel monitoring of the mutual influence of current measurements on the voltage
sensor, the second digital measuring bridge WM3000U was connected.

According to the customer requirements separate test protocols were created for the
customer’s range of rated current (2.500 A) and for the manufacturer’s range of rated current
(3.150 A). The source of injected primary current provided test current in range from 1% to
200% of rated current (absolute values 25 A to 6.300 A). The frequency of primary test
current could be adjusted from 49.5 Hz to 50.5 Hz according to test specification.

Picture 3: Principle of test circuit for basic accuracy type test of ECT

Before the accuracy test the calibration documents of all relevant test devices were checked
and confirmed.

For achieving of the required accuracy the precise one-time calibration of current sensors
(Rogowski Coil) with the given test configuration is important. The procedure was done for
current sensors in each phase individually before the type test. Evaluated main-ratio
parameters were than transmitted to the Merging Unit and used for numerical calculation of
measured values.

8
In addition the crosstalk parameters for each phase were evaluated. They are used in the
Merging Unit for numerical compensation of current crosstalk effects in 3-phase
measurement system.
Following pictures illustrate the test setup used for the basic accuracy test of measuring ECT.

Picture 4: Test setup for accuracy test Picture 5: Digital measurement bridges and Merging Units
of current sensor (Rogowski Coil)

Similar test principle and test setup was applied for accuracy measurements with electronic
voltage transformer EVT. The picture below shows the principle of test circuit for basic
accuracy type test of EVT.

Picture 6: Principle of test circuit for basic accuracy type test of EVT

For parallel monitoring of the mutual influence of voltage measurements on the current
sensor, the second digital measuring bridge WM3000I was connected.

According to the customer’s requirements separate test protocols were created for the
customer’s range of rated voltage of 63 kV / 3 and for the manufacturer’s range of rated
voltage of 145 kV / 3.
The source of injected primary test voltage provided voltage in range from 2% to 190% of
145 kV / 3 rated voltage (absolute values 0.7 kV to 160 kV). The frequency of primary test
voltage varied from 46 Hz to 53 Hz.

9
Also for this test the calibration documents of all relevant test devices were checked and
confirmed. Digital bridge was time- synchronized with the Merging Unit. One-time
calibration of voltage sensors was performed before the test.

Picture 7: Test setup for accuracy test of voltage sensor (Electric Field
probe)

NCIT

TEMPERATURE CYCLE ACCURACY TEST – ECT

Accuracy test for electronic current transformer with temperature cycle was performed in
manufacturer’s test laboratory in two separate climatic chambers (see picture below).

Picture 8: Test laboratory with NCIT test setup for ECT in climatic chambers

In the test two different temperature classes were applied at the same time:
for NCIT sensor in GIS test setup in first climatic chamber: -30…+40ºC
for Merging Unit in a separate climatic chamber: -10…+55ºC

During the test the NCIT-Sensor and the Merging Unit achieved their maximum or minimum
temperature respective at the same time.

10
Test was conducted at rated frequency (50 Hz), rated burden (merging unit), and with
continuously injected primary test current (same current in all 3 phases) of 3.150 A.

Picture 9: Principle of test circuit for ECT accuracy measurement with temperature cycles

The rate of temperature change was 10 K/h. Measurement of accuracy during temperature
cycle was done at 11 temperature points. Determination of accuracy of voltage and current
sensor(s) with witnessing by KEMA expert was agreed in two, separate cycles.

Picture 10: Applied temperature change cycle according IEC 61869-6 and IEC 60044-8

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TEMPERATURE CYCLE ACCURACY TEST – EVT
For the next part of accuracy test for electronic voltage sensor with temperature cycles and
high voltage special personal safety protection measures around the climatic chambers had to
be taken. Specification for NCIT-sensor required the injection of primary test voltage of 145
kV / 3 (rated voltage for manufacturer’s GIS 145 kV). The challenge was to inject the high
voltage via HV-cable to the GIS test setup inside of climatic chamber.

Picture 11: Test laboratory with NCIT test setup for EVT in climatic chambers

Primary test voltage was generated in a voltage transformer, measured by the conventional
reference VT and then transmitted via HV cable to the NCIT-test setup inside of the climatic
chamber. For the test all three phases were connected to the same voltage potential.

Picture 12: Principle of test circuit for EVT accuracy measurement with temperature cycles

12
The same rate of temperature change with 10 K/h was applied. Measurement of accuracy
during temperature cycle was done at 11 temperature points.

Picture 13: Applied temperature change cycle according IEC 61869-6 and IEC 60044-8

CROSSTALK in 3-PHASE SYSTEM

Measured current or voltage values in 3-phase GIS are influenced by cross-talk effects (in
smaller scale also in 1-phase encapsulated GIS modules). Primary test current or voltage
injected to one phase influence due to the coupling of magnetic or electric field the
measurement in adjacent phases.
With known crosstalk ratio parameter (determined in one-time calibration before the test) the
influence can be numerically compensated by the algorithms in the Merging Unit.
After the compensation the remaining portion of influenced current or voltage from adjacent
phases could be determined with values in range of 0,1%.
The procedure for measurement of crosstalk and the limits of permitted influence are not
precise defined in the relevant standards. Digital calculation of measured values in the
merging unit provides the possibility for compensation (elimination) of influenced values.
This feature is one of big advantages of the NCIT-MU technology.

MUTUAL INFLUENCE of SENSORS in combined system

Further aspect of qualification tests for the combined ECT / EVT sensor was the evaluation of
mutual influence between the sensors for ECT and for EVT.
For this purpose one test value (e.g., current) was injected and varied from 0 to the max value.
In this time the output signal from the voltage sensor was monitored.
As expected the mutual influence between the two sensors could be determined as negligible.
The sensors work with two different physical principles; Rogowski Coil are sensitive only to
the magnetic field resulting from flowing current, electric field sensor reacts only to the
electric field coming from injected voltage.
Precision of results from tests with crosstalk and mutual influence depend on applied
principle for injection of primary test signal and on chosen grounding concept.
In future tests the NCIT manufacturer should set up a deep reflexing on how to achieve these
tests with very precise results for a given primary 3-phase configuration.

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BASIC ACCURACY TESTS – EXAMPLE of RESULTS
During the accuracy tests lot of measured data with different levels of injected voltage /
current and for different frequencies was collected.
One example with diagram for determined voltage amplitude errors and phase errors is
presented below. Required step of product qualification was the basic accuracy test for
measuring voltage transformer. Resulting accuracy curves are placed in relation to the limits
specified for the required accuracy class.

Determination of amplitude and phase error for Measuring Electronic Voltage Transformer (EVT) Tests witnessed by KEMA and by RTE-France
04. Nov 15

EVT Phase A Rated voltage Upr 100% = 63kV / 3 (RTE voltage range) single phase injection of primary voltage
measurement at ambient temperature

Results
Amplitude error Phase error
at percentage of rated voltage Upr 80% Upr 100% Upr 120% Upr at percentage of rated voltage Upr 80% Upr 100% Upr 120% Upr
at 50.0 Hz -0,012 -0,006 -0,022 at 50.0 Hz -2,735 -2,748 -2,682
Amplitude Error Phase Error
[%]
at 49.5 Hz -0,012 -0,021 -0,022
[minutes]
at 49.5 Hz -0,895 -1,521 -1,512
at 50.5 Hz -0,008 -0,018 -0,041 at 50.5 Hz -4,044 -4,000 -3,980
Limits of amplitude error 0,10 0,10 0,10 Limits of phase error 5,0 5,0 5,0
for accuracy class 0.1 [%] -0,10 -0,10 -0,10 for accuracy class 0.1 [minutes] -5,0 -5,0 -5,0

Amplitude error for EVT in phase A of NCIT-MU system Phase error for EVT in phase A of NCIT-MU system
within limits of error for measuring EVT in accuracy class 0.1 within limits of error for measuring EVT in accuracy class 0.1
for required frequency values for required frequency values

80% Upr 100% Upr 120% Upr 80% Upr 100% Upr 120% Upr
0,20 7,0
6,0
0,15 Max. Limit
5,0
Max. Limit 4,0
0,10
Phase error [minutes]

3,0
50 Hz
Amplitude error [%]

0,05 2,0 50.0 Hz

49.5 Hz 49.5 Hz
1,0
0,00 50.5 Hz 50.5 Hz
0,0
-1,0
-0,05
-2,0

-0,10 -3,0
Min. Limit -4,0
-0,15 -5,0
Min. Limit
-6,0
-0,20 -7,0
Percentage of rated voltage Upr Percentage of rated voltage Upr

Table 4 : Diagram with results of accuracy test for measuring EVT

FURTHER VERIFICATION of ACURRACY

After completing the basic accuracy tests further necessary verifications of accuracy are
required after the stress caused by the temperature-rise test and vibration tests. Accuracy class
for ECT and EVT determined before and after the tests should remain unchanged.

SPECIAL TESTS WITH DEMONSTRATOR IN UTILITY COMPANY

The aim of a test concept with a demonstrator is to test the NCITs under real exploitation
conditions with the influence of temperature, EMC aspects, switching operations and
vibrations. It is also preferable to have on the same GIS feeder an analogue measurement
chain with conventional instrument transformers and a digital chain with NCITs, to compare
the behavior of the two chains for both functions of metering and protection.
As there is no approved authentication process addressed by the national metrology institutes
to authorize digital metering with NCITs, the digital metering cannot be used for billing and
its application is limited for experimentations only.
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It is also recommended to perform simulation platform tests to confirm the interoperability of
the whole chain from the Merging Units to the digital protection. This test can be done by
simulating signals in the output of sensors, which are representative to the faults scenarios
occurring in the grid. The digital protection should behave as expected.

CONCLUSION
Cooperation of NCIT manufacturer and customer with focus on common definition and
performance of qualification tests brings benefits for both parties. Utility company is forced to
organize the expertise, to rethink and to agree internally on necessary specification for the
tests. The experience and understanding for new technology will grow. Precautions for the
operation of the new technology in own network can be decided, risk-minimizing measures
can be taken.

For the NCIT manufacturer the cooperation with customer during the development and
qualification process leads to customer oriented solution. It motivates also to improve own
test strategies and analyses the achieved results. Drawbacks can be solved with solutions from
the customer’s view.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Siemens AG; Presser / Olszewski: 2014-08: B3 PS1 contribution for CIGRE 2014 “Rollout of
Digital Substations Challenges and Requirements”

[2] RTE-France 2012-10: Technical Specifications for a digital interface combined measurement
process with GIS with a voltage level of 72.5 kV or higher

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