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Some Basic Con-Cepts of Chemistry
Some Basic Con-Cepts of Chemistry
CHAPTER
Percentage Composition and Molecular (iii) Mass of each element per 100 g of a
Formula. To study a compound, first step is to compound (per cent composition).
determine its formula. This can be achieved by Empirical Formula. It is a formula showing
analysing the compound for the amount of the the relative number of atoms in the simplest
elements in a given mass of compound. The ratio, e.g., CH2 O is empirical formula of
results so obtained are expressed as the C6H12O6 (glucose).
percentage composition, i.e., mass percentage
Molecular Formula. It is a formula in which
of each element in the compound.
exact number of atoms of different elements are
Molecular Composition. It may be expressed present e.g., C6H6 is molecular formula of
in three ways: benzene.
(i) A formula giving the number of atoms of Molecular formula is integral multiple of
each type per molecule. empirical formula.
(ii) Mass of each element per mole of a
compound.
Steps to calculate Empirical and Molecular Limiting Reagent. The reactant which is
formulae: entirely consumed when a reaction goes to
1. Write name of elements in first column. completion. It is present in smaller amount than
2. Write percentage composition of element calculated by balanced chemical equation.
in front of it. Excess Reactant. The reactant which in not
3. Write atomic mass of element in third completely consumed in the reaction is called
column. excess reactant. It is present in larger amount
than calculated by balanced chemical equation.
4. Divide percentage with atomic weight to
get relative number of atoms (calculate upto Modes of Expressing Concentration of Solution:
2 places of decimal) Molarity (M) is defined as number of moles
5. Divide by least to get simplest ratio. of solute dissolved per litre of solution.
6. If we get any fraction such as 1.50, multiply WB 1000
M= ´
all by 2. If we get 1.33 or 1.66, multiply all M B Volume of solution in ml
by 3 to get simplest ratio. If we get 1.25,
multiply all by 4. Where WB is weight of solute, MB is molar mass
of solute.
7. Write empirical formula.
Mass Per cent. It is amount of solute present
8. Calculate empirical formula weight. in 100 g of solution.
9. Calculate
Wsolute
Molecular formula weight %= ´ 100
n= Wsolution
Empirical formula weight
Molality (m). Number of moles of the solute
Stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is derived from
per 1000 gram of the solvent.
Greek word stoichiometion = element and
matron = measure. It is the area of chemistry in WB 1000
m= ´
which quantities of reactants and products of a M B WA (g )
chemical reaction are determined, e.g.,
where WB is weight of solute, MB is molecular
N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) ¾ ¾
® 2NH 3 (g) weight of solute, WA is weight of solvent.
1 molecule 3 molecules 2 molecules Mole fraction of component. It is defined as
of nitrogen of hydrogen of ammonia
ratio of number of moles of component to the
total number of moles of all the components.
Multiplying the entire equation by 6.022 × 1023, e.g.
1 × 6.022 × 1023 + 3 × 6.022 × 1023 ¾ ¾ ®
23 nA
2 × 6.022 × 10 xA
nA nB
molecules of N2 molecules of H2 molecules of
NH3. nB
1 mole of N2 + 3 moles of H2 ¾ ¾ ® 2 moles and x B n n x A x B 1
A B
of NH3.
Strength of solution. It is defined as amount
Taking molar mass into consideration: of solute dissolved per litre of solution.
2 × 14 = 28 g of N2 + 3 × 2 = 6 g of H2 ¾ ¾
® Strength = M × Molecular wt.,
2 × 17 = 34 g of NH3. where M is molarity.
Volume of solute Gram atomic mass
% by strength = ´ 100 Mass of 1 atom =
Volume of solution 6.022 ´ 1023