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Modelling of Curves
Modelling of Curves
Modelling of Curves
• In addition, users become able to interpret any unexpected results they may encounter
from using a particular CAD/CAM system.
• Moreover, those who are involved in the decision-making process and evaluations of
CAD/CAM systems become equipped with better evaluation criteria.
Analytic
• Can be described by analytic equations
Parametric
• Ex: Line, Circle, Conics
• Simplify the computation
Synthetic
• Described by a set of data points (control points)
• Ex: Splines, Bezier Curves
• Provide designers with greater flexibility and control
P1 P P2
O x
The independence of the tangent vector from u
reflects the constant slope of the straight line.
To calculate P
O x
The line has the two endpoints P1 and P2 with u
values of 0 and 1 as discussed in the previous slide
The orientation of the ellipse in space can be defined by the unit vectors
• Products such as car bodies, ship hulls, airplane fuselage and wings, propeller blades,
shoe insoles and bottles are a few examples that require free-form, or synthetic, curves
and surfaces
• Applying BC’s
Simultaneously
Solving
Geometry vector
Hermite Matrix
• Similarly,
The Bezier curve is smoother than the cubic spline because it has
higher-order derivatives.
• They form the vertices of what is called the control or Bezier characteristic polygon
which uniquely defines the curve shape
C0 Continuity C1 Continuity
(Ensured by common point P4) (Tangent vectors are constant)
C1 Continuity requires that the last segment of the first polygon and the first segment of
the second polygon form a straight line (Points P3, P4 and P5 must be collinear).
ME-412 Dr. Anshul Sharma
PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF SYNTHETIC CURVES
Bezier Curve (Convex Hull Property)
A most desirable feature for any curve defined by a polygon such as the Bezier curve is
the convex hull property.
This property relates the curve to its characteristic polygon.
This is what guarantees that incremental changes in control point positions produce
intuitive geometric changes.
A curve is said to have the convex hull property if it lies entirely within the convex hull
defined by the polygon vertices.
Continuity:
ME-412
Dr. Anshul Sharma
PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF SYNTHETIC CURVES
B-Spline Curves (characteristics that are useful in design)
3. Increasing the degree of the curve tightens it. In general, the less the degree, the closer
the curve gets to the control points.
─ When k =1, a zero-degree curve results. The curve then becomes the control points
themselves.
─ When k = 2, the curve becomes the polygon segments themselves.
4. A second-degree curve is always tangent to the midpoints of all the internal polygon
segments. This is not the case for other degrees.
7. Increasing the degree of the curve makes it more difficult to control and to calculate
accurately. Therefore, a cubic B-spline is sufficient for a large number of applications.
ME-412 Dr. Anshul Sharma
PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF SYNTHETIC CURVES
B-Spline Curves (Closed or Periodic)
• The only difference between open and closed curves is in the choice of the knots and
the basic functions.
• Closed curves utilize periodic B-spline functions as their basis with knots at the integers.
• These basis functions are cyclic translates of a single canonical function with a period
(interval) of k for support.
• This cubic spline has k = 4 and n = 3. Eight knots are needed to calculate the B-spline functions.
using
• The range of u is 0 ≤ u ≤ 1.
Therefore,
Substituting N3,1
This equation is the same as the one for the Bezier curve. Thus the cubic B-spline curve
defined by four control points is identical to the cubic Bezier curve defined by the same points.
ME-412 Dr. Anshul Sharma