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The complete Animal Structure Practicum report with the title “Connective
Tissue” was made by:
Name : Nurul Hikmah Utami
ID : 220107511006
Class : ICP Biology Education
Group :4
having been examined and consulted by the Assistant and Assistant Coordinator,
this report has been accepted.

Makassar, March 2023

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Suhardi Aldi, S.Pd., M.Pd Rifka Almunawarah, S. Pd

ID. 220013301054

Known by,
Responsible Lecture

Dr. Drs. Adnan, M.S.

ID. 196502011988031003
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Connective tissue is the tissue that makes up most organs of the human
and animal body and plays an important role in providing structural support
and attaching organs together. The history of connective tissue began long
before modern humans appeared.
The evolutionary history of connective tissue began around 550 million
years ago, in the Ediacaran period, when the first living things began to
develop. Connective tissues initially consisted of individual cells united in
colonies, then became more organised and complex.
In the Paleozoic era, around 500 million years ago, organisms began to
develop rapidly, and connective tissues became increasingly diverse and
specialised. In this era, there were three main types of connective tissue: loose
connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and cartilage connective tissue.
During the Mesozoic era, around 250 million years ago, connective tissue
became increasingly complex and diverse, and there were many new types
such as fibrous connective tissue, elastic connective tissue and adipose
connective tissue.
In modern times, research into connective tissue continues and has led to a
better understanding of its function in the human and animal body. In general,
connective tissue has a very important role in providing structural support,
binding cells, and organs together, and providing resources to surrounding cells
and organs.
The history of connective tissue that has developed for thousands of years
is the basis for holding a connective tissue practicum. Connective tissue
practicum is a learning method carried out in the laboratory with the aim of
studying the structure, function, and characteristics of connective tissue.
In the connective tissue practicum, students will be given the opportunity
to observe connective tissues from various organisms, including humans,
 animals, and plants. Through this practicum, students can learn the differences
between loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue and elastic connective
tissue and recognise structural components such as cells, collagen fibres and
extracellular matrix.
In this case, the evolutionary history of connective tissues plays an
important role as understanding the history of connective tissues evolving over
time can help students to understand why connective tissues have different
structures and functions in different organisms.
Thus, the connective tissue practicum is very important in understanding
the role of connective tissue in the human and animal body, as well as helping
students understand the biological aspects of more complex bodies and
organisms.
Overall, the long and complex history of connective tissue is an important
basis for connective tissue practicum as one of the important learning methods
in biology. Through this practicum, students can learn the structure, function,
and characteristics of connective tissue and understand its important role in the
human and animal body.

B. Practicum Objective
This practicum consists of two parts, namely practicum in the form of
direct observation and practicum using finished preparations. After carrying
out practical activities, students are expected:
1. Identify and describe the structural characteristics of various types of
connective tissue from microscope observations.
2. Compare and contrast the structural features of various types of connective
tissue from microscope observations.
3. Comparing images of connective tissue from microscopic observations with
images of tissue from photomicrographs.
C. Practicum benefits
This practicum consistsh of two parts, namely practicum in the form of
direct observation and hpracticum using finished hpreparations. The benefits of
practicum are as follows:
1. In this practicum, students can directly observe connective tissue under a
microscope and learn the structural characteristics of various types of
connective tissue from microscope observations.
2. Students can compare the structural features of different types of connective
tissues and identify the differences between them. This will help students to
better understand the unique properties of each type of connective tissue.
3. In this practicum, students need to observe and analyse images of
connective tissue produced from the microscope and compare them with
photomicrographs of the tissue. This will help students to develop the
observation and analysis skills required in biology and other related
sciences.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE RIVIEW

Tissue is a group of cells that have the same shape and function. The science
that studies tissues is called Histology. Tissues in animals can be divided into 4
(four) groups (Astuti, 2022).
The phrase connect derives from the Latin word 'Connecture', meaning 'to
bond'. It develops from the mesenchyme, the intermediate layer of three
embryonic germ layers. Connective tissue is a type of tissue that supports and
connects other tissues and organs. The majority of the tissue is made up of
intercellular substance or matrix, whereas the rest of the tissue is made up of cells,
which are relatively small in number (Khan, 2015).
Meat is animal muscle made of very minute muscle fibres in the shape of
elongated cells joined by connective tissue, forming bundles of linkages that
discriminate between vascular fat and nerve veins in most meats. Meat is made up
of connective tissue made up of muscle fibers that are cylindrical in shape and
vary in diameter (Suwiti, 2015).
Connective tissue is tissue that binds and supports other tissues. Connective
tissue arises from mesenchymal tissue generated from the mesoderm's embryonal
layer (Astuti, 2022).
Except for some types of connective tissue in the head area, which come from
the neural crest, connective tissue is found throughout the body and originates
from the embryo's middle layer of mesoderm tissue (ectoderm). The mesoderm is
the genesis of mesenchymal cells. These cells have the ability to develop into
other types of cells or specific tissues (pluripotent characteristics), such as muscle
tissue specialized for contraction (Wangko, 2014).
Intercellular material and connective tissue cells are the two basic
components of connective tissue. Fixed cells and free cells (transient) are two
types of connective tissue cells, each with its own set of tasks.
Mesenchymal/peritoneal cells, fibroblasts, fat cells (adipocytes), mast cells, and
macrophages are fixed cell components, while plasma cells, lymphocytes,
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and macrophages are free cell
components (Astuti, 2022).
Clusters of young (immature) cells ending in -blasts are found in each type of
connective tissue, such as fibroblasts in loose connective tissue and thick
connective tissue, chondroblasts in cartilage tissue, and osteoblasts in bone
tissue (Palennari, 2016).
Connective tissue fibres are made up of matrix, and the fibres found in the
matrix are: (1) Collagen Fibres, which are made up of several parallel fibril
bundles. (2) Elastic Fibers Elastic fibers are made up of elastin protein and are
generated separately (not in bundles). They are yellow in color, larger but much
thinner than collagen fibers, and have a high degree of flexibility. (3) Reticular
fibers are made of collagen and vary in number, diameter, and fibril organization.
These fibers are thin and inelastic, and they branch out to form a fine network, or
reticulum, that supports soft organs like the liver and spleen. As a result, fibroblast
cells play an important part in the creation of connective tissue (Sumbayak, 2016).
The organization of the many components of connective tissue's intercellular
matrix is so varied that there are different types of connective tissue based on their
roles, such as:
a. Gluing, binding, or linking various cells or buildings in the body.
b. As a medium through which blood vessels pass to supply various foodstuffs in
the organs concerned and convey metabolic waste.
c. Defense of the body, as a site of immunological activity and a barrier to germ
transmission.
d. Tissue regeneration.
Connective tissue includes several different types of tissue, including cartilage
and bone, adipose tissue, blood, and bone marrow (Wangko, 2014).
The extracellular matrix of thick regular connective tissue has collagen fibers
organized in parallel with very little basic material. Dense irregular connective
tissue is identical to dense regular connective tissue, except that the collagen
fibers are not organized in a regular way. The perichondrium is a dense irregular
connective tissue that wraps around the cartilage tissue. Hyaline cartilage, elastin
cartilage, and fibrockartilage make up cartilage. Bone is a tough connective
structure. Bone tissue is divided into two types based on its structure: solid bone
tissue and spongy bone tissue. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood
cells, blood plasma, and blood keeping parts (Palennari, 2016).
 CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD

A. Tools and materials

1. Tools
a. Microscope (1 piece)
b. Preparation glass (1 pieces)
c. Stationery (1 set)
2. Materials
a. Leucocyte microslide
b. Mammalian set fibroblast preparation
c. Papillae dermins with mammalian skin preparation
d. Regular dense connective tissue with mammalian skin preparation
e. Mammalian tendon preparation
f. Adipose tissue preparation
g. Observation of hyaline cartilage with hyaline cartilage microslide
preparation
h. Observation of elastin cartilage on elastic cartilage ear mammalian
preparation
i. Osteogenesis or cartilage proliferation on osteogeneis preparation
j. Observation of compact bone with hard bone preparation.

B. Work procedures
1. Observation of tissue preparations from activity units 1 to 10 was carried
out.
2. The parts that you should observe are indicated by the photomicroscope
results for each unit of activity observed.
3. The description of the photomicroscope image is given by selecting the
answer provided. The description is used to give the name of the part in the
observation.
4. Object questions/descriptions are completed in each activity unit for the
ability to report observations by answering them.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result of experiment
Table 4.1 Observation of red blood cells using Human blood preparations

Observation picture Photomicrograph results Description

1. Cell form: Round

and flat.
2. Cell surface:
Sunken.
3. Core presence:
No core.

Table 4.2 Observation of connective tissue cells using mammalian fibroblast

cell preparation

Observation picture Photomicrograph results Description

1. Fibrocytes
2. Core
3. Collagen fibers

Table 4.3 Observation of loose connective tissue using mammalian skin

preparation

Observation picture Photomicrograph results Description

 1. Papillary dermis
2. Fibrocytes
3. Collagen fibers

Table 4.4 Observation of irregular dense connective tissue using mammalian

skin ts

Observation picture Photomicrograph results Description

1. Fibrocytes
2. Collagen fibers
3. Mesenchymal
cells
4. Elastic fibers

Table 4.5 Organised dense connective tissue observation using mammalian

tendon preparations

Observation picture Photomicrograph results Description

1. Fibrocytes
2. Collagen fibers
Table 4.6 Observation of hyaline cartilage using hyaline cartilage microslide
preparations

Observation picture Photomicrograph results Description

1. Cartilage cells
2. Perichondrion
3. Interterritorial
matrix
4. Territorial matrix
5. Lacuna

Table 4.7 Observation of elastin cartilage using elastic cartilage preparations of

mammalian ear

Observation picture Photomicrograph results Description

1. Cartilage cells
2. Lacuna
3. Elastic fibers
4. Territorial matrix

Table 4.8 Observation of osteogenesis

Observation picture Photomicrograph results Description

1. Cartilage cells
2. Lacuna
3. Territorial matrix
4. Elastic fibers
5. Interterritorial
matrix
 Table 4.9 Observation of compact bone using hard born preparations

Observation picture Photomicrograph results Description

1. Concentric
lamella
2. Outer
circumfrensial
lamella
3. Osteocyte
4. Deep
circumfrensial
lamella
5. Interstitial
lamella
6. Canaliculi
7. Havers chanel

B. Discussion
This experiment is titled "Epithelial Tissue". Connective tissue is a type of
tissue of the human body consisting of cells dispersed in a matrix or
extracellular material containing collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and related
substances. This experiment was conducted with the aim that students can
identify and describe the structural characteristics of various types of
connective tissue from microscope observations, compare the structural
characteristics of various types of connective tissue from microscope
observations, compare images of connective tissue from microscopic
observations with images of photomicrograph tissues.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells are frequently studied
using human blood preparations, which are microscopic preparations derived
from human blood (leukocytes). Red blood cells and white blood cells, which
are present in human blood, will therefore be seen when observing connective
tissue using preparations from human blood.
 Round and concave on both sides, like a coin, red blood cells have a
characteristic form. Red blood cells have a smooth exterior and an invisible
nucleus. White blood cells, on the other hand, come in a variety of forms. The
term "globular" refers to a variety of white blood cell types, including
lymphocytes and monocytes. Neutrophils and eosinophils are two examples of
white blood cells that feature numerous protrusions and tentacles. The nuclei of
white blood cells may be seen, and the cell walls are rough.
Nuclei, fibrocytes, and collagen fibers can all be seen when examining
connective tissue with mammalian fibroblast cell preparations.
These observations demonstrate the size and prominence of the nuclei in
the fibroblast cells. This shows that these cells are alive and well, and that they
are crucial to the synthesis of extracellular fibers like collagen. Also, we can
see that collagen fibers are positioned neatly and consistently all around the
fibroblast cells. This demonstrates that the fibroblast cells' ability to produce
collagen and create an effective and robust extracellular matrix is working
effectively.
The structure and constituents of connective tissue, particularly cartilage
cells, lacunae, territorial matrix, elastic fibers, and interterritorial matrix, can be
studied using osteogenesis preparations.
The presence of cartilage cells in lacunae inside the territorial matrix has
been observed utilizing osteogenesis preparations. Moreover, the connective
tissue matrix contains elastic fibers that give the tissue its elasticity. The
interterritorial matrix, which gives the tissue strength and stability, is also
visible between the connective tissue cells.
Overall, observations on connective tissue using human blood,
osteogenesis and fibroblast preparations can provide different information
depending on the type of connective tissue observed. However, generally these
observations can provide information on the cellular components and
extracellular matrix of different connective tissues, as well as the role and
function of connective tissue in the human body.
In observing connective tissue, there are important components that can be
observed, such as cells, extracellular matrix, and fibers. The information
obtained from observing connective tissue can provide a clearer picture of the
structure and function of connective tissue and help in research related to
diseases and disorders of connective tissue. Therefore, observing connective
tissue is very important in the fields of biology and medicine, and can help in
the development of therapies and treatments for diseases related to connective
tissue.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
The "Connective Tissue" practicum is an important practicum in biology
and medical study programmes that aims to introduce students to various types
of connective tissue and the structure and function of each of these tissues. In
this practicum, students observe three types of preparations each. On this
occasion, our group received human blood preparations, osteogenesis
preparations, and mammalian fibroblast cell preparations.
When studying human blood preparations, students can directly see the
structure of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets and learn the
function of each blood cell. Furthermore, in osteogenesis preparations, students
can directly see the structure of bone cells and extracellular matrix and learn
the function of bone tissue. Finally, in the mammalian fibroblast cell
preparation, students can see the structure of fibroblast cells and extracellular
matrix and learn the function of connective tissue.
In conclusion, the "Connective Tissue" practicum provides a more detailed
overview of the different types of connective tissues and the structure and
function of each. This practicum also introduces students to the technique of
observing preparations using a microscope, which is an important technique in
cellular observation. By understanding the structure and function of various
types of connective tissue, students are expected to have a deeper
understanding of the various types of diseases related to connective tissue and
how to treat them.
Therefore, the "Connective Tissue" practicum is a very important
practicum in biology and medical study programmes, which can help students
deepen their understanding of various types of connective tissue and their
applications in medicine. In addition, this practicum can also improve students'
ability to observe preparations and make accurate and structured observation
reports.
B. Suggestion
a. Practitioners should pay attention to each practical step well and understand
the function of each microscope component. Do not hesitate to ask the lab
assistant if there are unclear or are difficulties in using the microscope.
b. The lab assistant also needs to ensure that the practitioner understands the
instructions and can use the microscope correctly.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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