NCMB 311 (NURSING RESEARCH)

Transcriber: Gian Carlo C. Benito

NURSING RESEARCH  Healthcare delivery issues such as cost, quality and

 Result creates a strong scientific base for nursing.
RESEARCH FOCUS 21ST CENTURY
 To look again for something those things that are
existing but needs evidences for innovation or as
new knowledge.
 Results provide the foundation for practice decisions
and behavior.
 Results provide support for the quality and cost-
effectiveness of interventions.
access.
 Evidence base for practice
 Evidence research finding are being used for as
a basis for clinical decisions.
 EBP is defined as the process of systematically
finding or using research findings as a basis of
making decisions about nursing care

 A systemic inquiry that uses discipline methods to METHODS OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE IN NURSING
answer questions or solve a problem.
 Application of results demonstrates professional UNSTRUCTURED
accountability to insurers and healthcare
consumers.  No specific path.
 Tradition
 Generate knowledge in areas that indirectly affect
 Authority
the nursing care process.
 Intuition
 GOAL  Experience
 Develop, Refine, and Expand = the body of  Trial and Error
knowledge.
STRUCTURED
NURSING RESEARCH PURPOSE
 There is a specific path to acquire knowledge or
 Develop knowledge about health and promotion of evidence
health
 Inductive Reasoning and Deductive Reasoning (the
 over the full lifespan that is care for clients with
use of logic, logic helps decide whether something is
problems and disabilities.
true or false)
 Tool to prove the value of nursing in the society.
 Assembled Information
 Not just a tool to use and obtain knowledge in
 Problem Solving
our daily practice
 Scientific Method
 There is currently a lot of tool already being
used for nursing that is also being used VARIABLES
administratively.
 This is anything that can take on differing or varying
EVOLUTION OF NURSING values
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE: CRIMEAN WAR Independent (Cause)  Presumed cause
 Influences the dependent
 During this time period, nursing was not considered variable
important. Dependent (Effect)  Presumed effect
 Florence Nightingale made a thorough statistical  Primary interest
study of sanitation. Intervening (In  Time the independent variable
Between) that starts operating and
RESEARCH FOCUS 1900 TO 1940s influencing the dependent
variable.
 Nursing education, student characteristics, and
student satisfaction. COMPONENTS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS

RESEARCH FOCUS 1950 TO 1970s  Formulating the research question or problem.

 Defining the purpose of the study
 Teaching, administration, and curriculum issues.  Reviewing related literature
 Formulating hypothesis and defining variables
RESEARCH FOCUS 1980s
 Selecting the research design
 Selecting the population sample and setting
 More qualified researchers
 Conducting a p0lot study
 Widespread availability of computers for data
 Collecting the data
collection and analysis.
 Analyzing the data
 Qualitative studies
 Communicating conclusions
RESEARCH FOCUS 1990s
STUDY DESIGNS (YPES OF RESEARCH)
 BASED ON APPROACH
 A whole design including assumptions, process of
inquiry, type of data collected and measuring the
findings.
MIXED
 Convergent
 Explanatory
 Exploratory
 Embedded
QUALITATIVE
 Phenomenological
 Grounded
 Ethnological
 Historical
 Case studies
 Action Research
QUANTITATIVE
 Concerned with discovering facts about the
phenomena in numerical investigation.
 Based on measurement (objectivity, validity,
accuracy and precisions).
 Analyzed through numerical comparison and
statistical influences (a conclusion reached on a base
of evidence reasoning).
EXPERIMENTAL
 True experimental – M + R + C
 Quasi – M + R or C
 Pre-Experimental – M no R or C
 This contributes to the experimental approach:
 Manipulation – there is a variable, we are
looking for the cause and effect. E.g if a patient
came to ER with pain, A pain killer
(independent variable) or meds is given to the
client in pain (dependent variable). The study
here is we are going to gouge the effectivity of
the medication to treat pain.
 Randomization – there is a process of selection,
or assigning participants to treatment and
controlled group/population. Assuming that
each participant has an equal chance of being
assigned to any group.
 Control – an element that remains unchanged
or unaffected by other variables. There is a
certain group that you will exclude for you to
evaluate if your research is doing good (Valid or
True). E.G: the study aims to know if full
medications will be much faster, removing your
flu vs just leaving the flu and wait until it
subsides or go away.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
 The researchers will not manipulate, there is no
control.
 Descriptive – observe or describe the document.
 Correlation – interrelationship between variables of
interest without any active intervention.
 Developmental – examining a thing about a
particular time.
 Survey – collecting information/view for the subject
regarding opinion, and perception of data from a
subject.
BASED ON PURPOSE
 Basic Research
 Applied Research
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
 True Experimental – M + R + C (all are present, there
is manipulation, cause and effect, randomization and
control group).
 Quasi – M+R or C (there is always a M but either the
R or C is present.
 Pre-Experimental – M only, no R and C (you are still
in the beginning of the research.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
 No, manipulation, No control.
 Descriptive – obsessive, document, describe (ex: the
researchers would want to show the backpain of the
nurses in the ICU)
 Correlational – interrelationship among variables of
interest without any active intervention. There is
always a relationship between two things, here and
the researchers will examine the cause and effect
without giving any intervention or action (ex: the
researchers would want to know if there is a
correlation of backpain in nurses working in the
ICU)
 Developmental – examining a thing about a
particular time (eg: the researchers would want to
know the perception of nursing students about the
nursing profession during the COVID-19 pandemic).
 Survey – used to collect large amount of data
(expensive) and collecting information or view for
subject regarding opinion, perception or data from a
subject (eg: the researcher would want to know how
long the doctor takes to see the patient when they go
to the emergency room).
 Common Types of Survey: online, paper, mail,
telephone, in person, panel and focus group.
PURPOSE (BASED OR APPLIED)
BASED ON RESEARCH
 Commonly used by students
 Expand current knowledge
 Improving current knowledge or information
 Example: unhealthy lifestyle in a certain area
 Theoretical or exploratory in nature
 Looking for a related literature review to
support the research but there is no solution.
 Wider scope
  Example: effects of smoking in the adolescent
 Less associated with technology
 Predicts future phenomena
 Curiosity driven
APPLIED RESEARCH
 Commonly used by professionals
 Solves particular life problem
 Possible solutions for the problem
 Example: manpower problem because of you
are looking for solution.
 Practical in nature
 More specific scope
 Example: manpower. It is specific in 1
department or area.
 Associated with advancements of technology
 Creates solutions and preventive to future problems
 Example: bench mark for basis or reference
 Client driven
 Example: manpower problem – effect poor
patient care.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 In depth study of human behavior in the collection of
data, in a descriptive form.
 Language or subjective
 In words
 Concern with human behavior from informants
perspective (meaning, we collect information by
language/subjective).
 Assumes dynamic and negotiated reality (the
experiences of the participants)
 Data are reposted in the language format of the
informant).
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
 Examine the experience of the victim (grief or hope)
 The researcher will examine the experiences of the
victim, the victim will give information to the
researcher and the researcher examines.
 Ex: VA Experiences or Covid 19 Experience
ETHNOGRAPHICAL
 Learning to learn some culture by living with the
people to learn their culture.
 It provides framework for studying the meaning,
patterns and life experiences of the people in a
certain culture.
 Ex: immersion, a group of nursing students will have
their immersion in Malaysia. These students will
learn the culture of Malaysians and their experiences
(be specific on what culture you want to research
on).
GROUNDED THEORY
 Social process
 Developing a new theory after the examination of a
data with maybe a previous data in that topic that is
not yet available.
 The researcher is going to describe and understand
the key psychological and structural process that
occur in social setting.
 The researchers check the root of the problem to
create a new theory, based from the data from the
causes.
HISTORICAL
 Narrative description or analysis of events that
occupied in the past (related to hx).
 The researcher will collect past data and evaluate
the old data then makes a relationship of what
happens in the present and in the future.
 Ex: how did handwashing or hand hygiene started
and how does it affect the spread of infection then
and now.
CASE STUDIES
 In depth examination and analysis of people of
group of people in relation to nursing issues or
problems that improve the service.
 Very common
 Single topic/subject, group, institution or social unit
 Ex: ml, covid-19
ACTION RESEARCH
 Implementation of action to solve the problem then
checks the effect.
 Researchers checks the effect if valid or not.
 Ex: a problem in nursing intervention in critical care
setting in emergency resuscitation from various
practices and applies it to the healthcare setting
(ICU) and evaluates which is better.
 Cost effectiveness
 Pt Safe
 Improved pt care
MIXED RESEARCH
 Both data (qualitative and quantitative) are used.
 Integrated approach to answer a research question.
 Quantitative and qualitative research are mixed at a
data collection, data analysis and interpretation.
CONVERGENT
 The quantitative and qualitative data are collected at
the same time.
 Understand two data bases at the same time in the
study
 Analyze separately
EXPLENATORY
 The quantitative data is collected first before the
qualitative data.
 Qualities will be the backup for the quantitative.
EXPLORATORY
 The qualitative data is collected first followed by the
quantitative data.
  Use the quantitative data to help explain the
qualitative data.
 Quantitative will be the backup for the qualitative.

EMBEDED

 The secondary method (either quantitative or

qualitative) is nested within the predominant
method, which addresses different questions (as
backup).
 To address a different question that calls for a
different method.