1.

Called the "cradle of civilization" because it is where people first abandoned their nomadic way of life to build
permanent homes. Birthplace of writing, astronomy, a written legal code, places of worship, and inventions like the wheel.
Name means "land between 2 rivers". Originally south= Sumer, north=Akkad but unifies under Babylonians. Modern day
Iraq.
______MESOPOTAMIA__________________________________________________________
2. Root of civilization
______TEMPLE OF ERIDU_________________________________________________________
3. Builder of the cities/first flood + Ark, king of Uruk, first and best of heroes.
____3 THINGS GILGAMESH PRESENTED_____________________________________________
4. Written language of Mesopotamia developed by the Sumerians. Means "wedge shaped" because wedge shaped stylus
pressed into slab of soft clay to write. Other materials included stone and chisel, metal and chisel, and paint on glazed
terracotta. Developed from pictograms and spread to Persia and Egypt – only international script for centuries.
_____CUNEIFORM___________________________________________________________
5. God who gave Gilgamesh his power.
_____SHAMASH_______________________________________

1. Four (4) ethno cultural groups of Mesopotamia - Sumerians, Semitic people (Akkadians, Amorites), Indo-Europeans
(Luvians, Hittites), Hurrians
2. Environmental mistake of Sumerians - Did not find a balance between cultivation to support population, and protection
of the environment. Civilization ultimately destroyed their land.
3. Timeline of people - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians
4. Human emotion indicated by Sumerian art - Surprise - Wide eyes --> in the presence of god
5. Importance of river valleys - Steady source of water, fertile land, transportation (communication, trade)

1. Semitic chieftain Sargon conquers Sumerians and establishes capital at Akkad - uniting lower Mesopotamia.
a. Ziggurats c. Fertile Crescent
b. Akkadians d. Assyrians

2. One of most famous Ziggurats; destroyed and built several times with final restoration by Nebuchadnezzar. Once
completed, called one of the great wonders of the ancient world.
a. Garden of Eden c. Fertile Crescent
b. Tower of Babel d. Epic of Gilgamesh

3. Cross between checkers and dominoes

a. Garden of Eden c. Temple at Eridu

b. Game of Ur d. Timeline of people

4. Oldest religion for which written records exist. Polytheistic religion compromising of about 3600 gods and demigods.
Story of creation= by people for people - gods planned and created main components of universe then delegated these
components to 4 gods to rule. (God of heaven, air god, water god, earth goddess)
a. Akkadians c. Ziggurats
b. Assyrians d. Beliefs

5. Uruk, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyrian empire, Ancient Iran, Achaemenid Persia
a. Sumerian society c. Sumerian empire and Kings
b. Uruk d. Timeline of places/empires
Indigenous technologies are processes or products which are the results of studying indigenous science.
Medical Incubator - An apparatus used to maintain environmentalconditions suitable for a new-born baby.

German goldsmith, Johannes Gutenberg, invented the printing press around 1440. This invention was a result
of finding a way to improve the manual, tedious, and slow printing methods.
Turing Machine (Enigma M4 Cypher Machine) - Alan Turing, an English mathematician, was hired in 1936 by
the British top-secret Government Code and Cipher School at Bletchley Park to break the Enigma code.
Apple I Computer - In 1976 Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple Inc., developed the computer that made him
famous: the Apple I.