Summary Chart of Modals

Modals Uses Present/future Past

1 Request ( I / we) May I borrow your pen? -------------
2 Permission You may leave the room. -------------
May
3 Probability John may arrive soon at the library. He may have been at the library.
4 Conditional 1 If you do that she may be angry -------------
Might 1 Permission (Formal) Might I interrupt you,your majesty
Past Possibility ------------------- Helen might have forgotten
2 these keys
Should 1 Advice You should see a dentist. ---------------------
Ought to You should have done your
2 Criticism -------------------------------- homework last night.
1 Obligation I must/have to go to class today. I had to go to class yesterday
Must
Mary isn't in class. She must be sick. Mary must have been sick
Certainty yesterday.
Have to 2
Needn’t
Children needn’t/don’t have to fast I didn’t have to go to school
Don’t No Obigation
1 Ramadan. yesterday.
have to
Mustn’t 1 prohibition You mustn’t open that door. -------------
1 ability I can run fast. Could

2 possibility You can buy that book there

Can
3 permission You can use my car tomorrow. -------------
Can’t 4 polite request Can I borrow your pen? -------------

5 Impossibility Susan is crying. She can’t be happy. That can't have been true!
(Negative )
1 past ability ------------- I could run fast when I was a
Could child
2 polite request Could you help me? -------------
Couldn’t Could I borrow your pen?
3 Possibility Liza is late.She could be tired. The writer could have won
the Nobel Prize , but he didn’t
4 impossibility That couldn't be true! That couldn't have been true!
(negative )
1 polite request Would you mind passing the salt? -------------
would
2 Past Habit ----------------------- I would drink tea everyday
when I was younger.
1 polite Request Will you please pass the salt? -------------
Will 2 Promise I shall/will buy you an Ipad.

Shall Offer Shall I carry your luggage for you?

Suggestion Shall we visit Marrakch?
 Summary Chart of Modals
Modals Uses Present/future Past
1 Request ( I / we) May I borrow your pen? -------------
2 Permission You may leave the room. -------------
May
3 Probability John may arrive soon at the library. He may have been at the library.
4 Conditional 1 If you do that she may be angry -------------
Might 1 Permission (Formal) Might I interrupt you,your majesty
Past Possibility ------------------- Helen might have forgotten
2 these keys
Should 1 Advice You should see a dentist. ---------------------
Ought to You should have done your
2 Criticism -------------------------------- homework last night.
1 Obligation I must/have to go to class today. I had to go to class yesterday
Must
Mary isn't in class. She must be sick. Mary must have been sick
Certainty yesterday.
Have to 2
Needn’t
Children needn’t/don’t have to fast I didn’t have to go to school
Don’t No Obigation
1 Ramadan. yesterday.
have to
Mustn’t 1 prohibition You mustn’t open that door. -------------
1 ability I can run fast. Could

2 possibility You can buy that book there

Can
3 permission You can use my car tomorrow. -------------
Can’t 4 polite request Can I borrow your pen? -------------

5 Impossibility Susan is crying. She can’t be happy. That can't have been true!
(Negative )
1 past ability ------------- I could run fast when I was a
Could child
2 polite request Could you help me? -------------
Couldn’t Could I borrow your pen?
3 Possibility Liza is late.She could be tired. The writer could have won
the Nobel Prize , but he didn’t
4 impossibility That couldn't be true! That couldn't have been true!
(negative )
1 polite request Would you mind passing the salt? -------------
would
2 Past Habit ----------------------- I would drink tea everyday
when I was younger.
1 polite Request Will you please pass the salt? -------------
Will 2 Promise I shall/will buy you an Ipad.

Shall Offer Shall I carry your luggage for you?

Suggestion Shall we visit Marrakch?