Aldehyde, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

 Carbonyl compounds have a general formula Cn H2nO and contain a >C=O group which is present in

aldehydes as well as in ketones

 Structure of Carbonyl Compounds: In the carbonyl group both the carbon and oxygen atoms are in sp2
hybridised state.

 Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group

 Common naming
o The common names of most aldehydes are derived from the common names of the corresponding
carboxylic acids by replacing the ending –ic of acid with aldehyde
o The location of the substituent in the carbon chain is indicated by Greek letters α, β, γ, δ

 The common names of ketones are derived by naming two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl
group. The locations of substituents are indicated by Greek letters, α α′, β β′


 IUPAC Naming
 When the aldehyde group is attached to a ring, the suffix carbaldehyde is added after the full name of the
cycloalkane
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS-A
1

5 Write the structural formula of

1-phenylpentan- 1-one.
3-oxopentanal
3-methylbutanal.
4-chloropentan-2-one.
Write the IUPAC name of.
Ph – CH = CH – CHO
Preparation of Aldehydes

1. Oxidation of alcohols

a. Oxidation of primary alcohols gives aldehydes

 PCC (Pyridinium chloro-chromate in CH2 Cl2 ) and Collin’s reagent (CrO 3 /Pyridine) are used to get
aldehyde from 1° alcohol. These reagents do not attack the double bond.

 If acidified K2 Cr2 O7 or KMnO4 is used then aldehyde further oxidizes to give acid.

a. Oxidation of secondary alcohols gives a ketone

2° alcohol gives a ketone on oxidation by PCC, CrO3 /Pyridine, acidified K2 Cr2 O7 or KMnO4

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Name the reagents used in the following reactions:
a. Oxidation of a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid.
b. Oxidation of a primary alcohol to aldehyde.
c. Butan-2-ol to butan-2-one
d. Benzyl alcohol to Benzaldehyde
2 Complete the following
i

ii

iii

3 Give equations of the following reactions:

Oxidation of propan-1-ol with alkaline KMnO4 solution

4 A name type of alcohol does not oxidize

2. By Dehydrogenation of Alcohols
Dehydrogenation means the removal of hydrogen and the reagent used is heated copper OR SILVER AT 573 K or
300oc

Eg: Cu at 573 K is used for dehydrogenation. Write the isomers of C4H9-OH and treat the isomer with Cu at 573 K

3. From Hydrocarbons
4. Hydration of Alkynes
5. It is the addition of water in the presence of a heavy metal ion. Acetylene on hydration gives aldehyde while any
higher alkyne gives ketone

6. Ozonolysis: Ozonolysis of alkenes involves the addition of ozone molecule to alkene to form ozonide, and then
cleavage of the ozonide by Zn-H2O

7. Complete the following

a. b.

Convert the But-2-ene into ethanal

1. Write the structures of products of the following reactions