FASCISM

Brief Overview
Fascism, distinct from 19th-century
ideologies like liberalism, conservatism, and
socialism, was shaped by World War I and
its aftermath. The era's potent mix of war
and revolution gave rise to its two principal
manifestations in Italy and Germany. In
recent times, its ideologies have resurfaced,
adapting to contemporary challenges and
anxieties.
Fascism is a complex ideology, often more easily
defined by what it opposes than what it supports.
At its core, it champions a unified national
community, sidelining individualism in favor of
collective identity. The ideal fascist citizen is one
who is wholly dedicated to the nation, placing it
above personal desires or freedoms.
 Primary
Manifestations
Mussolini's Fascist Hitler's Nazi dictatorship in
dictatorship in Italy (1922-43). Germany (1933-45).

Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship in Italy, In Hitler's Nazi dictatorship in Germany, he

established in the 1920s, centralized power, enforced a regime marked by extreme
suppressed political opposition, and promoted racism, anti-Semitism, and territorial
extreme nationalism through propaganda and aggression, culminating in World War II
authoritarian measures. It ultimately collapsed in and the Holocaust.
1943 during World War II when Italy was invaded
by Allied forces, leading to Mussolini's arrest and
the end of his regime.
 The Core Tenets and
Oppositions of Fascism
Defined by
Fascist Ideal:
Opposition:

Anti-capitalism. The 'new man' - a hero driven by

Anti-liberalism. duty, honor, and self-sacrifice.
Anti-individualism. Prepared to dedicate his life to
Anti-communism. the nation or race.
Gives unquestioning obedience
to a supreme leader.
 Gentile's Proclamation:
"Everything for the state; nothing against the
state; nothing outside the state."
The State- State Supremacy:
The state is paramount in all aspects of life.
Centric Vision Individual identities and desires are
secondary, absorbed into the collective will

of Fascism of the state.

The Fascist Ideal:
Creation of the 'new man', a figure motivated
by duty, honor, and self-sacrifice.
This individual is prepared to dedicate his
entire existence to the glory of his nation or
race.
 Foundation on Racialism:
Nazism: A Nazism's unique identity is constructed
largely on racial ideologies.
Distinct Form
Core Theories of Nazism:
of Fascism a. Aryanism:
The belief in the German people as a
'master race', destined for world
domination.
b. Anti-Semitism:
Jews are portrayed as inherently evil.
This belief culminated in the 'Final
Solution', aiming for their eradication.

Differences from General Fascism:

While both share totalitarian and
nationalist tendencies, Nazism places a
heightened emphasis on racial purity and
hierarchy.
 Totalitarian State:
The state regulates all aspects of life deemed
politically relevant.

State Supremacy:
The state holds greater importance than the
individual.

Fundamental
Civil Institutions:
Their role in limiting state power is rejected.
Criticism of state laws by these institutions is

Principles of
discouraged.

Individual's Role:

Fascism Individuals derive purpose by psychologically

identifying with the state.
They are expected to devote themselves
entirely to state service.

Rejection of Equality:
Fascism does not advocate for universal rights
or opportunities.

Emphasis on Nationalism and/or Racism:

A strong focus on national identity, purity, and
in some cases, racial superiority.
 State Regulation:

The All-
The state oversees and regulates
any and all parts of life deemed to
be politically relevant.
Encompassing
No Outside Influence:
Fascist State There is no aspect of life that is
considered outside the purview or
control of the state.

State Officials' Discretion:

What is deemed relevant to politics
and thus subject to regulation is
determined by state officials.
 State Primacy:
The state is always prioritized and
The holds greater importance than
individual rights or desires.
Supremacy of
Absorption of Identity:
the State over Individual identity is subsumed, with
personal desires and identities
the Individual absorbed entirely into the collective
will and identity of the state.

The Fascist Ideal:

The individual is expected to be a
hero, driven by duty, honor, and self-
sacrifice, placing the state's interests
above personal ones.
 Limited Power:
Fascism rejects the idea that civil
Fascism's institutions should have a significant
role in limiting or checking the

View on Civil power of the state.

Institutions Criticism Discouraged:

Civil institutions are discouraged
from criticizing state laws or policies.

State's Dominance:
The state's interests and decisions
are paramount, with little to no room
for external checks and balances.
 Inherent Inequality:
Fascism does not recognize the

Fascism's
concept of universal rights or
opportunities for all.

Stance on Hierarchical Structures:

Society is often organized based on

Equality certain criteria, leading to

hierarchies that may be based on
race, nationality, or other factors.

State-Sanctioned Discrimination:
The state may actively promote or
enforce these hierarchies, leading to
systemic discrimination against
certain groups.
Fascism, with its emphasis on state dominance,
collective identity, and racial or national purity,
offers a distinct contrast to liberal democratic
values. Its emergence and evolution have been
shaped by historical events and societal anxieties.
As we study its manifestations and principles, it's
crucial to understand its impact on societies and
the dangers it can pose when unchecked.
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