Main Report for Experiment 1

Name : 이민우 Date : 20203.09.11

Objectives
◇ Convert binary or binary coded decimal (BCD) numbers to decimal.
◇ Construct a portion of a digital system that decodes a BCD number and displays
it on a seven-segment display.
◇ Determine experimentally the truth tables for the NAND, NOR, inverter gates,
OR and XOR.
◇ Use NAND and NOR gates to formulate other basic logic gates.

Data and Observations

1) Table 1
 Results of Table 1
It is 1 to 16 from the top left to the bottom right diagonal.
 2) Table 2
l Trouble number 1 ( LED for the C input is open )

Since the C input connected to the LED is open, the experiment should be
conducted with the C switch turned off.
 Results of table 2-1)
It is 1 to 16 from the top left to the bottom right diagonal.

l Trouble number 2 ( A input to 7447A is open )

When connected A of 7447A was opened, the input of A was always 1 signal by
the voltage source supplied through 7447A.
l Trouble number 3 (LAMP TEST is shorted to ground )

0-15 All lamps are illuminated for all cases. This means that 7 segments are
turned on when the lamp test is low.
l Trouble number 4 (Resistor connected to pin 15 of the 7447A is open )

The part corresponding to pin15 is f of 7 segments, but since pin 15 is opened,

only the f part is not light in all cases and is operating normally for the rest of
the area.
3) Table 3 – NAND gate
Measured
Inputs Output
Output
A B X Voltage

0 0 1.317V

0 1 1.281V

1 0 1.291V

1 1 0.6mV

0
4) Table 4 – NOR gate
Measured
Inputs Output
Output
A B X Voltage

0 0 3.129V

0 1 123.4mV

1 0 123.8mV

1 1 119.5mV

0
5) Table 5 – OR gate
Measured
Inputs Output
Output
A B X Voltage

0 0 0.3mV

0 1 3.065V

1 0 3.066V

1 1 3.066V

1
6) Table 6 – XOR gate
Measured
Inputs Output
Output
A B X Voltage

0 0 98.6mV

0 1 3.157V

1 0 3.157V

1 1 109.7mV

0
7) Table 7

Inputs Output Measured

Output
A X Voltage

0 4.40V

1 0.3mV

0
8) Table 8

Inputs Output Measured

Output
A X Voltage

0 3.122V

1 124.1mV

0
9) Table 9

Inputs Output Measured

Output

A X Voltage

0 0.6mV

1 4.41V

1
10) Table 10
Measured
Inputs Output
Output
A B X Voltage

0 0 142.4mV

0 1 0V

1 0 0V

1 1 3.088V

1
11) Table 11

Inputs Output Measured

Output
A B Voltage
X

0 0 0.4mV

0 1 4.42V

1 0 4.42V

1 1 4.42V

1
12) Table 12

Inputs Output Measured

Output
A B Voltage
X

0 0 121.5mV

0 1 3.079V

1 0 3.079V

1 1 3.066V

1
Further Investigation Results or Further Studies (Table 13)
Inputs Output Measured
Output
A B X
Voltage

0 0 3.597V

0 1 161.4mV

1 0 118.9mV

1 1 3.684V

1
conclusion
Using LTSPICE, the same results as those previously experimented could be
obtained. Even if the voltages of each result are different, only the 0 and 1 signals
need to be checked, so I could feel the convenience of binary.
1. Assume the switches in Fig. 4-5 are set for a binary 0111, but the display
shows a one. What are three possible causes for this error?

1) Resistor connected to pin 13 of the 7447A is open.

2) The + - of the diode connected to B, C is inserted in reverse

3) Both of B, C input to 7447A is connected to ground.

2. Looking at the possible causes for an error from Question 1, how would you go
about troubleshooting the problem?

1) If a of 7 segments is open, what should be output to 7 is output to 1.

Therefore, it is solved by inserting a properly.

2) If the diode is connected upside down, it is still open, so B and C are input as
zero signals. Therefore, it is solved by inserting B and C properly.

3) If both of B, C input to 7447A is connected to ground, the input of B,C is zero,

so 1 is output. It is solved by inserting a properly.

3. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of binary and BCD

Advantages of BCD
1) Similar to the decimal system we're using, so it's easy to read and write.
2) Implementation of hardware algorithms is simple because you only need one
converter corresponding to the number of digits.
3) It is easy to express decimal places. If decimal 0.2 is expressed in binary, it has
infinite decimal values, but if expressed in BCD, it can be simply expressed as
0.0010. BCD is used in calculators because of its floating point advantage.

Disadvantages of BCD
1) BCD code uses more bits because it uses only 0 to 9 and throws away 10 to 15.
So it's slower in terms of speed than binary.
2) Because the BCD code does not use 10 to 15, the computation in additional
subtraction is complicated

Advantages of binary
Currently, all computers use binaries that turn on/off electricity using transistors
to process only electrical signals 0 and 1, but if more than 3n numbers are used,
the electrical signal increases to n, increasing the amount of error, time, and cost.
So you can use binary to minimize the error.

Disadvantages of binary
The biggest disadvantage of binary numbers is that they are hard to read. Also,
takes a lot of digits to represent any reasonable number.
4. Convert each number shown into the other bases:

a. The decimal number 85 is equal to 221 in a certain other number system.

What is the base of the other system?

b. The decimal number 341 is equal to 245 in a certain other number system.
What is the base of the other system?
5. Look over the truth tables in your report.

a. What circuits did you find that are equivalent to a 2-input OR gate?
Table 11) and Table 12)

b. What circuits did you find that are equivalent to a 2-input AND gate?
Table 10)

c. What circuits did you find that are equivalent to inverters?

Table 7), Table 8)

6. An alarm circuit is needed to indicate that either the temperature or the

pressure in a batch process is too high. If either of the conditions is true, a
microswitch closes to ground, as shown in Figure below. The required output for
an LED is a LOW signal when the alarm condition is true. Jeongsoon thinks that
an OR gate is needed, but YangJu argues that an AND gate is needed. Who is
right and why?

Answer) YangJu is right (AND gate)

Temp 0, Pressure 0 -> Alarm 0

Temp 1, Pressure 0 -> Alarm 0
Temp 0, Pressure 1 -> Alarm 0
Temp 1, Pressure 1 -> Alarm 1

If either temp or pressure is a zero signal, an AND gate is required because the
output of the alarm is a zero signal.
7. Suppose you needed a 2-input NOR gate for a circuit, but all you have available
is a 7400 (quad 2-input NAND gate). Show how you could obtain the required NOR
function using the NAND gate. (Remember that equivalent truth tables imply
equivalent functions.)

Input

Output

Input Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0