Assoc. Prof. Dr.

ADRIATIK DERJAJ
University of Tirana, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Balkan and Slavic Languages Department

TURCO-ORIENTAL TERMINOLOGY AS PART OF THE ALBANIAN LEXICON

Abstract

With the expansion and deepening of knowledge in various sectors of knowledge and science,
the terminology of the relevant field has been expanded and further developed. The news of
science or technology, whether objects or concepts, need names that are as clear, meaningful and
unambiguous as possible, therefore in many of the special languages there is a need to expand
the lexicon of the field. To accomplish this, they generally use the same ways of word formation
as the common language.

Key words: terminology, Turkishism, Orientalism, professional speech.

Introduction
The set of lexical, morphological, phraseological and syntactic tools, which are conventionally
and consensually adapted by these individuals, serve to make communication between members
of a certain social group clearer, faster, more accurate and more effective. This is ensured by
realizing a more special, clearer communication and deprived of the ambiguity that often
characterizes ordinary speech, related to arguments belonging to a certain field. Professional
speech, the languages of various academic, scientific and technical disciplines, as well as all the
languages of communities that share any knowledge or any special activity in their
characteristics is to possess a clean and clear lexicon. Sometimes it is unknown and often
difficult to understand by individuals who do not belong to that field of study. Their study deals
with a special branch of applied linguistics, terminology, which is a formal discipline that
systematically studies concepts and their names, used in specialized languages of a science, a
technical field, a professional activity or a social group. This aims to standardize and systematize
the specialized lexicon in order to allow a better understanding and clarity of the messages that
individuals want to convey. According to Riediger's definition, terminology has the following
functions: to make a systematic description of terms belonging to clearly defined sectors, that is,
of words, locutions, expressions and symbols used in well-defined sectors, in one or more
languages; transmit and disseminate technical knowledge through the creation of coherent and
popular terminological resources, such as: terminological records, dictionaries and databases; to
define norms for the use of terms and to standardize their use in order to promote the continuous
transmission of specialized messages.
Terminology in Turkology and Oriental studies

Those who are "foreigners" in a particular sector of it, such as the case of Turkology and
Orientalism, are sometimes not able to communicate or understand correctly with those who
belong to that sector. The main reason is the presence to a large extent of the specialized lexicon
of the field, which creates difficulties in understanding, but also in the use of various technical
tools. Therefore, it is imperative that this lexicon be explained as clearly and precisely as
possible. For this reason, it is necessary to draw up a terminological dictionary of the explanatory
type of terms of the field, which would deal with the analysis and explanation of the terms used
in a certain sector of knowledge, implying by this the analysis of the wide use of internationally
accepted concepts, terms and expressions, in our case in the field of linguistics.
Briefly, we point out that linguistics, seen as the science of discourse, shares many notions and
terms with other sciences that deal with communication problems, such as neurology,
mathematics, psychology, philosophy, sociology, etc. From linguistics these concepts and terms
have been widely adopted and accepted in their specific uses and in their theoretical meanings.
The definitions of special terms do not fulfill only an informative function, but are almost always
connected to special research directions and are conceptualized in a problematic way. In our
country, two terminological dictionaries have been drawn up, one by the Academy of Sciences
entitled "Dictionary of Linguistic Terms" and the other by G. Belluscio & Sh. Rrokaj,
"Comparative Dictionary of Linguistics Terms", which constitute a fairly good flow, but they do
not contain terminological explanations of Turkology and Orientalism, therefore the necessity of
drafting an explanatory dictionary of these terms in the Albanian language, because a voice such
is missing in our philology.

Therefore, our research is an attempt to explain some terms from the field of Turkology-oriental
studies. We must emphasize that in the cases where these few presented terms have been
interfered with, it is intended to preserve the special characteristics that often reflect the original
processing or reworking that Albanian linguistic science has done and is doing to concepts
according to different linguistic theories.
After many years of work as a Turkologist, Tahir Dizdari has tried to give as complete a picture
as possible of the state of Turkisms in the Albanian language until the end of World War I. He
has traced other words, which could be equivalent to Turkisms or which were presented as such
by the lovers of the cultivated Albanian. At the same time, the author has taken care, when he
had the opportunity to define it, to note the region where a word is found, as well as to add
remarks about its use, that is, whether it is in living use, or has already become obsolete. With
such a view, I can say that in addition to the collection and handling of borrowings, T. Dizdari
has also brought another wealth within his dictionary, that is, for that part of the lexicon that he
has presented, this is also a dictionary of synonyms.
The case of Albanian borrowings from Turkish of the Ottoman period could not be an exception
to the universal rules and conditions of the penetration of words and expressions from one
language to another; the widest range of borrowings appears exactly on the lexicological plane.
If we were to take a cursory look at the typology of borrowings on the lexicological level, we
notice that the range of borrowings appears to be both extensive and diverse, affecting all spheres
of human life and activity. The reason is more than simple; unlike the case of English and Latin,
borrowings in the lexicological level of Albanian from Turkish during the Ottoman Empire
period is the result of the high degree of density and duration not only of linguistic contact
between languages, but also of vital contact between communities of speakers, which naturally
translates into a contact not simply and only between two societies, but also two cultures, docks
and customs. The inclusion of this last form of contact that the community of speakers of one
language has with a community of speakers of another language carries a major weight both in
the topological and typological direction of borrowings. In this direction, rigorously following
the method, principles and categories of linguistics of linguistic evidence, in our research, we
have tried to collect a good part of the borrowings that Albanian has had from the Turkish of the
Ottoman period, relying on the epic of the Kreshniks, which roughly dates back to the period of
the beginnings of linguistic contact between Albanian and to the Turkish in question, as well as
to the later literature, to that of the Beytezhians and to other literary works of the time, without
neglecting the spoken language, in which many words from the most diverse spheres of life have
managed to survive and of human activity, from clothing and kinship to culinary art and
toponymy.
We have provided the collected evidence organized according to the fields and spheres of life
and social organization, where the alphabetical order has been followed in each item, starting
first with giving the word in Albanian, which may have undergone quite a few morphological
changes from the source form , and then the corresponding infinitive in the Turkish of the
Ottoman period, accompanied by its infinitive in today's Albanian, in cases where it has been
replaced by a translation of the foreign word. In addition to this vital taxonomy, in this dictionary
we have included two grammatical categories; more specifically, verbs and adjectives, bearing in
mind not only the functions they cover in the layers of language as a system, but also the
importance that these two categories display in terms of the life of the language viewed as a
means of communication and expression. In this regard, their presence clearly shows the
instability of the ruling beliefs of 30-40 years ago, according to which the influences and
borrowings that a language can have from one or more other languages, only affect the category
of names and, in rarer cases, that of adjectives, but never that of verbs.
As far as the terminological level is concerned, our attention is focused on the identification of
the borrowings that Albanian has had from the Turkish of the Ottoman period in the level of
frozen structures: - locutions, terminological expressions and proverbs.
In principle, the identification of calques appears to be an easy undertaking, since in most cases it
is a question of some terminological structures that manage to penetrate from one language to
another as a result of a series of factors, mainly cultural and religious, almost always preserving
the form source of the relevant language, the "giving" language, the language of origin. Such are,
for example, tout court, coup de théâtre, mise en scène, grosso modo, a priori, a fortiori, a
posteriori, ad hoc, ex cathedra, ars poetica, etc.
The latter, on the one hand, appear more difficult to identify, while, on the other hand, being
translated, they have already been completely assimilated by the "receiver" language, thus being
stripped of any "foreign" element., to become part of the way of thinking of the community of
speakers of the receiving language. Precisely for this reason, we personally judge that they
cannot and should not be included in the group of loans.
As we said above, some attention has also been paid to the case of proverbs and proverbs. Their
identification appears difficult, of course, and methodologically requires, first of all, keeping in
mind the fact that this category of expressions is the fruit of a longlife experience, often a-
historical, "measurable" only with the psychic time of society. In this regard, we need to draw
attention to the fact that collective psychology is one of the elements that unites, rather than
separates or distinguishes people from each other, so much so that, rather than an element,
personally we are led to take the side of Carl Gustav Jung, who sees it more as a "period", not as
a phenomenon. In this respect, being often associated with an archetypal experience, the
proverbs and proverbs of one people show quite a bit of similarity with those of another people.
In addition, the difficulty also lies in the fact that such proverbs or proverbs are often translated
into the "receiver" language, thus becoming an inherent part of the expressive, life and
experiential baggage. In this regard, proverbs and proverbs that we have given as inscribed to the
phenomenon of influence or borrowing are mainly based on those local historical or cultural
elements, which, although secondary to the archetypal value of proverbs or proverbs as such,
help us to some extent to identify their source or origin. In this direction, while working with this
category of expressions, proverbs or proverbs, we have almost always focused on their antiquity,
for the evidence of which, for the first time in Albanian studies, works from the 13th century and
14th century.

We can say that we have two types of terminological structures from Turkish:
a) terminological expressions calculated for ordinary Albanian speakers who probably were
not able to reproduce whole phrases in Turkish, of the type "By asking you can find
Istanbul" (in Turkish we have "By asking you can find Baghdad" while in Oguz Turks we
have “By asking you can find the Kaaba), or the pot turned over and found the lid and;
b) b) special units, mainly non-first words, in the framework of deliberate efforts aimed at
replacing borrowings from Turkish. Clock repair, goldsmith, sales units belong to this
type. It should not be forgotten that in Albanian, in addition to the above-mentioned
calques, the Turkish words sahatçi, kujunxhi (less) and shop are still used. What draws
attention in the treatment that Albanian has done to Turkicisms is that in a very large
 number of cases, names in Turkish have served as a basis for constructing verbal
terminological expressions associated with the name.
1. Verb Noun 2. Turkish proverbs translated into
Albanian
Adet do adet Ag agça gere gün içün
Derman do dermaN White money is for black days
Kneeling, kneeling Anasın gör, gızın al, gıyısın gör, bezin al
Revenge I take revenge See the mother take the daughter, see the
Hizmet I do hizmet clothes take the son
Anger I get angry At yerine eşek bağlama
Kabul do Kabul Do not tie the donkey instead of the horse
Lanet do lanet Az söyle, uz söyle
Worry becomes worry Talk a little
Shopping do Shopping Beş parmag düz değildir
Fun, have fun Fingers are not the sameBinar başından
Ramadan keep Ramadan bulanar
Bribe I take bribes The fish stinks from the head
Sehir do sehir Bir taş ile iki kuş urulmaz
Greetings, I go to greetings You don't kill two birds with one stone
Sevap do sevap Bir kişinin adı çıkacağına canı çıksın
Thanks do Thanks Better to let the soul out than the words

3. Turkish terminological structure 4. Phraseology with an oriental element

Başını kaşıyacak vakti olmamak Afion – afyon – afion
I don't have time to scratch my head It became very yellow

Cebi delik Beano (Aheng) – ahenk – sound, music,

Perforated pocket harmony
Wedding without a party. Work that lacks the
Diken üstünde oturmak main thing.
To sit on thorns
Cot (Ahur)– ahır – closed place for cattle
Eli uzun Cattle trough, dirty place
He has a long hand; burglar
It has become a cradle, the place is dirty
Göze batmak He has a bad heart is mean;
It caught my eye
Scorpion (Akrep) – akrep – akrep
Kızım sana söylüyorum gelinim sen dinle It became a scorpion it follows me and does
I told the girl, the bride heard you – knock not go away
on the verge the door will hear
Tool (Alet-et) – alet – tool, unit
Kulağına küpe olmak With tools in his belt, ready for any occasion
 Earring in the ear
Parmağı ağızında kalmak
Remained with his finger in his mouth
Söz bir kulağından girip öbür kulağından
çıkmak
It goes in one ear, out from the other
Drudgery (Angari) – angarya – weight,
burden, excess
It caused me excess work he charged me as a
job that is not for me to do
Love (Ashkë) – aşk – aşık, love, dear
With the love of the heart with great
desire; with afsh, with fire

He has affection, he has a blood relationship

with someone, he has something inherited
from someone.

References

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