7 Ethical choices

unit at a glance PRONUNCIATION: will

THEME: READING: Leather from a lab
VOCABULARY: TED TALK: Leather and meat without killing animals.
LISTENING:
SPEAKING:
PRESENTATION SKILLS:
WRITING:
GRAMMAR: will

WaRM uP 7.1 It’s better for the

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environment

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ethical

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VOcaBulaRY

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7.1
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Question 1
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grown naturally ... without ... any special chemicals

Organic
gr
eo
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na

Question 2
Answers
io
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Question 3
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Pronunciation
How important to them is the product’s price, quality,
reputation and whether or not it’s ethically produced? 2a
7.2 intonation

vegetarian meat

vegetarian –
meat

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 2b Transcript
7.3 One of the things I really love about cooking is that it’s such
a universal experience. Food is how the vast majority of us
interact with our resources.
I worked as a fisherman in Africa, off the coast of Essaouira,
and the sardine fishermen were out there, and until this point,
seafood had just been delivered as if by magic. But here, in
this village, in this ages-old tradition, here is men and women
who are casting nets into the sea in hopes of catching dinner –
not dollars. Environmentalism, at its root, is a human concern.
Answers Environmentalism is so often thought of as this distant idea –
this whale that we need to save in some distant ocean far
away. But dinner is full-contact environmentalism.

Answer

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4

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7.4

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Intonation in questions with options

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TEaching TiP

hi
ap

Answers
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5
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Do you buy farmed fish or wild fish more often?

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na

listening
3
io

7.4
at

sustainable
N

sPeaking
6
7.5

Optional step necessarily

Answer

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 Extra activity ▶

▶
Your views on organic food

7.2 What does the

future hold?
7
gRaMMaR will
fair enough 1
7.6 prediction

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will

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consumption

Sensitivity when talking about buying choices Le

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hi
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Optional step
TEaching TiP

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eo

Answers
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na

2
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8 21st centuRY OutcOMes

7.7
at

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the to decrease

environment and the circumstances and conditions
N

increase population
affecting it, particularly as relates to air, climate, land,
food, energy, water and ecosystems
increase decrease

always often sometimes occasionally rarely

never

Optional step

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Ethical choices

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 Transcript
Answers to Grammar summary exercises
Interviewer: Thank you for talking to us. So, we know that
today, people around the world are eating more meat 1
than ever before. Do you think this trend will continue in
the future?
Expert: Yes, I do. We can be pretty sure about this. First 2
of all, the world’s population is increasing. Every day,
there are around 228,000 more people on the planet!
So, by 2050, we think that the population of the world
will increase by about 35 per cent. And, of course,
the demand for meat will increase as the population
increases. But also, in developing countries, people are
becoming richer. By 2050, many more people will be
able to buy meat regularly. We think there will be a 100 4
per cent increase in demand for meat from developing
7.7
countries.

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So when you take the two together – the global

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population growth and the increased demand from

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developing countries – it means that, in the next 30

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years, there will be a huge rise in the number of people
demanding meat. The big question is, however, will

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we be able to produce enough meat for the increased
Answers
demand? In my opinion, it won’t be easy.
c
Answers
hi

5
ap

3
gr

will won’t
will won’t
eo

Answers
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contracted form
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language fOcus
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7.8
at

won’t əʊ definitely probably

N

will by in

by up until this point in the future

in after this period of
time has passed

Answers

to

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 Answers to Grammar summary exercises Pronunciation will
1 9a
7.10

will
will

Transcript
1 It’ll be hotter and drier in some places.
2 2 We’ll need to save water.
3 Wet places will get wetter.
4 Some plants will grow well.
5 Will the weather change?

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6 Yes, I’m sure it will.

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ni
Answer
Will

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7

9b
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c
7.10
hi
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will
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Answers will
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will
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na

sPeaking
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10 21st centuRY OutcOMes

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Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of society’s

8
N

impact on the natural world (e.g. population growth,

7.9 population development, resource consumption rate, etc.)
habit
will won’t

will won’t

Answers
won’t
will

be Answers

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 11

definitely
probably might
might

Answers
▶

▶
will
understanding process
4

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ni
7.3 A kinder way

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Reading
1
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c
Answers
hi

Optional step
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wallet boots belt Extra activity

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2 Describing processes
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Optional step
will
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na

Optional step
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first, then, after that, finally

at
N

Answer

understanding details
3
7.11

biofabrication bio
biological fabrication

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 understanding vocabulary 2
5 slide

7.2

lab Suggested answer

laboratory
layer ˈ ɪə efficient ɪˈ ɪʃ ə

Answers
3
7.12

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6

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concerned

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I’d

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▶ Le
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Transcript
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Leather and meat

7.4 I’m convinced that in 30 years, when we look back on today
and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals to
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without killing animals make our hamburgers and our handbags, we’ll see this as
being wasteful and indeed crazy. Did you know that today
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we maintain a global herd of 60 billion animals to provide our

meat, dairy, eggs and leather goods? And over the next few
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decades, as the world’s population expands to ten billion, this

1 will need to nearly double to 100 billion animals.
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na

But maintaining this herd takes a major toll on our planet.

Animals are not just raw materials. They’re living beings, and
already our livestock is one of the largest users of land, fresh
io

7.3
water, and one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases,
at

which drive climate change. On top of this, when you get so

many animals so close together, it creates a breeding ground
N

for disease and opportunities for harm and abuse. Clearly,

we cannot continue on this path which puts the environment,
public health and food security at risk. There is another way, ...

tissues ˈ ɪʃ ː slaughter ˈ ɔː ə Answers

humane ːˈ ɪ

Answers 4
7.13

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 Answers

Transcript
There is another way, because essentially, animal products
Paraphrasing
are just collections of tissues, and right now we breed and
raise highly complex animals only to create products that are
made of relatively simple tissues. What if, instead of starting paraphrase
with a complex and sentient animal, we started with what
the tissues are made of, the basic unit of life, the cell? This is
biofabrication, where cells themselves can be used to grow
biological products like tissues and organs.
[…] And we should begin by reimagining leather. I emphasize

TEaching TiP
leather because it is so widely used. It is beautiful, and it
has long been a part of our history. Growing leather is also
technically simpler than growing other animal products

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like meat. It mainly uses one cell type, and it is largely two- It’s just like normal
leather because it is made from the same cells

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dimensional.
It can have all

ni
Answers the characteristics of leather because it is made of

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the same cells It’s just like
It can have all the characteristics of

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5
7.14
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hi
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scar
cRitical tHinking
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eo
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Transcript
And so I’m very excited to show you, for the first time, the first
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batch of our cultured leather, fresh from the lab. This is real,
genuine leather, without the animal sacrifice. It can have all the
at

characteristics of leather because it is made of the same cells,

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and better yet, there is no hair to remove, no scars or insect’s VOcaBulaRY in cOntext
bites, and no waste. This leather can be grown in the shape
of a wallet, a handbag or a car seat. It is not limited to the
7
irregular shape of a cow or an alligator. 7.15

And because we make this material, we grow this leather from

the ground up, we can control its properties in very interesting
ways. This piece of leather is a mere seven tissue layers thick,
and as you can see, it is nearly transparent. And this leather is
21 layers thick and quite opaque. You don’t have that kind of
fine control with conventional leather.
[…] We can design new materials, new products and new
facilities. We need to move past just killing animals as a
resource to something more civilized and evolved. Perhaps we
are ready for something literally and figuratively more cultured.
Thank you.

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 Transcript and subtitles PResentatiOn skills
1 I’m convinced that in 30 years, when we look back on today
and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals to make
9
our hamburgers and our handbags, we’ll see this as being
7.16
wasteful and indeed crazy
If you are convinced about something, you feel ______ about it. plain
a happy
b sure
c sad
2 Did you know that today we maintain a global herd of 60
billion animals to provide our meat, dairy, eggs and leather
goods?
What are goods?
a objects we make to sell
b interesting objects
c high quality objects

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3 Animals are not just raw materials. They’re living beings …

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Which is an example of a raw material?

ni
a wood Optional step

ar
b leather
c a handbag

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4 On top of this, when you get so many animals so close Did you know ... ?
together, it creates a breeding ground for disease…
What does on top of this mean?
c
a in addition
hi

b however
ap

c in other words
Answers
5 We can design new materials, new products and new
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facilities.
Which is an example of facilities?
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10
a some easy exercises
7.17
b your legs and arms
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c modern buildings with good equipment

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Answers
na
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8 Optional step
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convinced facilities
N

Answers

▶
definitely probably might 7.2

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 7.5 Looking ahead
cOMMunicate Optional step
1 21st centuRY OutcOMes
Use a wide range of idea-creation techniques (such as
brainstorming)
Extra activity

Peer feedback on slides

perception

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WRiting

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4

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optimistic

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pessimistic

2
c
hi
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Optional step
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eo
G

Answers
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▶
io
at

3
N

acknowledge

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