INFORMATION ABOUT SHINKAWA WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE STUDY OF LAHAR DETECTION

 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK PROPOSAL
 COMPONENTS OF A SEISMIC STATION
 CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE INSTALLATION OF A WIRELESS NETWORK FOR SEISMIC
EVENT AND LAHAR MONITORING
 INFORMATION ABOUT EXISTING TRANSMISSION NETWORKS USED BY THE GEOPHYSICAL
INSTITUTE
 INFORMATION ABOUT ACOUSTIC SEISMIC SENSORS USED BY THE GEOPHYSICAL
INSTITUTE
 INFORMATION ABOUT LAHAR DETECTOR SENSORS
 INCLINOMETERS
 ACCELEROGRAPHS
 INFORMATION ABOUT CARD AND EQUIPMENT FOR DATA ACQUISITION USED BY THE
GEOPHYSICAL INSTITUTE

BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE STUDY OF LAHAR DETECTION

For the detection of Lahars, the Geophysical Institute has carried out multiple investigations for
the development of detection techniques, in order to be able to predict an event of this nature
and issue an early warning to the population and avoid disasters.

One of the first implemented detection methods used cables that crossed the gorges, so that
when a lahar occurs the cable breaks causing an interruption to the circuit and the emission of a
warning signal. The problem with this method is that the cable can break for other reasons and
not specifically as a result of a lahar.

Another technique recently developed is the installation of several high frequency seismic stations
around the riverbed that identify the duration and frequency produced by the passage of a lahar.
A series of seismic stations are required for its functioning, each one with its own radio
transmitter, which implies the use of individual power sources and expensive maintenance. In
addition, stations equipped with video cameras for visual monitoring were developed; their use
implies considerable energy consumption for the equipment required for its operation.

The Geophysical Institute is currently studying the possible operation of a lahar monitoring system
(Mud and Debris Flow) by stations that have an array of sensors (L-10AR geophones)
interconnected by cable (Figure), from which the information is acquired. This system requires the
use of an external wiring with lines for each sensor, each one located at a specific distance. This
demands a complicated installation and high power consumption as well as maintenance.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK PROPOSAL

The Geophysical Institute possesses several networks of seismic stations around the Cotopaxi
Volcano. Below is used the example of one of the networks, on which the wireless sensor network
for lahar detection would be apply, as

INTERCONNECTION

The interconnection that would be made between the Nano Zark device and Zark II X8 at a seismic
station is shown below.
COMPONENTS OF A SEISMIC STATION

A seismic station basically consists of a power supply system for equipment like sensors, and the
system of information transmission over a radio link in the 902 and 928MHz band, as shown in the
figure below.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE INSTALLATION OF A WIRELESS NETWORK FOR SEISMIC EVENT AND
LAHAR MONITORING

 To detect lahars, a monitoring with a distance of around 1 km between the sensors and a
seismic station is required.
 The installation area of the monitoring equipment presents obstacles to obtain a suitable
line of sight.
 The installation area of the monitoring equipment presents adverse weather conditions
with humidity, rain, wind and dust.
INFORMATION ABOUT EXISTING TRANSMISSION NETWORKS USED BY THE GEOPHYSICAL
INSTITUTE

Fiber Optic Transmission

Thanks to the collaboration of CELEC-TRANSELECTRIC, the Geophysical Institute has 20 nodes

distributed throughout the country, for data transmission by Optical Fiber. Each node has a
capacity of one E1. In addition, there is a fiber link that connects the IG to the CELEC-
TRANSELECTRIC matrix with a capacity of 1 STM1. Through this network, 48 monitoring stations
are transmitted.

Transmission through the microwave core network

Since 2011, the Geophysical Institute has its own microwave transmission network that covers the
central region of the Ecuadorian Andes with 9 links and an extension to the East established in
2014 with 2 additional links. Since 2015 there are 10 additional links to the coast. Currently, 47
monitoring stations are being transmitted and 27 more stations will be broadcast soon.

Transmission by satellite network

Since 2013, 15 stations have been installed throughout the country with a main transmission node
and a backup node. This network aims to be the backup in case of disasters that would prevent all
kinds of communications, so it involves the stations located on the edge of Ecuador. 25 monitoring
stations are transmitted by this means.

Transmission by Spread Spectrum technology

This form of transmission is used as a complement to last-mile links to the main nodes of fiber
optic, microwave and satellite networks, forming local networks that include stations, repeater
stations and reception points. For this purpose, Spread Spectrum radios are used in the unlicensed
band of 900 MHz, with a range of up to 90 km in line of sight and a capacity of 154 kbps. It has
two types of interfaces, Ethernet and RS-232. Antennas for these networks are designed and built
on the IGEPN. 35 networks have been deployed with this technology.

Long-range Wi-Fi streaming

This type of transmission was implemented for exclusive monitoring of Tungurahua and Cotopaxi
stations within a Japanese cooperation project. The transmission network is composed of 10
stations and 8 repeater stations, additionally assisting the transmission of 6 volcanic monitoring
stations. The radios operate in the unlicensed band of 5.4 – 5.7 Ghz, with a range of up to 48 Km
and a capacity of 108 Mbps.

Analog transmission in UHF

This type of transmission was the first implemented in the Geophysical Institute and still works
today with radios in bands licensed in UHF, with a range of up to 200 Km, and power of up to 2 W,
these radios work transmitting a carrier on the audio frequencies. Currently, 26 seismic stations
are broadcast.

Webcasting

Some stations in the country are far from the transmission nodes of the Geophysical Institute, so
to obtain real-time data has resorted to the Internet service of the different locations where the
stations are located and this is achieved through public IPs. The stations that use this means of
transmission are 16, almost all of them geodesic monitoring.

Voice transmission

This network is of vital importance for verbal communication with staff working outside the offices
of the Geophysical Institute when performing field work and maintenance of all instrumentation,
so it has voice repeater at strategic points for access with portable radios and with links between
these repeater stations , to have full communication within the network coverage area. It has 8
repeater stations in the UHF band, two base stations and 12 links in the frequency of 5.8 Ghz

More Information: https://www.igepn.edu.ec/redes-de-transmision

ACOUSTIC SEISMIC SENSOR INFORMATION USED BY THE GEOPHYSICAL INSTITUTE

Lennartz LE-3D/5s

It is a high sensitivity negative feedback sensor whose characteristic period is 5 seconds in the 3-
component version. It is also very compact, portable, robust and reliable (low need for re-
calibration).

Equipment details:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1GypW4co7KbbVo3cmZNbk50c1U/edit?resourcekey=0-
rk_wF2Xp-0KFAO8c-yQJQg

Sercel L4C-3D

The L4C-3D seismometer works at a frequency of 1 Hz in 3 components: vertical, horizontal north-

south, horizontal east-west with a sensitivity of 171volts/meters/second and a gain of 32.

Equipment details:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1GypW4co7KbeUp2VVc4MU5JYXc/edit?resourcekey=0-
DjYLS-WBYa9ZFbR8MrP8Qw

Sercel L4C

The seismometer has the same characteristics and housing of the L4C-3D, the difference is that it
has a single vertical component.
Equipment details:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1GypW4co7KbVXZaM3BsclctMkU/edit?resourcekey=0-
5DX7UB2B-nE3cOrYMnnUUA

Martec MB2005

A microbarometer is a sensor capable of measuring the infrasonid pressure in the atmosphere

(frequency band < 20Hz). The sensitive part is a vacuum barometric capsule made of a Durinval
alloy. The displacement of the sensor, LVDT (Linear variable differential transformer) together with
a low noise electronics, measures the deformation of the barometric capsule in the face of
changes in atmospheric pressure. Measurements are taken in an extended frequency range from
continuous signal to a few tens of Hertz. The sensor displacement unit of the aneroid barometer of
each microbarometer is calibrated in temperature to minimize the effects.

It is presented as a cylinder of 15 cm in diameter and 32 cm in height.

Equipment details:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByrGvYfRkX4iME96ZFE0cUlBT0k/view?resourcekey=0-
khcmirNqP_1vsdPWtfD8MQ

Guralp CMG-3ESP

The CMG-3ESP compact is a three-axis (tri-axial) seismometer that is composed of three sensors
within a light housing, which can measure the north/south, east/west and vertical components of
soil movement simultaneously. This sensor is sensitive to earth vibrations at frequencies in a range
of 0.003 – 50 Hz. Due to this wide response range it is conventionally used in seismic and volcanic
observatories.

Equipment details: https://www.guralp.com/documents/MAN-C3E-0001.pdf

Guralp CMG-40T

The CMG-40T is an ultra-light seismometer, which is composed of three sensors on a sealed cover,
which can measure the north/south, east/west and vertical components of the earth's motion
simultaneously. The 40T has a strong and waterproof design; it is built in stainless steel. This
sensor can provide a flat response at speeds, at frequencies from 50 Hz to 0.1 Hz.

Equipment details: https://www.guralp.com/documents/MAN-040-0001.pdf

Trillium 120P

The Trillium 120P is a compact and portable broadband sensor that offers superior performance
over a wide temperature range with a very low level of instrumental noise. These characteristics
make this sensor ideal for studies of local, regional and telesism earthquakes, in sśimicos and
volcanic observatories. Additionally, it has low power consumption and is able to provide reliable
data in a temperature range of +/- 45 °C, without the need to re-center it.

Equipment details:

https://www.nanometrics.ca/products/seismometers/trillium-120-posthole

Nanometrics Trillium Compact

The Trillium Compact combines the superior performance of a broadband seismic sensor with
geophone installation facilities. It is only 5.04 inches (12.80 cm) tall and does not require blocking
or centering mass. This sensor is easy to install and minimizes site preparation and associated
costs.

Equipment details: https://www.nanometrics.ca/products/seismometers/trillium-compact

Reftek 151B

The 151B is a broadband seismometer, available with frequencies between 0.0083 Hz – 50 Hz. The
151B contains three independent sensors (one vertical and two horizontal). It is characterized by
low instrumental noise, a long dynamic range and easy installation and use. This equipment is
ideal for local, regional and global system studies, in different facilities and configurations.

Equipment details: https://www.reftek.com/product/151b

Streckeisen STS-2

The STS-2 seismometer is a three-component broadband sensor that can accurately record
changes in earth's motion (speed) in the frequency range between 0.01Hz – 50 Hz.

Equipment details:

https://www.passcal.nmt.edu/content/instrumentation/sensors/broadband-sensors/sts-2-
bb-sensor

INFORMATION FROM LAHAR DETECTOR SENSORS

Sercel L-10AR

The geophone is a sensor that provides us with information about the movement of the soil. The
sensor has the ability to provide accurate data for seismic requirements, consistent quality and
robust operation in the field. The geophone is low cost and waterproof.

Equipment details:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1GypW4co7KbQ3pTSVhqZVl5eXc/edit?resourcekey=0-
F5KPHJxTPAd2knZW7kCoEQ

IGEPN V.2 card

The detection of lahars is based on a system that monitors and analyzes: the amplitude and
frequency of the earth caused by vibrations at the passage of mud flow in real time. It consists of a
microcontroller that samples the amplitude and frequency provided by the analog/digital
converter that takes the signal from the sensor, if it exceeds a threshold level, at low frequency, it
sends an alert message to the base station (every minute), otherwise it remains at its normal
mode of operation. The data acquired by the system helps to issue early warnings to people in
high-risk areas.

Accelerograph

Guralp CMG-5TDE

Equipment designed to measure the accelerations of the place of displacement as a function of

time, when strong sismos are generated, in addition to the analysis of the effect of site and
structures. This type of instrument has an internal memory of 8 GB of storage and also with real-
time data transmission.

Equipment details:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1GypW4co7KbX2xWMlFpWWEzVGM/edit?resourcekey=
0-iIWN8oT4e1vEp6BjSAzfmQ

Reftek 130 – SMA

Equipment designed to measure the accelerations of the place of displacement as a function of

time, when strong earthquakes are generated, in addition to the analysis of the effect of site and
structures. This type of instrument has 2 disks of 8 GB each of storage and also with real-time data
transmission.

Equipment details:

https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0902/6558/files/130-SMHR-SMA-Front-
Back.pdf?1268368647068904326

INCLINOMETERS

IG-EPN TILT V1

The TILT is a digitizer, low cost and low energy consumption. Designed to acquire high-quality data
in real time and then transmit it from remote sites. It consists of three channels (tangential, radial,
temperature). The information can be displayed on LCD. The data, after being acquired, is
transmitted to a data center, through the RS-232 interface connected to a radius.

Additional information:

• Sigma-Delta 24-bit Digital Analog Converter.

• Battery level reading.
 • Single-ended input mode configuration.
• Frame Format: Point to Point Protocol.
• Data transmission time: 5 sec, 1 min, 05 min, 10 min.
• Station identifier: 00-16 stations.
• Firmware update: In Circuit Serial Programming.

Applied Geomechanics 701-2

Biaxial inclinometric sensor. Inside the equipment includes two inclinometric sensors parallel to
the sides of the right angle of the base plate. Includes temperature sensor. The sensors and the
electronic part are mounted in a robust waterproof housing.

This model can switch gain configurations and pass filters that give a wide range of measurement
options. Used to measure deformation in active volcanoes.

Equipment details:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1GypW4co7KbUEctd3l6UERVUzg/edit?resourcekey=0-
R3Pj2GgtGul4VCqZdKMy0Q

Applied Geomechanics LILY

Borehole inclinometric sensor, self-leveling, designed for volcanic and tectonic research.

The two-axis inclinometer sensations angular movements in two orthogonal vertical planes using
the electrolytic precision of inclinometric sensors. It is 2 inches in diameter.

Digital electronics convert the tilt signals to a data frame with inclination, azimuth, temperature,
serial number and time to be sent through the RS-485 interface.

This sensor can be self-leveled by a command within a range of +/- 10° and has <5 nanoradianes
resolution over a dynamic range of +/- 330 microradianes.

Equipment details:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1GypW4co7KbQ1ZEZXhhaXN3aDQ/edit?resourcekey=0-
j4ysdyINM1TkvECWlYz_9A

CARD AND EQUIPMENT INFORMATION FOR DATA ACQUISITION USED BY THE GEOPHYSICAL
INSTITUTE

VCO (VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR)

A VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator), is an electronic card, which performs the function of varying
the oscillation frequency, according to the different variations of input voltage, when there is a
seismic stimulus the masses within the sensor vary and this movement becomes an electrical
signal, on the order of μV , which enters the VCO card, to be amplified and cause the frequency
variation, in addition this card is connected to a radio transmitter, and later in reception the
source signal (carrier) will be discriminated in the same frequency of Oscillation of the VCO and
extracted the seismic signal by means of an analog signal processing.

Digitizer Guralp CMG-CD24

The CD24 is a compact, efficient and multi-purpose digitizer. It has three 24-bit differential inputs
and 8 low-speed inputs. Key Features:

• Analog-digital 24-bit sigma-delta convertors

• Low power: 1W 10V-28V DC <
• Low weight and waterproof
• Multiple and configurable exit reasons.

Equipment details: https://www.guralp.com/documents/MAN-C24-0001.pdf

Digitizer Kinemetrics Quanterra Q330

The Q330 is an advanced, low-cost, low-power digitizer. It consists of 3 or 6 channels, a GPS

receiver, energy converter, sensor control and a module for telemetry management.

Geotech Smart-24 Digitizer

The Smart-24 is a low-power digitizer, designed to acquire high-quality data in real time and then
transmit it from remote sites. The data, after being acquired, is transmitted via TCP/IP over a serial
or ethernet port connected to a data center.

Equipment details: http://www.geoinstr.com/pub/manuals/smart24um.pdf

Reftek RT130 digitizer

The RT130 is a 3- or 6-channel high-resolution digitizer. It has low power consumption and is
highly configurable for a wide range of applications and sensors. It is located inside a plastic cover,
which gives it waterproof protection. It has internal memories that allow it to store data, being
able to save and transmit data in real time using telemetry based on ethernet or serially.

Agecodagis Kephren digitizer

Kephren is a multipurpose, low-power digitizer. The wide range of capabilities and extremely
flexible parameterization make it useful for most applications:

• High-resolution seismic study based on real-time data transmission

• onitoreo of works of ingienería (plants, buildings, etc.)
• Noise measurements in urban places.
• Permanent monitoring stations of volcanic and seismological observatories