Different Applications of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

Different Applications of
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
1
INTRODUCTION
Energy strategies are a global focus. The supply of traditional fossil energy is
becoming increasingly intense, and the applied proportion of new energy in the
power system is gradually increasing each year. The solutions to improving the
utility and efficiency of fossil energy, achieving energy conservation and emission
reduction, reducing the impact of renewable energies such as solar and wind
energy on the power system due to the characteristics of intermittency, instability,
and uncontrollability, and realizing energy diversification have become important
issues for energy security and economically sustainable development around the
world. At present, an energy internet consisting of renewable energy, networking,
and energy storage technology is considered the major way to solve the
aforementioned problems and utilize energy in the future[1].
2
INTRODUCTION
Firstly, energy storage technology can effectively solve the grid integration
problems of new energies such as solar and wind energy, avoiding the situation of
abandoning wind and light; thus, new energy can be effectively utilized. Secondly,
by installing energy storage in the procedures of generation, transmission,
distribution, and utilization, the combined centralization and distribution of the grid
can be accomplished to improve operating efficiency and safety among the whole
power system. Furthermore, tight integration between energy storage and
informatization will establish the energy internet’s intelligent scheduling system,
supported by electricity storage. Due to the aforementioned reasons, we can
actually realize the electric economy[1].
3
INTRODUCTION
The subfield of energy storage that applies to the power system mainly consists of
renewable energy storage access, grid peak-load shifting, frequency regulation,
and distributed microgrid energy storage. From the market’s point of view, when
measuring the value of energy storage, besides direct earning under the various
applicative models, investors are much more interested in the integrated value of
energy storage in the system, which includes reducing equipment investment,
decreasing operating costs, and improving the efficiency of power generation and
utilization. Besides, open power transactions will also increase the competitiveness
of the energy storage market. Constructing the systematic economic model in
different modes by the experience accumulation of the operational demonstration
project on energy storage and accelerating industrial development by promoting
the formulation of industrial policies are fairly important[1].
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INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1. Energy storage technology comparison considering rated power, discharge time and suitable applications[3]
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INTRODUCTION
Fig.2. Schematic of applications of electricity storage for generation, transmission, distribution, and end
customers and future smart grid that integrates with intermittent renewables and plug-in hybrid vehicles
through two-way digital communications between loads and generation or distribution grids[4].
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FLOW BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE
FOR THE POWER GRID
 Functions of Flow Battery Energy Storage in the Power Grid [1]
 Strengthening the Peak-Load Regulation Capacity of the Power Grid :The ability of VFB-ESSs to
track load changes is outstanding. By making full use of the duel characteristics of peak-load regulation,
we can reduce the peak-load Regulating rate, optimize the operational conditions, lengthen the life of
thermal units, and reduce the fuel consumption of thermal power plants. As a result, battery energy
storage is a peak-load regulating power source of the most feasible and shortest construction
period and is excellent at adjusting the grid power source structure and remitting the peak-load
regulating pressure[1].
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FOR THE POWER GRID
 Improving the Power Supply Reliability of the Grid: The battery ESS has quick charge
and discharge reactions, is outstanding at both charging and discharging transformations
and climbing speed, and can quickly release and absorb active and reactive power
within tens of milliseconds, regulating the grid frequency and voltage within the area
of the substation’s power supply, thereby improving the power quality. Frequency
regulation, voltage regulation, and the reaction ability of the ESS are the fastest and most
flexible measures in power systems to date, strongly ensuring the stability of the voltage and
frequency. The battery ESS can compensate for the rapid fluctuations of load in the
supplying area, eliminate the fluctuations, and effectively regulate the grid frequency
and voltage. The ESS can work as an emergency reserve power source for major loads in a
region or city, while acting as the grid’s auxiliary black start power source, so as to greatly
improve the power supply reliability[1].
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FOR THE POWER GRID
 Delaying the Capacity Expansion Construction of Transmission Lines, Reducing Investment,
Increasing Revenue: For substations whose load supply is approaching capacity and is predicted to
exceed the maximum limit, installing an ESS will remit the supplied pressure for several years without the
need for constructing a new substation or adding transmission lines. Assuming there is a 12 MW
substation with a maximum load of 11.85 MW, with the expected load to increase at the rate of 2% the
following year to reach 12.087 MW, in order to avoid overload operations and ensure safe supply, it is
necessary to expand the capacity of transmission lines.
Calculated as a 33% increase in capacity, the substation needs to increase by 4 MW, so that the total
capacity can reach 16 MW. However, adding an ESS on the distribution side of the substation will also
solve the problem[1].
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FLOW BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE FOR THE
DISTRIBUTION LEVEL
Applications may differ on the size of the system and their location in the grid. Decentralized energy storage systems
may go up to 1 MW of rated power, suitable for uninterrupted power supply and some grid support functions,
whereas bulk storage systems may provide both grid support and large scale energy management. At distribution
level, the main functions can be characterized as follows [1]:
 Capacity support: a storage unit is used to shift load from peak to base load periods to reduce maximum currents
flowing though constrained grid assets.
 Dynamic, local voltage control: Distributed Energy Storage Systems (DESS) may help to maintain the voltage
profile within admissible contractual/regulatory limits. In distribution grids, voltage support can rely both on
reactive power (made possible for DESS by power electronics) and active power modulations. The main benefit
derives from the deferral of distribution upgrades that would otherwise be necessary to meet the voltage level
requirements.
 Frequency regulation: storage systems may compensate fast and effectively variations in frequency caused by
load fluctuation, thus helping to maintain values within admissible contractual/ regulatory limits.
 Contingency grid support: performing capacity/voltage support to reduce the impacts of the loss of a major grid
component. They might as well be useful in emergency situation, for example after loss of a major component of
the distribution grid.
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DISTRIBUTION LEVEL
 Intentional islanding: it consists in using DESS to energise a non-loopable feeder during an outage
where DESS is used as voltage source. Technically it’s an option, even though generally prohibited,
especially in Europe.
 Distribution power quality: with storage, the Distribution System Operator (DSO) can maintain the
voltage profile within acceptable limits, which increases the quality of supply (less probability of
black out or interruptions).
 Limitation of upstream disturbances: DSOs have a network access contract with one or more TSOs,
and must therefore limit the disturbances they cause in upstream HV grids to contractual values. If
these limits are exceeded, some types of advanced storage systems can help to comply with these
commitments by performing active filtering.
 End-user peak shaving: energy storage can be used by customers such as industrial users for peak
shaving in order to minimize the part of their invoice that varies according to their highest power
demand. Such a service might be profitable if the peaks are sufficiently predictable and of relatively
short duration.
 Continuity of energy supply: a storage device is able to substitute the network in case of interruption;
this service is important for critical services and used today at small localized level[1].
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DISTRIBUTION LEVEL
 Limitation of upstream disturbances: the customer’s contract with a given DSO may account for the
limitation of disturbances; the storage can help them to comply with their commitments.
 Compensation of the reactive power: a DESS, via the power electronics converter, is able to locally
compensate for the reactive power[1].
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FOR MICROGRIDS
 Functions of Flow Battery Energy Storage in Microgrids[1]
 Peak-Load Regulation: Energy storage facilities can store power during troughs as load and release it
during peaks as a power source. As a result, to a certain degree, it decreases the difference between
peaks and troughs, optimizes the grid’s load characteristics, and achieves the load transfer of the power
system. The application of an energy storage facility reduces the demand on the systematic reserve
capacity, the requirement for peak- load regulating units and frequency regulating units, the loss and
wastage of systematic transmission lines, and the thermal units’ participation in peak-load regulation, as
well as improving the generating efficiency.
 Improving Power Quality: Energy storage facilities improve grid power quality through their quick
response characteristics and improve systematic voltage stability; they can also be used to provide
reserves for the grid system in the aspect of peak-load regulation, frequency regulation, and phase
regulation.
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FOR MICROGRIDS
 Suppressing Grid Vibrations: Wide-area access energy storage devices of a large enough capacity
and fast enough reaction speed in different positions on the grid can quickly absorb or release power if
the system breaks down or suffers disturbances, which reduces and eliminates the impact on the grid
and quickly recovers the stable state of the system by shortening the transient process after eliminating
the vibrations. Above all, it can improve the reliability of the systematic operation.
 Delaying Distribution Network Upgrades, Reducing Cost: As the grid’s load increases, transmission
lines should be upgraded or added. Traditional measures include upgrading or adding substation
transformers and transmission lines. The cost of planning, adding to, and expanding the grid is fairly
high, especially in crowded cities where perhaps no line corridors exist. Equipping an ESS can delay the
investment pressure caused by upgrades to transmission lines and distribution networks[1].
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FOR MICROGRIDS
 Improving Power Quality: ESSs combined with electronic power technology reduce the
harmonic distortion on the load side of the power supply system. Highly efficient active power
regulation and reactive control of imbalanced power in the quick balance system, caused by various
factors, can eliminate voltage vibrations, smooth and steady the load bus voltage, ensure the users’
voltage waveform smoothness, and effectively improve the power supply quality.
 Economic Time-Sharing Electricity Utilization: Through using energy storage devices, users can
independently choose the time they receive power from or feedback power to the grid. Utilizing the
difference between peak and trough prices, we can achieve economic benefits as well as improve the
load characteristics of the grid[1].
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FOR MICROGRIDS
 Reserve Power Source: Energy storage devices provide uninterrupted and high-quality power for every user.
Their safety and reliability has been much improved, and blackout frequency, times, and losses have been
sharply decreased.
 Lower Basic Electric Charge: At present, most influential domestic electricity users are given a two-part
pricing tariff, including an electrical degree charge and a basic electric charge. The basic electric charge
means a fixed charge for electricity costs, calculated by the total capacity of users’ transformers or the
maximum demand capacity[1].
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Redox-Flow-Battery Application in Wind
Power Plant
By installing a flow battery energy storage system (FB-ESS) in a wind power generation system, combining
the FB-ESS with wind power output forecasts, and utilizing its fast regulating capacity, the fluctuation of
wind power output can be smoothed and compensated for in a timely and effective manner, so as to provide
an efficient solution to the reliable access of large-scale wind power[1].
 Function of Flow Battery Energy Storage in Wind Power Generation[1]:
 Improving the Stability of Wind Power Generation : By utilizing an FB-ESS to rapidly absorb and
release reactive and active power, we can improve the power balance of wind power systems, maintain
the stability of the system voltage, frequency, and power angle, improve the quality of wind power and
system stability, ensure a persistent and stable power supply for the grid, and greatly improve the grid’s
acceptance capacity for wind power.
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Power Plant
 Smoothing the Power Output of Wind Power: Depositing the FB-ESS inside the wind
farm can smooth the active power output, reducing the fluctuations of power and
frequency during wind power integration, thus reducing the impact on the grid when the
wind speed changes quickly, so as to meet the stipulations of the grid access standards.
 Realizing the Tracking Generation Scheme:
 Coordinating the generation prediction: Installing a chemical energy system inside the
wind power farm can reduce prediction errors, thus improving the tracking generation
scheme by absorbing or releasing power in coordination with the wind power output,
optimizing the output according to the output curve predicted by the wind power farm.
 Meeting the demand of power grid dispatching: A wind power farm installed with an ESS
sets the dispatch interface for the power grid dispatching center, which is convenient and
flexible for information interaction with the remote terminal unit of the power grid and the
data acquisition and monitoring control system, and acceptable to the power grid
dispatching automation monitoring and control system, so that remote communication,
remote sensing, remote control, and remote setting can be achieved[1].
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Power Plant
 Peak-Load Regulation and Wind-Abandoning Reduction: Deploying an FB-ESS inside the wind
power farm reduces wind abandonment and eases the peak load–regulation pressure on the grid. This improves
the economical operation of the wind farm and the ability to consume wind power by storing redundant wind
power when it cannot be consumed or during electricity troughs and releases the power during electricity peaks.
If there is a peak-load power price on the power generation side, the power earnings can also be improved[1].
 Participating in the Frequency Regulation Control of Wind Power Systems: In order to achieve
the active real-time power balance of the system, and to guarantee the quality of the power and the stability of
the system, it is necessary to set up a spinning reserve whose capacity is almost equal to the wind power. FB-
ESSs are far better than traditional thermal power– generating units in the aspect of reactive speed and
regulating accuracy, so they can effectively ensure the real-time and accurate regulation of wind farm output. To
meet the demands of frequency regulation in the integration of wind power, the power capacity of the FB-ESS
that needs to be installed is just 10%–20% of the wind farm’s rated installed capacity. ESSs are mainly located
at the wind power source, removing the need for large-scale electric expansion and interdistrict dispatching, so
they can reduce investments in infrastructure, reduce power transmission losses, significantly decrease the
number of frequency regulation tasks untaken by the thermal power units, reduce the operational losses caused
by the thermal power units, and reduce CO2 emissions[1].
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Power Plant
 Improving the Low-Voltage Crossing Ability of Wind Power Systems: When the power grid breaks
down, the FB-ESS can absorb the active power that cannot be sent out by the fast active response
utility. Meanwhile, the FB-ESS constantly and stably provides contained reactive power to the grid and
helps voltage recovery, to develop the low-voltage ride-through capacity of the wind power farm[1].
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2
TYPICAL CASE STUDIES
 Design and comparison of three different possibilities to connect a vanadium-redox-flow-battery to a wind
power plant[2]
In this study to obtain battery voltage, current and power, a battery model is introduced. Design criteria
for designing AC-filters and power-transformers as well as for two different DC/DC-converters are
summarized and presented. According to the presented guidelines, three different basic possibilities for
the design of the ECS are compared to each other. For each connection possibility, we examine the
usage of different numbers of battery stacks in series.
Energy conversion systems design

The Energy Conversion System (ECS) has to adapt the battery stack voltage to the AC-voltage of the
WPP-inverter or its DC-link voltage.
There are three different topologies use to connect a VRFB to wind power plant.
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 Topology A [2]
Topology A uses an AC/DC-converter to convert the low
battery stack voltage into a low three-phase AC-voltage. A
power-transformer adapts the voltage level to the AC-bus of
the WPP. Three and five battery stacks are used in series
and several AC/DC-converters are connected to one power
transformer. This topology shown in Fig.3
Fig.3. Topology
A[2]
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 Topology B [2]
In Topology B, a buck/boost-converter (BB) rises the battery stack

voltage before the AC/DC-converter converts it into a three-phase AC-
voltage. A power-transformer adapts the voltage level to the WPP AC-
bus, if necessary. The higher DC-link voltage lowers the AC-currents the
power-transformer has to deal with. The topology is shown in Fig4.
Strings of one, three and five battery stacks are used in series and
several AC/DC-converters are connected to one power transformer. By
using five battery stacks in series it is possible for the buck/boost-
converter to reach a DC-voltage that is high enough for a direct
conversion into a 400 V-AC-system. In that case, no Power transformer
is necessary anymore.
Fig.4. Topology
B[2]
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 Topology C [2]
The most complex topology is to use a dual active bridge (DAB) DC/DC-
converter to adapt the battery stack voltage to a 600-V-DC-bus. The bus voltage
allows a direct conversion of the DC-voltage into 400-V-AC-voltage via a three
phase AC/DC-converter. Strings of one, three and five battery stacks are used. A
power transformer is not necessary, see Fig5.
The usage of the DAB and the usage of a five battery stack string in combination
with the buck/boost-converter allow a direct connection of the BESS to the DC-
bus of the WPP, as 600 V are assumed to be the minimal reasonable DC-link
voltage for a multi-MW-plant.
Fig.5. Topology C
[2]
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 Smart grid energy storage controller for frequency regulation and peak shaving, using a vanadium redox flow
battery[3]
Storage systems have been seen as a great potential to provide ancillary services, potentially replacing
spinning reserves, or regulation services for voltage and frequency. Thus far, many technologies have been
studied for different purposes, and these can be divided in five categories: Chemical (Hydrogen and
Synthetic Natural Gas), Electrical (Capacitors and Super Conducting Magnetics) Electrochemical (lead–
acid, Na–S, Ni–Cd, Li-ion, and flow batteries Vanadium, Za–Br), Mechanical (Flywheels, compressed air,
Pumped hydro) and Thermal (ex: Heat, Molten salt). In the group of ancillary services provided in the open
market management of the grid, the frequency regulation service has been identified as the highest priority.
Traditionally frequency regulation is mainly provided by ramping (up and/or down) of generation assets.
Electricity storage has the capability of providing this service by acting in milliseconds. Electrochemical
storage technologies offer a possibility to mitigate the drawbacks caused by RES and load variability with a
number of applications, such as power quality improvement, peak load management or voltage and
frequency control.
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Fig. 6 presents a storage system and its control logic, containing the power regulator subsystem and current
loops subsystem. A VRFB is connected to an average-model type of voltage source converter to represent
the power-electronic switches[3].
Fig.6. Distribution grid model with grid VRFB system implemented[3].
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 Application of Flow Battery in Marine Current Turbine System for Daily Power Management[5]
Predictable tidal current resources make marine current turbine (MCT) generation system highly attractive
as an electricity supply source for coastal areas and remote islands. However, the tidal speed varies
greatly due to the flood and ebb tides during one day period. This results large mismatch between MCT
produced power and grid-side (or load-side) demanded power. This study focuses on a grid-connected
MCT system and proposes using vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) energy storage system to manage
the combined output power and to follow grid-side demand on a daily basis. The diesel generator (DG)
system is considered as a backup power supply source in case of low battery state of charge (SoC) caused
by losses during long-time battery operation.
Fiog.7. General scheme for a grid-

connected MCT system with BESS[5].
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 MCT WITH FLOW BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE
MCT and BESS are considered to provide grid demand power during one day.
Fig.8. Control scheme of the BESS side

DC/DC converter[5].
The MCT produced power varies greatly during one day period due to the variations
of the tidal current speed. The vanadium redox flow battery is proposed to enable
the MCT to provide demanded power to the grid. The grid demand reflects the load
variation during one day. The battery model is developed considering various battery
losses. The diesel generator is sized enough to supply the grid and restore the
battery[5].
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 Impacts of Distributed Generation with Energy Storage on the Power Grid Economics and Costs[6]
This paper discusses the impact on net present cost and levelized cost of energy of
integrating battery energy storage system (BESS) to the grid, with the Ubin microgrid used
as a case study. The Ubin microgrid is not connect to the Singapore’s main grid, utilizes
distributed generation such as Solar PV and diesel gensets to meet load demand and has a
960kWh lead acid BESS. Using the simulation software HOMER, it was found that the cost
effectiveness of BESS was sensitive to diesel prices. A microgrid without BESS was found
to be more cost effective at current diesel pump prices. However, with a 20% increase in
diesel price, the existing microgrid (Solar-Diesel-BESS) had a lower net present cost and
levelized cost of energy. Furthermore, the battery serves other purposes, such as supplying
peak loads and providing backup power in the case of generator downtimes. The existing
lead acid BESS was then compared to lithium-ion and vanadium redox flow technologies. It
was found that vanadium redox flow BESS was the cheapest option of the three and while
lithium-ion was the most expensive option.
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Fig.9. A Schematic Diagram of Ubin Microgrid[6].
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 Vanadium redox flow batteries application to electric buses propulsion: Performance analysis of hybrid energy
storage system[7]
VRFB are energy storage systems suitable for stationary and potentially for transport applications.
Specifically, they can be of interest in the case of fleet electrification in urban areas, operating for long
daily time and over limited routes.
Pulverized energy-dense solid electrode materials such as LiCoO2 and LiFePO4 can be suspended in a
flow able slurry, which is then circulated like a liquid-soluble electrolyte (Fig.11). Due to the high molar
concentration of lithium in the solid materials (for instance about 51.2 M for LiCoO2 and 22.8 M for
LiFePO4, compared to about 1.6 M for vanadium species in conventional vanadium redox flow batteries),
such flow batteries allow high volumetric energy density (about 580Wh L_1 have been achieved). Thus,
redox flow batteries may find applications even in portable electronics and electric vehicles[31].
Fig.10. A redox flow battery with solid particle suspension as flowing

media[31]
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LiFePO4-VRFB hybrid system has been sized in order to cover the nominal load (about 70 kW) by
means of the VRFB pack, while a small lithium-ion battery pack intervenes to achieve peak power
demand, or rather when the required load is greater than the VRFB maximum available power (e.g. the
electric bus approaches a climb or it is in starting phase). This strategy has been chosen to limit the
weight of the VRFB stack (excluding the electrolyte), considering that, as explained above, the sizing has
been approached to have the same overall onboard weight of System 2 (1620 kg). Consequently,
considering 170 kg for the 70 kW VRFB stack (according to an innovative lightweight design including
the implementation of composite polymer bipolar plates) and auxiliary components (e.g. piping), about
1350 kg and 100 kg were considered respectively for the VRFB electrolyte and the auxiliary LiFePO4
pack. For what above, regarding the VRFB pack, design constraints have been the nominal power and
voltage of 70 kW and 476 V (consistent with the values of the conventional system)[7].
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Fig.11. Hybrid system model (Hybrid storage system composed by LiFePO4 and VRFB battery packs)
layout[7].
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 Operational Experience of 5 kW/5 kWh All-Vanadium Flow Batteries in Photovoltaic Grid Applications[8]
The purpose of this work was to analyse and characterize the behavior of a 5 kW/5 kWh vanadium
battery integrated in an experimental facility with all the auxiliary equipment and determine
whether it would be possible to ascertain the most appropriate application for storage of electricity
in photovoltaic (PV) grid applications. The battery has been in operation for 9–10 months. During
this time the battery has achieve a full cycle eciency of approximately 65%. A slight reduction in
eciency is the result of the constant auxiliary power consumption from pumps amounting to 8–9%
of rated power, meanwhile the stack is quite ecient showing a cycle eciency of 73%.The operation
of the pumps has been adjusted to fix the current density applied together with the state of charge
in order to reduce unnecessary consumption related to the energy required for pumping. According
to the results obtained, the intended improvement in global eciency for the system has not been
achieved by this proposed strategy. However, the flow factor evolution selected at this stage needs
further optimization in order to establish a trade-o between the concentration overpotential and a
detrimental loss in energy due to pumping. Therefore, one should be able to improve system
performance through a better configuration of flow factors in order to reach total system eciencies
of 70–75% required for achieving a commercially viable product.
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Fig.12. 5 kW all‐vanadium
RFB[8]
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 Power and Energy Control Strategies for a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery and Wind Farm Combined
System[9]
The paper aims at describing two different control strategies for a combined system
composed by a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery and a wind farm. The focus is then devoted
to the description of the two controllers, which task is to grant the desired power output at
the point of connection of the system to the main network. The two control strategies
called respectively Power Control and Energy Control are analyzed and their effectiveness
is tested.
Fig.13. Whole System Layout[9].
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 Optimal Sizing of a Vanadium Redox Battery System for Microgrid Systems[10]
This work presents an analytical method to determine the optimal ratings of VRB energy storage based
on an optimal scheduling analysis and cost-benefit analysis for microgrid applications. A dynamic
programming (DP) algorithm is used to solve the optimal scheduling problem considering the efficiency
and operating characteristics of the VRBs. The proposed method has been applied to determine the
optimal VRB power and energy ratings for both isolated and grid-connected microgrids, which contain
PV arrays and fossil-fuel-based generation. Authors first has considered the case in which a grid-tie is
not available and diesel generation is the backup source of power. The method is then extended to
consider the case in which a utility grid tie is available.
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Fig.14. VRB optimal size search flowchart[10].
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Characterization and Assessment of the Flow Battery Concept for Energy Storage and Ancillary Services in
Isolated Wind-Diesel Power Networks in Alaska[11]
The Alaska center for Energy and Power (ACEP) has been involved in advanced battery research by
testing and evaluating battery systems for integration with renewable energy projects on remote
power grids in rural Alaska communities. This report documents the methodology, key assumptions,
and results of a preliminary qualitative and quantitative analysis of a 5 kW, 20 kWh Prudent Energy
flow battery system tested between September 2010 and December 2011. The primary goal of the
report is to shift conventional thinking surrounding grid management and investment by initiating
stakeholder discussion regarding: a) the deployment of flow battery energy storage in wind-diesel
systems in Alaska, and b) the investment needed to upgrade the current power systems to the higher
performance levels required to support continued economic growth and improve productivity.
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Fig. 16 shows Prudent Energy’s VRB system. The three primary
subsystems in the VRB are the converter, the power conversion
module, and the electrolyte – the energy storage medium. The
converter is the interface between the DC battery voltage and
the 60 Hz AC network voltage. The converter transformers match
the converter output to the grid system voltage. The VRB uses
vanadium salts and sulfuric acid in the electrolytes to convert
chemical energy into electrical energy. Vanadium is a relatively
common metal, used to make vanadium steels and dietary
supplements and is found in many common foods[11].
Fig.15. VRB system[11]
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 Implementation and Validation of a Self-Consumption Maximization Energy Management Strategy
in a Vanadium Redox Flow[12]
This paper presents the results of the implementation of a self-consumption maximization strategy tested
in a real-scale Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) (5 kW, 60 kWh) and Building Integrated
Photovoltaics (BIPV) demonstrator (6.74 kWp). The tested energy management strategy aims to
maximize the consumption of energy generated by a BIPV system through the usage of a battery.
Whenever possible, the residual load is either stored in the battery to be used later or is supplied by the
energy stored previously. The strategy was tested over seven days in a real-scale VRF battery to assess
the validity of this battery to implement BIPV-focused energy management strategies. The results show
that it was possible to obtain a self-consumption ratio of 100.0%, and that 75.6% of the energy consumed
was provided by PV power. The VRFB was able to perform the strategy, although it was noticed that the
available power (either to charge or discharge) varied with the state of charge.
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Fig.17. Demonstrator (photovoltaic (PV) plant and Vanadium Redox Flow battery (VRFB) with
respective converters) simplified schematic. Inverters convert power from PV and battery (DC) to the
grid (AC)[12].
Fig .16. Flowchart of the self-consumption maximization strategy implemented in the demonstrator[12].
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 A Vanadium-Redox-Flow-Battery Model for Evaluation of Distributed Storage Implementation in Residential
Energy Systems[13]
A vanadium-redox-flow-battery (VRFB) model suitable for annual energy feasibility analyses of

distributed storage implementation is presented in this paper. The validation of the proposed 6-kW/20-
kWh VRFB semiempirical model, which takes into account auxiliary power consumption and
operational aspects such as startup and standby behavior, is reported. Moreover, the VRFB model is
used in an applicationmodel of a residential building including a photovoltaic system and heat pump.
Based on variation of control parameters, the energy efficiency for the proposed application has been
maximized.
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Fig. 18 shows the proposed model of the VRFB system. It comprises three main parts: the inverter, the
auxiliary components, and the cell stack[13].
Fig. 18. Simplified model of the VRFB system. The auxiliary components include the battery controller, the electrolyte pumps, and the sensors[13].
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 Energy Storage Systems for Transport and Grid Applications[14]
This paper presents a review of ESSs for transport and grid applications, covering several aspects as the
storage technology, the main applications, and the power converters used to operate some of the energy
storage technologies. Special attention is given to the different applications, providing a deep description of
the system and addressing the most suitable storage technology. The main objective of this paper is to
introduce the subject and to give an updated reference to non-specialist, academic, and engineers in the
field of power electronics.
Fig.19. Topologies for hybrid energy storage devices (HESDs)[14].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
4
 Design of a Bidirectional Energy Storage System for a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery in a Microgrid with
SOC Estimation[15]
This paper used a Vanadium Redox flow Battery (VRB) as

the storage battery and designed a two-stage topology of a
VRB energy storage system in which a phase-shifted full
bridge dc-dc converter and three-phase inverter were used,
considering the low terminal voltage of the VRB. Following
this, a model of the VRB was simplified, according to the
operational characteristics of the VRB in this designed
topology of a VRB energy storage system (ESS). By using
the simplified equivalent model of the VRB, the control
parameters of the ESS were designed. For effectively
estimating the state of charge (SOC) of the VRB, a
traditional method for providing the SOC estimation was Fig.20.Topology of the VRB energy storage system in the microgrid[15].
simplified, and a simple and effective SOC estimation
method was proposed in this paper.
10 FEBRUARY 2021
4
Fig.21. Control strategy of the three phase grid-connected inverter[15].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
4
 Capacitor-Less Bidirectional Synchronous Buck-Boost Converter for Vanadium Redox Flow
Battery[16]
By considering the characteristic of VRB, a capacitor-less bidirectional synchronous buck-boost dc-dc
converter is proposed in this paper to improve the reliability of power electronic converter. The
proposed converter is operated in current control mode to charge or discharge the VRB system up to
a certain level of state-of-charge (SOC).
Fig.22. Proposed control scheme[16].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
4
 A Field Validated Model of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery for Microgrids[17]
This paper presents a practical analysis of the VRB for use in a microgrid system. The first part of the
paper develops a reduced order circuit model of the VRB and analyzes its experimental performance
efficiency during deployment. The model parameters of the various VRB system components were
estimated from experimental field data. The parasitic losses of the circulation pumps power consumption
were predicted during different operating situations. The second part of the paper addresses the
implementation issues of the VRB application in a photovoltaic-based microgrid system. Commercially
available chargers designed for lead-acid battery systems were shown to be non-optimal for VRB systems
and a new dc–dc converter control was proposed to provide improved charging performance. The system
model was validated with field-obtained experimental data.
10 FEBRUARY 2021
4
Fig.23. Field microgrid system illustrating solar panels, loads, and hybrid energy-storage system with battery and VRB[17].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
5
 Three-level Neutral Point Clamped Inverter Interface for Flow Battery/Supercapacitor Energy Storage
System used for Microgrids[18]
This work proposes the association of a Vanadium-

Redox flow battery (VRB) with supercapacitors and a
Three-level Neutral Point Clamped Inverter Interface
for energy management in a microgrid. The main goal
of the strategy is to perform power balance during
islanding mode and to avoid the effect of the
renewable energy sources intermittency and load
fluctuations to the grid.
Fig.24. The 3LNPC inverter topology[18].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
5
 A FEASIBILITY STUDY IN REDOX FLOW BATTERY ADOPTION TO AUGMENT SUSTAINABLE
ELECTRICITY GRID EXPANSION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES[19]
This thesis focuses on the electrochemistry of Redox Flow Batteries, most recent developments, its
applications and a case study. The long lifetime of a redox flow battery adds tremendous value in maintaining
and building energy capacity for a micro grid or for an expanding community. The objective of this simulation
is to compare the efficiency or usefulness of All Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries to the Valve Regulated Lead
Acid (VRLA) batteries for a hotel.
Fig.26. HOMER configuration using Vanadium Redox Flow Battery[19]

Fig.25. HOMER configuration using VRLA battery stack[19]
10 FEBRUARY 2021
5
 Battery management system with testing protocols for kW-class vanadium redox flow batteries[20]
A Battery Management System (BMS) for a kW-class vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) was
developed and is reported in this paper. This kind of BMSs is intrinsically different from those of solid-
state batteries, due to the very different battery operating principle. Such BMS was built entirely in-
house around a desktop computer provided with LabVIEW software which results in an expandable
and flexible system capable of providing the battery with SCADA functions. It acquires and processes
all data generated by the thermo-fluid and electric sensors, which are necessary to carry out the
subsequent analyses. Moreover, this BMS also creates the feedback signals for controlling every
operation, including experiments such as polarization curves plotting and efficiency computation. As
regards polarization curves, this algorithm implements an experimental protocol that allows to obtain
such performance in reproducible conditions and possibly comparable with those of similar stacks. The
efficiency computation algorithm computes the energy absorbed (or delivered) by the battery while
acquiring and controlling all signals so as to ensure safe conditions. The management of signal
between stack and BMS includes the galvanic insulation of cell and stack voltages, consisting of
multiple opto-isolators and a DC/DC transformer.
10 FEBRUARY 2021
5
Fig.27. IS-VRFB test facility and its main components: hydraulic circuits, stack, tanks,
instrumentation: F1, F2: positive/negative electrolyte flow meter, L1/L2: positive/negative
electrolyte level sensor, DP1/DP2 positive/negative electrolyte differential pressure Fig.28. Structure of the signals exchanged by the BMS[20].
meter. T1/T3: positive/negative electrolyte input temperature, T2/T4: positive/negative
electrolyte output temperature, P1/P2 positive/negative electrolyte pump, BT by-pass
tube[20].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
5
Fig. 30.Flowchart of the section for the efficiency evaluations.

The whole process is complicated by the presence of several
Fig. 29. Flowchart of the procedure collecting data for polarization curves drawing security layers (the green dotted lines indicate the operator
(green dotted lines indicate operator actions)[20]. actions)[20].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
5
 Power conditioning system coupled with a flow battery for wind energy applications: modelling and
control design[21]
Wind generation (WG) is the most widespread renewable energy resource in the world. However, this
implementation inevitably leads to an increase in the problems caused by WG, e.g. frequency oscillations, power
fluctuations or voltage variations. To overcome these problems, the use of a power conditioning system (PCS)
coupled with a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is proposed in this study. The PCS is composed of a
distribution static synchronous compensator connected to a dc/dc chopper. The PCS/VRFB detailed model is
presented and a three-level control system is developed. This control system allows the PCS/VRFB to perform a
decoupled reactive and active power flow control. The dynamic response of the PCS/VRFB is evaluated through
simulation tests, and performance characteristics of the device are obtained by means of the variation of the
power references.
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5
Fig.31. PCS/VRFB controller[21].
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5
Fig. 32. Model representation of the control system including the PCS/VRFB[21].
Fig.33. Test system[21].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
5
 Thyristor-based flexible ac transmission system for controlling the vanadium redox flow battery[22]
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) is a large stationary energy storage system; which presents high-
speed response and overload capacity characteristics. The VRB produces a dc voltage between two
terminals; so a power conditioning system composed principally by a dc/ac flexible ac transmission system
(FACTS), is required in order to connect the battery to the power system. In this regard, this study proposes
a new FACTS compensator for controlling the VRB based on a 12-pulse thyristor converter with
commutated capacitors on the ac side. This type of compensator offers a good transient response with low-
power converter losses.
10 FEBRUARY 2021
5
Fig. 34a depicts the typical PCS configuration. This system

consists mainly of a DSTATCOM, the VRB and the interface
between the DSTATCOM and the VRB, represented by a
bidirectional dc/dc converter.
Fig. 34b shows the proposed New FACTS compensator based
on a 12-pulse bidirectional thyristor converter for controlling the
exchange of active power flow between the VRB and the grid.
The thyristor converter operates as a current source on the dc
side, therefore the dc/dc converter is avoided[22].
Fig.34. PCS unit [22].

a Typical configuration
b Proposed configuration
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6
Fig.36. Model power system[22].
Fig.35. Proposed PCS unit[22].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
6
 A Multilevel Distributed Hybrid Control Scheme for Islanded DC Microgrids[23]
This paper proposes a multilevel hybrid control scheme, including grid control and node control, for an islanded
48-V solar photovoltaic-based lowvoltage dc microgrid that aims to overcome the drawbacks of centralized and
decentralized control schemes. The analyzed microgrid includes a 35-kW rooftop solar system as the main
power source at bus-1 with battery storage, 5-kW hybrid energy storage system (Vanadium Redox flow battery
with super capacitor) at bus-2, and variable loads such as electrical vehicles at bus-3. In the case of a central
failure, the proposed hybrid control scheme is capable of seamlessly switching between high bandwidth
communication and low bandwidth communication channels of communications to implement a distributed
control scheme. The central supervisory controller is responsible for updation of grid characteristics and
sending/receiving information to/fromlocal node controllers,which are responsible for bus voltage regulation and
energymanagement.The control hierarchy features optimized and safe operation (charge and discharge) of
storage devices in dc microgrids. The paper also demonstrates the application of battery-supercapacitor systems
to absorb system transients during load changes. The simulation showcases the continuous flow of information
and decision processes via each level of control while simultaneously taking into consideration the constraints of
each subsystem.
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6
Fig. 37.Analyzed LVDC microgrid [23].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
6
Fig. 38.Implemented SPV-battery system [23]. Fig.39.Implemented energy hub system [23]. Fig.40.Implemented charging station system [23].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
6
 Study on Load Frequency Control Using Redox Flow Batteries[24]
To leveling load, the battery is advantageous for secondary control in the power system and maintenance
of power quality of distributed power resources. This work presents the control performance of RF battery
systems in its application to LFC. Using dynamic simulation, this study shows that the LFC capacity of RF
battery systems is ten times that of fossil power systems due to quick response characteristics.
Fig.41.Model structure [24]. Fig.42.Simulation model [24].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
6
 Frequency Control Using Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries on Wind Farms[25]
In this project a novel power system model of a Vanadium redox flow battery is introduced and validated,
demonstrating the importance of round trip efficiency modelling. It is then proposed to use such batteries as energy
storage on a large wind farm, connecting through an IGBT SVC. It has been clearly demonstrated that such an
implementation enables fast active power regulation that permits both the wind farm and storage to provide
frequency regulation services. Several methods of controlling the energy storage to provide a power reserve
response to large frequency deviations are also analysed, including a critical evaluation and analysis of the
associated losses from such schemes.
Fig.44.Single Line Diagram of Wind Farm

Fig.43. VRFB Dynamic Model Content [25]. System [25].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
6
 Investigation of Vanadium Redox Battery Dynamics with a Single-Stage Boost Inverter for Microgrid
Applications[26]
In this research analytical results for the utilization of a single stage boost inverter with a vanadium redox flow
battery (VRB) are presented. The objective is to enhance the grid compatibility of renewable energy sources for ac
microgrids. Single-stage boost inverters synthesize an output ac voltage that amplifies or attenuates its input dc
supply voltage based on the duty cycle or modulation index command. The boost inverter operates as a single
stage due to its simple and compact design which has a lower component count and improved reliability compared
to the conventional multistage voltage source inverter. A sliding mode controller is employed to ensure robust and
transient stability of the inverter in response to load changes. The chemical reaction kinetics of the VRB is included
in the evaluation of the battery characteristics and is used to investigate the discharge mode of the battery when
integrated with the proposed boost inverter for an energy storage system.
10 FEBRUARY 2021
6
Fig.45. Schematic of the boost inverter [26]. Fig.46. Overall system diagram [26].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
6
 A new Approach for DC-link Stability Analyses of a Grid Connected Inverter, DC/DC-Converters and a
Hybrid Storage System[27]
This paper presents a new approach for DC-link stability analysis of a grid connected inverter and a hybrid storage
system, consisting of several power electronic based switching converters, a redox flow battery and a flywheel. The
impedance method is used and the stability is analyzed with major stability criteria like Nyquist, Middlebrook or the
Energy Source Analysis Consortium. The presented method can be used for any desired amount of storages at a
single DC-link. It also includes control parameters of the converters and the parameters of their filter devices. A state
space average model for a DC/DC-converter has been developed and implemented to determine the input and output
impedances correctly. The presented method can also be used for varying power flow directions and different infeed
and load situations of the storage system.
Fig.47.Power flow and definition of impedances [27].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
6
 Control of Bidirectional DC/AC Converter for Redox Flow Battery Energy Storage System[28]
This paper investigated a controller design method for double loop comprising of inner current loop and outer DC
voltage loop based on virtual resistor used in a LCL-based bidirectional DC/AC converter which is the front stage of
the two-stage power conversion system (PCS). First, besides considering the extent of resonance damping to design
the feedback coefficient of the capacitor currents, the limit of the linear modulation area and its impact on phase
margin of the current loop are also considered. Then according to Routh’s criterion and the amplitude error, the
current-loop regulators are designed and its robustness is discussed by the bode diagrams. The control strategy that
DC voltage is controlled by DC/AC converter for the PCS can achieve optimal charge-discharge mode.
10 FEBRUARY 2021
7
Fig.48. Topology of cascade two-stage bidirectional AC/DC converter for VRB ESSs [28]. Fig.49. Block diagram of the experiment system [28].
10 FEBRUARY 2021
7
 Optimal Charging of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery with Time-Varying Input Power[29]
The battery energy storage system has become an indispensable part of the current electricity network due to the vast
integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). This paper proposes an optimal charging method of a vanadium
redox flow battery (VRB)-based energy storage system, which ensures the maximum harvesting of the free energy
from RESs by maintaining safe operations of the battery. The VRB has a deep discharging capability, long cycle life,
and high energy efficiency with no issues of cell-balancing, which make it suitable for large-scale energy storage
systems. The proposed approach determines the appropriate charging current and the optimal electrolyte flow rate
based on the available time-varying input power. Moreover, the charging current is bounded by the limiting current,
which prevents the gassing side-reactions and protects the VRB from overcharging.
10 FEBRUARY 2021
7
Fig.50. Bidirectional isolated dc-dc converter-based VRB energy storage system [29].
Fig.51.Proposed optimal charging control approach [29] .
10 FEBRUARY 2021
7
 An Improved SoC Controller for Flow Battery Based ESS to Provide Efficient Grid Services[30]
This paper proposed an improved state-of-charge (SoC) controller for flow battery to reduce this self-consumed
energy. A system has been simulated to investigate the performance of the proposed SoC controller for grid ancillary
services. As an example, the Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) service of the UK grid is considered in this case.
The performance has been compared with PI based SoC controller and the result shows the superiority of the
proposed controller to provide an efficient grid service.
Fig.52. Detailed VRB equivalent electrical circuit (EEC) model [30] Fig.53. System structure [30]
10 FEBRUARY 2021
7
Conclusion
 Flow batteries have a distinct advantage in that energy and power can be scaled
independently, which makes them, at least technically, scalable across a broad range of
applications from firming to frequency regulation and in grid- connected systems to local,
distributed generation applications. Some challenges still exist for the successful
commercialization and widespread deployment of RFB systems. The key challenges to
be resolved in order to realize these advantages on a commercial basis include thermal
management, pumping losses, shunt-current losses, optimum operating range, and
enhanced reliability.
 A flow battery comprises two main units. The electrochemical active energy conversion
unit, which is an arbitrary number of flow cells, and at least one pair of tanks, as shown in
Fig.1.
75
10 FEBRUARY 2021
Conclusion
Fig.1: Composition of a flow battery system [32]
76
10 FEBRUARY 2021
Conclusion
 Additional components are usually two pumps, electric and hydraulic networks, as well as
a PCS. A PCS normally consists of a DC/DC-converter and a DC/AC-converter.
 The system efficiency in redox flow batteries depends on different factors, which Losses
caused by these components are the important ones. To increase the system efficiency
we need to address these losses.
 A way to reduce losses and consequently improve the system efficiency is “The Reduce
Switching Losses and Increase the Efficiency of Power Converters.”
77
10 FEBRUARY 2021
Conclusion
 Efficiency is an important issue in energy conversion. Switching losses of switched-mode

power converters reduce the efficiency of the system, particularly at low power ranges
[33], [34]. To achieve high efficiency without performance deterioration is a desired
objective in power conversion. This aspect is of high importance in applications where
the system works with light load during long periods of time and efficiency is a key
feature, like in wind generation [35].
 Power loss in a DC-AC converter varies depending on many factors, such as the load,
the type of PWM used to control the MOSFET bridge, the DC voltage or the switching
frequency at which the system works[36].
78
10 FEBRUARY 2021
Conclusion
 The switching losses in Si power converter consist of turn-on and turn-off losses of IGBT
and reverse recovery loss of diode. Many studies of soft switching technology were
presented to improve the switching losses [37]. The soft switching is achieved by phase
lag in current or voltage which is made by the auxiliary components and reduces the
switching loss drastically (Fig.2). Since the losses are expressed by multiplying the device
current and voltage.
Fig.2. Turn-on waveform comparison[37]

(Left: Conventional switch Right: Soft switch)
79
10 FEBRUARY 2021
Conclusion
 To sum up, according to the aforesaid discussion, to deal with the losses in redox flow
batteries and enhance their efficiency and capability in different applications, the use of a
suitable switching technology for the power converters, a significant source of losses in
the redox flow batteries, can effectively reduce the total power losses and increase the
efficiency of them, which leads to reducing the losses and enhance the efficiency of the
redox flow batteries.
80
10 FEBRUARY 2021
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Different Applications of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

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Different Applications of

Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

 Function of Flow Battery Energy Storage in Wind Power Generation[1]:

Energy conversion systems design

In Topology B, a buck/boost-converter (BB) rises the battery stack

Fig.6. Distribution grid model with grid VRFB system implemented[3].

Fiog.7. General scheme for a grid-

Fig.8. Control scheme of the BESS side

Fig.9. A Schematic Diagram of Ubin Microgrid[6].

Fig.10. A redox flow battery with solid particle suspension as flowing

Fig.13. Whole System Layout[9].

Fig.14. VRB optimal size search flowchart[10].

Fig.15. VRB system[11]

A vanadium-redox-flow-battery (VRFB) model suitable for annual energy feasibility analyses of

Fig.19. Topologies for hybrid energy storage devices (HESDs)[14].

This paper used a Vanadium Redox flow Battery (VRB) as

Fig.21. Control strategy of the three phase grid-connected inverter[15].

Fig.22. Proposed control scheme[16].

This work proposes the association of a Vanadium-

Fig.24. The 3LNPC inverter topology[18].

Fig.26. HOMER configuration using Vanadium Redox Flow Battery[19]

Fig. 30.Flowchart of the section for the efficiency evaluations.

Fig.31. PCS/VRFB controller[21].

Fig. 34a depicts the typical PCS configuration. This system

Fig.34. PCS unit [22].

Fig.36. Model power system[22].

Fig.35. Proposed PCS unit[22].

Fig. 37.Analyzed LVDC microgrid [23].

Fig.41.Model structure [24]. Fig.42.Simulation model [24].

Fig.44.Single Line Diagram of Wind Farm

Fig.47.Power flow and definition of impedances [27].

Fig.51.Proposed optimal charging control approach [29] .

Fig.1: Composition of a flow battery system [32]

 Efficiency is an important issue in energy conversion. Switching losses of switched-mode

Fig.2. Turn-on waveform comparison[37]

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