WEEK 3

2 COM PETENC IES

WEEK 3

1. Describe
where the Earth’s
internal heat
comes from.
WEEK 3

2. Describe how
magma is formed
(magmatism).
SOURCES OF EARTH’S
I N T E R N A L H E AT
L AY E R S O F T H E E A R T H
C -rust
M-antle
C -ore
CRUST
•topmost and thinnest layer
•surface is rigid and firm
•temperature is around 1000°C near the
bottom
•made of rock (granite for continents and
basalt for ocean floors)
MANTLE
•middle and largest layer
•the part closest to the outer core flows
slowly
•temperature is around 3500°C near the
bottom
•made up of iron and magnesium silicate
minerals
CORE
•innermost layer
•temperature is around 5,000°C at the
center
•outer core - nickel and liquid iron
•inner core - nickel and solid iron
T W O C AT E G O R I E S O F T H E
I N T E R N A L H E AT S O U R C E S O F T H E
EARTH:

P -rimordial Heat
R -adiogenic Heat
P R I M O R D I A L H E AT
•heat from accretion and
bombardment of the Earth during the
early stages of formation
•The core is a storage of primordial
heat that originates from times of
accretion when kinetic energy of
colliding particles was transformed
into thermal energy.
•This heat is constantly lost to the outer
silicate layers of the mantle and crust
of the earth through convection and
conduction.
R A D I O G E N I C H E AT
•the heat generated by long-term
radioactive decay
•its main sources are the four long-
lived isotopes (large half-life), namely
K40, Th232, U235, and U238 that made a
continuing heat source over geologic
time.
 T H E E S T I M AT E D
INTERNAL
T E M P E R AT U R E O F T H E
EARTH
•The mantle and asthenosphere are
considerably hotter than the
lithosphere, and the core is much
hotter than the mantle.
REDISTRIBUTION OF
T H E E A R T H ’ S H E AT
W AY S O F R E D I S T R I B U T I O N :
C -onduction
C -onvection
R -adiation
CONDUCTION
•transfer of heat energy through direct
contact
• Heat from the Earth's core and radiation from
the Sun is transferred to the surface of the
Earth by conduction.
CONVECTION
•transfer of heat by the movement of
mass
• the process of heat transfer by the bulk
movement of molecules within fluids such as
gases and liquids.
•Convection occurs at the mantle, but not
between the core and mantle.

• In geological time scale, the mantle behaves

as a viscous fluid due to the existence of high
temperatures.
• In convection current, the mantle of the earth
moves slowly because of transfer of heat
from the interior of the earth up to the
surface.
•This result to the movement of
tectonic plates.
•Hot materials are added at the edges
of a plate and then it cools. At those
edges, it becomes dense by its
exposure from the heat and sinks into
the earth at an ocean trench. This start
the formation of volcanoes.
MANTLE CONVECTION
•It is the movement of the mantle as heat
is transferred from the core to the crust
R A D I AT I O N
•It is a process where heat waves are
emitted that may be absorbed, reflected,
or transmitted through a colder body.
•The process of heat exchange between
the Sun and the Earth, through radiation,
controls the temperatures at the Earth's
surface. Inside the Earth, radiation is
significant only in the hottest parts of the
core and the lower mantle.
L AY E R S O F T H E E A R T H
C -rust
M-antle
C -ore
T W O C AT E G O R I E S O F T H E
I N T E R N A L H E AT S O U R C E S O F T H E
EARTH:

P -rimordial Heat
R -adiogenic Heat
W AY S O F R E D I S T R I B U T I O N :
C -onduction
C -onvection
R -adiation
Magmatism
Volcanic
activity is one
of the most
powerful
forces in
nature.
Although it is often a
destructive force,
volcanoes are amazing
facets of creation.
They come in a variety of
shapes, sizes, and
eruption types.
Volcanoes
erupt when
magma, red-
hot liquid
material, seeps
up through a
vent in the
earth.
More violent eruptions
occur when pyroclastic
material, a mixture of
magma, rocks, ash, and
hot gases, is exploded
upward by pressure
caused by underground
gases and magma.
When magma flows above
the surface of the earth, it is
called lava. Usually, lava
changes from bright red to
duller red, gray, or black as
air causes it to cool and
solidify and eventually
became rock.
Magmatism
is the activity or
the motion of the
magma.
Rocks that are subjected to high
temperature and pressure melt and
become the magma.
Magma
is a semi-liquid molten
rock mixture that can be
found in the lower
portion of the crust and
the upper part of the
mantle.
• ..\..\Downloads\Exploring Magma _ Curiosity_ Volcano Time
Bomb.mp4
..\..\Downloads\What causes a volcanic eruption_ _ Natural
Disasters.mp4
Depending on the
temperature, pressure,
and formations in the
crust and the mantle, the
magma can be formed in
different ways.
Types of Magma
Generation

S -ubduction
H -ot-spot Volcanism
M -agmatism along
rift zones
Subduction
The geodynamic process
of one plate sliding
beneath another which
occurs along deep-sea
trenches.
This results in the
formation of a linear
chain of volcanoes
known as volcanic
cordilleras above the
subduction zone in
continental or oceanic
arcs.
Hot-spot
Volcanism
A "hot spot" represents
a region of volcanism
above a relatively
stationary region of
intense heat within the
Earth's mantle, a so-
called mantle plume.
Lithospheric
plates override
this “long-
living” hot spot
and are
occasionally
perforated by
its rising
magma.
Magmatism
along rift zones
The less spectacular
formation of mountains,
involving magma addition
into the Earth’s surface,
occurs along with incipient
spreading centers,
oceanic ridges, and
(continental) rifts.
Oceanic ridges occur at divergent
boundaries where plates separate and move
in opposite directions, allowing new
lithosphere to form from upwelling magma,
which rises due to convection currents.
The intrusion of these
magmas most probably
results from the
decompression melting of
mafic rocks, giving rise to
the formation of new
oceanic crust.
Magmatism along
continental rifts is
generally of small
volume and specific age.
Special
Conditions
Required for
the
Formation of
Magma
1st Condition

Crust and mantle are almost entirely solid,

indicating that magma only forms in
special places where pre-existing solid
rocks undergo melting.
2nd Condition

Melting due to decrease

in pressure
(decompression
melting):
3rd Condition

•Melting as a result of
the addition of volatiles
(flux melting):
4 th Condition

Melting resulting
from heat transfer
from rising
magma (heat
transfer
melting):
Summary of the conditions for magma
generation and the areas it occurs

Magma Generating Process Example areas of occurrence

Increase in temperature Hot spots
Decrease in pressure Spreading margins (rift zones)
Addition of volatiles Subduction zones
• ..\..\Downloads\What causes a volcanic eruption_ _ Natural
Disasters.mp4
• ..\..\Downloads\How Geologists Collect Lava Samples From
Volcanoes.mp4