PbueBeba · r

of Petrole__
Reservoir F ·
Karen Schou Pedersen
Peter L. Christensen

~ Taylor & Francis

~ Taytor-60 Francis Group
I!lDO II&lon tondon _~
 106

5.7 HEAVY OIL COMPOSITIONS

PVT simulations on heavy oil mixtures have lraditionally been ~ out uNGg blaci: oil alIre­
lations expressing the fluid properties in tenns of easily me:asurab1le ~ sndn :ti Apt oil
gravity. gas gravity. and gasloil ratio. With the application of ~ ~ kdi!mniques 'SlDCh 't
as gas injection and IhennaJ stimulation jt .bas become morein~ ~ for- ~. reservoir 1
oils to make compositional equatiolHtf- stale-hased simulatioru ,
A heavy oil is one of a hig,h density at standard conditioO!'. Cmd!e 00.." <liI!e es~ tninnnt's I
of paraffinic (P). oaphtbenic (N). and aromatic (A) (;ompouods. 1k ~ of ~ are t
higbee thaD those of napbfbeoes and paraffins of the same molecular~ nm is ~ widD. I
chemicaJ analyses showing that heavy oil ®xtures are rich in ~ wmptlllDlls. ~ ti:f1D lH'tltlY
oil may be used far oiJ mixtures of an API gravity below 30. API grarity is. ~ in &paion 5. j 1.
The majority of the C II)-. aromatics present in crude oil mUbJre 'IWfm be ~ ~
one or more aromatic ring 'tmctures with paraffinic side branches. ~ ~ ~
type of compounds is Jow as compared to Ibat of normal and ~}' ~ par;dtins
of;3''
approxim3lely Ihe same moJecu1ar weighL For this reason. '\1<1lX ~ :is ~ to
place from a heavy oil mixture. Since higb-moJecuhu-weigbr OOfll[xlIlWdts mIY Ile kq1t ~ m
in the oil at low tempemtures. the viscosity of heavy oil mixtures <Can be ~ ~ U:tdecd aI
production conditions and ettn at resenoir conditions.
Gas injection is often applk>d to heavy oi] reservoirs. If me gm; is; di~ in dne: oil, if will . I
lower the oil viscosity and ~iljfate production and possibly also entlu!mce IBne Jtcoml'Y QJe., 1be
injection gas may have the side effect that the oil splits into two liq_ ~ This is. umdesmeble
because the heavier iKJuid phase may be highly viscous and sticky aod,lIlhlere(ore" dif6cte3t ~ ItU1\"Cl:
Presence of two liquid phases al50 means that a conventional ~ ~btm wilill f!Id be ~
to give a true [licture of the m;ervoir fluid behavior, for the ~ rea5(lD thac lk rescnnir
simulators standard used in tbc oil indusuy C3nDol handle more Ihan mu: b)~ illiquid pha"-C_

5.7.1 HEAVY 0 L IhsaM:Ma FLUIO COMPOSmONS

Table 5.14 ro Table 5.16 show three heavy oil compo;itions {Krej~ 3lIlId ~ 1W6~ "The
API gravity of Ibe reservoir fluid composition in Table 5. J4 is 28. 1'JmiB; oil is. ~ abe \:~ light cood
and is dassified as a heavy oil. TabJe 5.] 5 shows the com~ 'l1f'1Ik &jjnD.ird from a fbm af a
hC!avy reservoir oii to 'tandanl l.."Ooditions (t.O 1 bllr Ilnd l5"'C). ~ ,MJI ~ily i", ilK F1JI.\illy.
Table 5.[6 shows [be cotnpO<'rition of a heavy reservoir oil wi1b an Aft grniiy' of til
Figure 5.7 shows a pkl4 of the Cy~ mole pen:entages (JogarilhmK: ~j ""- Qrfwm lIlIOmh.es-for
fie reservoir fluid in Table 5. J4. As L indicated by the dashed ~~ ::m ~ fuJar
reJation is seeo consiSleQl wid:! Equation 5.15. Figure 5.8 shoW's a ~pil!ltfurtbcoiij mixture
in Table 5. 15. For this oil ntixrure. lioemil)' 3L"Coniing 10 Equatioo j .U5 '!.t:.1nts :at ~ C n~' _
the mole peTLcntages of me frnctions from C,clO are filr below the bett-fiit ~ dIroogh!k Chl,-C .
mole percentages (dashed line in Figw-e 5.8). For the mixrure in Th~ ji.]6l~ stI.!:I'!$ at ruuood
e n as may be seen from Figure 5.9. and the concentrations ofCr-Cnl tm'! ~ ~Je.

~
Figure 5.8 and Figure 5.9 suggest a trend saying that a low APl a\I.sQ) UlIClDJS a low CIl1IllI:'eIllr.dion
of the light.ec C1 _ components. These componeots may have ~ fmmn me ~Wr ~ m
long period of time as a resuh of biodegrndation, leaving behind ;a Jll~ 1Ifumid ~. of :I.
heavy end essentially conlaining C II _ bydrocarbons and a light end ~ by C ,I _

5.7.2 CHA.RACTERlZATlON Of HEAVY OIL MncrURl

\ KreJojerg and Pedersen (2006) found that me discontinuous mola:dar ~ ~ SIX$. in

heavy oil mixture. coo1d be asrociated with a limited miscibilily ~~ ItI£ 5qnill! ~.
}
They have repot1ed experin~a1ljquid-liquid splits fur heavy oil lDIliiuui.n:s:..
C7~ Churucterization 1

TABLE 5.16
Molar Composition of Heavy Reservoir Fluid with an Aft GRMIy of 1 •
The ReservoirTemperature is 52"C, and the Saturation I'ie5s e at This
Tl"Dlperature is 11.5 bar

Oelllfiltjy '" U ba:t:. ':i'e

Component Mol". ~UIi'~
COz l...u
c, Ui.n
C, O_i~

cl 0.03
it':, (l.P)
uC. (\OJ
i\.~1 \H~;
nC5 0:17
c., 11-41.
C O.U % Qll .71l'1:
C. 6.L 107 ',!7.ilS
c~ OA5 l21 1\!i.;7ir6..:I!
C.., 0.', ~ 1J4 @l.7,'i7/Il

C'I4 1.-9ji .147 lOt7tf1J11

Cn J.W 16 1 WftllJlJ
(", l..~ 1 7.~ \OI;~II n
e.. 25B 190 9\$2_
C,,' 1.i!f;. .?iJ(, «ll~ll
C 1;. 2.i.J>ll 2.21 fffilJi3J~
en 1,'!!- 2.17 ~)J:7;IO)

C.. 1, SI ,2.'11 (Cl ~

("", 3.00 263 !\J(1.I57.

C", IT!. 275 \lh~$1!

eN 2.~41 191 tVJAA>71

(n L'lIJ\
""5 ~ll$ i72)

CJ.' 2.~~ :H8 imrl;iTT/

C;>.. 2.14 JJI ~U
C tf 1.96 J45 ~, ~

C"" In 359 ~r~1

Cv I.~ 314 to\.!~

C?JI UQ .~ (Qj~ft\J

ell; Ui4 402 \IJ\JIW'l)

C~ 1.631 416 1IlI."lW:2
C; Uti, 430 @l~)lil~,

CI~ 1.J:~ 444 1(lI.~lf'!1

Cl, Ul 4-5g (J)j!9J1P'

Cu U~ ,.J72 iOI'!i).I/<l!
Cn.' U~D -186 Illl.'~ U.71

C.¥-> "M.ll L038.1 II..IIM

Smm:c-: Oala (rom tc~tg. K. M1d PWenc-n, K5., Colll[QlIing '\"u.. ~q~liillilblRt~1l \liiiJI~ ~ Ol~
lloS in he:Kvy oit ~ presellled III 57dl, Nm~«l1 T«/u,kal 1tf~7illliJ (~Jj Tthe iIJt1IRidir:-.1Itm S.:>oit'll}\'
(COlUU/irul In"'nwAi(NldN iT!r(1{f'Hlfl Cffll/P1l" ICe). Calgary. CUnfwa. Ju~ r' UJ... :wil"t;..
110

l()
'I :1

-e.o
o ~fOb'O..Q.
.
! .Q
I
'I
II

"Q...Q I
I
!I
I o'.., ~
0-
' I
I
I
0
~
r~~9 1
! I ,I

O.ll
5 1.0
,
1.5
I' I i
Cuborl numbec

FIGURf 5.7 C, component ode pen:-~lages for fluid in 1ab1e 5.14 ~ ~ ~ ~_ l'%Ie
mole peroen~ are !oIwwG :a; cin::le\ aud the dashed line illll be!.1-fu I.mt- ~ tI.tll ~ 5>.15.

Krej~ and Pedersen (20(6) u e rbe same correlntiollS n.'TL;amdl p.: ati ~ d al (l9.S9,
1992) (Equation 5.l and Eqoalion 5,2). while correlation for m bas ~ mOO!iiIliOO (Q

(5.68)

They pre.. .e nt two set..~ of roefficients (J and m

for ll.-:e wilb ~ :'U. ~ 5..1,. :md
Equation 5.68. 'These coefficients are shown in Table 5.17. ~ 'old 1 iio;, lIi!U!I!!n"!O!IlDrcbfi b

10

~ ofo .... 0
0'" 0
....
"'0

~
~
0
! 0
~ 0

0 1
::.E

JlO IS 20
Carbon number

FIGURE 5.8 C.. ~ IDi.JJIe petteDlagIl'S f;x fluid in Table 5.15 pIoUoift . - <erullnum ~_ Tk mak
~ Oft sbowu oa:s.ciJclc.t;-..;t.;Jd1he diribed line is a best-ful.ine *X'(.~f)Jl)~$,j.s~'IlIj!lbCJJ'
86

to. ] gfcm-'. the specific gr.avity o.f an o.il smnp.le wiU take approxilmrddy . . same wive as.1fE.
density of the oil sample, in glcm 3 • Cavett's correlations for T._ and Po :lire o1ltoa ud with dae (d
correlalioru; o.f Kesler and Lee ( 1976):

InP
BR
- 5.92714 +
=-----------'''----
,fit" + L28862InTs.- - O.l69347l!
---------
(l) ~bTlDr <0.8) {5.J3)
15.2518 - ~ - 13.4721ln T.s. + OA35~

(J) =-7.904 + O.J352K - O.007465K'! + 8.359TDr (b'T~ >0.8»

($.14)

p. is abnOspheric pre:ss:ure dJv.ided by Pc and TBc is TJTC'

Other correlalioo have been presented by Daubert 1980). SimllIDll! D:;wlha1i (l~ Ri2zi:md
Daubert (l980), 1Wu (1983 aDi 1984), Jalowka and Daubert (l986)l.. W~eta «D9S5). Tep.
ef at (1990~ aDd Riaii (1 fJ"f'f). Newman (1981) bas evaluated ;Ii ~ df 1: <- 2bmd P", ~
for use o.n aromatic fJuids., and Whitson (19&2) has investigated what d!i'd!lfim:nre iii! males. fW~hoo
of SlJllC predictions to use different conelations. A correlalico 1hm ~ ~ wBa!ln me C1IIbi.c
equatioo of f.tate may not \mdt: equally weU with a different ~_ltlIJl (Q(f ~

5.1.3 PLUS FRACTION

Characterization of Ibe plus fraction jDVOlves

EstimaJ..ion of the molar dimibotioo. i.e•. JOOJe fraction ~'"S. ~ mIliIIIlk.o.
E.stimatioo of T... p<~ aDd (I) of Ibc resulting carbon numba' ~
Lumping of the carbon number finctioos into a reasonable 1lI!IIlf!rrt'lr of ~
Based on excensive oompositiooaJ data for reservoir 1Iuids fJOlllll J!t'lJ06I d die lIIorid, .Pecb'seu
e(aI. (1983. ]984) proposed Iba.t ~oir fluids for c&boo D~ (t:;..p :dlJme 4, <edUb.it u
approximate linear rela.ti.ooship beI:weeu caIbon number and the ~ «Ii" tIE o:mJ!lI!~
mole frnction. 4.

(5.15)

Tbe cin;les in Figure 5.4 maw ill plot of the logarithm iii lbe I!IIiQij,e ~ m ;be Cr-C-.fIl
against carbon number for the reservoir ftuid jn Table 5.4. II is seefJl ahi ~ molar disIlJributiclO fo­
lhis mjxture js in rea"OOabJe agreemeDt with Equation 5.15. 'This ~.Illn.m the m~fJaC'lions
of Ibe carbon numbc:t- fmttiorr!; beavicr than C 19 can be detam.Wlt:r4l ~ ~ Ilk ~-m:
line for the carbon number fractions CrC!1J (fun drown line in f'i.pme 5.4). '~ ~ fc.Idioos
are, however. oonsuained by the mass balantt equations

("'m6A.

Z ~z.,
- := .£.J (5.8.6)
;..c.

(5.11)
 10~----~------.----'r=c======z======~
o ~dilta
- i!elttit
J~--~~------1---~C-~-~-~~~·~Nb~,.~~~'m~OO~~~~
[;

alk-----~r_----~~----~------,J-------+
aoJk------1-------+-------r~~~d_----__4 I'

aoolk------1-------+------~------+_--~~

10 20 30
Carbon DUmoo

C_ is the carbon ~ of the plus froction (20 for the ~ im ~ 5.4) :amtft c"""" the
heaviest c-dIbon nmnber fnL'tion considered. Equation 5.16 and 6jpmfioe 5.17 em lie used 10
determine the COLtStann; A and B in Equation 5.15. For ordiruu:y ~ tmm. Csn i:s a ~
choice as &he heavieM compooe.nt to be coo..~dered rn heavy 00s" ~ :fi ~ as; <:nUl)

TABLE 5.4
Molar Composition of North Sea Gas Condens;ate
componenI Croup ~ Mol % M P €.!feW') 15"C,. un ...

DdiUlld 0.12
co: 2 .49
C, 16.43
Cr 1.46
c! 3.12
iC.. 059
nCo 1.2J
iC., 0.50
~, 0.59
c., 0.79
c7• froclions C, 0.95 95 ({ll"i7Z\ISJ
c~ 1.08 106 1!.t:V-47
c~ 0.78 116 (ll7!(jf}l
(1)I) 0592 HJ IruJll'll
C~, 0.461 )~ (~1.7~"
C'r; 0.345 J6I e"J!.~j,

C.. 0.375 119 IIllW

C'" 0.31)1 193 (l)(JU5
c~ 0.137 1(8 I{i))i[]

C r... O.20S 1L8 @JC4i

C" 0.220 119 1llt.t-""5

CJ>. 0.169 250 @~]

C'.~ 0. 140 2M Wiil*.I!

P1ost13C1ion C1!l+ 0.833 3171 1(j$,73l
88

1
a &periJnenw. data II
- - 8es:t6t
- - - Mii$5 baIanoe fuJtilled , I ;1

\
-
I :1%
A , 'II
I " il Ii I'

(~
A II
1
jl
1
II
I! I
~
j ~
II'
(~ I Ii II
0..1 H ~
1 3 -156789)0
Carbon number

may influence the phase behavior (Pedersen et aI., 2(04). Having debmined lhe C1limImts A and
B. the nrole fractions of each carbon number fraction conaained im die ~ fmdirmm may be
detennincrl from Equation 5. i s. N. is illuSlnlted by the dashed tine roD~5_4~ dM:: ~ or lbe
line relating mole frnctioos 10 carbon number.; for the C1I}<- snbfiat..~ '1m}' ~ 6]pdy from
(he tine found by extr'dpOhIing (be best-fit line for the TBP fracI:ioms. ~ IIIW/:S ~ ~ioo:s
(Equation 5.1(; and Equation 5 .11) JlJll! l he fulfiUed. and the deviaim fuw llt ~__ M£ ~
means tba11he logarithmic- dependent:e expressed in Equation 5.Jji i5. mly ~..
The dengties of ,the C JT fmctions usually mcrease with (.'3Iboo ~ A'S i~ illtt~ by the
circles in Figure 5.5, the deJlSity is reasonably represented, assa~ k tddioo

PN = C + DlnCNN

C and 0 are constants dttcmIined from the over.tIl density of tBiIe IJlilm fultUm.. ;I)...

and the densjty of the last crubon number fraction before lhe plus ~ i~e~ de~ m c,1'I) fOr
a (''OI1lposition to ~). It is seen from Figure 5.5 thallhe slope of Ibc {<&!bed} friDe givmg die ~
overall density of the plus fraction deviates slightly from dmt fom!J.dI ~ e~~ me, ~-IJit
(full dmwn) line for the densilies of the ~_ fractions analyzed foc (eo-&- c,cl/l! in ~ 5.5). The
density correlation expressed in Equation :5. J8 js. in other words. ~ ~e,
Finally. jt is assumed tJw the molecular weighL MI" of giwm <t:wboon l8IIlJiI1IIIa- J!ir~ el!..
can be defennined from the equation

Mx = 14~ - 4
c,. Charncterization

The constant 14 expresses dUll approximately two hydrogen atoms, art~eam exInIl'amoo
atom. The atomic weight of carooo is 12 and that of hydrogen is 1, ~ "& tll¢all ~llM ~
increment of l4 per extra carbon atom. The term (4) in Equation 5..10 ~ fot[ &e ~
of aromatic SlnICtures in the reservoir fluids. An aromatic conlam' fev;w~. ~ F~
atom than a paraffin.
From the densities and molet:ular weights estimated.in this manne:ri., EqaliUWm 5.1 10 6.rPaD0Il 55
may readily be used to determine T~. Pc.. and CJ) of the subfracrioos II1f IDe- ~ fiadDI11m.. 1f Tor>. P""
and til are to detennined trom Equation 5.10 to Equation 5.l4. ~ poimitio will be IJll.Oed,OO tor
each carbon Dumber f.rnction. Katz and F.troOzabaw (1918) have ~ai boibg poim!s. QJf carbm
Dumber fractions up to CotS. These are given in ThbJe 2.1 . For .beavieJr 0lIIb00 mmber ~ me
boiling points in K llUly be found from me following relation (~'l/Clll a !8ILG9SS):

(521)

where M is the molccularwcigbt and pille dellsity at atmosphcric~ i® ~lo. 'the p~

parameter of the subfractioDs of the pfus fraction may be decennitd. AIm Ibe !WDe marme:r- 3!$ fw
the. fractions CrCI""
A compositional analysis to C:!J).- like the one in Table 5.4 i~ ~ by ~ comr­
positional data from a gas chromatographic (GC) analysis and II toile IKrni!ing ~ (TBp) anaiy!tis.
The-se fWO techniques are further dealt with in ('"'hapter 2. A TBP ~ will mD alw&ys be Imde,
jn which case the compositional analysis may end at c,., or C . ~ JllId:u- diimJlwIbm may \lI4"
be found from Equation 5.15 with A lUld B detcnnined sub~1. to fiDe lmDSS I1wnomce ~ in
Equation 5. l6 and Equation S_17 and C .. equal to either C7 or C !I~' is qrJfIi£ f»lillmOO. ro 9!le
compositional analyses (0 CX.. . or even C.~ with no densities and ~b:r ~~ ~ t.. .ue
individual ctubon nwnber (13(:ti005. Such analyses have almost iOeI1l!aliinJy bt!I:o ~ b)1 a gas
chromatographic (Ge) aoa1ysis. nus type of analysis j~ not ~ i.e~ .iii does lID ~
enough sample to enable mo!ec...ular weight and density mcas~ m iodi'ridual ~boo Il1IIDber
fractions. This raises Ih£ question of whether to base lhe clJ.a.mcteriz.aIiI!JIIII 00 !IlbIe fulll ~
to C1lI+ or C.16 with orne defimlt molecular weights or densities 01" ~ 10 1IlH!!! abe ~ 10 c,.
or C 1()•• 'The default densjties of Katz and Flroozabaru given in Table 2.1 are often osOO.lO tiD out
the gap in moJecular weight and density data This js, hCNievel', not to be ~ 3S Ibe f{az
and Firoozabadi densities are for paraffinic oils and therefore vay !kam'. 'Thbk. 5.5 ~ ~­
alized C 7 .. demities for pamffinic reservoir fluids and fur napblbeoic aI!Bi arom:lfic dDri.ds from ~
North Sea (R~ 1989)_ These values are based on ~ ~ fur 717! difiiereat
reservoir fluids . The Katz and FllOOzabadi densities in Thble 2.1 are ~ to ~ for tk gwafi'ioic
fluids. but significantly ICM'Cr lhao lhose for the Dapbthenic and ~ 00$
Use of a gas cbromatogn!phic analysis to C:!Ih- or C3f,.- also ~-s ltbcpuNom Ibal k~
weight of the plus fraction is not di:rectly measured. but must be ~ from Ik IllChl c,­
molecular weight using default molecular weights for the C74 tiactioIK As j . eilMllplilied.io ~
2. this introduces a large \lDCleftainty on the resuhiog pia.. ~ ~ wbdlD i~ Alber
tUlfortunate because calculated sanuation points, especially for gm-. ~ mixtmei.. are sen­
sitive toward the assumed plus molecular weight. Gas ~ ~ ~ C ,\ll :are
therefore of little use when characterizing a reservoir fluid. Wben d!li:lne 8:s; IllQ) "lBP da. to!; ony
as weD use the composition 10 C7-- or ClOt.
WhitsoJl (1983) expresses the molar distributioo with ll1<lkcuJar- egbl t!lnrougb:a ~
density function in m.olet."Ulnr weight

(5.22)
 ~
N
er.

TABLE 14.8
Compositional Varlatlon!i with Oepth In Gai Condensate Reservoir
81:t:i m
----=-~~
"aBO m "':" ., .. --~- .. ~
son In ~r'!!,t'!!!!..Dl!pth) 621:1 m

hp. Nu dr/dh .. Exp. No dT/cfh .. hp. bp. No dT/dh '"

Component T-Gradient 0.013"C/m T·Cradlenl 0.01:1"C/m T-Gradi.nt 0.013 "C/m

N, 0,2 1 O. 11l 11,19 0,2 1 IUS 0.19 0.17 (j.lo 0.16 (),15
CO; O'!)9 0.1)6 OJl6 0,06 1ll\6 O.{)6 0,116 U.JO n.fjfj 1),()6

Co, 84.48 81.H3 83.79 83.81 80040 82.HZ 7RJlI) 7~.9S 76.91 72,76
Co) 4.05 3.82 ).11[ 3.94 3.84 3.83 3.116 3.<;0 3.86 3.HZ
C, 2,18 2.21 2.16 2.211 2.25 2.2 1 2.29 2.30 2 ,;\2 2.3~

Co. l.45 1.44 1.38 1.40 1.4-9 1.45 1.54 1.53 l..58 1.62 J
C, 0.911 0.96 0,90 0.86 1.01 0,96 l.OS LlO LOB 1.13 ~
Co 0.\14 0.92 (),85 0.76 0.97 0.92 1.02 0.92 1.06 l.lJ
11.:16 I j AI 14.()4 12.1)1 1M2
f.'"
C1 • .'\,62 8.56 6.86 ti.76 9.80
c;.1~ M 197J W!.4 240.9 2tMl.l1
e1~ dl.'liidly O.~OIIJ IJ.I«m tl.lIl3/i tl.!!4I-1tl
l
Nuf!'; 1:'1l1! IlIIrtP!Wlllltl! HI fI\l' l1I1'i'f~'1I:1! !4plh i~ Kij,.§"C, ijftd tllll pfl!h~1ili' j~ 1J3~ lltlf. 'fbI! t'i+ rll!l!SiIy t~ ~I l.UI bdf fllld w't~ IIn!!!f) !\i·"mi ,

I
=--=: ___ :ao
~~=, ~
~--- -- -'~

I..
:a
=
~
Compositional Variations wi1h Depth 327

-­ tI T-gradient
.1/iIOO - ­ dT/dh"'" flOll CJm

~..,
c5100I-----+----+---"..~r_--+_--_f_--~

78

RGUIE 14.11 Experimental ad simnJ~ C 1 mole perceDlages with deplm Iiu ~ ~ ~_ The
experimental dalD. is "wed in Table 14.8.

The resulting variations in C l and C ~ and mole percentage with dqdJ :Ire s.IDmm in Fri~ 1 .J I
and Figure 14.12. Even "ifb a fairly low vertical temperature /Clf.adioAl of O.OD.Y'CJm. dl.e
simulation ['~'Ults are 'loire influenced by Ib:e temperature gndiemt;m.di.a IlIIIilid!l bett.cr :II!a~Qt
is seen when me T-gradicDI is accoWlted for in the simulations; Ii!IRfm _.ibm the ~ is:
assumed to be isolbermal.

<0 i:'."iP"'i'lI1WmIIl:dJ
-~ '1[~
- - dl[O~&: IIilml

E' 5000
........
.c

a'" SIOO

5100

.5300
.J. 6 B 10 12 !Ill .ll'ti
~.moIe"

FIGURE 14.12 Experime.nl;d ;md. simula!ed C1- mole perre:ntages with Iiqptn\1 ii:m p..:m~ I~,
The experimenlai dala. i!'< ~.in Table 14..8.
 ~
=

TABLE 14.9
Compulitiunal Variations with Depth in a ReaeNolr Where Fluid Type Changn from Hf,ilvy Ca. Condentat, In Reference Depth
10 a Volatile 011 in II Higher D~pth
:1119.5 m
--
3161.5 m (Refl!rcnc~ Deplh) :Jl04,/i m 3241 m

Exp. No dT/dh .. hp. Exp. No dl/dh '" Exp, No dT/dh =

Component T-Gradicl1t O.02!;'Clm ToGradlent O.02S·C/m T-Gradlent O,O:il.';"C/m

N: 0.R7 0.74 0.76 0.64 0.54 0.60 U.S7 O.S! 0 ..58 0.53
CO: 2,77 2,93 2.93 2.87 2.7S ~,!l4 2.1)0 2.75 1.82 2.75 ."
C1 fI!!.)1 M.07 6fUlS 63.14 ~7 20 6(),92 ~9.01 S3.06 5!1.~1 ~6.53 :r
C, 9.52 9 , ~9 9.S7 9.62 9,53 9..~7 9.48 9.S4 9.~ 1 9.31 ~
C, j,77 5 . 6~ S." 5.92 6.:13 M!l 6.(1) fi.6!i 6.02 M~ f
si
Ci 2,7" 2.60 2.5' 2.~6 3,~ HI4 Z,!)I) M!I ~.9K :1.02
C. 1.4' 14ft \.42 U I''l l ,OI 1.74 1.7l} 2.l5 ).71( ).Ill
c.~ I~U I.M \ .61 VH 2 . ~1 U2 ~. J I) aR '.11i ~.~f;
£,
(:I't 7.£11 '1 , ~~ p.11 IU'7 1~.IH1 IM~ I·-J& 11k'!! l4---fl~ In!)

Nmtl. 1ill! t{lfllI1l'Il\IIlF~ at 1M

deplh I'!I :11'19.5 m
---.-- ------- ------- -,
ftr"rllftl'il ~plh ill IOh.7"V, III ill!' dfOUltlll(l"~ II C" tf)(J1~uhlr wlIil1lu (II ilU Itod de'!. rilHlKlI} Ilf U.fI:!H

~~~
w~m' 11ft ll.~~1ltlie4

.. ~
IOf I"~ 1111id III it

I
(..
i
~
Compositional Variations widl Depth

3~~==C===C===~~~--~--~--'-~~=-t
o &perimeotlll
- ­ No T-gJl1(li£'nt
:mlO - dTfdh = 0.025 Clm

I :uno
-5
0­ f
,
I

tl I
3220
,,
,,
3240
,•

~~L-L-L-L-L-L-L-~~~~~~~~~~~

~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ M ~ ~ ~

Cl mole~

FIGURE 14.13 Experimenlal ad simu1aIed C. mole percentages 'Nidi ~ imII ...' llbik oiII!;m.~
reservoir. The e;t~ cbfa is labuLued in Table 14.9.

Table l4.9 shows data for die COIllpOSitional variation with depIh ii:m;ll. P ~ on
fieJd with a vertical temperature gradient ofO.025°Cfm (Monlel and Cimd., J98f5l. The comt~cmI
variation with depth in the ~ was simulated both neglecting (be ~ lIimIpoatmate ~
and 3$uming a ~ rempenlUre gmdieot of O.025"CJm. lbe ~ \'.w~ mC Q 3IIfI!j Cr.
and mole pen:enlages wilh depdl are shown in FIgure 14. t3 and Figmre l4 .l4L "i'bl! ~ march is
seen when laking abe temperarure gradient into oonsidel3.tion in Ibe ~

3160
~
31.80
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0 £~!ltaII

dTtc!:& - IDIi)!25 e l m.
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3200

32lO
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j
il
I,
j:
'I

'nto \1 '\J1\ II U
Ii
I
I
• , II , :1
8 10 12 14 16
" :!I1J
c,~ mole %

FIGURE 14.14 Experimental and simulated c,. mole pen:etltagc!S widl de¢b .. n l>~ "'II~ ~
reservoir. The uperilDl!nlal d3b is tab"lared in Table 14.9.
16 Phase Behavior of Pe-rw-olleum Rese-PtIOir Fluids

TABLE 2.2
Composition of Gas Sample Determined from Gas ~ ADaIysis
Component formula Weight % M {J;IIIdJI T",fC) fr.Idioo
NicrogCD N L6542 28.JliH -~95..8

CarOOn dioxide CO2 2-3040 44_0~~ --'i1Sji CO~,

Melbane CH.. &l.5818 16..~ - DM5 ell
I!lhaoe c'1t-i,; LS.5326 JO.~ 4U c!
Propane C,H, 123819 -UJ1f!R --4!2.U Co
lsotoou.ne C.H," 2.0616 58.1241- - H..9 ie,
l!-Blll!1tJe C.H,o 3.2J29 58.]141 ----as DC.
2.2-DimefbyIPllplllle C~1l 0.0074 72J5n 95 iC~
2-M~Ib}'nll!=we C~'2 0.7677 n.95J ~7'.9 iC;
n-Perune 0.6&)1 ~.a.
C,1l'2 n..II5R .c"
Cyd~ C;HIO 0.0395 -ro.. itl> 4<9.3 c.
L2·DimclItyIbulane C~HI' 0.0059 86.1-n; 4MI..:IIi c"
!.3-Dimeiliylllolaoe c"H.. 0.0212 StU7B 58'..i c.,
l-McthyJpeoJaJe C6 H'4 OJ4M M.J1S ~_J C,..
3--Metbyl~1aJe O.{)(i03 ~l~ dil,'\..'\
C.,H,. ~"
n-I-Jexane C.,H'4 0.1302 &6..171' <SiU C'"
Mctbytc-ydopmnme CIIH'2 0.0684 fi-U~ 71L9 C7
2.2·DimethyIpen!aoe
Ikn«:ne
C,H I6
C6 l-4
0.1)001
0-<)648
l00lm
18.1il4(
7.93
w.!
'7C,
3.3-Dimo:thjl{leoJ;'.oe C?H,~ 0.0005 002m WI) CT
Cyclobc.UI)I! CJ-I12 0.0624- 8:U~ :no c,
3_1-DimdbyBpc::lltlWe C1H,. 0.1)005 iOO""'~ ~_B C'..,
I.) -Dim.:dJylq-clo-pcubIDI: c~,. 0.002.") 98..1S9/ ',.9 c·
2,3-om.:mylpeuwle C,H'6 0.0045 loo..!iiB ~u C-,
2-Me1hyilllellaDt C, H" 0.0145 100100' <J€i i C"
3---MahyIllf';uoe C7 H,<> 0.0125 lOO.JI(j)5 91L.9 C..
l ..:is.3-DimEtbyIq~ C7 H. 4 0.0060 9&.Wli C"
1 ,trun.~. J- Di~ Icydo-padlIDe C-,H '4 0.0060 98-DIW C7
J Jmn..i-.2-JJinldJJy.iC)1j)--p:maue C~ .. 0.0094 9&J$ jI].".11 <;
n-Htlpf".me C,H,& 0.Q290 IOO20Bi 'lIIU C,
MClhy1cydobeuoe C,H'4 0.0565 9&.!~ 1Li@ILO C1<
ElhylcyclQ(ltQlaoe C,l-l 14 0.0035 9U. lW5 4
l-.lrom'-2,cis-4-Tri-meUty~ne CgH,. (j,Ij(J04 U;!2'lll!> c:~
l,tnvu-z..:u-3-Tri--mWtyk)~ C~H'6 0.0002 U2.1U.liil C,
Toluene c.H.a 0.0436 92.14lH DUlt7 c~
2-Medlylbeptaoe CgH .. 0 .0039 1J4.2lt! llll7.7 c~
3-Mclhylbqllaoe C.H .. 0.0025 114.82 H9.n 4
l.fmns-4 -Dimelby]cydo~ C.B,. 0.0022 J 1221J~ llil'9,4 ("-,j;
L.ru -3 ·OiJD::lhylq-do CaH'6 OJ1()44 !1121l~ m.s ~
1J--OctaDc CgH,t. OJJOIJ9 ll42.3\.r lL5.7 ca
111 + p-Xyh::o: CsH,o 0.0029 l06.WS ll.iiJ!! c9
o-Xylene CaH,o .om!) IO(dMi H~.5 C...
n-Nouaue CJiItJ 0.0\37 J.'!&.....~ ll51\'9 (,~
U nitleolitied Da.-aoes (C.ol-In ) 0.0081 (14218~11 1(n742 ~C!a})

NOll' : M sr.mds fOJ" molecular \Right and T1\ for normal boiling point.
Sou,", DaCI hom Osjml. E.H. .xl Mallhe-Sl'IreJlssen, D .. QttalltitllDW araJ)'Sif' $If ~ p m;II ~ JD(I
by lhe Il5e of ~ ~ ~ columns, J. Chro,1JalOgT. '191. 219-124. 1~1\.