DATA PRESENTATION

6.53
DATA PRESENTATION
• The process of using various graphical formats
to visually represent the relationship between
two or more data sets so that an informed
decision can be made based on them

• Data are presented in charts, tables, or

figures with textual interpretations

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 TYPES OF DATA PRESENTATION

TEXTUAL DIAGRAMMATIC TABULAR

v Uses words to v Data are presented in

v Uses diagrams and rows and columns
describe the images
relationship between
information
TABULAR PRESENTATION OF DATA
§ It is a table that helps to represent even a large amount
of data in an engaging, easy to read, and coordinated
manner.

METHODS OF TABULATION:

§ Simple Tabulation or One-way Tabulation – one characteristics

§ Double Tabulation or Two-way Tabulation – two different

characteristics at a time

§ Complex Tabulation - many characteristics

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA AND TABULAR PRESENTATION

QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION

ü data based on qualitative ü data based on quantitative

attributes characteristics
or qualitative characteristic of a
phenomena
 TYPES OF TABULATION
SPATIAL CLASSIFICATION TEMPORAL CLASSIFICATION

ü data based based on the ü data based on on the time period

geographical location/place

Province/
No. of Households
Municipality

Benguet 116,692

Baguio City 100,220

Abra 58,956

Ifugao 48,756

Kalinga 48,079

Mt. Province 37,601

Apayao 28,862

TOTAL 439,166
 COMPONENTS OF A TABLE IN DATA PRESENTATION
a. Table Number e. Stubs/Row Heading

b. Title f. Body

c. Head Note g. Foot Notes

d. Captions/Columns Headings. h. Source Notes

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 STEPS TO CREATE TABLES
• Plan your table
• Choose a table format
• Choose a software program
• Input Data
• Format table
• Insert table to your paper
• Label the table
• Check Accuracy
PURPOSE
• Visual Representation
• Organize Data
• Clarity and Accuracy
• Summarize Data
• Compare Data
• Enhance readability of the
paper and Efficiency
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FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
6.53
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
• It is the pattern of frequencies of a
variable.
• It is the number of times each
possible value of a variable occurs in a
dataset.
• It is a representation, either in a graphical
or tabular format, that displays the
number of observations within a given
interval.

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q UNGROUPED FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION

• displays the frequency of each individual data value

rather than groups of data values.
• useful when you want to see how often each individual
value occurs in a dataset.
• works best with small datasets in which there are only a
few unique values.

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EXAMPLE
• 20 students were asked how
many pets they have in their
home.
The results are as follows:
1,7,1,2,2,3,4,5,3,2,2,5,3,2,5,5,5
,4,6,2
Number of pets Frequency
(Data Value)
1 2
2 6
3 3
4 2
5 5
6 1
7 1
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q RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Number of pets Frequency Relative
• It is the ratio (fraction or (Data Value) Frequency
proportion) of the number of times
a value of the data occurs in the 1 2 10%
set of all outcomes to the total
number of outcomes. 2 6 30%
• You can use this type of frequency
distribution for any type of
variable when you’re more 3 3 15%
interested in comparing
frequencies than the actual
number of observations. 4 2 10%

§ Relative frequency= 5 5 25%

frequency/sample size
• f/n=rf 6 1 5%
• 2/20=10%
7 1 5%

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q CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION Number of
pets (Data
Frequency Relative
Frequency
Cumulative
Relative
Value) Frequency
• It is the accumulation of the previous 1 2 10% .10
relative frequencies.
• The cumulative relative frequency 2 6 30% .40
tells the sum of each proportion or
percentage including and leading up
to each data value. 3 3 15% .55

• You can use this type of 4 2 10% .65

frequency distribution if you
want to determine the 5 5 25% .90
observations that lie above (or
below) a particular value in a 6 1 5% .95
dataset.
7 1 5% 1

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q GROUPED
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
- Also used when there is
quantitative data
- When range is large and
data values needed to be
grouped
CONSTRUCTING A GROUPED FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
1. Find the Range 4. Choose the lower limit
Highest data value less lowest Create another lower limit of the
data value classes by adding the class width
to the previous lower limit

2. Determine the number

of class
Usually, the minimum is 5 classes
and a maximum of 20 classes 5. Create higher limits
Should not overlap the limits
3.Find the Class Width
Range divided by the number of
class

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EXAMPLE OF GROUPED DATA
Problem :Twenty-eight students were asked how many hours they worked per week. Their responses, in
hours, are as follows: 15; 26; 13; 33; 22; 14; 27; 15; 32; 23; 5; 26; 25; 14; 34; 13; 15; 22; 15; 28; 10; 18; 21;
24; 20; 18; 34; 20; construct a grouped frequency distribution using 5 classes.

1. Range= 34-5 = 29 CLASSES FREQUENCY

2. Class Width= 29/5= 5.8 or 6 5-10 2

3. Lower limit = 5 11-16 8

17-22 7
4. Other Lower limit = 11, 17, 23, 29
23-28 7
(5+6, 11+6, 17+6, 23+6)
29-34 4
5. First Upper Limit= 10
6. Other Upper limit = 16, 22, 28, 34
(10+6, 16+6, 22+6, 34+6)
q FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
FOR QUALITATIVE DATA
- This is for non-numeric data
- In creating a table
- Place category in the first column
- Place the category in the second column
- Count each data value for the frequency
EXAMPLE OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FOR
QUALITATIVE DATA
Problem: Twenty students are asked their blood type. Their responses are as follows: A; B;
O; A; AB; O; O; A; O; B; A; A; A; O; O; O; B; O; AB; B

DATA VALUES FREQUENCY

A 6
AB 2
B 4
O 8
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
6.53
OF DATA
GRAPHS
• Graphs are diagrammatic representation of data and normally
arrange numerical information into a picture from which it is often
possible to see an overall pattern or trend in the information

TYPES OF GRAPHS

QUALITATIVE DATA QUANTITATIVE DATA

• Pie Chart • Histogram

• Bar Graph • Stem-and-Leaf Graph

• Pareto Chart • Line Graph

• Frequency Polygon

• Time Series Graph

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PIE CHART
In a pie chart, categories of data are represented by wedges in a circle and are
proportional in size to the percent of individuals in each category. When creating a
pie chart, each slice should be labeled with the category name and the relative
frequency (percent)

Percentage Distribution of Total Vegetables Production in CAR, 2022

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BAR GRAPH
In a bar graph, the length of the bar for each category is proportional to the
number or percent of individuals in each category. Bars may be vertical or
horizontal.
Poverty Incidence (%) Among Basic Sectors in CAR: 2015 & 2018

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 PARETO CHART
Pareto chart consists of bars that are sorted into order by category size (largest to smallest).
It plots the distribution of data in descending order of frequency, with a cumulative line on a
secondary axis as a percentage of the total.
Chart Title
30 100%
CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS BY FREQUENCY
REASON 90%
25
80%
LATE SHIPMENT 26
70%
WRONG QUANTITY 25 20
60%
WRONG ITEM 10
15 50%
INCORRECT PRICING 8 40%
LIST MISSING 6 10
30%
PARTIAL SHIPMENT 6 5
20%
WRONG ADDRESS 6 10%
0 0%
WRONG… INCORRECT… PARTIAL…
LATE SHIPMENT WRONG ITEM LIST MISSING WRONG…

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HISTOGRAM
• Histogram is defined as a type of bar chart that is used to represent statistical
information by way of bars to show the frequency distribution of continuous data. It
indicates the number of observations which lie in-between the range of values.

EXAMPLE: Ages of people who died of COVID 19 for the month of

August.

23, 26, 33, 34, 39, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 66, 66, 67, 69

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STEM AND LEAF GRAPH
• A stem and leaf graph is a simple kind of graph that is made out of the numbers
themselves. It is a means of displaying the main features of a distribution. If a stem and
leaf plot is turned on its side, it will resemble a bar graph or histogram and provide
similar visual information.

EXAMPLE: Ages of people who died of COVID 19 for the month of

August.

23, 26, 33, 34, 39, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 66, 66, 67, 69

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STEM AND LEAF GRAPH
EXAMPLE: Ages of people who died of COVID 19 for the month of
August.

23, 26, 33, 34, 39, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 66, 66, 67, 69

stem leaf
2 36

3 349

4 5689
5 0579

6 026679

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LINE GRAPH
• A line graph is a graphical representation of information that changes over a period of
time.

EXAMPLE: Create a line graph generating the frequency of Filipinos (OFWs) going
overseas to work per month.
SUMMARY TOTAL NUMBER OF OFWs
STATISTICS (in thousands)
TOTAL NUMBER OF OFWs (in thousands)
JANUARY 323 400
FEBRUARY 79 350
MARCH 84 300
APRIL 246 250
MAY 188 200
150
JUNE 98
100
JULY 102
50
AUGUST 73
0
SEPTEMBER 54

R
E
RY

R
R
L

T
CH

AY

LY
Y

RI

BE
N

US

BE
BE
AR

BE
JU
UA

OCTOBER 155
M
AP

JU
AR

M
G

EM
EM

O
U
N

BR

AU

CT

VE
M

PT

EC
JA

FE

O
O
NOVEMBER 377

SE

D
N
DECEMBER 46

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FREQUENCY POLYGON
• A frequency polygon is almost identical to a histogram, which is used to compare sets
of data or to display a cumulative frequency distribution. It uses a line graph to
represent quantitative data.

EXAMPLE: Ages of people who died of COVID 19 for the month of

August.

23, 26, 33, 34, 39, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 66, 66, 67, 69

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 TIME SERIES GRAPH
• A time series chart, also called a times series graph or time series plot, is a data
visualization tool that illustrates data points at successive intervals of time. Each point
on the chart corresponds to both a time and a quantity that is being measured.

EXAMPLE:

TOTAL NUMBER OF OFWS

YEAR
DEPLOYED (000)

2017 1697

2018 1708

2019 1760

2020 1771

2021 1825

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THANK YOU

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