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‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﻛﺴﻞ ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،٢٠٠٦‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺳﻤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻧﻮﺍﻣﺒﺮ ‪ ١٩٩٣‬ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٥١‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٦٧‬ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ )ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻚ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‪،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩١‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ‪ ١٢‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻀﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ )ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ( ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻪﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪١٩٩٥‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺩﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ ٢٥‬ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻩ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻠﻮﺍﻛﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻠﻮﻭﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫»ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ« ﺍﻋﻄﺎ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺗﻲ‬

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‫ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪﻱ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﻳﻮﺭﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٢‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻩ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٤‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻱ »ﺷﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ« ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻧﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ،١٨٠٠‬ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫»ﻧﺎﭘﻠﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ« ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻃﻲ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ )‪(١٩٤٥-١٩٣٩‬‬
‫ﺭﻫﺒﺮ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ »ﺁﺩﻭﻟﻒ ﻫﻴﺘﻠﺮ« ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﻪﻱ ﻧﺎﺯﻱﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺩﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻘﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﺗﻜﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪﻱ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪﻱ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ؛ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻬﺪﻩﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﮓ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬

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‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺨﻨﮕﻮﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ »ﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻧﻪ« ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺮﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﺼﺪﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺿﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﻱ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﺑﻨﻠﻮﻛﺲ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﺑﻨﻠﻮﻛﺲ )ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻨﻠﻮﻛﺲ( ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻱ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٤٨‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٢١‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻠﮋﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﻃﻲ ﺟﻨﮓ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻏﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚﺗﺮﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ‬

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‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٥٠‬ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ »ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺷﻮﻣﺎﻥ« ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺕ »ﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻧﻪ« ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻓﻮﻻ ﻭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﺷﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺁﮊﺍﻧﺲ ﻓﻮﻕﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﮊﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺮﺱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻠﻮﻛﺲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﮔﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﻮﺳﺲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٥١‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻻﺯﻡﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻬﻤﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺭﻛﻦ ﻓﻮﻕﻣﻠﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٥٧‬ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺭﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻤﻲ )ﺍﻭﺭﺍﺗﻢ( ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺻﻠﺢﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻬﻤﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺘﻔﻖﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﺗﻢ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﺗﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ‪ ١٩٥٧‬ﺭﻡ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻭﺭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﻭﮊ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻳﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ )ﺍﻓﺘﺎ( ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺍﻓﺘﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻧﻜﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺼﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺘﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٩٦١‬ﺑﺎ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﺶ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪﻱ ‪ ،١٩٦٣‬ﺭﻳﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ »ﺷﺎﺭﻝ ﺩﻭﮔﻞ« ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺗﻮ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﻱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ‪» .‬ﺩﻭﮔﻞ« ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٦٧‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺗﻮ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

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‫ﺩﺭ ﮊﻭﻻﻱ ‪ ١٩٦٧‬ﺳﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ )ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ( ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٦٨‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﻭﮔﻞ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﻳﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻩ ﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺭﻳﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‬
‫)ﺟﺮﺝ ﭘﻤﭙﻴﺪﻭ( ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﭘﻤﭙﻴﺪﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﻼﺱ ﺳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻫﻪ ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪١٩٦٩‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﻼﺱ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ؛ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ؛ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﻭ ﻧﺮﻭﮊ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٢‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٧٣‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻧﺮﻭﮊ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻤﻪﭘﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺣﺮﺏ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٤‬ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٧٠‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪﭘﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮊﻭﺋﻦ ‪ ١٩٧٥‬ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﺧﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪﻱ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺳﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٨٠‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﭘﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺎ ﻗﺮﺹ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻳﻮﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ ،١٩٨١‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ‪ ،١٩٨٦‬ﻣﻨﺸﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻜﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺟﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻫﺸﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺳﻬﻤﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٥‬ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪٣٠٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮊﻭﻻﻧﻲ ‪ ١٩٨٧‬ﻻﺯﻡﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ،١٩٨٠‬ﺯﺩﻭﺩﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﻮﻝ ﻛﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﺪﻫﺪ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﮔﻪﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻭﺭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﻼﺱ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٩‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻱ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ »ﻣﺎﺭﮔﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﺎﭼﺮ« ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪» ،١٩٩٠‬ﺟﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺠﺮ« ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﺵﮔﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ )ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ( ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻗﺼﺪﺵ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﺍ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺎﻣﺒﺮ‬
‫‪ ١٩٩٩‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪١٩٩٩‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢﺗﺮ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬

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‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻋﻄﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺳﺮ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ »ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺷﻤﻮﻝ« ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻱﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻛﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﭘﺮﺳﻲ ﺭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺭﺍﻱﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﻟﺸﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺟﻼﺱ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻖ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻱﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﺮﺍﻧﺪﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺳﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻧﻮﺍﻣﺒﺮ ‪ ١٩٩٣‬ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻜﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ١٩٩٦‬ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺟﺬﺍﺏﺗﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻱ‬

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‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻛﺘﺒﺮ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ )ﻋﺎﻟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻛﻦ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ( ﺳﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺭﺁﻳﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻧﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺲ ﻧﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻱﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﻛﺮﺳﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻧﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪﻱ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﻻﻱﻛﻦ‪ (Laeken) ،‬ﻭ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻧﻴﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺭﺍﻱﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﻱ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺪﻡ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﺮﺍﻧﺪﻭﻡ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺖ؛ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻱﻫﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﻭﻱﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﺮﻧﺪﺍﻭﻡ‬

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‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺟﻨﺠﺎﻝﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ »ﻳﻮﺭﻭ« ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ (١) :‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ )‪ (٢‬ﻛﺴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٦٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ؛ )‪ (٣‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻱ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ )‪(٤‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ )ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺷﺪﻩﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪١٩٩٩‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ( ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﭘﺮﺧﻄﺮ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻳﻜﺠﺎﻱ ﻛﺴﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﺴﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺿﺮﺏﺍﻻﺟﻞ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﻮﺯﻭﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺳﻤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻩ ﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫‪ ١٩٩٩‬ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ‪ ،‬ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‪،‬ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺖ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺮﻩﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻭﺭﺯﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪﻱ ‪،١٩٩٩‬‬
‫ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪﻱ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻮﺿﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻱ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﮔﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻜﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺎﺳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻱ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻩ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٤‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ‬
‫}ﻳﻮﺭﻭ{ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺒﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺳﻠﻮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﻃﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬

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‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻱ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﺸﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻑ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﺾ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﻘﻒ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﮕﺮﻳﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴـﺖﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻲﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺪﻩﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩﻱ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٩‬ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺮﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺀﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻔﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‬
‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻧﻴﻔﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﮔﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ »ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ« ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺭﻛﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻛﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻛﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻛﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪﻱ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻪﻱ ﺭﻛﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻛﻦ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ )‪ (CFSP‬ﻭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ )‪(JHA‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺁﺭﺍ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺁﺗﻼﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ )ﻧﺎﺗﻮ( ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﻮﺕ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﻮﮔﺴﻼﻭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ ١٩٩١‬ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ‪ ١٩٩١‬ﻭ ‪ ١٩٩٢‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺶ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﻮﮔﺴﻼﻭﻱ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﺻﻤﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﺻﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﻲﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬
‫ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﻮﮔﺴﻼﻭﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻮﮔﺴﻼﻭﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺗﻮ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻮﮔﺴﻼﻭﻱ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻓﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩﺍﻡ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ،١٩٩٠‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺮﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺻﻠﺢ‬
‫ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺘﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ‪-‬ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺯﻣﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ )‪ (JHA‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ »ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ« ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻕ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻣﻀﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺭﻛﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺟﻼﺱ ﺳﺮﺍﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺁﺭﺍ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﭼﺎﻧﻪﺯﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺠﻤﻠﻪ؛ ﺳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ )‪ ،(SEA‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺲ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﺸﺪ ﻛﻪ‪ :‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﻭ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺳﺎﺯﻳﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻮﺛﺮﺗﺮ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ؟‬

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‫ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺭﻛﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻪﻱ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪،‬ﻭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻛﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻛﻦ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻛﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻛﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻲﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﺒﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻙ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺎﻥ )ﭘﻴﺸﮕﺎﻡ( ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ »ﻧﻴﺲ«‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪ ٢٧‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺷﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻧﻴﺲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﻋﻄﺎ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ )ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ( ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪﻱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻛﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ‬

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‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻛﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﺭﻛﻦ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺍﺟﻼﺳﻴﻪ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﺰﺍﻡ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﮔﺮﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻞﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﺟﺪﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ )‪(QMV‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺭﺍﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺁﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻃﻠﺒﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﺟﺪﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ QMV .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺁﺭﺍ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻮ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ QMV ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٧٣٢‬ﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٩‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺻﺎﻟﺘﺎ ﻭ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻛﻦ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺣﻖ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬

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‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻌﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺕ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺭﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻛﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﻠﻐﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻕ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺗﻮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺳﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻻﻳﺤﻪﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻲﺳﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺮﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻣﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻧﻴﺲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﻛﺮﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻱ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻳﻜﻴﺎﺯ ﻗﻀﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬

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‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻋﻄﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺗﻲ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﻢ ﻟﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٩‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺪﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻋﺎﻭﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺠﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻋﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻋﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺪﻭﻱ ﻧﺰﺩ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻧﻴﺲ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻭ ﭘﺸﺖ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﻫﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﻳﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻳﺐ ﺭﻳﻴﺲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻲ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻣﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬

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‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ؟‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻛﻦ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺗﻲ ‪ ٣١٧‬ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ١٩٩٤‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﻭ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ؛‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﻏﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ؛ ﻭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ‪ ١٩٥٧‬ﺭﻡ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ )ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ( ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ )ﻛﭗ( ﻛﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٩٦٨‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺣﺬﻑ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٨٠‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﺷﻴﻼﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﺻﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

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‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺪﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﻪ ﻧﺮﻡ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ )ﻛﭗ( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺭﻡ ‪ ١٩٥٧‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺼﺪ )ﻛﭗ( ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﭗ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ؛ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ؛ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺖﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺶﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﺼﻨﻌﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪﺍﻥ‬

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‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﭗ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ‬
‫‪ ١٩٨٠‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻴﺘﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﭗ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻟﻄﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺯﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﻱ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﮕﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻛﭗ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻲﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﭗ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻛﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٤‬ﻭ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺳﻬﻤﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٢‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺼﻨﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﺎ ﻳﺎﺭﺍﻧﻪﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﺪﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﭗ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪،٢٠٠١‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﭗ ﺗﺎ ‪ ٤٦‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ »ﻛﭗ« ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺧﺸﻨﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﭗ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻱ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻢﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﮔﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﻱ ﻛﭗ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﻼﺱ ‪٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺗﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

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 ‫‪www.zarrokh.ir‬‬

‫ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺑﺰﮔﺘﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪﻱ ﻛﭗ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲﺗﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻛﭗ ﻭﺿﻊ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﻭ ‪ ٢٠٠٤‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺻﻴﺪ‬

‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺡ ‪ ١٩٨٢‬ﺻﻴﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻴﻼﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺻﻴﺪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﭗ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖﺁﻣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺻﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺻﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺳﻬﻤﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺻﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺎﺟﺮﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺻﻴﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺻﻴﺪ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ‪ ١٩٥٧‬ﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٧٠‬ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺭﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٤‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻊﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ‬

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‫ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﻜﺎﻑ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻏﻨﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٩‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺻﺪﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻣﺪﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺗﺮ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺗﺮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺗﺮ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٥٧‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﻱ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬

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‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٨‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻑ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻼﻋﻮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺿﺪﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻤﺨﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻛﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻓﻖﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ‪ ،١٩٩٣‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻡﺩﻫﻲ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ )ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ( ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٩‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪١٩٧٠‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﮔﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﮔﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ ﻭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ؛ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺎﺭﻙ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٩٩‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٨٠‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﺳﻬﻴﻢ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٩٨٧‬ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ‬

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‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺰﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﻭﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﻮﻳﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒﺗﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﻢ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻨﮕﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ‪ ١٩٩٢‬ﻭ ‪ ١٩٩٣‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻜﺎﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﺨﻮﺵ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻩﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ‬
‫ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﮔﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٨‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺥ ‪ ١٩٨٧‬ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٦٠‬ﻭ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺭﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺰﻟﺰﻝ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻻﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻃﻼ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٦٠‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻓﻮﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺭﺯ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻻﺭ ﺁﺳﻴﺐﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٩٦٩‬ﺭﻫﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ »ﭘﻴﺮ ﻭﺭﻧﺮ«‬
‫)ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ( ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٩٧٠‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻧﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﻀﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٠‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٧٠‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻭﺭﻧﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ١٩٧١‬ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻼ ﻣﻨﻔﻚ ﻧﺴﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻻﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺭﺯ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪١٩٧٣‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﻮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﭘﺮﺁﺷﻮﺑﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﻮﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻢ ﻭﺑﻴﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺷﻲ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝﺗﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ‪ ١٩٧٩‬ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٧‬ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻭﺭﻧﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٩‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ‪ ١٩٩١‬ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺨﺖ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻼ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﻱ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٤‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺴﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬

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‫‪ ١٩٩١‬ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻘﻒ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺳﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٢‬ﻭ ‪ ١٩٩٣‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ERM‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﺴﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﻼ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺧﺸﻨﻮﺩﻱ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪ ،١٩٩٩‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪﻱ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻢﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﮔﺎﻡ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺷﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻭﺭﺯﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻄﻪﻱ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺳﻴﻮﻧﺎﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺶﮔﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ،١٩٥٠‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﺫﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻣﺪﺕ ﺍﺭﺟﺤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻳﻜﺼﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺪﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﻪﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺿﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻲ ﺟﻨﮓ ‪ ١٩٩١‬ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ؛ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻗﺒﻞ ‪ ١٩٩١‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻮﮔﺴﻼﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻫﺮ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﭼﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٩‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺳﻮﺍﻻﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺲ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ‬

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‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺗﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻛﭗ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺑﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﻭ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻛﻤﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻗﺒﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻠﻮﻭﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻻﺗﻮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻠﻮﺍﻛﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩ‪) .‬ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ(‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺭﺳﻤﺎ ﺩﻩﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﻭ ﮊﺍﭘﻦ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺁﺷﻔﺘﻪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻼﻓﻲﺟﻮﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﻭ ﮊﺍﭘﻦ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺸﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ‬
‫‪ ،١٩٩٠‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺎﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﺋﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ )ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ACP‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ( ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٦٣‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻟﻪﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎﺋﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ ١٨‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٩٧٥‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻣﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﺗﻮﮔﻮ ﺑﺎ ‪ ٤٦‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﺋﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺍﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ )‪ (ACP‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺗﺸﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪﻱ ﻛﻤﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻄﺎ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻣﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٩‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ‪ ٥٨‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٤‬ﺑﻪ ‪ ٦٥‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٩‬ﺑﻪ ‪ ٦٩‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ »ﻛﻮﺗﻮﻧﻮ« ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻣﺪﺕﺗﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﻱ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ACP‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﻗﻂ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻱ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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