Name: ENGR. RENESIY M.

NOVILLA, ECT Section: MSECE-O

Instructor: ENGR. ARNOLD PAGLIAWAN ID No: 2020190037

END CHAPTER QUESTIONS – CHAPTER 3

1. Why is ethics valuable in research?

Answer:

Ethics is valuable in research for several reasons:

1. Protection of human subjects - One of the main reasons for having ethical guidelines
in research is to ensure the protection of human subjects. Ethical guidelines help to
ensure that research does not cause physical, psychological, or emotional harm to
participants.

2. Maintaining integrity - Ethical guidelines ensure that research is conducted with

integrity, honesty, and transparency. They help researchers to avoid conflicts of
interest, biases, and other unethical practices that could undermine the integrity of
the research.

3. Enhancing trust - When research is conducted ethically, it enhances the trust of the
public in the research process. This, in turn, increases the likelihood of participation
by individuals and groups in future research studies.

4. Compliance with regulations - Ethical guidelines help researchers comply with legal
and regulatory requirements. For example, many research institutions require
researchers to obtain approval from an ethics committee or institutional review
board before conducting research.

5. Advancing knowledge - Ethical research helps to advance knowledge in a

responsible and sustainable manner. When research is conducted ethically, it ensures
that the results are valid, reliable, and can be used to improve the quality of life for
individuals and society as a whole.

In general, ethics is essential in research as it protects human subjects, maintains the

integrity of the research, enhances trust, ensures compliance with regulations, and
advances knowledge in a responsible and sustainable manner.
2. Prepare a checklist for ethical reflection in research.
Answer:

Here is a checklist for ethical reflection in research:

1. Informed Consent - Have you obtained informed consent from all research
participants? Is the consent process clear, understandable, and voluntary?

2. Privacy and Confidentiality - Have you taken measures to ensure that participants'
privacy and confidentiality are protected? Are there any risks to the privacy or
confidentiality of participants, and if so, how have you addressed them?

3. Risk and Harm - Have you assessed and minimized the potential risks and harm to
participants, including physical, psychological, emotional, and social risks?

4. Data Collection and Analysis - Have you used appropriate methods for data
collection and analysis? Have you considered the potential impact of biases, conflicts
of interest, or other factors that could affect the accuracy and reliability of your
findings?

5. Fairness and Justice - Have you considered the potential impact of your research on
different groups of people? Have you ensured that your research does not
discriminate against or stigmatize any particular group?

6. Respect for Participants - Have you shown respect for participants, including their
autonomy, dignity, and rights? Have you considered their perspectives and feedback
throughout the research process?

7. Transparency and Openness - Have you been transparent and open about your
research process, findings, and limitations? Have you made efforts to share your
results with the broader community in a meaningful and accessible way?

8. Responsible Conduct - Have you followed the ethical guidelines and standards for
research in your field? Have you taken responsibility for any ethical issues that arise
during the research process?

By following these points and questions, researchers can ensure that their research is
conducted in an ethical and responsible manner, and that the interests and rights of
participants are respected and protected.
3. Differentiate anonymity and confidentiality.
Answer:

Anonymity and confidentiality are two different concepts related to the protection of
research participants' privacy. Anonymity and confidentiality are often used
interchangeably, but they are not the same.

Anonymity means that the identity of the participant is unknown and cannot be linked
to their responses or data. In other words, the researcher does not collect any
identifiable information that can be used to link a participant to their data or responses.
It is typically achieved by not collecting any personal information, such as name,
address, or contact information, from the participants.

Confidentiality means that the identity of the participant is known to the researcher, but
the researcher takes steps to protect the participant's privacy by not sharing their
information with others. In other words, the researcher collects identifiable information,
but takes measures to ensure that the information is kept confidential and is not shared
with anyone else. It is typically achieved by using codes or pseudonyms to replace the
participants' names or other identifiable information, and by storing the data securely.

In other words, anonymity means that the researcher does not collect any identifiable
information, while confidentiality means that the researcher collects identifiable
information, but takes measures to protect the participant's privacy by keeping the
information confidential and not sharing it with others. Both anonymity and
confidentiality are important ways to protect the privacy of research participants and
should be considered carefully when planning and conducting research.

4. What questions can a researcher ask during an ethical reflection on engagement with his
research participants?
Answer:

During an ethical reflection on engagement with research participants, a researcher can

ask the following questions:

1. Are my research questions relevant and meaningful to the participants? Have I

considered their perspectives and experiences in designing the research?

2. Have I provided clear and accurate information about the research to the
participants, including the purpose of the research, the procedures involved, and any
risks or benefits?

3. Have I obtained informed consent from the participants, and have I provided them
with the opportunity to ask questions or clarify any concerns they may have about
the research?
 4. Have I taken measures to protect the privacy and confidentiality of the participants,
and have I explained how their data will be used and stored?

5. Have I considered the potential power dynamics between myself and the
participants, and have I taken steps to ensure that the research process is respectful
and equitable?

6. Have I considered the potential impact of the research on the participants, and have
I taken steps to minimize any potential harm or negative consequences?

7. Have I provided the participants with an opportunity to provide feedback or to ask

questions about the research findings, and have I communicated the results in a
clear and accessible manner?

8. Have I shown respect for the participants' autonomy, dignity, and rights throughout
the research process, and have I taken steps to address any ethical concerns or issues
that may arise?

Thru asking these questions, a researcher can reflect on their engagement with research
participants and ensure that the research is conducted in an ethical and responsible
manner that respects the participants' rights and interests.

5. Discuss the ethical concern on the principle of informed consent.

Answer:

The principle of informed consent is a critical ethical consideration in research. Informed

consent means that participants are fully informed about the nature and purpose of the
research, and they have voluntarily agreed to participate. It is a fundamental principle
that recognizes the autonomy and rights of participants and helps to protect their
welfare and dignity.

However, there are some ethical concerns related to the principle of informed consent.
One of the concerns is the issue of vulnerable populations. Some groups, such as
children, people with disabilities, or those with limited decision-making capacity, may be
unable to fully understand the research and the risks involved. In these cases, additional
protections and safeguards may be necessary to ensure that informed consent is
obtained.

Another ethical concern is related to the power dynamics between the researcher and
the participant. In some cases, the researcher may have more power, knowledge, or
authority than the participant, which may affect their ability to make an informed
decision. It is important for researchers to be aware of these power dynamics and to
 take steps to ensure that participants are fully informed and have the opportunity to
make their own decisions.

A related concern is the issue of coercion or undue influence. Participants may feel
pressure to participate in research, either because of the researcher's authority or
because of other external factors, such as financial incentives or social pressure.
Researchers should avoid any form of coercion or undue influence and ensure that
participants are free to make their own decisions without any external pressure.

Finally, there is the issue of ongoing consent. Informed consent is not a one-time event
but a process that continues throughout the research. Participants may change their
mind or encounter new information that affects their decision to participate. Researchers
should be prepared to provide ongoing information and support to participants, and to
obtain renewed consent as necessary.

In summary, the principle of informed consent is a critical ethical consideration in

research, but it also presents some ethical concerns related to vulnerable populations,
power dynamics, coercion, and ongoing consent. Researchers should be aware of these
concerns and take steps to ensure that informed consent is obtained in a responsible and
ethical manner that protects the rights and interests of the participants.

6. Why is power a fundamental ethical issue in research

Answer:

Power is a fundamental ethical issue in research because of the potential for power
imbalances between the researcher and the research participants. Power imbalances
can arise in various ways, such as differences in knowledge, status, resources, or
authority, and can affect the researcher's ability to respect the autonomy, dignity, and
rights of the participants.

One way power imbalances can occur is through the design of the research project. The
researcher may have a specific research question or hypothesis that they are trying to
answer, and the participants may feel obligated to answer in a way that satisfies the
researcher. This can create a power dynamic where the researcher has more control over
the research process and the participants feel pressured to comply.

Another way power imbalances can occur is through the recruitment and selection of
research participants. The researcher may have access to a specific population or group
of participants, and may have more influence or authority than the participants in
deciding who participates in the study. This can create a power dynamic where the
researcher has more control over the data collection process and the participants feel
powerless to refuse or negotiate.
 A third way power imbalances can occur is through the analysis and interpretation of the
research data. The researcher may have more knowledge or expertise than the
participants in analyzing and interpreting the data, which can affect the participants'
ability to fully understand the results and their implications. This can create a power
dynamic where the researcher has more control over the meaning and interpretation of
the research findings, and the participants may feel excluded or marginalized.

Power imbalances can have ethical implications for the research, such as undermining
the participants' autonomy and dignity, compromising the validity and reliability of the
research, or leading to harm or exploitation of the participants. Therefore, it is important
for researchers to be aware of power imbalances and to take steps to mitigate their
effects, such as involving the participants in the research design, providing clear and
transparent information about the research, and ensuring that the participants have a
meaningful voice in the research process.

7. What is the impact to research if there are suspicions of plagiarism on it?

Answer:

Suspicions of plagiarism in research can have serious consequences for the integrity and
validity of the research. Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work, ideas, or
words without giving proper credit or attribution. When plagiarism is suspected in
research, it can raise concerns about the originality, validity, and credibility of the
research findings.

Here are some of the potential impacts of suspicions of plagiarism on research:

1. Damage to the researcher's reputation - Plagiarism can damage the researcher's

reputation and credibility in the academic community. It can lead to loss of trust and
respect from peers, colleagues, and funding agencies, and can harm their future
career prospects.

2. Compromised validity and reliability of the research - Plagiarism can compromise

the validity and reliability of the research findings. It can lead to errors or
inaccuracies in the data analysis, and can undermine the trustworthiness and
generalizability of the research results.

3. Legal and ethical implications - Plagiarism can have legal and ethical implications. It
can violate copyright laws and intellectual property rights, and can lead to legal
action or sanctions. It can also violate ethical principles such as honesty, integrity,
and accountability.

4. Repercussions for the research community - Plagiarism can have repercussions for
the research community as a whole. It can lead to increased scrutiny and regulation
 of research practices, and can damage the reputation and trust of the scientific
enterprise.

In conclusion, suspicions of plagiarism can have significant negative impacts on the

integrity and validity of research. Researchers have a responsibility to ensure that their
work is original, honest, and transparent, and to follow ethical and legal guidelines for
attribution and citation of sources. If suspicions of plagiarism arise, it is important for the
research community to investigate and address them in a timely and transparent
manner.

8. Discuss the potential harm of a research that is being conducted in the field of medicine.
Answer:

Research in the field of medicine has the potential to bring about many benefits to
individuals and society as a whole, such as improved health outcomes, new treatments
and therapies, and better understanding of diseases and their causes. However, it also
carries the potential for harm, both to research participants and to society as a whole.
Here are some examples of potential harms of medical research:

1. Physical harm - Medical research can involve interventions that carry physical risks
to research participants, such as surgery, drug treatments, or diagnostic tests. These
interventions may have unintended side effects, complications, or adverse reactions
that can cause harm or discomfort to the participants.

2. Psychological harm - Medical research can also have psychological risks to research
participants, such as stress, anxiety, or emotional distress. This can be particularly
true for research involving sensitive topics, such as mental health or end-of-life care.

3. Privacy and confidentiality breaches - Medical research may involve the collection of
sensitive personal information, such as medical histories or genetic data, that could
be used to harm or stigmatize participants if it were to be disclosed without proper
consent or safeguards.

4. Stigmatization or discrimination - Medical research that involves stigmatized

populations, such as individuals with HIV/AIDS, mental health conditions, or
disabilities, may reinforce or exacerbate existing social biases and discrimination.

5. Unintended consequences - Medical research can have unintended consequences

that are difficult to predict or control. For example, a new treatment or therapy may
have unexpected side effects or interactions, or may lead to the emergence of drug-
resistant strains of bacteria or viruses.

6. Exploitation or injustice - Medical research can raise concerns about exploitation or

injustice, particularly when vulnerable populations are involved. There is a risk that
 these populations may be coerced or pressured into participating in research, or may
not have access to the benefits of the research.

It is important for researchers, institutional review boards, and other stakeholders in

medical research to take steps to minimize these potential harms and to ensure that the
benefits of the research outweigh the risks. This includes obtaining informed consent
from participants, protecting their privacy and confidentiality, and ensuring that the
research is conducted in an ethical and transparent manner.

9. What questions can a researcher ask on the planning phase of his research process?
Answer:

During the planning phase of a research process, a researcher can ask a variety of
questions to help guide the development of the research project. Here are some
examples:

1. What is the research question or objective? What do I want to learn or discover

through this research?

2. What is the scope of the research? What are the boundaries or limitations of the
research project in terms of time, resources, or population?

3. What is the research design? What methods and techniques will I use to gather data,
and how will I analyze and interpret the data?

4. What is the sample size and selection process? How many participants do I need to
include, and how will I select them to ensure they are representative of the
population?

5. What are the ethical considerations? What are the potential risks and benefits of the
research, and how will I obtain informed consent from participants?

6. What are the resources needed for the research? What funding, personnel,
equipment, or other resources do I need to carry out the research?

7. What is the timeline for the research project? What are the key milestones and
deadlines, and how will I manage my time to ensure I meet them?

8. What are the potential limitations or sources of bias in the research? How will I
address these limitations or minimize the impact of bias on the research results?

9. How will I communicate the research findings? What are the intended audiences for
the research, and how will I present the results in a clear and compelling manner?
 10. What are the potential implications of the research? How might the research
findings impact policy, practice, or future research in the field?

10. What are the important factors to maintain anonymization of Qualitative Data?
Answer:

Anonymization of qualitative data is important to protect the privacy and

confidentiality of research participants, and to ensure that the data cannot be traced
back to them. Here are some important factors to consider when maintaining
anonymization of qualitative data:

1. Remove identifying information - Any identifying information, such as names,

addresses, or other personal details, should be removed from the data or replaced
with pseudonyms.

2. Avoid direct quotes - Direct quotes from research participants should be avoided or
modified to ensure they cannot be traced back to the participant.

3. Consider the context - Even if direct quotes are not used, the context of the research
may reveal the identity of the participant. Researchers should consider the broader
context in which the research is being conducted and take steps to ensure that
participants cannot be identified.

4. Limit access to the data - The data should be stored securely and access should be
limited to authorized individuals.

5. Use data encryption - Data encryption can help to protect the data from
unauthorized access or breaches.

6. Obtain informed consent - Participants should be informed about how their data will
be anonymized and should provide informed consent for the use of their data in
research.

7. Use a data management plan - Researchers should develop a data management

plan that includes strategies for anonymizing the data and protecting the privacy
and confidentiality of research participants.

8. Review and monitor the data - Researchers should review the data on a regular
basis to ensure that it remains anonymized and that there are no inadvertent
breaches of confidentiality.
 Therefore, maintaining anonymization of qualitative data requires careful consideration
of the specific context and potential risks involved, as well as a commitment to
protecting the privacy and confidentiality of research participants.

11. What are the important things in managing your data?

Answer:

Managing data is an essential part of the research process, and involves a range of
tasks related to the collection, storage, processing, and analysis of data. Here are some
important things to consider when managing your data:

1. Plan ahead - Develop a data management plan that outlines the data collection
process, data storage and security measures, and data analysis and sharing
protocols.

2. Use reliable data collection methods - Use validated and reliable methods for
collecting data, and ensure that the data are accurately and consistently recorded.

3. Organize your data - Organize your data in a logical and consistent manner, and use
a standardized format for naming files and folders.

4. Back up your data - Create regular backups of your data to ensure that they are
protected from loss or damage.

5. Ensure data security - Take appropriate measures to ensure the security of your
data, such as using encryption, password protection, and access controls.

6. Maintain data quality - Regularly check the quality of your data to ensure that they
are accurate and reliable.

7. Analyze your data - Use appropriate statistical methods to analyze your data, and
ensure that your analysis is transparent and reproducible.

8. Share your data - Share your data with other researchers in a responsible and ethical
manner, following established protocols for data sharing and citation.

9. Respect data privacy and confidentiality - Protect the privacy and confidentiality of
research participants by ensuring that their data are not disclosed or shared without
their informed consent.

10. Dispose of data responsibly - When your research is complete, dispose of your data
in a responsible manner, taking appropriate measures to ensure that they are
securely deleted or destroyed.
Name: ENGR. RENESIY M. NOVILLA, ECT Section: MSECE-O
Instructor: ENGR. ARNOLD PAGLIAWAN ID No: 2020190037

END CHAPTER QUESTIONS – CHAPTER 4

1. What is the meaning of the word philosophical framework relative to social research?
Answer:

A philosophical framework relative to social research refers to a set of underlying

assumptions, principles, and beliefs that guide the researcher's approach to the study of
social phenomena. It provides a foundation for the researcher's worldview and helps to
shape their research questions, methods, and interpretations.

2. What is the three philosophical frameworks in the social research and explain each.
Answer:

There are several philosophical frameworks in social research, but three of the most
commonly used frameworks are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory.

1. Positivism – It is a philosophical framework that emphasizes the use of scientific

methods to study social phenomena. It assumes that the social world can be studied
using the same objective methods used in natural sciences, and that the goal of
social research is to uncover universal laws and principles that can be used to explain
and predict social behavior. Positivists rely on quantitative data and statistical
analysis to test hypotheses and develop theories. They assume that the researcher is
an objective observer and strive to eliminate bias and subjectivity from their
research.

2. Interpretivism - It is a philosophical framework that emphasizes the importance of

subjective experiences and meanings in understanding social phenomena. It assumes
that the social world is complex and cannot be fully understood using objective,
quantitative methods alone. Interpretivists argue that social reality is constructed
through people's interactions and interpretations, and that the researcher must take
into account the subjective perspectives of the individuals and groups being studied.
They rely on qualitative data, such as interviews, observations, and textual analysis,
to gain a deeper understanding of people's experiences and meanings.

3. Critical theory - It is a philosophical framework that emphasizes the role of power

and inequality in social relations. It assumes that social reality is shaped by historical,
cultural, and political forces, and that the researcher must take a critical and
reflective approach to understanding social phenomena. Critical theorists argue that
social research should be aimed at uncovering and challenging power imbalances
 and oppressive structures in society. They use a range of qualitative and quantitative
methods to investigate the relationships between individuals, groups, and
institutions, and seek to understand the social processes that perpetuate inequality
and injustice.

3. How to create a theoretical framework?

Answer:

Creating a theoretical framework involves developing a set of concepts, theories, and

ideas that will guide your research and help you to understand the relationships
between the variables you are studying. Here are some steps to follow when creating a
theoretical framework:

1. Define your research question - Start by clarifying your research question and
identifying the key variables you will be studying. Your theoretical framework should
provide a conceptual framework for understanding the relationships between these
variables.

2. Conduct a literature review - Conduct a thorough review of existing literature in your

field to identify relevant theories, concepts, and ideas that may be useful in
developing your theoretical framework. Pay attention to how other researchers have
conceptualized and studied similar variables in the past.

3. Identify relevant theories - Identify relevant theories and concepts from the
literature that can help you to understand the relationships between the variables in
your study. You may need to combine multiple theories or adapt existing theories to
fit your research question.

4. Develop a conceptual model - Develop a conceptual model that illustrates the

relationships between the key variables in your study. This model should provide a
visual representation of how the variables are related and how they may influence
each other.

5. Refine your framework - Once you have developed a preliminary theoretical

framework, refine it through feedback from peers and experts in your field. Consider
how your framework aligns with existing theories and concepts, and revise as
necessary.

6. Apply your framework - Apply your theoretical framework to your research design
and data analysis. Use your framework to guide your research questions,
hypotheses, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.

Overall, creating a theoretical framework involves synthesizing existing knowledge in

your field and developing a conceptual framework for understanding the relationships
 between the variables in your study. It is an iterative process that requires careful
thought and refinement throughout the research process.

4. Explain the difference between the qualitative and quantitative data.

Answer:

Qualitative data and quantitative data are two different types of data that can be
collected in research.

Qualitative data is non-numerical and is typically descriptive in nature. This type of data
is collected through methods such as interviews, observations, and focus groups. It can
provide rich, detailed information about people's experiences, perceptions, and
behaviors. This data is often analyzed using techniques such as thematic analysis,
content analysis, or discourse analysis.

Quantitative data, on the other hand, is numerical and can be analyzed using statistical
methods. This type of data is collected through methods such as surveys, experiments,
and observations. It can provide numerical data on variables such as frequency,
prevalence, and correlation. This data is often analyzed using techniques such as
regression analysis, t-tests, or ANOVA.

In summary, the main differences between qualitative and quantitative data are:

1. Type of data - Qualitative data is non-numerical and descriptive, while quantitative

data is numerical and can be analyzed using statistical methods.

2. Data collection methods - Qualitative data is collected through methods such as

interviews and observations, while quantitative data is collected through methods
such as surveys and experiments.

3. Analysis techniques - Qualitative data is often analyzed using techniques such as

thematic analysis, while quantitative data is often analyzed using statistical
techniques such as regression analysis.

5. What is methodological pyramid?

Answer:

The methodological pyramid is a framework that organizes research methods according

to their level of complexity and rigor. The pyramid is often used to guide researchers in
selecting the most appropriate method for their research question, based on the level of
detail and control they need over the research process. At the base of the pyramid are
the most basic and least rigorous methods, such as case studies and anecdotal evidence.
Moving up the pyramid, methods become increasingly rigorous and controlled, such as
observational studies, surveys, and experiments.
6. Explain and outline the five basic elements of a research process.
Answer:

The research process consists of several key elements that guide the researcher from the
initial research question to the final report. These five basic elements of the research
process are:

1. Identifying the research problem - This is the first step in the research process,
where the researcher identifies a specific problem or issue to investigate. The
research problem should be clear, concise, and focused. It should also be important
and relevant to the field of study.

2. Reviewing the literature - Once the research problem is identified, the next step is to
review the existing literature to gain a better understanding of the problem and to
identify any gaps in the current knowledge. The literature review helps the
researcher to refine the research question and to identify the most appropriate
research methods.

3. Designing the research study - After the research problem and literature review are
complete, the researcher must design the study. This involves selecting the research
method, defining the research question(s) and hypotheses, selecting the sample, and
designing the data collection tools.

4. Collecting and analyzing data - With the research study design in place, the
researcher can collect and analyze data. Data can be collected through a variety of
methods, such as surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments. Once the data
is collected, it must be analyzed using appropriate statistical or qualitative methods.

5. Reporting and disseminating findings - The final element of the research process is
to report and disseminate the findings. This involves organizing the data into a clear
and concise report, and presenting the findings in a way that is accessible and
meaningful to the target audience. Dissemination may include publication in
academic journals, conference presentations, or other forms of communication to
stakeholders and the wider public.

However, these five basic elements of the research process are iterative and
interconnected, and require careful planning and execution to ensure that the research is
rigorous, valid, and reliable.
7. Give at least three philosophical frameworks usually used in social science research and
explain.
Answer:

There are several philosophical frameworks that are commonly used in social science
research, but three of the most popular are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory.
Here's an explanation of each:

1. Positivism - It is a philosophical framework that emphasizes the use of scientific

methods and empirical observation to study social phenomena. This framework
assumes that there is an objective reality that can be studied and understood
through the use of quantitative methods, such as surveys and experiments.
Positivists believe that social phenomena can be explained by identifying the
underlying causal relationships that govern them. They also believe that social
research should be value-free and should not be influenced by the researcher's
personal biases or opinions.

2. Interpretivism - It is a philosophical framework that emphasizes the importance of

understanding the subjective experiences of individuals and the meanings that they
attach to social phenomena. This framework assumes that social reality is
constructed through the interactions of individuals, and that these interactions are
influenced by cultural, historical, and political factors. Interpretivists use qualitative
methods, such as interviews and ethnography, to explore the subjective experiences
of individuals and to understand the meanings that they attach to their social world.
Interpretivists believe that social research should be context-specific and should take
into account the perspectives and experiences of the individuals being studied.

3. Critical theory - It is a philosophical framework that emphasizes the importance of

understanding power relations and social inequality in shaping social phenomena.
This framework assumes that social reality is shaped by power struggles and
conflicts between different groups in society, and that these conflicts are often
hidden or obscured by dominant ideologies. Critical theorists use a range of methods,
including qualitative and quantitative methods, to analyze power relations and social
inequality, and to challenge dominant discourses and narratives. Critical theorists
believe that social research should be politically engaged and should aim to bring
about social change and transformation.
8. Explicate the statement “concept are the building blocks of theory”.
Answer:

The statement "concepts are the building blocks of theory" suggests that theories are
constructed from the basic building blocks of concepts. Concepts are defined as abstract
ideas or categories that are used to represent phenomena or ideas. They provide a way
of organizing and making sense of the world, and are used in a variety of disciplines,
including the social sciences.

Theories, on the other hand, are broader explanations or frameworks that attempt to
explain the relationships between different concepts. They are constructed from a set of
interrelated concepts that are used to explain a particular phenomenon or set of
phenomena.

In this sense, concepts are the raw materials that are used to construct theories. They
are the basic building blocks that are used to develop more complex explanations of the
world. By combining and relating concepts to one another, researchers are able to
construct theories that help them to understand and explain various phenomena.

For example, in the social sciences, concepts such as power, authority, and socialization
are used to construct theories that explain how societies are organized, how people
interact with one another, and how social norms and values are transmitted from one
generation to the next.

Therefore, the statement "concepts are the building blocks of theory" suggests that
theories are constructed from a set of interrelated concepts, and that these concepts
provide the raw materials that are used to develop more complex explanations of the
world.

9. What is the process of developing theory and concisely explain?

Answer:

The process of developing a theory involves several key steps, which can be summarized
as follows:

1. Identify the research question - The first step in developing a theory is to identify the
research question that the theory will address. This question should be based on a
gap or problem in the existing knowledge, and should be focused and specific.

2. Conduct a literature review - The next step is to conduct a thorough literature

review of existing research in the field. This review should identify the key concepts
and theories that have been developed in the area, and should provide a foundation
for the development of the new theory.
 3. Formulate hypotheses - Based on the research question and the literature review,
the next step is to formulate hypotheses that can be tested. These hypotheses should
be specific and testable, and should provide a framework for the development of the
theory.

4. Collect and analyze data - The next step is to collect and analyze data that can be
used to test the hypotheses. This may involve the use of various research methods,
such as surveys, experiments, or case studies.

5. Refine the theory - Based on the results of the data analysis, the theory should be
refined and revised as necessary. This may involve modifying or discarding
hypotheses, or developing new ones based on the data.

6. Disseminate the theory - Once the theory has been developed and refined, it should
be disseminated to the wider academic community through publications and
presentations.

In general, the process of developing a theory involves identifying a research question,

conducting a literature review, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data,
refining the theory, and disseminating the results. The process is iterative and involves
ongoing refinement and revision based on new data and insights.

10. Why is it important to involve the literature before making a choice about the center of
the study?
Answer:

It is important to involve the literature before making a choice about the center of the
study because the literature provides a foundation for understanding the existing
knowledge and research in a particular area. By conducting a literature review,
researchers can identify the key concepts, theories, and research methods that have
been used in the field, as well as any gaps or inconsistencies in the existing knowledge.

This information is essential for making an informed choice about the center of the
study, as it helps to identify the most important and relevant research questions and
areas of inquiry. It also helps to ensure that the research is grounded in the existing
knowledge and is not redundant or duplicative.

Additionally, involving the literature before making a choice about the center of the
study helps to ensure that the research is theoretically and methodologically sound. By
understanding the existing theories and research methods in the field, researchers can
develop a research design that is rigorous, valid, and reliable.
Name: ENGR. RENESIY M. NOVILLA, ECT Section: MSECE-O
Instructor: ENGR. ARNOLD PAGLIAWAN ID No: 2020190037

END CHAPTER QUESTIONS – CHAPTER 5

1. How to elaborate idea and explain extensively the good question in refining ideas?
Answer:

When refining ideas, it is important to ask good questions that help to clarify and
elaborate on the original idea. Here are some tips for formulating good questions to
refine your ideas:

1. Ask open-ended questions - Open-ended questions are questions that do not have a
simple yes or no answer. These types of questions encourage discussion and
exploration of the idea, and can help to uncover new insights and perspectives. For
example, instead of asking "Is this idea good?", ask "What are the strengths and
weaknesses of this idea?"

2. Ask probing questions - Probing questions are questions that seek to uncover deeper
meaning or understanding. These types of questions can help to identify underlying
assumptions or motivations that may be influencing the idea. For example, instead of
asking "What is this idea about?", ask "What underlying values or beliefs are driving
this idea?"

3. Ask clarifying questions - Clarifying questions are questions that seek to clarify the
meaning or intent of the idea. These types of questions can help to ensure that
everyone involved in the discussion has a clear understanding of the idea. For
example, instead of assuming everyone understands the idea and moving on, ask
"Can you explain what you mean by that? I'm not sure I understand."

4. Ask reflective questions - Reflective questions are questions that encourage critical
thinking and reflection. These types of questions can help to identify assumptions or
biases that may be limiting the idea. For example, instead of assuming the idea is
complete and ready to be implemented, ask "What assumptions are we making
about the feasibility and impact of this idea?"

By asking good questions, you can refine your ideas and gain a deeper understanding of
their strengths, weaknesses, and potential. Good questions can help you to identify new
insights and perspectives, challenge assumptions, and clarify the meaning and intent of
your ideas.
2. Explain the process and the factors to consider when developing research question.
Answer:

Developing a research question is a crucial step in the research process. Here are some
steps and factors to consider when developing a research question:

1. Identify a general topic area - Start by identifying a general topic area that interests
you or is relevant to your field of study.

2. Conduct a literature review - Conducting a literature review will help you to identify
gaps or inconsistencies in the existing research and to narrow down your topic area.
This will help you to develop a research question that is relevant and important.

3. Identify key concepts - Once you have narrowed down your topic area, identify the
key concepts that you want to investigate. These key concepts will form the basis of
your research question.

4. Refine your question - Refine your research question by considering the following
factors:

 Clarity - Your research question should be clear and easy to understand.

 Relevance - Your research question should be relevant to your field of study and
the existing research.
 Feasibility - Your research question should be feasible given the resources and
time available.
 Specificity - Your research question should be specific enough to guide your
research.
 Significance - Your research question should be significant enough to contribute
to the existing knowledge in your field.
 Write your research question - Use your refined question to write your research
question. Your research question should be a clear and concise statement that
defines the purpose of your research.

5. Refine and revise - Refine and revise your research question as you progress through
the research process. As you gather data and gain new insights, you may need to
refine or revise your question to ensure that it remains relevant and focused.

Factors to consider when developing a research question:

 Your interests and passions.

 Your field of study.
 Your research goals and objectives.
 The existing research and literature in your field.
  The feasibility of the research question.
 The significance of the research question.
 The research methods and techniques that will be used to investigate the
question.
 The availability of resources and support for the research.

3. Define and differentiate the three common research methodologies.

Answer:

The three common research methodologies are qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
methods research.

Qualitative research is a method of research that focuses on understanding the

experiences, attitudes, and behaviors of individuals and groups through the collection
and analysis of non-numerical data. It includes interviews, focus groups, observation,
and case studies.

Quantitative research, on the other hand, is a method of research that focuses on

collecting and analyzing numerical data to test hypotheses and make predictions. It
includes surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis.

Mixed methods research is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research

methods, and involves collecting and analyzing both numerical and non-numerical data
to gain a more comprehensive understanding of a research question or phenomenon.

The key differences between these research methodologies lie in their approaches to
data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Qualitative research typically relies on
subjective data collection techniques such as interviews and observations, while
quantitative research uses objective data collection techniques such as surveys and
experiments. Qualitative data analysis often involves coding and identifying themes in
the data, while quantitative data analysis involves statistical analysis of numerical data.
Mixed methods research involves using both qualitative and quantitative data collection
and analysis techniques to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research
question.

4. Discuss briefly the importance of questions in relation to literature for research project.
Answer:

Questions are an essential component of any research project, including those related to
literature. When studying literature, questions serve as a means of exploring the text
and understanding its various elements, including themes, characters, settings, and
motifs. They allow researchers to delve deeper into the meaning of a particular work and
to examine how it relates to broader cultural and historical contexts.
In literature, questions can take many forms, including those related to the author's
intentions, the social and political context in which a work was written, the impact of the
work on readers, and the various literary devices used to convey meaning. By asking
questions about these different aspects of a text, researchers can generate new insights
and ideas that can help to shape their analysis and understanding of the work.

Furthermore, questions are important for guiding the research process itself. By
formulating clear research questions at the outset of a project, researchers can focus
their efforts and ensure that their research is structured and purposeful. Questions can
also serve as a way of evaluating the quality and relevance of the sources that are used
in the research process.

Therefore, questions are a critical component of any research project related to

literature. They allow researchers to explore the text in depth, generate new insights and
ideas, and guide the research process itself. By asking thoughtful and well-formulated
questions, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of a work of literature and
contribute to the ongoing conversation surrounding it.