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Drydale 006958370
Drydale 006958370
Drydale 006958370
Author:
Drydale, German V.
Publication Date:
1978
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/5312
License:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/au/
Link to license to see what you are allowed to do with this resource.
FOR
by
GERMAN V. DRYDALE
Supervisor:
Prof. N. L. Svensson
School of Mechanical Engineering
1978
< !j r ;•
G. V. Drydale
3
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. SYNOPSIS 8
2. INTRODUCTION 10
5. PRELIMINARY DESIGN 18
6. GEOMETRIC DESIGN 35
Risers 67
7. VERIFICATION 80
PAGE
8. REFERENCES 114
9. APPENDICES
A.l. Derivation of preliminary design
formulae 116
A.2. Construction of graph for the reciprocal
of shaft strength factor 123
PAGE
PAGE
bending 39
torsion 40
bending 41
bending 48
torsion 49
bending 50
splines 55
bending 57
press fits 59
transmitting devices 61
metric threads 63
7
PAGE
bending 64
torsion 65
1. SYNOPSIS
environments.
basic stages:
1. Preliminary Design
2. Geometric Design
3. Verification.
the shaft and its components. During this stage the shaft
2. INTRODUCTION
following ways:
(i) in design of new shafts - use all three:
preliminary, geometric and verification
stages of design.
compiling it.
units
C - size factor
s.
Cg ^ - size factor, determined in fully
d shaft diameter m
. f.
preliminary shaft diameter based m
F axial force N
reduction ratio
K service factor
ser.
K sh.
u endurance limit reduction factor,
conditions
K , surface factor
surf.
subscript
N power watt
p chain pitch
S e. sh.
u endurance limit of material, N/m2
conditions
material
V shear force N
£ strain
n efficiency coefficient
A slenderness ratio
y Poisson's ratio
shear stress
CARRY-OUT
5. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
loads) - (m)
x [LOAD]1/3 x K (5.1.2.)
p-y ser
str.y.
of
<Sul.>l
2.5
(Sul.^ 2
21
OTHER ULTIMATE
DESCRIPTION AUSTRALIAN SPECIFICATIONS TENSILE
OF STEEL STANDARD BRITISH AMERICAN Sul STRENGTH
x 106 N/m2
BS-970 S.A.E.
NICKEL-CHROMIUM-
MOLYBDENUM STEEL AS 1444/8617 En361 8617 700
(CARBURISED)
NICKEL-CHROMIUM
STEEL AS 1444/3135 En 111 3135 850-950
TABLE 5.2.1.
LIST OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS
22
dl “ f<Sul.>l'1/3
d2 = f(Sul.)2'V3
o:
^ o
X X
*— CM
<
CJ X FIGURE 5. 3.1
O Lj- r-
CC < O <x
£L ^ XO 1
_;to UJ h-
y cc o GRAPH OF
y L^- t— < Kstr
x Oil) it
RECIPROCAL OF SHAFT STRENGTH FACTOR
25
10 x C x K
1 r______s 7a (5.3.1.)
K , . L 0.45 X
str.f. ul.
C - size factor
s.
K - stress rising factor
source.
involute splines;
K = 3 Shafts having interference fitted
components, key seats, large steps,
parallel sided splines, transverse
holes;
K = 4 Shafts, having shrink fitted
critical section.
This grouping is a guide only, whereas the
(ii) Torque - T - (N - m)
(iii) Axial force - F - (N)
M = [M 2 + M 2P
x y
with them.
[LOAD] = T (N - m)
[LOAD] = M (N - m)
[LOAD] = VSFTt? (N - m)
[LOAD] = M ± F 4-d- (N - m)
o
[LOAD] = ± F q d)2 + T2
o
MJ O vO CM
CA DA CA -3- LA
1 i • • • 1 1 • * •
u 1 i T--- X--- x--- 1 1 x— X---
o 1 i 1
CM
| 1 1 1 | 1
03 JZ 1 i vO o 1 1 vO vO
4J CO 1 i CM CM * 1 1 CM CA
4— CD
03 C — — — — —
CD 4-J
C L. CM -cr r^. O
— 03 JZ 1--- i— CM CM CA
■a -M o • • • • 1 1 1 • 1
03 tn 4—' *--- T— x— '--- 1 1 1 X--- 1
LU O 13 | 1 i 1 1 1 1 | 1
C_> *--- LTV CM CM CA 1 1 1 -LJ- 1
<_> O 1 1 1 1
>
Q<Z — - - — —
LU
CO
CA vD o vO vO CO
u_ X--- CM X--- CM -^r CA CA
o X 1 1 • • • • • • •
•— 1 1 X--- r— T— *--- r— x--- T---
z CL 1 1 | | | 1 i | 1
o 03 1 1 -3- CM LA CM CM CM M3
OC 1 1 CM O CM CM CM CM
Q- — — — --
CC
C_> r^- -cr oo -3- -J" O O
CO •— t— CM o CM CM CA CA
LU 03 1 1 • • • • • • •
Q 33 1 1 r— x— r— X— x--- x--- X—
■a 1 1 i i | 1 1 | |
03 1 1 CM CA CA r^. CA vO
u. 1 1 1--- X--- o x— i— x--- CM
C3 • • • • • • •
1 T
ID
03 CD CD
O c 03 • in | 03
>- CD O CD CD 03 O C
03 03 4J =3 b CD CD •---
> C CD L_ ---- -Q cn CD L_ JZ
C •--- o 03 •— 03 4-J 0
CD O CD in JZ •M c b X CD
C CJ CD Cl 03 a CD CD C 03 03 Q3 b
•--- c E C 03 03 C O ----- JZ C
4-) 4-1 — 13 •-- b C CD •— N *— CJ 03 CD
+-> .— — CL -C — L. -M •--
V—
o3— 03 > CD C
13 03 ---- u cn 4J 03 <4- b ---- L- •--
U -Q •— ^ 03 c O X •— o 4-J s_ 03 4-J
>- E CD b «— — C ---- -C CJ T3 b 4-
OZ 2 03 x •--- • — •— b •—
LU 03 CD •> c cn c V- 1 1 in L_ 03 03 •—
z L- L_ CD---- c 03 Ci CD L. 4-> CD JZ
a o 4- JZ i_ CD >-
L.
>- 03 c L. 03
in (D 4J O CJ c 4-J U L- CJ 03 03 U CD
o 03 >- 03 c (D »> CD 03 03 u •— O
< c*S L- 03 E 03 CD — c C O u 4—> CL
21 03 > ---- -a 03 X •— •--- •— 03 JZ CD L_
CD C c c CL c CD JZ -C 4J b 0
Ll_ C 03 O O 03 CD •— cj o 4-J l_ ---- Z3 Q.
O — CD
<---
L3 —
-M
u!)
cn
03 03 03 03 o o 2 03
1— 4-J E E 03 C r—
Z — a 03 O CD c CL 03 •--- •*> CL 03
O • — •— 4-J ZJ C •— E CD CD 03 4-J CD •---
L. V- 03 X •— > 2 C C 4- C CJ
I- X 4-J —
Cl
o. 4-> 03 d) •— •— 03 O >- 03
CL. O l 4-J 03 L- CD 4—* 4-J ID _C • — Cl
• •» C3
**
Cl o 2 O — 4-
•--
4-
•--
C
•---
CD CD 03 CD
CC CO •— CD •— in C
C_> u 03 CD CJ CD •— <— CD ---- 03 •— 4-
CO 03 C---- CD * E E L. C E JZ O
LU 2 O -M L. cn x cd ■O CD 4-J 03 CD 0
Q O CD — 03 i/) o CD 03 3- 03 — 03 E i_ c 03 CD
— 03 CD E 03 >- 03 (D 03 O C O
---- ----
CD CJ
•--
a 03
3-
CD b b
_Q -C CD O -C 03 CD in •— — 03 T3 CD
4-1 — 4-> o > CD 03 — _C C 1- _c 4—4 0) CD •--
o0 03 E 3 c c 03 3- O oo a oO 03 4-J 4-J 03 C C
f— CD 03 •— O 1— CL 3- 03 JZ CJ •— c Cl •--- 03
CD C 2 CJ CL CD E CD O 03 2 •— in JZ JZ
C C0 <J * L- 3- 03 ---- 03 CD O
03 CD L- CD c CD C — CD O CD O E 03 CD _C -C =3 03
C4— Q3 4-J 0) O C O 1_ L- 4-J C 4-J 03 0 cn L_ b
C C • — • — •— 4-J 03 03 — 03 — C •— 0
■--- • — 4-1 .— 4-J CL ■M C X > 4J > 03 CD • — >- JZ *
— JZ -C JZ o 03 o 03 C 03 CD 03 > E JZ > CD
03 (J CD <J •— L_ • — O — U — CJ 03 03 CJ 03 XI 0 s_
e 03 — 03 o L_ U 3- X O X !_ 03 03 c 0 0
co E _J E Lu CD M- LU CD UJ JC LU 4-J h- 21 JZ 03 al 4-J
- CM CA -3" LA VO CO CA
d = K , x [LOAD]1/3 x K
p str. ser.
6. GEOMETRIC DESIGN
concentration factors.
twofold:
groups:
(i) diameter changes,
they are still affected by the surface finish and the size
PLAIN, CONSTANT
DIAMETER
ELLIPTICAL
6.1.3.
FILLET 6.1.1.
HYPERBOLIC
6.1.2. 6.1.7.
GROOVE
FLAT BOTTOM
GROOVE 6.1.2.
V////////////}
6.1.10.
PRESS FIT 6.1.3.
6.1.11.
FRICTION
6.1.3. 6.1.12.
DEVICES
TABLE 6.1.1.
nom =----- r
-f- = 0.5
-2-s 3
Onom 5
d
Figure 6.1.3 Solid circular shaft; elliptical fillet: bending.
such as:
bore sizes
(6.1.3.).
K t- bending )
(
R20
the following:
10
then — = 2 = 0.2
b 5 and t = 50
for bending.
45
5 mm, h 60 - 50 5 mm
then
50 " °'1
and
a 4 n , a 4 ~ 0^
t- =
b 2o = 2 and -r
d = -50
ftt = 0.08
= 1.7 (interpolated)
for r = 2; f = ^ = °-04
h
= 2.5
r
nom
design.
a
max. 32 x M
where
Lt . nom. TT X d J
nom r.
nom. 32 x M x it x d
t. a Lt. it x d 3 x 32 x M
design r.
Kb orKsh
Kb END MILLED
Ksh BOTH TYPES
Kb SLED RUNNER
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Sul xIO N
FIGURE 6.1.8.
Ksh STRAIGHT
SIDED SPLINE
Kb BOTH
INVOLUTE SPLINE
& GEAR PINION
AND STRAIGHT
SIDED SPLINE
^sh
INVOLUTE SPLINE
& GEAR PINION
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9 00 1000 SulxlO N
FIGURE 6.1.9.
---- f
u6
SHRINK FIT
PRESS
jK_8
— k6
ROLLING CONTACT
BEARINGS
HEAVY FIT
ROLLING CONTACT
BEARINGS
LIGHT FIT
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9 00 1000 Suix10
WITH
SLED-RUNNER
KEY SEAT
WITH SLED-
RUNNER KEY SEAT
MULTIPLY VALUES
OF K BY 1*1 FOP
END MILLED
KEY SEATS
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Sul*10
FIGURE 6.1.11.
ENDURANCE LIMIT REDUCTION FACTORS FOR PRESS FITS
60
% 00l
FIGURE 6.1.12.
plain shaft.
63
METRIC THREAD
Kb or Ksh
g
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Sulx1Q N
FIGURE 6.1.13.
ENDURANCE LIMIT REDUCTION FACTORS FOR METRIC THREADS
64
^ e st d
or K = g-- ‘ bL ’-- (6.2.1.)
e. notched
K = q(Kt - 1) + 1 (6.2.3.)
68
NOTCH RADIUS r mm
FIGURE 6.2.1 .
K - Kt.
0 < K < Kt
reserve of strength.
stresses.
Se of test specimen
^"surf. Sg of the component (6.3.1.)
m
t>5 I---- 1 X X
CD p 0 bD
0 d 0 P
-P a a bD •H
W X m P X bD
P
0 rH •H P
X 0 o x X •H •H
P
(D PH O bD P P
i—I H-> •H •rH 0 bD 0
i—I X P p X
a o •H 0 bJD •rH 0
p ax PH p
CD d -H 0 •H X
O -P P P O P
d O •H d •rH 0 X
phx -a PH X o 0
p CD 0 0 p 0 d P O
P o) O ox p a 0 P
m in) d d 0 p > X
H SH a P 0
CD $ P P X 0 w P
x P P bD 0 O 0 a
d - m m P P d X 0 bD
P w •H •rHbD PH 0 d p
bD x X p X X P P P PH •H
(D 0 o P o •H P •H p PH
£ CD bD •rH •rH d P m X p PH
O PH P -P P a P O m p
pH O O bD P x d X
CD Ph P 0 -P 0 b*>
- CD X 0 X p -P X
CO
CO
x P Xi o m d m •rH 0 •H p
LU bD d P p p P x x X • i—I d
Z P O d a d bD 0 o d bD d
X o o O 0 d P P P bD
o
X
p X
m
0 O £ £ bJD-H u1 P
•rH
0 P I X
o •H £>s •rH X X P X a
X P P
p
d P X o bD -H bD p a
LU
0 •H o 0 0 o •H P •rH 0 d
O > PH o > o X bD ffi t> i-H
D
£ I 1 1 lD
300
of shafts.
more suitable for the shaft design and this graph with some
modifications is re-drawn in this work as Figure (6.3.1.).
The graph in the figure (6.3.1.) relates the ultimate
tensile strength of material (S ), the surface roughness
(R) expressed in (ym - A.A. values) and the surface factor
(5.2.1. ).
the shaft.
[Ref. 12, ch. 6, §§6.3, 6.4; ref. 14, ch. 16, §§16.6, 16.7.]
S of test specimen
r = e •__________________ ('6 4 1')
s. Sg of the component v • • •;
(6.4.1.). [Ref. 10, part 1, ch. 3, §3.2; ref. 14, ch. 12,
S ,
r _ __ e.b. (6.4.2.)
s.b. S of shaft
e
78
Cs.sh.
250x10
SHAFT DIAMETER - d ( m )
Cs.b.
250x10
SHAFT DIAMETER -d (m)
FIGURE 6.4.1.
S u
C - e.sh. (643}
s.sh. S of shaft )
e.
[Ref. 18].
80
7. VERIFICATION
that shaft.
That is,
Failure load („ n
n Design load \ • • • )
shaft.
shaft is
32 x M
(7.1.2.)
a tTxcP
„ = ott x d3 x S , (7.1.3.)
f. f. 32 e.b. v 7
following relationship:
32 x d x cd (7.1.4.)
d.
conditions
and (7.1.4.)
failure load
n
f. design load
7ix32xd3xS ,
_____________ e. b
(7.1.5.)
32 x tt x d3 x ^
p. 8lH, but some authors also use factor of safety for more
p. 19].
S.
e. b
(7.1.6.)
f. C ,
s.b.
x K.
b.
xK „ x a ,
surf. d
can be:
of (nf ).
(n ).
y•
03
Z3
E
C
o
M—
-o
c
O)
Cl
Cl
LO LO LO LO LO LO oo
C <C <c «=C <’ <C <=t <c
C
O
+->
4-> 03
cue
tO •<— O
> M-
QJ *r- +->
C\J ro •vt" LO LO r^. 00
i— S- O CO CO oo oo oo OO oo oo
<d a> qj
O' > LT) r-^ r^. i"- r^- t'- r^.
4- L0
o a>
00
L0 L0
c a)
o s-
•r- +->
4-> L0
03
C C
•i- CD
JO t-
E 00
O O)
OQ
32 x M
TT X d6
- 4 x F
° TT X d2
16 x T
T TT X d6
bending moment (M) and axial force (F). The bending moment
32 x M = 4 x F
aa itx d3 ’ °m it x d2
16 x T
x 0 T T
a m const. TT X dj
88
equal to zero 0 = 0
or - constant o = 0, a
a
or - fully reversing aa = a, 0
or - non-fully reversing t 0 0
°a
equal to zero
or - constant T
or - fully reversing 0
or - non-fully reversing 0
(7.1.1. ).
89
Appendices.
N
aa - amplitude of alternating normal stress (^z)
N
am - constant (mean) component of normal stress (j^z)
N
ta - amplitude of alternating shear stress (^z)
N
xm - constant (mean) component of shear stress (^z)
stress calculations.
section.
stresses are:
32 x M
°a 7T x dd
4 x F
a = ---- ~rr
m it x dz
16 x T
"rr V H 3
90
the formulae.
91
16 x T
m tt x dd
and a = t = a = 0
a a m
torsional yielding
y. Sh
brittle shafts.
is essentially constant.
4 x F
7T X dZ
and T 0
a
compressive.
S
n = —^ for ductile shafts (7.3.2.1.)
y. a v J
J m
Refer to the Appendix A.4. for the definition of
Appendix A.4.
S
n = --- —--- for brittle shafts (7.3.2.2.)
y.
J
Ko x am
ratio is
A <: \/iTT 2 X E
93
X >
aa =0
4 x F
7T X dZ
16 x T
7T X d 3
hence. S
K /a 2 + 3x 2'
e. m m
x E
A >
95
TT 2 X E
n. = --7-----
ins Xz x a
96
M = /m 2 + M 2 '
x y
where:
torque on shaft.
16 x T
a
a TT X d3
and 0
following formulae.
S
e . sh.
f.
Ta x ^s.sh. x ^sh. x Ksurf.
where
S . 0.577 x S , 0.26 x S
e . sh. e .b ul
32 x M
°a 77 x dd
4 x F + F = tension
m 77 x d' - F = compression
and
S
e .b
f. ax K, C x K + 0.45a
stt
if the shaft is ductile.
a + a
a m
S
_ _____ y •
K (a + a )
e. a m
e. b.
f. a
a
x K,
b.
x C ,
s.b.
x K „
surf.
-S
if the shaft is ductile
-a + a
a m
-S„
y. K (-a + a )
e. v a nr
E
7T 2 X
where a -a + a
ins. Az x a a m
above formulae.
102
16 x T
x = ----- t-t—• where T - alternating torque
a tt x d° a
16 x T
x = ---- -tt— where T - constant torque
m 7T x d5 m M
and a = a = 0
a m
e. sh.
f. T X C , x K x K
a s.sh. surf
0.577 x S 0.26 x S
e.sh. ' e.b. * ul.
s u
„ _ y.sh.
T + T
a m
torque (T).
32 x M
and o = 0
T\ X dd m
16 x T
and t
7T X d^
following formulae.
fatigue failure.
e .b.
f. axC.xK, xK „
a s.b. b. surf.
failure
S
y• -j for ductile shafts
^‘ /o 2 + 3 X T 2
16 x T , n
T = ----------pr and t =0
a itx dJ m
^ 4 x F
a = 0 and o = ---- -t-t
a m 77 x d^
Se.sh.
nf . Ksh. x Cs.sh. x Ksurf. (Ta + 0'26am>
77 2 X E
n.
ins. Xz x o
m
, /2 x E j ii
where
VS m 1 m1
y•
S
n == ---- y' —, for brittle shafts.
y- K \/a 2 + 3x 2
e .v m a
32 x M
CT
a 7T X d3
and am 0
16 x T
0
Ta It x d^
Stt
for ductile shafts
vo2+ 3t 2
a a
torque (T).
32 x M 4 x F
a and a
a u x dj m it x dz
16 x M
T 0 and t
a m TTX dd
failure is
S ,
_________________ e . b ._______________
nf. axK, xC.xK „ + 0.45a
a b. s.b. surf. m
failure is
S
for ductile shafts
/(a + CoU)2 +3t 2
v a m ' m
absolute value.
108
4 x F
a =0 and a
a m tt x d2
16 x T 16 x T
______ a ______ m
x and x
a tt x d3 m tt x d3
failure is
s e.
u
sh.
nf‘ K , x C , x K - (t + 0.26a )
sh. s. sh. surf. a nr
failure is
S for brittle
------- y' shafts
K x yo2+ 3(x + t )2
e. m v a nr
32 x M 4 x F
and
7T X d3 7T X d^
16 x T,
and
TT X d 3
is either
S
e . b.
f.
C , x K, x K _p x vo2 + 3t 2 + 0.45a
s.b. b. surf a a m
e .b
or, n
C , x K, x K oX vo 2 + 3x 2
s.b. b. surf. a a
Stt
, for ductile shafts
v(o
a
+ Cci U)2
m '
+ 3x
a
2
for brittle
shafts
K x /(o + [a ])2 f 3t 2
e. a m 7 a
110
32 x M
and 0
TT X d3
16 x T. 16 x T
______ r
and
TT X dd TT x dd
failure is:
S e .b.
i_
C , x K, x K „ x fo 2 +3t 2
s.b. b. surf. a a
Stt
for ductile shafts
VO 2 + 3( T +T ) 2
a a nr
(K
e. ) and the ductile and brittle shafts.
112
= 32 x M
------~ 4 x F
and
a tt x d6 tt x d z
16 x T 16 x T
______i
and
TT X d tt x dd
failure is either
S
e. b
f. C , x K, x K _pX /o 2 + 3t 2 + 0.45a
s.b. b. surf a a m
e .b
or n
C , x K, x K oX /o 2 + 3x 2
s. b. b. surf. a a
8. REFERENCES
APPENDIX A.l.
(A.1.1.)
y
d (A.1.2.)
32 y
we let
and
117
[LOAD]1/3 /
[/(M +
F x dN) 22 + T2
] = cubic (A.1.4.)
root of load
then the equation (A.1.2.) can be written as: [Ref. sect. 5.3]
1 --- .V3
x [LOAD] /3 x K ser (A.1.5.)
‘str.
more closely.
is
as:
K , , (A.1.7.)
str.f. x Se.3V3
section specimen.
K , ,
e. Vs (A.1.8.)
str.f. x K
0.45 x
K , SUl • -I 73 (A.1.10.)
str.f. ^10 x C x KJ
s
failure.
1/
So far in assessing the [LOAD] /3 equation, no
table 5.5.1.
formulae:
failure conditions
failure conditions.
d x [LOAD]1/3 x K (A.1.15.)
ser.
122
0©
X
Ll-O
oz
_, Li-l
LLIX<
CT lOLl
FIGURE A.2.1
APPENDIX A.2.
0.45 x Sui Vs
kstr. f. L10 x C x KJ
s.
10 x C x K
K ,
1
,
_______s
0.45 x
V3 (A.2.1.)
str.f. ul.
10 x C x K i. _.
log log[ S- _] 73 _ 1
3log S (A.2.2.)
0.45
Lstr. f
domains:
SIZE
FACTOR
C, =2
-Cc = 1*5
STRESS
RISING
FACTOR
FIGURE A.2.2. <|
1
Line (4) — - for C = 1, K = 1
K . s.
10 x C x K
log[- 7s log ( V3 + log (Cs ) Vs + 3 log
0.45 0.45
(A.2.3. )
in figure (5.3.1. ).
APPENDIX A.3.
symbol - units
32 x M
(A.3.1.)
7T X d3
16 x T
(A.3.2. )
it x d3
4 x F
(A.3.3. )
TT X d2
128
16 x V
(A.3.4.)
TV 3 x it x dz
_ 32 x V x L
°M TT X dd
16 x V
TV 3 x u x dz
consider ratio:
°M 6 x L
neglected.
stresses.
(A.3.5. )
T (A.3.6.)
max
where:
a (A.3.7. )
c
(Rankine's theory).
test.
is
o / a T
^ + /t2 + (g2)2 (A.3.9. )
(d)
d = {--[M
ttxS
+ (F—|----)
v8'v
+ /(M + ^-^)2 8+T2']}1/3 (A.3.10.)
y
131
max. y. sh
iS (A.3.11. )
a point is
for (d)
e (A.3.14.)
y-
°1 °2
- y— (A. 3.15. )
max
and (A.3.15.):
ey. emax.
or (A.3.16)
strength) is
S 2
“ = i(-f-) (A.3.18.)
^ 2
2^ T? ) + 2|_ TT J (A.3.19. )
total
(A.3.19.) :
wtotal
or
i 1-2(1 + M)T2 (A.3.20.)
+ —g----- i
general load is
or on simplification:
S 2 = a 2 + 3x2 (A.3.24.)
y c
tension test.
oct
|/(a1 - o2)2 + a22 + C;L2 (A.3.27.)
|/6t2 + 8 x (^)2
oct.
4/a 2 + 3t 2 (A.3.28.)
oct. o O
equals to
oct. y
4s
3 y
(A.3.29.)
/a 2 + 3x2 (A.3.30.)
c
136
16 F x d.
d {- [(M + +
7T x S 8 ;
y
/ (M +
F x d, 2
)z + T2]} Vs (A. 3. 10.)
d = {—
7T X b
A(U + O
+ t2 - (A.3. 13. )
y
(i - »)<». *
TT X S
(1 + u)/(M + /; Vs
— )2 + T2]}73 (A.3 17. )
d = {—^2
it x S
y
A( M + 8
+ |
4
t2}1/3 (A. 3 25. )
d = (7
y
A M + F- -g- d)2 + |t2>1/3 (A. 3 31. )
138
APPENDIX A.4.
L - L
% ELONGATION = ---- x 100 (A. 4.1.)
o
where
5% in 2 inches gauge.
[Ref. 3, Ch. 2, §2.2]
139
AT9. ]
(A.4.3.)
section 6.2.
1 <: K £ K (A.4.4. )
e.
where
Kf-1
FOR 10 CYCLES
Kf-1
FIGURE A. 4. 2.
K - 1
K"~~"~1~ = function of (S ^ ) = a (A.4.5.)
or in S.I. units
K =1.4
e.
in figure (A.4.1.),
Kf ? = 0.2 x (3 - 1) + 1 = 1.4
(A.4.2.)
APPENDIX A.5.
be taken as constant.
7T 3
x S , x d (A.5.2.)
failure 16 y.sh.
and T, . = i XT x d3 (A.5.3.)
design 16 m
case:
s ,
y.sh.
n (A.5.5.)
y• K x T
e. m
= x S x d2 (A.5.7.)
Ffailure 4 y.
_7T
and F x a x d2 (A.5.8.)
design 4
149
(tt/4) x S xd2 S
= /— tt\--- ^ T2- =
( tt/4 J xaxdz —
a (A.5.9.)
' ' / m m
S
n = --- —--
tz for brittle shafts (A.5.10.)
y. K x a
J e. m
A = ^-2-^ (A.5.11.)
sect. 93j
150
section .
T_7TXd4
J = —^ (A.5.16.)
Design load is
7T X d2
0 X --- A----- (A.5.17.)
m 4
it2 x E x d2
(A.5.18.)
ins 16 x Lz x
_ 1C Y T 2
from equation (A.5.11.) A2 = --- — then on
_ E
77 2 X
(A.5.19.)
nins. Az x a
n S/o S o , ?
y. _ ____ y ./ m______ _ y . x A z _ A z______
nins. (tt2 x E) / ( A 2 x am) tt z x E ( tt z x E)/Sy.
(A.5.20.)
y 2 77 2 X E
A =• —s—
y•
n
hence in the equation (A.5.20.) the ratio n~ — is
ins.
always greater than 1, and therefore ny > ning for
4 x F
a
m if x d2
16 x T
(A.5.21.)
Tm if x dj
failure 4a
3 y•
(A.5.22.)
& 4 + 3 x (A.5.23.)
oct. design 3
(A.5.24.)
compressive force.
X E
7T 2
(A.5.26.)
ins. A2 x a
or (A.5.25.).
32 x M
(A.5.27.)
tt x dd
e .b.
(A.5.29.)
f. a x C , x K, x K
surf.
a s .b .
as:
S
n = —^‘ for ductile shafts (A.5.30.)
y. o v
J a
S
and n = --- for brittle shafts (A.5.31.)
y. K x a
J e. a
factor ().
16 x T
(A.5.32.)
a itx dJ
defined as:
S
e . sh
(A.5.33.)
f. i
a
xC ,
s.sh.
x K ,
sh.
xK
surf.
defined as:
S .
n = ^ * s—1 for ductile shafts (A.5.34.)
y. t
17 a
and
s u
y. sh.
for brittle shafts (A.5.35.)
K XT
e. a
concentration factor (K ).
e.
required.
159
FIGURE A.6.1.
APPENDIX A.6.
aa * °’
a
m
f' 0,
’
to fit the experimental data are in use and those are listed
a
a = S [1 - m -)P] where p = 2 for
a e* ul. Gerber's parabola
equation:
161
a e.g. p = 1
a Se.C1
a
a Se.[1 ]
o =o+o = S
max. am y.
yielding.
+dm
+Sul
♦ Sy
dm
dm
0
-S y
-S u l
FIGURE A. 6.2.
-d m
E
a E
OE m
OVERLOAD RATIO
OD
ratio of the length of the load line from the origin to the
is
OF
OD
OF
(A.6.1.)
D OD
164
a = S - AB (A.6.2.)
a y.
S - a x tan 45°
y. m (A.6.5.)
F D
From equation (A.6.1.) a = a x n which on substitution
^ m m y.
into (A.6.5.) gives
S - a x n x tan 45°
y• m y.___________
(A.6.6.)
a a D + a m D x tan 45
„ Ko
(A.6.7.)
a a D +, a m D
-S ul
FIGURE A.6.3.
-d m
n (A.6.8.)
y•
factor (K _ ).
surf.
is
S
tan a = t-------- (A.6.10.)
k x S , v
point (D) is
E
a
n
OE m (A.6.11.)
f. OD
a m
167
e.
but a - AB (A.6.12.)
e.
and tan a (A.6.14.)
k x S
ul.
E e.
a x (A.6.15.)
m k x S
ul.
Se./k
f.
+ am S /k x S
e./v ul.
)
hence
(A.6.19.)
ka D + 0.4 5a D
a m
(A.6.20.)
a xC xKxK „ + 0.45a
a s. surf. m
stresses, a = a ^ and a = a ^.
’ a a mm
but a
e. hence
S
e. (A.6.22.)
k x a
S
(A.6.23.)
a xC xKxK „
a s. surf
n (A.6.20.)
f.
m
n (A.6.7.)
(A.6.23.)
-S
n y• (A.6.8.)
Hence
(A.6.25.)
170
, _ 4 x L
~ ~~d~~
Az x E
When A > /—g--- , then the reserve of strength
y•
against instability (n^ng ) is found from
7T 2 X E
n. (A.6.26.)
ins. ~kl x a
c
stress.)
171
A
D
CO
JZ
in jz
_C
in a> in
cn
ai
cn >.
n CO
o O
r* r-*
+Sy.sh.
Lm
la*
0
- -
co
J? -Sy.sh,
-S y
-S ul
FIGURE A.7.1
- lm
APPENDIX A.7.
T f 0, T f 0,
a ' ’ m ' ’
to be:
n (A.7.1.)
y.
C , x K , x K ,
‘sh. s.sh. sh. surf.
OE
(A.7.2.)
OD
E g sh
Since x = —----- is constant, the reserve of strength is
a -K i
sh.
fully defined by the alternating stress ratio, that is
E
e . sh e. sh
f. D . D n „ I
T k,XT C , X K , X K n XT
a sh. a s.sh. sh. surf. a
(A.7.3.)
Appendix A.4.
Hence,
y ■ sh.
n (A.7.4.)
y.
<*a°*
Ta * °. i o a
m
0
failure is:
n y. Sh
for ductile shafts (A.7.1.)
y• + x.
174
’y. sh.
for brittle shafts (A.7.4.)
K ( T + T )
e. a nr
e . sh.
(A.7.3.)
f. C ,
s.sh.
x K ,
sh.
xK „
surf.
xt
a
175
"Im
FIGURE
A.8.1.
“ VT Sysh- Y T S^ sh -
176
APPENDIX A.8.
aa * °’
x
m
f' 0,’
fig. A.8.1.
as:
x K x K
's. b. b. surf.
defined by ratio:
B B
OB
(A.8.1.)
OD
177
B e.b e. b (A.8.2.)
but o
C , x K, x K „
s.b. b. surf
hence
e.b.
(A.8.3.)
f D
a xC.xK, xK
a s.b. b. surf
S 2 (a )2 + 3(t )
y• a m
and
(o )2 (t )2
a + 3 — 7— = 1 (A.8.5.)
S
y•
2 Js ^
y.
(a )2 (t )
v ay , o v m'
S ^ (2 x S . )2
y- y • sh.
(a ) (T )2
v ay nr
+ (A.8.6.)
(4/3XSy.sh.)Z
is
(aa }
D.2 ( T mD ')' 2
(S (A.8.7.)
[TV7 +(4/31(Sy.Sh./V>
(a D.2z (x D.2
)
(n
y.
V IS y • F + JZs y • F
and
(A.8.8.)
i/( a ^) 2 + 3( x z
hence
(A.8.9.)
/(a ^)2 + 3( x ^)2
a f 0, t f 0, o = x = 0
a ' ’ m ' ’ m a
(A.8.8.)
y‘ /(a )2 + 3( t )2’
v a v m
for ductile shafts, and
S
_ ________ y-_______ (A.8.9.)
K /(a Yl + 3( t )2
e. a mx
S
(A.8.3.)
f. axC.xK, xK _
a s.b. b. surf
180
£ <£<£ S
FIGURE A.9.1.
APPENDIX A.9.
Ta * °’
o m f' 0,
’
0
k K , x C , x K „ (A.9.1.)
sh. s.sh. surf.
defined by:
182
A A
t a
OA a m
(A.9.2.)
f. OD D D
t a
a m
A
k - 0.26 a
(A.9.4.)
f.
n„ x a (A.9.5.)
f. m
k - 0.26a x n
then (A.9.6.)
f.
S , /k S
e. sh./ e. sh.
(A.9.7.)
t D + 0.26a D k(t D + 0.26a D)
a m v a m /
s e. sh.
e. sh
f.
K x C , x K rT D + 0.26a D)
sh. s.sh. surf. a m y
form as follows:
S 2 + 3t
y•
and
a t
m o a ,
c 2 + (A.9.10.)
S z
y•
+ (A.9.11.)
S z
y- (4/3>(Sv.sh.>
(a D,2 D)x2
v m )' ( T
a
(A.9.12.)
(S 7n V (4/3( Sy _ sh ./ny. ^
y•/ y-
n (A.9.13.)
y- D)2 + 3(T D)2
A
n
y- (A.9.14.)
'<X?)2 + 3( T D) 2
x f 0, o f 0, x = o = 0
a ' ’ m ' ’ m a
185
S
e. sh.
(A.9.8.)
f. KT xC T xK 7Tt + 0.26 a )
sh. s.sh. surf. a nr
stt
for ductile shafts (A.9.13.)
Ao m 2 + 3t 2
a
Lu
Z
LU
cr
3
Seb. Seb
FIGURE A. 10 1.
APPENDIX A.10.
0
°a * °’
+ (A.10.1.)
(S
e . sh.
stresses:
x C , x K _ (A.10.2.)
s.b. surf
K , x C ,xK (A.10.3.)
sh. s.sh. surf
S
e. b.
(A.10.4.)
b.red.
;b.
S
e . sh
(A.10.5. )
sh.red.
‘sh.
1 (A.10.6.)
(S
e
(a
a )
)2
(x a Dx
+
(S, .b./kb. x nf.}) (Se.sh./ksh. x nf.))Z
(A.10.7.)
D 2 Dn2
(k, (X XT )Z
x °a } + (A.10.8.)
f. Ts e. ry
b.
Zv
Ts e.sh.7
stresses is defined as
S
e. b
(A.10.9.)
kb. x
S
e . sh
(A.10.10.)
x . D
k . XT
sh. a
n„ z n 7 n 7
f.
n x n
a t
(A.10.11.)
^* /n 7 + n 2-r
a t
s e .b.
K
(A.10.12.)
Ofr T7~
K,
b. x C
s.b. , x K
surf.~ x oa D
e . sh.
(A.10.13.)
K , xC . xK x T D
sh. s.sh. surf. a
0.577 S (A.10.14.)
e . sh e .b.
for (n_£ )
0.577 x S
e . b.
no.
(0.577 x x aaD)2 + (k _ x x °)2
e . b.
(A.10.16.)
^ x a D)2 + 3(k x xoD)2
/a a 2 + 3t
a
2 (A.10.17.)
a ^ x
a | 0 a (A.10.18.)
c-- Z + *S a
y•
S , = 0.5 S (A.10.19.)
y.sh. y.
a 2
a
(A.10.20.)
s ■z (4/3XSy
y-
n (A.10.21.)
y• fa a 2 + 3 T a ^"1
S
n = ---- . y‘ (A.10.22.)
y- K /o 2 + 3t 2'
e. a a
a
a
/ 0,
' ’
x
a
f' 0,’ a m = x m = 0
where
e. b. (A.10.12.)
K. xC.xK „xa
b. s.b. surf. a
192
s. sh.
K x (A.10.13.)
x C
ksh. s. sh. surf.
re-arranging
e. b.
n/CkT xC T xK ~ x~o ) 2 + 3(K , x”c T xK ~ xr )
b. s.b. surf. a sh. s.sh. surf. a
s
n y• for ductile shafts (A.10.21.)
y- f~G 2 + 3t 2
a a
APPENDIX A.11.
as:
^[(P-L - P2)2 + (P2 " P3)2 + (P1 ~ P3)2^2 * A “ a(Sx. + Sy. + Sz.}
(A.11.1.)
where
stresses
and =0
Hence,
U
3;(oi - °2)2 + 0
+ cr, + a (a
v x
+ a
y
+ a )
z'
(A.11.5.)
32 x M
and a
TT X d3
(A.11.6.)
/2
i/a + a ^
3 a a 3 °a
/2 „
(A.11.7.)
3 e.b.
32 x M 4 x F
a = ---- tt : a = ---- -ry ; x = x = 0
a irxd'3 m TTxdz a m
°1 = °a ; °2 = 0
f.
U
3 a
+o 2 + a(a ) -5- x a
3 a
+ a x a
m
(A.11.8.)
v '
(/2/3) x S
!e.b.
(A.11.9.)
(1/2/3) x a + a x a
' ' 1 a m
A (A.11.11.)
a (A.11.12.)
f-, = S . .
(A.11.12.):
t ¥ 0, t ¥0,o = a = 0
a ' ’ m ' ’a m
are
a / a
-9: + /T 2 + (_*)2
1.2 2 a K 2 ;
-T (A.11.15.)
+V °2
a
“ ± /x/m 2 a
+ ( ®)2
x, y 2 v 2 '
v -T (A.11.16.)
failure is:
(/2/3)X Se.b.
nf. = r-------- -------- 7------------------------
f/(Ta + Ta)2 + Ta2 + (-Ta)2 +(/2/3)x 0.45(Tm - Tm)
(A.11.17.)
becomes:
n = (A.11.18.)
f. T
a
a
a '
f 0;’ x m f' 0;’ a x
a
=0
are a- = a ; a0 = 0 (A.11.19.)
a a - T (A.11.20.)
x m’ y m
nf = — —-------------------------
^vo 2 + a 2 + (V2"/3) x 0.45(t - x )
3 a a ' ' mm
S
= (A.11.21.)
a
x f 0; a f 0; t = t = 0
a
1,2
= — +
2 “ /
/t ^2 + (—-)
a v(^:
2 ;
2
hence
x ; an = -x
a’ 2 a
a;
m’ ay = az = 0
then
(1/2/3) S
e .b.
____________ (^/3)Se.b.______________
(1/2/3) x /3 x T + (1/2/3) x 0.45 x a
e .b
(A.11.22.)
/3t + 0.45 a
a m
u .____
s e. sh
n (A.11.23. )
f. T + 0.26 x a
a m
a 7*0; x 7*0; a = t = 0
a ' ’ sl 1 ’ m m
stresses are
+ A a, 2
2 + (-2:) (A.11.24.)
1,2 2 a K 2 }
and a o = o
y z
(/2/3) S
!e.b.
J# / r
simplifying:
S
e . b.
(A.11.25.)
f.
Ja 2 + 3 x i 2
a a
o f 0; a ^ 0; x ^ 0; and x =0
stresses are:
a and o0 = 0 (A.11.26.)
a 2
/ 2 + (V2' (A.11.27.)
x, y m 2
( a) :
(V2"/ 3) s
_____ e.b ._____________
(A.11.28.)
l/o
o'ra “
3 a
+ a * + (/2/3) x O.45(0x + o )
a
S
e. b. (A.11.29.)
a + 0.45a
a m
e. b.
(A.11.30.)
f. a x K. x C x K + 0.45a
a b. s. b. surf.
oct. design
a /or
~3
(A.11.31.)
where
a + [a ] (A.11.32.)
a m
(A.11.33.)
oct. failure 3 y
(7.1.).
204
Hence,
Toct. failure
n
Toct. design
n (A.11.34.)
brittle shaft is
n (A.11.35.)
y• K /(a + [a ])2 + 3x 2
e. a m m
205
a / 0; x f 0; t f 0; and a =0
m ' ’ a ' ’ m ' a
stresses are:
1,2 / 2 + (^r
or a1 = +t ; and a0 -a (A.11.36.)
-La
o
/ 2 + (^
(^)2 (A.11.37.)
X, y
(S2/3) S
e .b.
(A.11.38.)
S
e .b.
(A.11.39.)
f.
v/S’t + 0.45a
a m
Then
S
e . sh.
(A.11.40.)
nf. ~ t + 0.26 a
a m
206
e. sh.
(A.11.41.)
f. xC , xK _p ( t + 0.26 a)
s.sh. surf. a nr
(A.3.29.).
+ 3T 2 (A.11.42. )
Toct. design c
where
T T + T
C a m
q Sy (A.11.43.)
oct. failure 3
defined as:
Toct. failure
Toct. design
207
n (A.11.44.)
y•
+ 3(Ta +
applies:
S
n y• (A.11.45. )
V .
X VO ^ + 3( T + T
m v a m'
208
a / 0; a 7 *0 ; x 9* 0; and x =0
a ' m ' a ' m
stresses are:
^ 2 + (-ft) 2 (A.11.46. )
1.2
a = a and a = 0 (A.11.47)
x m y
(/2/3)s
e .b
f.
- a2)2 + 0 ^2 + aq2 + (^/s) x 0.45(a^ + av)
e. b .
(A.11.48.)
+3x 2 +0.45xa
a a m
e .b .
C , xK, xK .pX Vo 2 + 3 x 2 + 0.45 x o
s .b. b. surf a a m
(A.11.49.)
becomes:
209
(A.11.50.)
Appendix A.10.
given as follows:
T + 3t 2
oct. design a
where
a
c
then
S
n ------ .=, for brittle (A.11.52.)
K /(o + a )2 + 3t o 2 shafts
e. a m '
a
210
a t^O; x ^ 0; t / 0; and a =0
a ' ’ a ' m ' ’ m
stresses are:
a / a
x,y 2 m l2j
+x and a -T (A.11.54.)
m y
e. b. (A.11.55.)
f.
Joa ^+3 t^
a
e. b
(A.11.56.)
C ,
s.b.
x K,
b.
x K „ x
surf.
Jo a 2 + 3x 2
a
for ductile
n (A.11.57.)
y• shafts
+ 3( t +
a
y. for brittle
y. (A.11.58.)
4 2 + 3( x + shafts
212
of 0; a f 0) t f 0; x^O
are:
°1,2 = +
- ^a2 + > (A.11.59.)
(nf ) :
S
n = ------------ (A.11.61.)
/a 2 + 3x 2 + 0.45 x a
a a m
leads to
e. b
f.
C , x K, x K .pX Vo ^ + 3x 2 + 0.45 x o
s.b. b. surf. a a m
(A.11.62.)
e .b.
, (A.11.63.)
lf. C , x K, x K .pX Vo 2 + 3x 2
s.b. b. surf. a a
213
Appendix.
+ (A.11.64.)
Toct. design
where
a a + [a ]
c a m
T + T
c a m
then
n
(A.11.65.)
/(a + Co])2+ 3( t +r
v a m ' v a m
and
y- (A.11.66.)
K /(a + Eo' j) 2 + 3( t + t )2
e.a my va my
SHAFT 4
—r
t—
LU
CJ
0
DC
01
ud
Lli
FLEXIBLE COUPLING
.
in n in (£>
FIGURE A 12.1.
APPENDIX A.12.
sprocket.
DESIGN CONTENTS
from equation
N = P x v x —
n
oil bath.
bearings.
load torque (T ) is
nom.
T N x 60 _ 11000 x 60 iinN-
nom. 00-^ x 2 x it 960 x 2 x 7t ~ m
T = 248 n-m
p.o.
number.
v x 60 0.45 x 60 34 rev/min
p x z 0.1 x 8
. s.
h x i2 x H
Where, the individual ratios can be taken as:
i —
X1 oog = 3 - reduction ratio of bevel gears
i0 = w2
— = 4 - reduction ratio of thesecond
2 <o3
stage - spur gears
0)3
iQ3 = —
a) .
= 2.35 - reduction ratio of chain drive.
218
960 rev/min
960 80 rev/min
3x4
34 rev/min
alent - Normalised -
3 0) 71° 35'
Pressure angle « 20°
F = _F 2 x T2 2 x 317
0.2 = 3170 N
Ip. 1 CO Dlco
equivalent - normalised -
wheel - z02o) = 80
Module - m = 4.5 mm
wheel 70 mm
220
Pressure angle a,
Li
The ratio of — = 1.5 to 2.5 gives most
L2
economical proportions for the shaft and the
bearings.
[Ref. 11, ch. 4, p. 220.j
range
^1 = 90 1.64
L2 55
shaft 2.
l} = 90 DIMENSIONS IN (mm)
AY-a BY-r
T, =110 N-m
BY-a
FIGURE A.12.2.
= 70 mm is selected.
as follows.
will be less than 60 mm, and most likely the shaft diameter
will be equal or less than the diameter of motor shaft, which
factor is determined:
1
2.4 x 10"3
K str.y.
+
Mv = F x L0
X.-r. r. 2
where F F,
a. t. x tan a.1 x sin 3 p.
3170 x tan 20 x sin 18 25' 364 N
Mv = Mv - Mv = 60 - 12 = 48 N-m
X. X.-r. X.-a.
B where:
M = 182 N-m
T = 110 N-m
d „ ^— --- x [LOAD]1/3 x K
p. f. K , „ ser.
* str.f.
32 mm.
226
Ln = 70 DIMENSIONS IN (mm)
POINT 2 POINT 1
rotation
AZ-a "A ‘BY-a
FIGURE A.12. 3.
and the bending moment at point -1, due to the same forces
Mov = 38 N-m.
/a- a.
T2 = 317 N-m
M. v =44 N-m
M- v = 108 N-m
lX-a.
x [LOAD] lk
/3 x K
p.f kstr. f.
ser
V
5.4 x 10 3 x [470] /33 x 1.14 = 48 x 10 3 m
317 N-m
395 N-m
2Z-t
108 N-m
2X-r.
38 N-m
2X-a
0 45 m 6
BEVEL WHEEL FACE
(T
0 50 s6
SPUR PINION
0 50 s6
------ ,--4:
BOTH ENDS
= 33.3 x 10-3 m
with the bevel and spur gear data in part (iii) of this
E and D respectively.
(M2) is
32 x M2 = 32 x 421
34.3 x 106 N/m2
°a "tt x d0 d 7t x 0.050d
a = t = 0
m a
16 x T2
16 x 317
12.9 x 106 N/m2
Tm "tt x d0 d tt x 0.050 6
e. b
n
f. x C , x K _ x a
T>. s.b. surf a
234
where
keyseat.
then
243 x 106
n 1.64
f. 2.53 x 1.45 x 1.18 x 34.3 x 106
and
where
then
_________378 x 106___________
n 9.23
y• /( 34.32 + 3 x 12.92) x 1012'
421 x 32.5
M 195.5 N-m
c 70
32 x M
_______c 32 x 195.5
a 21.8 x 106 N/m2
a 7T X d 7 7T x 0.045 3
c
section is (7.3.4.).
Then
e. b.
K. x C , x K . x a
b. s.b. surf
where
Kb. = q(Kt. ~ D + 1
where
2.5 2.5
0.06 and — 1
2.5
r = 2.5 mm
then
and
Hence
243 x 106
4.11
f. 1.64 x 1.4 x 1.18 x 21.8 x 10b
also
395 + 307
M 351 N-m
DZ-t 2
108 + 44
M 76 N-m
DX-t 2
108 + 38
M 73 N-m
DX-a 2
T 317 N-m
2
Hence
32 x Md
32 x 381
31 x 106 N/m2
aa i x dp^ tt x 0.050 3
a - x - 0
m a
16 x 317
12.9 x 106 N/m2
Tm it x 0.0503
e. b .
n
f. K,
b.
x C ,
s.b .
x K x a
a
surf
where
Kb. = q (Kt.~ + 1
for r = 2 mm
then
= 0.78 (2 - 1) + 1 = 1.78
Kb.
hence
___________ 243 x IQ6_________
n 2.42
f. 1.96 x 1.4 x 1.18 x 31 x 10b
design.
T1 = 317 N-m
F1 = 1080 N
32 x 340
a = 27.7 x 106 N/m2
a tt x 0.050 J
4 x F1
4 x 1080
a 0.55 x 106 N/m2
m TT X d * = tt x 0.0502
16 x 317
12.9 x 106 N/m2
Tm "tt x 0.0506
T 0
a
S
e. Vvb.
K. xC.xK _p x o + 0.45a
b. s.b. surf. a m
where
then
= 2.02
the point C.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
10. CONCLUSION
reduces to:
d x [LOAD] ^ x K
p.f. ser.
6 x 10 3 x [LOAD] 1/3
strength" concepts.
be aimed at in design.
will in turn verify and enrich the method and data, provided