CARPIO, CRUZ, OROLA, PAILAN, TABANGAY [09/20/23]

CHAPTER 2: DATA MODELS

A. REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the importance of data modeling. (CARPIO)

Data modeling gives a structure for organizing and comprehending data. Furthermore, it
contributes to the creation of a streamlined, logical database that eliminates
redundancy, decreases storage requirements, and allows for efficient retrieval. Finally,
data modeling is an important step in two critical activities of a digital organization.

2. What is a business rule, and what is its purpose in data modeling? (CARPIO)

A business rule is an assertion that establishes or regulates a business policy, practice,

or activity inside an organization. These rules assist set the foundation for the accurate
identification of entities, attributes, connections, and constraints in data modeling. In
simple terms, business rules act as a connection between business stakeholders and
the technical implementation of data models, ensuring that data is managed and used
in accordance with the organization's goals and standards.

3. How do you translate business rules into data model components?(CRUZ)

Understanding the rules, locating entities, figuring out relationships, defining attributes,
capturing constraints, normalizing the model, reviewing and improving, and
documenting the components are all steps in the process of converting business rules
into data model components. It makes sure that the data model supports effective
operations and is in line with business needs.

4. Describe the basic features of the relational data model and discuss their importance to
the end user and the designer.(MARC)

The basic features of the relational data model includes a table, matrix consisting of
rows and columns with intersections. The mentioned tables are called relations since
this is what gives the data relationships with one another, it is used to represent
entities and concepts of the real world. The rows or also known as tuples represents
records individually consisting of fields and records. The columns or attributes is the
characteristics and properties of the data. The importance of these to the end-users is
that they are able to interact with the tables when entering and querying data, Data
are more organized and easier to understand. When it comes to the designers, it is
able to be represented as a real-world concepts. Being able to do so will enhance
data integrity and be able to efficiently store and retrieve data. Overall, these
mentioned characteristics will provide a framework structured for both the end-users
and the designers in order to effectively manage, access, and secure the data.

ASST. PROF. RONINA C. TAYUAN 1

CARPIO, CRUZ, OROLA, PAILAN, TABANGAY [09/20/23]

5. Explain how the entity-relationship (ER) model helped produce a more structured
relational database design environment.(CRUZ)

By giving entities and relationships a visual representation, the entity-relationship (ER)

model has enhanced relational database architecture. It encourages normalization,
makes sure that the data is accurate, and helps build a structured database schema.
The ER paradigm makes communication easier, improves the quality of the data, and
makes it easier to maintain and develop databases.

6. What is a relationship, and what three types of relationships exist? (11)(PAILAN)

A relationship describes an association between two or more entities. The three types
of relationships are:

a.) One-to-many relationships

b.) One-to-one relationships
c.) Many-to-many relationships

7. Give an example of each of the three types of relationships. (12)(PAILAN)

An example for each relationship are the following:

a.) One-to-many: Painter-paintings. A painter can paint many paintings, yet a

painting is made by a single painter.

b.) One-to-one: Student-Student ID. A student can only have a single student ID. A
student ID corresponds to only a single student.

c.) Many-to-many: Plate-dish: A plate can contain different dishes, similarly, a dish
can be put on a different plate.

ASST. PROF. RONINA C. TAYUAN 1

CARPIO, CRUZ, OROLA, PAILAN, TABANGAY [09/20/23]

B. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

A. PROBLEM 1 (OROLA)

1.1 Write the business rules that govern the relationship between AGENT and
CUSTOMER.

There are two tables given. One of customer data and another of customer data.
Agent Code is an attribute present in both tables. It is also noted that there are
multiple customers present to every agent but only each customer has only one
agent. This is a one-to-many relationship. It can be written as One agent can
have many customers while each customer only has one agent.

1.2 Create the basic Crow’s Foot ERD.

ASST. PROF. RONINA C. TAYUAN 1

CARPIO, CRUZ, OROLA, PAILAN, TABANGAY [09/20/23]

B. PROBLEM 2 (CURFEW)

2.1 Identify each relationship type and write all the business rules.

The Region and Store’s relationship is 1 to many. This is because a store is located in
only one region.

The Store and the Employee’s relationship is 1 to many. This is because an employee
cannot work in more than one store at the same time.

The Job and the Employee’s relationship is 1 to many. This is because each employee
can have only one job assignment.

2.2 Create the basic Crow’s Foot ERD for DealCo.

ASST. PROF. RONINA C. TAYUAN 1

CARPIO, CRUZ, OROLA, PAILAN, TABANGAY [09/20/23]

C. PROBLEM 3 (JOAQUIN)

3.1 Describe the relationships (identify the business rules) in the ERD here.

The relationship/s that can be observed in this ERD is One-to-many.

1. One-to-many relationship between professors and students: Only ONE professor

can advise MANY students, and each student is advised by only ONE professor.
2. One-to-many relationship between professors and classes: A class can be taught
by only ONE professor, yet a professor can teach MULTIPLE classes.

The relationships shown in this ERD are both One-to-many according to the Crow’s
foot notation.

D. PROBLEM 4 (TABANGAY)

Create a Crow’s Foot ERD to include the following business rules for the ProdCo
company:
a. Each sales representative writes many invoices.
b. One sales representative writes each invoice.
c. Each sales representative is assigned to one department.
d. Each department has many sales representatives.
e. Each customer can generate many invoices.

ASST. PROF. RONINA C. TAYUAN 1

CARPIO, CRUZ, OROLA, PAILAN, TABANGAY [09/20/23]

f. One customer generates each invoice.

ASST. PROF. RONINA C. TAYUAN 1

CARPIO, CRUZ, OROLA, PAILAN, TABANGAY [09/20/23]

E. PROBLEM 5 (OROLA)

Write the business rules reflected in the ERD shown in the Figure below. (Note that the
ERD reflects some simplifying assumptions. For example, each book is written by only
one author. Also, remember that the ERD is always read from the “1” to the “M” side,
regardless of the orientation of the ERD components.)

Fighting!!! God Bless!!!

ASST. PROF. RONINA C. TAYUAN 1