Sampling and

Testing
Procedures
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Soil and Concrete
Aggregates

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Sampling from Stockpiles or Transportation Units
Sampling from Stockpiles or Transportation Units
Sampling from Roadway (Bases and Subbases)
Shipping Samples

• Transport aggregates in bags or other

containers so constructed as to preclude
loss or contamination of any part of the
sample, or damage to the contents from
mishandling during shipment.

• Shipping containers for aggregate sample

shall have suitable individual identification
attached and enclosed so that field
reporting, laboratory logging, and test
reporting may be facilitated.
 REDUCING FIELD SAMPLES OF
AGGREGATES TO TESTING SIZE
(AASHTO T 248-02)
(ASTM C 702-98)

Significance
These methods provide for reducing the
large sample obtained in the field to a
convenient size for conducting a number of
tests. The individual test methods provide for
minimum weights of material to be tested.

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 By Quartering

*If the soil sample received from field is saturated,

it shall be dried thoroughly in air
By Mechanical Apparatus:
Splitter Shovel, scoop/ trowel, broom/ crush, canvas
blanket, mechanical splitter & pans
***The diameter shall be approximately
four to eight times the thickness

METHOD A - MECHANICAL SPLITTER
PROCEDURE :
1. PLACE THE ORIGINAL SAMPLE
IN THE PAN AND UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTE FROM EDGE TO
EDGE
2. THE RATE AT WHICH THE
SAMPLE IS INTRODUCED SHALL
BE AS TO ALLOW FREE FLOWING
THROUGH THE CHUTES INTO
THE RECEPTACLES BELOW
3. RE-INTRODUCE THE PORTION
OF THE SAMPLE IN ONE OF THE
RECEPTACLES INTO THE
SPLITTER AS MANY TIMES AS
NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE
SAMPLE TO THE SIZE SPECIFIED
FOR THE INTENDED TEST.
 PROCEDURE :
6
METHOD B - QUARTERING 1. PLACE THE ORIGINAL SAMPLE ON A
HARD, CLEAN SURFACE (free from addition
of foreign materials)
2. MIX MATERIAL, TURNING THE ENTIRE
SAMPLE AT LEAST THREE TIMES (forming a
CONICAL PILE) CAREFULLY FLATTEN THE
CONICAL PILE TO A UNIFORM THICKNESS
AND DIAMETER (Ø= 4-8 times the
thickness)
4. DIVIDE THE FLATTENED MASS INTO 4
EQUAL QUARTELS
5. REMOVE TWO DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE
SIDES, INCLUDING FINE MATERIALS and
BRUSH THE CLEARED SPACES CLEAN
6. SUCCESSFULLY MIX AND QUARTER THE
REMAINING MATERIAL UNTIL SAMPLE IS
REDUCED TO DESIRED SIZE
METHOD C – MINIATURE STOCKPILE
SAMPLING (for FINE AGGREGATES
only)
PROCEDURE : 7
1. PLACE THE ORIGINAL SAMPLE ON A HARD,
CLEAN SURFACE (free from addition of foreign
materials)
2. MIX MATERIAL, TURNING THE ENTIRE SAMPLE
AT LEAST THREE TIMES (forming a CONICAL PILE)
3.CAREFULLY FLATTEN THE CONICAL PILE TO A
UNIFORM THICKNESS AND DIAMETER (Ø= 4-8
times the thickness)
4. DIVIDE THE FLATTENED MASS INTO 4 EQUAL
QUARTELS
5. REMOVE TWO DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE SIDES,
INCLUDING FINE MATERIALS and BRUSH THE
CLEARED SPACES CLEAN
6. OBTAIN A SAMPLE FOR EACH TEST BY
SELECTING AT LEAST 5 INCREMENTS AT RANDOM
LOCATIONS FROM THE MINIATURE STOCKPILE
 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS
(AASHTO T 88-00)
(ASTM D 422)
Significance
It is used in the classification and
identification of soils. It is an important
criteria in the classification of highway
subgrade materials. It is also related to
permeability and capillarity of cohesion less
soils.
-The test gives the particle size distribution of a given soil
which will be used in the classification and identification of
soils.
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Apparatus
• Set of Sieves
• Oven with
temperature control
• Wash sieve
• Balance and weights
 PROCEDURE :

1. REDUCE THE SAMPLE USING METHOD A (MECHANICAL SPLITTER) or METHOD B

(QUARTERING)-obtain approximately 5 kg
2. RECORD THE MASS OF MATERIAL TAKEN FROM THE REDUCED MATERIAL (Weight of
Sample Original)
3. OVEN DRY TO CONSTANT MASS AT A TEMPERATURE OF 110± 5 OC
4. DETERMINE THE MASS AFTER COOLING AND RECORD (Weight of Sample Oven Dry)
5. PLACE THE TEST SAMPLE IN THE CONTAINER AND ADD WATER SUFFICIENT TO COVER
IT, AGITATE THE SAMPLE AND POUR IN A NESTED SIEVE with WASH SIEVE No. 200
6. REPEAT THE PROCESS/OPERATION UNTIL WASH WATER IS CLEAR
7. RETURN/COLLECT ALL MATERIAL RETAINED ON WASH SIEVE No. 200
8. OVEN DRY TO CONSTANT MASS, DETERMINE THE MASS AFTER COOLING AND RECORD
(Weight of Wash Oven Dry Sample) then PERFORM SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST
9. PASS THE SAMPLE THROUGH THE SET OF SIEVES
10. RECORD THE MASS OF THE SPECIMEN RETAINED ON EACH SIEVE
11. COMPUTATIONS

Calculation :
Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated
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as a percentage of the total sample weight.
COMPACTION TEST/MOISTURE DENSITY
RELATION TEST OF SOIL
(AASHTO T-99/ T-180)
(ASTM D 698/ D 1557)
Significance
Compaction of soil mass involves the
application of energy and addition of water as
lubricant. It results in the reduction of pore
spaces and increase density by rearrangement
of particle grains. Thus, the mass becomes
more
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stable and impermeable which are
desirable characteristic of foundation.
Apparatus
• Container, with cover
• Oven with temperature
control
• Balance
• Straight Edge
• Molds, 4 “ and 6 “
• Rammer, Manually and
Mechanically Operated
• Sieves
• Mixing Tools
• Graduated Cylinder
T-99 (5.5 lbs./2.5 kgs. Rammer, 12 in./305 mm drop)
Method Mold Vol. M3 No. of Layers Blows/Layers Mat'ls. Passing

A 4 in. (102 mm) 0.000943 3 25 No. 4 (4.75mm sieve)

B 6 in. (152 mm) 0.002125 5 56 -do-

C 4 in. (102 mm) 0.000943 3 25 3/4" (19.0mm sieve)

D 6 in. (152 mm) 0.002125 5 56 -do-

T-180 (10 lbs./4.54 kgs. Rammer, 18 in./457 mm drop)

Method Mold Vol. M3 No. of Layers Blows/Layers Mat'ls. Passing

A 4 in. (102 mm) 0.000943 3 25 No. 4 (4.75mm sieve)

B 6 in. (152 mm) 0.002125 5 56 -do-

C 4 in. (102 mm) 0.000943 3 25 3/4" (19.0mm sieve)

D 6 in. (152 mm) 0.002125 5 56 -do-

Calculations
Wt. of soil
Wet Density, kg/cu.m. = -------------------
Vol. of Mold
Wet Density
Dry Density, kg/cu.m. = -------------------
1 + MC/100

Objectives of Compaction
1. Minimize Compressibility
2. Increases shear Strength
3. Decrease Permeability
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOIL
IN-PLACE BY THE SAND-CONE
METHOD
(AASHTO T 191-02)
(ASTM 1064)
Significance
Field density test is used as a control test in embankment
construction to ensure adequate compaction. ADEQUATE COMPACTION WILL
RESULT TO :
1) Minimal future Settlement
2) Greater Stability
3) Greater resistance to water Absorption .
SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENT
1.) For Sub-grade, Fill Embankment - Degree of Compaction
is 95 % Min
2.) For Base & Sub-base Materials - Degree of Compaction
is 100 % Min.
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APPARATUS / MATERIALS NEEDED :

1) Density Apparatus – This shall Consist of 4 Liters capacity (1Gal.) jar and a
detachable cone consisting of a Cylindrical valve with an orifice 12.7 MM ( ½ I
nch) in diameter.
2) Guide Plate or Base Plate- Shall be Provided for more constant / Stable base
for test s of soft soils.
3) Sand- Any Clean, Dry, Free Flowing, Uncemented sand.
Passing the 2.00 MM ( no. 10 ) sieve and Retained 0.075 MM ( No. 200 ) sieve.
4) Balances : 10 Kgs. Capacity accurate to 1.0 g and Balances of 500 capacity
Accurate to 0.1 g.
5) Oven with Temperature control/Denatured alcohol
6) Digging Tools, Such as auger, Crowbar or Chisel.
7) Soil Pans , MC cans, Leveling materials, Plastic Bags
Procedure
A. Determine the Density of Air – Dry Sand ( Calibrate ).
B. Determine the Mass of Sand to fill the funnel.
C. Determine the Soil Density in Place.
1. Smooth off representative spot of sufficient size and lay flat
the guide plate on the surface of the soil layer.
2. Dig the test hole inside the center of the base plate to the
full depth of the layer. ( Trim the hole carefully to make the
sides more or less vertical at bottom )
3. Place all the loosened soil in a container being careful to
avoid losing any material and weigh.
4. Weigh the Density Apparatus and sand. ( Before and After
pouring )
5. Position the Density Apparatus to the inverted position
leveled to the guide plate above the test hole. ( Avoid jarring
or vibrating the apparatus on the ground during this step )
6. Mix the material obtained in the test hole thoroughly and
obtain a representative sample for moisture content.
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7. Retrieve the sand from the test hole, clean for further use.
DA END
Thank you