EAPP

5) Vocabulary must be:

ACADEMIC TEXT B) Subject-specific and academic language
use accurately
• defined as critical, objective, and specialized
texts written by professionals or experts in a
given field using formal language.
• done and presented in an academic ACADEMIC NON-ACADEMIC
community • Case studies • Blog
• Abstract • Newspaper
• Textbooks • Magazine
NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
• Position paper • Text message
• written for lay audience or mass public • Report • Memoirs
• may be personal, impressionistic, or
subjective in nature

FEATURES OF ACADEMIC AND NON- Kindly Register

ACADEMIC TEXT Read the following text carefully. Examine and
determine the register of language employed. Options
ACADEMIC NON-ACADEMIC are provided inside the box.
Lay audience or
AUDIENCE Academe
mass public
To inform,
Sars Virus
To inform, with entertain, or Language of Medicine
PURPOSE It is a language of medicine because it deals with a
solid evidence persuade the
readers virus/infectious agent that causes many diseases that
May be personal, mainly concerns the health of the people. The
Formal and
STYLE impressionistic, terminologies used in the text are that of scientific text
impersonal
subjective which can only be written by people immersed in the
Standard Non-rigid fields of medicine.
STRUCTURE
structure structure
Uses formal Informal and
LANGUAGE Language
language casual language
Language of Law
Contains Often do not
It is a language of law because it deals with the
REFERENCING citations and contain citations
references and references Philippine Constitution and its different sections. It can
be identified as a language of law because it is written
by law professionals and legislators. The terms used in
SEATWORK 1 the selection are that of legal text.

Our Mother Tongue

1) The kinds of audience I must consider when
writing my research is:
B) the academic community
2) The content of my research must be:
A) of serious thoughts
3) The structure of my research must be:
A) Clear and well-planned
4) When considering grammar, it is:
B) Likely to be error-free
Language of Literature
The text is a language of literature because it deals with
a poem which is a category of writing that falls into the
fields of literature.
Simplified curriculum, guidelines for distance
learning now available online - DepEd
Language of Journalism
it is a language of journalism because it is an
announcement informal writing prepared by the Bureau
of Curriculum Development that are considered as

LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 1

 EAPP
professionals. the use of quotation marks dictate that it
is an interview which is then the very essence of
journalism.
Doctor on Duty
Read the following text carefully. Examine and
determine the register of language employed. Options
are provided inside the box.
1. Did you encounter difficulties in
understanding the text? Why?
Yes, I did encounter difficulties in
understanding the text mainly because I was
not familiar with most of the terms used in the
text.
2. List down words that you found difficult to
understand and look for its definition in the
dictionary.
• Asphyxia – a condition arising when the
body is deprived of oxygen, causing
unconsciousness or death; suffocation.
• Cerebral Anemia – a condition in which
there is insufficient blood flow to the
brain to meet metabolic demand.
• Ligature – material used to tie
something in surgery.
• Abrasion – superficial injuries of the
skin and visceral linings in the body,
resulting in a break in the continuity of
tissue
• Ecchymosis – a small bruise caused by
blood leaking from broken blood vessels
into the tissues of the skin or mucous
membranes.
• Lesion – an area of abnormal tissue
• Cyanosis – a bluish color to the skin or
mucous membrane is usually due to a
lack of oxygen in the blood.
• Galea – an anatomical structure shaped
like a helmet.
• Superior Laryngeal Nerve – A branch
of the vagus nerve at the inferior
ganglion.
• Aeration – the process of charging a
liquid with air or gas; especially the
transfer of oxygen to the blood in the
lungs.
• Subpleural Petechial Hemorrhages –
areas of pericapillary bleeding that occur
in a wide spectrum of disorders,
including some of particular forensic
interest.
3. How was the report structured?
The report was structured chronologically and
methodologically. It follows the structure of a
report wherein the data, incident, and event
were retold in a concise and factual manner.
SIX GENERAL CLASSFIFICATIONS OF
ACADEMIC TEXT
1. Essay – is the standard format for analytical
compositions.
2. Concept paper – describes an idea or concept and
clarifies its "whatness"; consequently, definition is
its most prominent structural element.
3. Reaction paper – is typically an informed and
perceptive analysis of art, popular culture, or a
technical subject.
4. Position paper – asserts an argument. It is an essay
that presents an arguable opinion about an issue –
typically that of the author or some specified entity.
Position papers are published in academia, in
politics, in law and other domains.
5. Report – retells data, incident, or event. A report
paper is a short piece of writing that contains facts
on a subject.
6. Research – are highly formal kind of document. A
research paper is the culmination and final product
of an involved process of research, critical thinking,
source evaluation, organization, and composition.
FORMAT IN WRITING ACADEMIC TEXTS
1. Three-Part Essay Structure – most popular
when evaluating the entire academic text.
Introduction
• provides a strong initial impression
• contextualizes the text's objective by
presenting the situation or the overall
rationale.
Thesis Statement
- a one-sentence gist or summary of the
entire paper and is often mentioned
towards the end of the first or second
paragraph.
LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 2
 EAPP
Body
• consists of numerous paragraphs that
cohesively discuss the thesis
• can present evidence through
analyzing concrete data, stories, and
events point-by-point
Conclusion
• should be strong and leave the reader
with the idea that the issue has been
thoroughly and pertinently addressed
• should not repeat the words that have
been used in the body
• include a call to action or a list of
recommendations
Summarizing
- is an essential component of a
conclusion, but it must be conveyed in
a concise and distinct manner
2. IMRD - Introduction, Methodology, Results,
and Discussion
Standard Five-or-More-Section
Format
- that include background of the study,
literature review, methodology, data
analysis, and findings and
recommendations.
3. S-P-S-E – Situation-Problem-Solution-
Evaluation. The scenario is provided,
followed by a point-by-point analysis of the
difficulties and their complexities, then by the
recommending solutions.
Evaluation
- talks about the soundness of the
proposed solution (Hamp-Lyons &
Heasley, 2009).
SUMMARY
• a concise overview of an entire argument or
discussion
FORMATS IN SUMMARIZING
1. Idea Heading Format – the summarized idea
comes before the citation.
2. Author Heading Format – the summarized
idea comes after the citation. The author’s
name/s is/are connected by an appropriate
reporting verb.
3. Date Heading Format – the summarized idea
comes after the date when the material was
published.
TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING
1. Gain a general understanding of the
original. In the first or two sentences of your
summary, you should restate the author's
thesis or major idea in your own terms.
2. Check your understanding. When
summarizing a lengthy article, attempt to
determine how the various stages of the
explanation or argument are organized into
groups of paragraphs.
3. Make notes. Omit concepts that are not
fundamental to the text.
4. Write your summary. Avoid including
opinions and personal responses in your
summary.
5. Check your work. Avoid plagiarizing the
author's words. If you copy any of the author's
words, you must enclose them in quotation
marks. To avoid plagiarizing, compose the
initial draft of your summary without looking
back at the original text.
6. Request permission to use any copyrighted
material, and properly cite it.
QUIDELINES IN SUMMARIZING
The general guidelines in summarizing as suggested by
Barrot and Sipacio (2017):
1. Clarify your purpose before you read.
2. Read the text at least twice until you fully
understand its content. Locate the gist or main
idea of the text, which can usually be found
either at the beginning, in the middle, or in the
end.
3. Highlight key ideas and phrases; another
strategy is to annotate the text.
4. Write all the key ideas and phrases you
identified on the margins or on your notebook
in a bullet or outline form.
5. Without looking at the text, identify the
connections of these key ideas and phrases
using a concept map.
LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 3
 EAPP
6. List your ideas in sentence form in a concept Topic Sentence
map. - the main idea of one paragraph only
7. Combine the sentences into a paragraph. Use
appropriate transitional devices to improve
cohesion. PARTS OF A THESIS STATEMENT
8. Never copy in verbatim a single sentence from
1. Topic – subject of the text
the original text.
2. Position – your stand on the topic
9. Refrain from adding comments about the text.
3. Reason/s - explanation and justification of
Stick to the ideas it presents.
your position
10. Edit the draft of your summary by eliminating
4. Concession – opposing viewpoint on the topic
redundant ideas.
11. Compare your output with the original text to
ensure accuracy. TYPES OF THESIS STATEMENT
12. Record the details of the original source
(author’s name/s, date of publication, title, 1. Explicit
publisher, place of publishing, and URL, (if - central idea of the paper is directly
online). stated in the text
13. Format your summary properly. When you - can be found at the beginning or near
combine your summaries in a paragraph, use the conclusion
different formats to show variety in writing. 2. Implicit
- implied (not directly stated)
STRUCTURE OF AN ABSTRACT, A PRECIS, OR - usually more than one sentence thesis
SUMMARY statement
- writers use facts, storylines or
Research Abstract narratives, figures, or statistics, etc. to
support their opinions, judgements and
✓ Usually contains 150 to 300words;
prove their stands
✓ It does not use any citation;
✓ It does not include specific result statistics;
✓ Last to be written. STEPS IN IDENTIFYING THE THESIS
Research Abstract Structure: STATEMENT

• Rationale (around 20%) 1. Read the whole paper.

• Research problems (around 10%) 2. Write one or two sentences that summarizes
• Methodology (around 20%) the article
• Major findings (around 40%) 3. Look for a sentence or two (even a paragraph)
in the article, that says essentially the same
• Conclusion and implications(around 10%)
thing as your summary.
4. If your summary is accurate, you will
(probably) have found your thesis statement.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD THESIS

STATEMENT

1. A good thesis statement is not a title.

- a sentence that articulates the central idea of the
2. A good thesis statement is not an
whole paper
announcement of the subject.
- uses specific, objective language
3. A good thesis statement is not a statement of
- identifies the topic
absolute fact.
- states your purpose, intention, or attitude toward
4. A good thesis is restricted. It deals with bite-
the topic
size issues that narrow down big ideas into
- may suggest the arrangement or organization of
more specific ones.
the ideas to come

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 EAPP
5. A good thesis is unified. The thesis expresses 4. Your topic may change as you write, so you
one major idea about its subject. may need to revise your thesis statement to
6. A good thesis is specific. reflect exactly what you have discussed in the
paper.
EXAMPLES OF POOR THESIS STATEMENTS AND
REVISION

1. My instructor has an attendance policy.

My instructor should change her attendance
policy because it is unreasonable, inflexible,
and unfair.
2. Some teenagers show violent behavior.
– An outline is a summary that gives the
Conflict-resolution courses should be taught
essential features of a text It shows how the parts of a
in schools to help prevent violence in the
text are related to one another as parts that are of equal
community.
importance, or sections that are subordinate to a main
3. Social networking sites such as Facebook can
idea (Valdriz 2017).
cause problems.
✓ Framework
Senior High students should be careful of
✓ a written plan that serves as a skeleton for the
what they put on their Facebook newsfeed
paragraphs you write
because perspective hackers routinely check
✓ a summary that gives the essential information
them.
that will be included in a paper, book, and the
like
MORE TIPS ON WRITING A THESIS STATEMENT
1. Determine what kind of paper you are writing.
TYPES OF AN OUTLINE
➢ Analytical paper – breaks down an
issue or an idea into its component 1. Writing Outline
parts, evaluates the issue or idea, • What you make before you write an
and presents this breakdown and essay
evaluation to the audience. • For organizing ideas before writing
➢ Expository (explanatory) paper – 2. Reading Outline
explains something to the audience. • What you make after you study a
➢ Argumentative paper – makes a paper
claim about a topic and justifies this • For analyzing a paper
claim with specific evidence. The
claim could be an opinion, a policy
proposal, an evaluation, a cause- HOW TO CREATE AN OUTLINE
and-effect statement, or an 1. determine the purpose of your paper
interpretation. The goal of the 2. determine the audience you are writing for
argumentative paper is to convince 3. develop the thesis statement of your paper
the audience that the claim is true
based on the evidence provided. Brainstorm: List all the ideas that you want to
include in your paper.
Organize: Group related ideas together.
If you are writing a text which does not fall under the
three categories (ex a narrative), a thesis statement Order: Arrange material in subsections from
somewhere in the first paragraph will be helpful to your general to specific or from abstract to concrete.
reader. Label: Create main and subheadings.

2. Your thesis statement should be specific – it STEPS IN WRITING A READING OUTLINE

should cover only what you will discuss in
your paper and should be supported with
specific evidence
3. The thesis statement usually appears at the end
of the first paragraph of a paper.
1. Read the entire text first. Skim the text
afterward.
2. Locate the thesis statement of the whole text.

LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 5

 EAPP
3. Look for key phrases in each paragraph of the 2. Prepare Application
text.
("Choose" and " are both verbs.)
4. Locate the topic sentence of each paragraph.
5. Look at the topic sentences and group these
o Coordination - All the information contained
with related ideas together.
in Heading 1 should have the same
6. Arrange the contents according to levels.
significance as the information contained in
7. Evaluate the supporting details.
Heading 2. The same goes for the subheadings
8. Go back to the text to check whether you have
(which should be less significant than the
followed the sequence closely and you have
headings).
not missed any important information.
Example
1. Visit and evaluate college
IMPORTANCE OF AN OUTLINE campuses
▪ Aids in the process of writing 2. Visit and evaluate college
▪ Helps organize ideas websites
▪ Presents material in a logical form 1. Note important
▪ Shows the relationships among ideas in your statistics
writing constructs an ordered overview of 2. Look for interesting
your writing defines boundaries and groups classes
(Campus and websites visits are equally significant, as
TWO OUTLINING SYSTEMS are statistics and classes found on college websites)

1. DECIMAL o Subordination - The information in the

- a system of decimal notation that clearly headings should be more general, while the
shows how every level of the outline information in the subheadings should be
relates to the larger whole more specific
- ideas are organized through numbers and Example:
decimals 1. Describe an influential
2. ALPHANUMERIC person in your life
- uses letters and numbers to organize 1. Favorite high school
ideas teacher
- commonly used due to convenience and 2. Grandparent
easy recognition of sections 15
(A favorite teacher and grandparent are specific
examples of influential people
TYPES OF FORMAL OUTLINE
o Division - Each heading should be divided
1. TOPIC
into 2 or more parts.
- uses words and phrases
Example:
- shorter and easier to make
1. Compile resume
2. SENTENCE
1. List relevant
- uses full sentences
coursework
- makes actual essay writing easier
2. List work experience
- remember to use correct punctuation
3. List volunteer
experience

FOUR 4 MAIN COMPONENTS FOR EFFECTIVE (The heading "Compile resume" is divided into 3
OUTLINES parts.)
o Parallelism - Each heading and subheading
should preserve parallel structure If the first
heading is a noun, the second heading should
be a noun
Example:
1. Choose Desired Colleges

LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 6

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• Critique is derived from ancient Greek
(“kritike”).
• Defined as a careful judgment in which you
shape your opinion about the strengths and
weaknesses of a piece of writing or work of
art. Its length may vary from 100 to 750 words
or more.
• Not a summary, rather, it is the critical
evaluation to understand validity, worth,
effect, material, etc. that interests you.
TECHNIQUES/APPROACHES
1. Formalism or New Criticism
- In this approach, all your questions or
arguments could be answered by
analyzing and evaluating the text itself.
- It is independent.
- It has a fixed meaning.
- It is timeless and universal.
2. Feminism
- In this approach, all your arguments shall
be focused on the importance of women
and all other concepts of femininity
relative to economic, societal, and
archetypal equality in a male-dominated
society.
3. Reader Response
- This approach evaluates your connection
to the piece at hand. You can put
meaning and interpret every part of the
text. The text is nothing unless you read
it out.
- Your reaction and interaction made out
of the piece recreate and develop a
further depth of meaning.
4. Marxist Criticism
- This approach tries to unfold how
socioeconomic status affects hierarchy or
conflicts involving social classes in the
masterpiece.
5. Biographical Approach
- Focuses on the connection of work to the
author’s personal experiences.
Understanding authors’ lives can help in
comprehending the work. This aspect
amplifies the meaning and relevance of
the text.
6. Historical Approach
- This approach focuses on the connection
of work to the historical period in which
it was written; literary historians attempt
to connect the historical background of
the work to specific aspects of the work.
7. Psychological Approach
- This approach focuses on the behavior or
psychology of characters.
8. Sociological Approach
- This approach focuses on man’s
relationship to others in society, politics,
religion, and business.
9. Archetypal Approach
- This approach focuses on connections to
other literature, mythological/biblical
allusions, archetypal images, symbols,
characters, and themes.
10. Philosophical Approach
- This approach focuses on themes, views
of the world, moral statements, author’s
philosophy, etc.
WRITING STRUCTURE
A. Introduction (Short paragraph/paragraph/s - one to
three sentences or more)
- This must include the title of the material, the
author, and your assessment of the material.
- For a short story, this part may also include the
background of the piece, your opinion, and the
thesis. The thesis includes the subject, your
opinion, and your main point.
Example:
SUBJECT: The Blind Assassin
OPINION: show’s Atwood’s skills
as a writer
MAIN POINT/S: because of the
visual imagery, the strong
characters, and the memorable
message.
B. Plot Summary/Description (Short paragraph/s –
one to three sentences or more)
- This involves the gist of the description of the
material.
- For a short story, this is the understanding of
the plot or summary of the piece examined.
C. Analysis and Interpretation/ Evaluation (One to
three or more paragraph/s)
- In this phase, you will retrieve the guiding
questions of your choice to include in your
outlined discussion. The arguments or points
you wanted to stress is important...
LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 7
 EAPP
- Analysis of the poem for formalists may
involve imagery, sound, figurative language,
and other elements.
D. Conclusion/Closing paragraph (One to three
paragraphs)
- Link your thoughts reinforced with your
assessment in the introduction.
- Compare the masterpiece to similar work.
Your recommendation depends on how you
have perceived the material observing all fair
judgment and appreciation.
OTHER POINTS TO CONSIDER IN WRITING
1. Organization
- Depending on the approach, you can
arrange paragraphs by points, strengths
vs. weaknesses, or topics. Your goal isn’t
just to negatively criticize but also to
point out what the author did well.
2. Writing techniques and style
- In evaluating a book, don’t forget to
mention these points. Discuss how
effectively (or not) the author used
stylistic devices to prove his ideas.
3. Evidence
- Describe what types of arguments the
author used. Were they logical and
appropriate? Don’t forget to explain why
the evidence supports your point.
4. Usefulness
- Discuss what the book adds to
understanding its topic. Is it useful? Does
it present ideas in original and engaging
ways? How does it address the core
aspects of society?
5. Examples
- Support every argument of your critique
with examples. You can’t just write that
the book was boring; provide a quote as
evidence and explain why it does not
appeal to you.
- A concept paper enables in putting thoughts and ideas
into paper for consideration for research.
Research
Concept Paper
Proposal
captures the ideas
capture the in a structured
Aim (Lango,
thoughts and manner for
2019):
ideas approval to
research
ACCORDING TO BARROT AND SIPACIO (2016)
➢ Concept paper usually ranges from 500 to
2,000 words and is usually divided into
several parts.
➢ The format and design required by the funding
agency needs to be followed.
➢ The parts of a concept paper may also vary
depending on the nature of the project/activity.
CONCEPT PAPER FOR A PROJECT
1. Cover Page
➢ State the name of the proponents and
their affiliations; the addresses, contact
numbers, and email addresses of the
proponents; the head of the agency and
his/her contact information; and the date
of submission.
2. Introduction
➢ State the information about the funding
agency to show that you understand its
mission.
➢ State the mission of the agency that the
proponents represent and align it to the
funding agency’s mission. Also, state the
year the proponents’ agency was
established, its major accomplishments,
and other details that demonstrate its
capability to undertake the proposed
project.
➢ Present and describe other partner
agencies and why they are qualified as
such.
➢ Provide reasons why the funding agency
should support the project.
3. Rationale or Background
➢ State the gap in knowledge to be
addressed by the project. State the
LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 8
 EAPP
problems to be solved. State the project’s 5. Abridged Methodology
significance. ➢ Provide the contexts and participants of
4. Project Description the study; the instruments to be used; the
➢ State the goals and objectives of the data collection procedure; and the data
project. analysis scheme to be used.
➢ Present the methodology (sometimes 6. Timeline
termed as Action Plan, Project Activities, ➢ Provide a timeline (e.g., Gantt chart) set
or Approach); the timeline expressed in in months and year.
months and year; the benefits or 7. References
anticipated outcomes; and how success ➢ Provide a list of books, journals, and
of outcomes will be evaluated. other resources cited in your paper.
5. Project Needs and Cost
➢ Outline the main budget; include the item
description and amount.
➢ Explain or justify how the budget will be
used.
➢ List the personnel or equipment needed
for the project.

CONCEPT PAPER FOR ACADEMIC

RESEARCH

1. Title Page
➢ State your research title, name and school,
and date of submission
2. Background of the Study
➢ Provide the current state of the field you
are researching on.
➢ State the gap in knowledge and problems
to be addressed by the research. Provide
statistics and previous studies to prove
your claims.
➢ State the reasons why you want to
investigate on the chosen topic and the
theoretical and practical implications of
your proposed research.
3. Preliminary Literature Review
➢ Provide a theoretical framework. This
includes the theory that will guide you in
the conduct of your research.
➢ Provide related literature that supports
your topic.
➢ Provide related studies that will help you
in conducting the research or analyzing
and discussing the data.
➢ Provide a brief synthesis of the reviewed
literature and studies.
4. Statement of the Problem/Objectives
➢ State your general problem in one
sentence.
➢ State your specific research questions or
objectives.

LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 9

 EAPP

• is a document publicly declaring the position • defined as a systematic, articulate, and orderly
or program of its issuer presentation of written research work
• advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views, but covering a wide range of topics with a clear
it can also lay out a plan of action purpose, to a specific reader or audience
• most often concerns art, literature, or politics • documents that wish to inform, analyze, or
• generally written in the name of a group recommend
sharing a common perspective, ideology, or • keep an updated account of an event or an
purpose rather than in the name of a single organization
individual
• aims for a change in state MAJOR TYPES OF REPORTS
• the author is trying to persuade the reader to A. Formal Reports - these are considered official
accept the idea by using logical arguments to reports that contain detailed information taken
grab their attention from research and data necessary in making
decisions.
CATEGORIES OF MANIFESTOS 1. Informational Report
1. Goal • Data
- we share it with other people • Facts
- it’s public, it’s a declaration and it’s • Feedback
about what one intends to have happened Examples:
2. List and Rules
o Annual Report
- contains a set of rules for behaving
o Audit Report
within a specific context or a list of items
2. Analytical Report
to be achieved or tasks to be fulfilled
• Recommendation
3. World
- aims to create a new world. Examples:
- presents a vision for the future o Incident Report
- a solemn declaration by the constituted o Research Report
authorities of a nation that contains the
reason for its public acts towards another.
B. Informal Reports - these are documents shared
ARGUMENTS within an organization. They are usually shorter
in length and have fewer sections.
- defined as the reasoning given for or against a matter
1. Progress Report
under discussion by comparing pieces of evidence and
2. Minutes of the Meeting
proof
3. Memo
4. Emails
STEPS IN ANALYZING AN ARGUMENT:
1. Briefly note the main assertion (what does the GENERAL STRUCTURE
writer want me to believe or do?
2. Make a note of the first reason the author I. Title Page
makes to support his/ her conclusion. II. Abstract
3. Write down every other reason. III. List of Figures and Tables
4. Underline the most important reason. IV. Introduction
V. Body
VI. Conclusions
VII. Recommendations
VIII. References
IX. Appendices
X.

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 EAPP
MOST COMMON TYPES OF REPORTS
A. Technical and Business - form of writing
technical communication or documentation in • A tool for collecting information to describe,
science and technology or applied science that compare, or explain an event or situation, as
helps people understand a product or service. well as, knowledge, attitudes, behaviors,
Purpose: and/or sociodemographic characteristics on a
➢ inform and to prompt the person into particular target group.
action such as purchasing a product or
service.
➢ may be to instruct or persuade, but never BEFORE THE DESIGN OF A QUESTIONNAIRE
to entertain. Your approach should take consideration of:
Disciplines (Examples): ❖ Your topic
1. Engineering ❖ Who you want survey
2. Information Technology ❖ The type of information you want
3. Commerce ❖ Your budget
4. Accounting and Finance ❖ How quickly you need the information

B. Field Report - require the student to analyze his QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN

or her observations of phenomena or events in - is a systematic process in which the researcher
the real world in light of theories studied in the contemplates various question formats, considers a
course. number of factors characterizing the survey at hand,
Purpose: ultimately words the various questions very
➢ to describe the observation of people, carefully, and organizes the questionnaire’s layout.
places, and/or events
➢ to analyze observation data in order to TEN STEPS TO A GOOD SURVEY DESIGN
identify and categorize common themes
in relation to the research problem 1. Identify what you want to cover in a survey
underpinning the study. 2. What questions that are necessary
3. Keep it short and simple
Disciplines (Examples):
4. Ask one question at a time
1. Law 5. Avoid using jargons
2. Industrial Relations 6. Open-ended questions or close ended question
3. Psychology 7. Spend time to design your survey
4. Nursing 8. Analyze the responses after collecting
5. History 9. Put a summary report together
6. Education 10. Conclude your plan of action

C. Scientific Report - use a standard scientific

report format describing methods, results, and PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPMENT
conclusions to report upon an empirical • Specify what information will be sought
investigation. • Determine the type of questionnaire and method
Purpose: of administration
➢ to clearly communicate your key • Determine the content of individual questions
message about why your scientific • Determine the form of response to each question
findings are meaningful
• Determine the wording of each question
Disciplines (Examples):
1. Science
2. Social Sciences

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TYPES OF QUESTION IN A 3. Rank Order
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Open questions – more information but
difficult to codify, enter, and analyze
• Help collect qualitative data in a
questionnaire where the respondent can
answer in a free form with little to no
restrictions.
➢ What are your expectations/ 4. Rating Scale
requirements for this product
(Information gathering)
➢ What do you see as the next
action steps? (Qualifying)
➢ What’s the most important
priority to you with this? Why?
(Establishing rapport)
COMMON MISTAKES:
2. Closed/Close-ended questions – less 1. Need to cover all options
information but easy to codify, enter, and 2. Options should be mutually inclusive
analyze 3. Used opt-out responses appropriately
• They are a multiple-choice questions
type in which a respondent has to select DEMOGRAPHICS
one (single select multiple choice • Need to know how opinions and behaviors
question) or many (multiselect multiple vary across different categories of people
choice question) responses from a given
Such things as:
list of options.
1. Have you been stressed lately? - Gender, age,
o Yes - Income, education levels
o No - Political beliefs
• Put at end of instrument
TYPES OF MULTIPLE-CHOICE - Easy to answer
QUESTIONS
1. Likert Scale TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRES
A. Self-completed - respondents complete on their
own.
Best designed for:
➢ Measuring variables with numerous
values or response categories
➢ Investigating attitudes and opinions not
2. Checklist Type usually observable
➢ Describing characteristics of a large
population
➢ Studying ‘private’ or ‘difficult’ behaviors
➢ Closed-ended items limit the researcher
a. Adjust for differences in
respondents
b. Clarify misunderstood items
c. Explain ambiguity

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➢ Not suitable for all audiences • Response rates tend to be highest with face-to-
a. Young children face interviews
b. Visually impaired • Issues
c. Learning/reading disabilities – More time
– Smaller samples
1. Postal – Higher cost
2. Electronic • Most popular
– Less costly
B. Interviewed - require the student to analyze his – Less time
or her observations of phenomena or events in – Less subjective to interviewer
the real world in light of theories studied in the o As compared to face-to-face
course. • Often conducted with computers
1. Face to face • Can probe for information/clarification
2. Telephone • Threshold about 20 minutes

HOW TO OBTAIN VALID INFORMATION: CONSTRUCTIONS:

✓ Ask purposeful questions • Regardless of survey type, construct in a way
✓ Ask concrete questions – Allows for candid answers
✓ Use time periods based on importance of the – Accurately
questions – Consistently
✓ Use conventional language – Addresses goals, hypotheses,
✓ Use complete sentences research questions
✓ Use shorter questions
✓ Avoid abbreviations
✓ Avoid two-edged questions INSTRUCTIONS:
✓ Avoid negative questions • Beginning of each section, should include
✓ Adopt/adapt questions used successfully in clear instructions
other questionnaires • Disclose needed information for respondents
to decide whether to complete the survey
WORDS TO AVOID IN QUESTIONNAIRE • Tell whether:
DEVELOPMENT: – Anonymous: no names or IDs
– Confidential: names or IDs, not
• These words: all, any, anybody, best, ever,
attached responses
every, never, etc. are all EXTREME
ABSOLUTES. • Give information on the questionnaire time
• They place respondents in a situation where • Be consistent with instructions and format
they must either fully agree or they must – A little variation might break
completely disagree with the extreme position ‘routine’
in the question. • Avoid ambiguity, confusion, and vagueness.
– Do you always observe traffic signs? – Make sure it is absolutely clear what
– Would you say all cats have four you are asking and how you want it
legs? answered.
– Avoid indefinite words or response
INTERVIEWS categories.
• Avoid asking questions beyond a respondent's
• Reading questionnaire items in a face-to-face
capabilities
or telephone situation
– People have cognitive limitations,
• Unstructured or in-depth
especially when it comes to memory
– Suited for exploratory research
of past events.
– Either with one person or in focus
– It is pointless to ask people about
groups
things that are not natural ways for
– Open-ended items
them to think.
– Cannot standardize
– Good for complex situations

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EXPERIMENT
- you randomly select people and you split them
STEPS TO CONDUCT A SURVEY: into groups, and you have a control group.
1) By email
2) Telephone
3) Personal interview

THE CHALLENGES/ LIMITATIONS OF A SURVEY

ARE SEEN ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING
CRITERIA:
1) Appropriateness of the method
2) Accuracy of what to observe
3) Generalizability of findings
4) Administrative constrains
5) Ethical and political difficulties

OBSERVATION
- may take place in natural settings and involve the
researcher taking lengthy and descriptive notes
of what is happening
- argued that there are limits to the situations that
can be observed in their ‘natural’ settings and
that the presence of the researcher may lead to
problems with validity

TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING DATA

THROUGH OBSERVATION
1. Written Descriptions
- The researcher makes written
descriptions of the people, situations, or
environment.
2. Video Recording
- Allows the researcher to also record
notes.
3. Photographs and Artifacts
- Useful when there is a need to collect
observable information or phenomena
such as buildings, neighborhoods, dress,
and appearance.
- Artifacts include objects of significance:
memorabilia, instruments, tools, and
others.
4. Documentation
- Any and all kinds of documentation may
be used to provide information – a local
paper, information on a notice board,
administrative policies and procedures.

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