B.A.

vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR;d fuca/

B.A. Maithili
Paper-VIII
MAL-108

nwjLFk f”k{kk funs”kky;

yfyr ukjk;.k fefFkyk fo”ofo|ky;
dkes”ojuxj] njHkaxk&846008

1. izks- ljnkj vjfoUn flag
2. izks- v”kksd dqekj egsrk
3. MkW- “kaHkq çlkn
nwjLFk f”k{kk funs”kky;
laiknd eaMy
% funs”kd] nwjLFk f”k{kk funs”kky;] y- uk- fefFkyk fo”ofo|ky;] njHkaxk
% eSfFkyh foHkkx] lh- ,e- ,l-lh- dkWyst] njHkaxk
% lgk;d funs”kd] nwjLFk f”k{kk funs”kky;] y- uk- fefFkyk fo”ofo|ky;] njHkaxk

ys[kd ,oa leUo;d

çHkkr nqcs
Dr. Shambhu Prasad-Co-ordinator, DDE, LNMU, Darbhanga

fç;&Nk=Xk.k
nwj f”k{kk C;wjks&fo”ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh ls ekU;rk çkIr ,oa laLrqr ch- ,- ¼nwjLFk ekè;e½
ikB~;Øe ds fy, ge gkÆnd vkHkkj izdV djrs gSaA bl Lo&vfèkxe ikB~; lkexzh dks lqyHk djkrs gq, gesa vrho
izlUurk gks jgh gS fd Nk=x.k ds fy, ;g lkexzh izkekf.kd vkSj mikns; gksxhA ^^vk/kkjHkwr Hkk’kk ,oa lkfgR;d
fuca/kÞ uked ;g vè;;u lkexzh vc vkids le{k gSA
¼çks- ljnkj vjfoUn flag½
funs”kd

izdk”ku o’kZ 2019

nwjLFk ikB~;Øe lEcU/kh lHkh izdkj dh tkudkjh gsrq nwjLFk f”k{kk funs”kky;] y- uk- fEkfFkyk ;wfuoflZVh] dkes”ojuxj]
njHkaxk ¼fcgkj½&846008 ls laidZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl laLdj.k dk izdk”ku funs”kd] nwjLFk f”k{kk funs”kky;]
yfyr ukjk;.k fefFkyk ;wfuoflZVh] njHkaxk gsrq esllZ y{eh ifCyds”kal çk- fy- fnYyh }kjk fd;k x;kA
DLN-3426-108.00-ADA BHASA SAH NIB MAL108 C—
Typeset at : Modern India, Delhi Printed at :
 nwjLFk f'k{kk funs'kky;
yfyr ukjk;.k fEkfFkyk fo'ofo|ky;] dkes’ojuxj] njHkaxk&846004 ¼fcgkj½
Qksu ,oa QSSDl % 06272 & 246506] osclkbZV % www.ddelnmu.ac.in, bZ&esy % dde@lnmu.ac.in

ekuuh; dqyifr
y- uk- fe- fo'ofo|ky;

fç; fo|kFkhZ
nwjLFk f’k{kk funs’kky;] yfyr ukjk;.k fefFkyk fo’ofo|ky; }kjk fodflr rFkk fofHkUu fudk;ksa ls
vuq’kaflr Lo&vf/kxe lkexzh dks lqyHk djkrs gq, vrho çlUurk gks jgh gSA fo’okl gS fd nwjLFk
f’k{kk ç.kkyh ds ek/;e ls mikf/k çkIr djus okys fo|kÆFk;ksa dks fcuk fdlh cká lgk;rk ds fo”k;&oLrq
dks xzká djus esa fdlh çdkj dh dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gksxhA ge vk’kk djrs gSa fd ikB~;&lkexzh ds
:i esa ;g iqLrd vkids fy, mi;ksxh fl) gksxhA

çks- ¼MkW-½ ,l- ds- flag

dqyifr
 fo"k;&lwph (CONTENTS)

bdkbZ 1
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkd vkèkkj fFkd laLÑr ,oa vogêð 1

bdkbZ 2
lkfgfR;d fuca/ 12

bdkbZ 3
fucU/ lkfgR; 41

bdkbZ 4
dkfynkld dfoRo&izfrHkkd ewY;kadu 66

bdkbZ 5
j?kqoa'k egkdkO;d f}rh; lxZd dFkkud ,oa fo'ks"krk 77

bdkbZ 6
j?kqoa'kd f}rh; lxZd çeq[k va'kd ewy lfgr eSfFkyh vuqokn 82

bdkbZ 7
iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k vk ewY;kadu 94
 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkd
bdkbZ&1 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkd vkèkkj fFkd laLÑr ,oa vogêð
vkèkkj fFkd laLÑr ,oa
vogêð
ikB&lajpuk
1-1 mís'; uksV
1-2 ifjp;
1-3 laLÑr] vogêð vk eSfFkyh
1-4 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kk
1-5 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkd laf{kIr ifjp;
1-6 lkjka'k
1-7 vH;kld ç'u
1-1 mís';

Hkkjrh; ok dksuks Hkk"kk viu :i lnk ,d leku ufg jkf[k ldSr vfNA rkgw es
Hkkjr lu ns'k esa ,fg :id cgq:irk fo'ks"k ns[ky tkbr NSdA ,dj vusd dkj.k mÙkjnk;h
gksbr NSdA ifgy r¿ bZ ts ,fgBke vusd tRFkk es yksd lHk vku ns'k lHk l¡ vcSr
xsykgA vks lHk vusd {ks=k l¡ lsgks v,ykgA laxfg ,fg Bke fofHkUu {ks=k es viuk fuokl
cukSyfuA tkfg l¡ gqud Hkk"kk es lsgks fHkUurk vk,yA nkslj dkj.k vfN ts Hkkjr es vusd
HkkSxksfyd lajpuk NSd vksfg lHk ifjos'kd Hkk"kk es lsgks fHkUurk vkfc xsy NSdA fofHkUu
{ks=kd laLÑfr lsgks vusd dkj.k l¡ fHkUu NSdA ,fg lHk dkj.k l¡ Hkk"kk viu :i cnfy
ySr vfNA lHk l¡ eq[; dkj.k 'kS{kf.kd Lrj lsgks NSdA ,fg ikB es gejk yksdfu fofHkUu
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkd fodkl Øec¼ fo'ys"k.k d, vksdj vè;;u djcA
1-2 ifjp;

lalkj es yxHkx rhu gtkj Hkk"kk ckty tkbr vfNA tkfg es vksdj fuekZ.kd
y{k.kd vkèkkj ij vusd Hkk"kk ds ,dfg oxZ es jk[ky xsy vfNA ,dj vFkZ bZ Hksy ts
ewy :i l¡ ,d Hkk"kk ckn es vusd :i xzg.k djSr xsy vk ,dVk Lora=k Hkk"kkd fuekZ.k
d,ydA èofu] O;kdj.k ,oa 'kCn lewgd rqyukRed vè;;u&fo'ys"k.k d, rFkk HkkSxksfyd
fudVrk ij fopkj d, fo}ku yksdfu vksfg Hkk"kkd ikfjokfjd irk yxvksyfuA ,fg
le; lalkj es dqy rsjg Hkk"kk ifjokj NSd] ;Fkk&æfoM+] phuh] lsesfVd&gsesfVd] vkXus;]
;wjky&vYVkbd] ckaVw] vejhd (jsM bafM;u) dkds'kl] lwMkuh] cq'keSu] tkikuh&dksfj;kbZ]
vk Hkkjksih;A ,fg es eSfFkyhd lacaèk Hkkjksih; Hkk"kk l¡ NSdA bZ ifjokj eq[;r% Hkkjr vk
;wjksi ,oa vksdj yxikld {ks=k es ckty tkbr vfNA
,fg ifjokjd Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh ewyr% drqdk Nykg] ,dj dsUæ fcUnq dr, Ny b± ckr
lHk ,[kuks èkfj vfuf'prs ekuy tkbr vfNA fdNq xksVs ,djk ewyr% Hkkjrh; ekuSr NfFk
r¡ fdNq eè; ,f'k;kd] r¿ fdNq ;wjksid lhekoÙkhZ {ks=k] eqnk vfèkd xksVs czkUnsLrkbu] ts
;wjky ioZrd nf{k.k iwoZ es fLFkr fdjfxtd eSnku vfNA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 1
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk Hkkjr es vk;Zd vkxeu l¡ iwoZ vusd tkfr jgSr NykgA ;Fkk&
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/
1- usfxzVks & bZ Hkkjrd lHk l¡ çkphu tkfr ekuy tkbr vfNA bZ yksdfu ewyr%
vÚhdk l¡ nf{k.k vjc] bZjku gksbr Hkkjr vk,y NykgA ihiy iwtk vk èkuq"kok.kd ç;ksx
uksV Hkkjrh; laLdfr ds fgudfg yksdfud nsu ekuy tkbr vfNA
2- vkWfLVªd & iwoZ es bZ yksdfu phu vFkok fgUn phud fuoklh ekuy tkbr
NykgA eqnk ckn es fgudk yksdfud LFkku Hkweè; lkxj ekuy xsyA bZ yksdfu bZjkd] bZjku
gksbr Hkjr v,ykg vk iqu% b.Mksusf'k;k gksbr vkLVªsfy;k èkfj igq¡fp xsykgA Hkkjrd dksy]
eq.Mk] [kklh] eksu[esj] fudksckjh vkfn fgudfg Hkk"kk vfNA iku] lqikjh] èkku] ykSdh]
cSxu] gjfn] dsjk] vkn] gkFkh d¡ ikyrw cuk,c] dqdqj] lwxj] eqxhZikyu ukfj;y] dikl]
vk ,fg l¡ diM+k cuk,c] chl ij vkèkfjr xurh] (dksM+h) iqutZUeckn Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
ds fgudfg nsu vfNA
3- fdjkr & bZ yksdfu ;kaXRlhD;kax unh eqgku {ks=kd jg;okyk vkfn eaxksy NykgA
fgudfg ,d 'kk[kk Hkkjrd mÙkjh Hkkx] jktLFkku] eè; Hkkjr] fcgkj] caxky] vlke ,oa
mM+hlk vkfn {ks=k es ilfj xsykgA ;tqosZn es fgud mYys[k HksVSr vfNA fgud çeq[k Hkk"kk
es bFksb] dfpu] uxk] xkjks] ckM+ks] yksyks] dqdhfpu] ysIpk rFkk usokjh vkfn vfNA Hkkjrh;
ra=k'kkL=k fgudk yksdfu l¡ çHkkfor ekuy tkbr vfNA
4- æfoM+ & fgud ewy LFkku v|kofèk fookfnr vfNA gej fopkj l¡ bZ yksdfu ewy
:i l¡ vÚhdk l¡ Hkweè; lkxj gksbr bjku] viQxkfuLrku gksbr iwohZ Hkkjr rd lEiw.kZ {ks=k
es ilfj xsykgA laLÑr lkfgR; es æfoM+ yksdfu ds nkl] nL;q vk 'kwæ vkfn dgy xsy
vfNA fgUnw èke± f'ko&ikoZrh] nsoh] guqeku] dkfrZds;] x:M+] e`R;qd ckn fiaM nku laLdkj
vkfnd çpyu fgudfg nsu vfNA Hkkjrh; vk;kZHkk"kkd vusd 'kCn æfoM+ l¡ vk,y vfNA
;Fkk&v.kq] dyk] x.k] iq"i] cht] jkf=k] lk;a] r.Mqy] edZV] 'ko] Jsf"Bu] >M+h] >xM+k]
lhi] [kwVk ,oa lgpj 'kCn ?kksM+k&rksM+k] fdrkc&flrkc] pk;&rk; vkfn æfoM+ Hkk"kkd nsu
vfNA
fgudk yksdfud ckn Hkkjr es vk;Z yksdfud ços'k gksbr vfNA Hkkjrh; vk;Z] bZjkuh
vk njn l¡ vyx Hk, Hkkjr v,ykgA ,fg l¡ irk pySN ts t[ku vks bjku vk njn l¡
Hkkjr vk,y gks,rkg r¿ dnkfpr nwuwd Hkk"kk ,dfg Ny gks,rA vr% bZjkud vosLrk vk
½Xosnd Hkk"kk es le:irk l¡ cq>uk tkbr vfNA ,fg fofèk Øfed :i l¡ ,[ku gejk
yksdfu eSfFkyh Hkk"kk èkfj vkfc xsy NhA vkc eSfFkyh èkfj v,ckd fofHkUu iM+kvksd Øfed
fo'ys"k.k ,fg vè;k; es çkIr djcA
1-3 laLÑr] vogêð vk eSfFkyh

Hkkjr es vk;ZHkk"kkd fodkl 1500 l¡ 1200 bZñ iwo± es ekuy tkbr vfNA rfg;k l¡
vkb èkfjd le; ds Hkkf"kd vè;;ud lqfoèkkd n`f"V l¡ rhu Hkkx e ckWVy tkbr vfNA
1- çkphu vk;Z Hkk"kk (1500 bZñ iwñ l¡ 500 bZñ iwoZ èkfj)A
2- eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kk (500 bZñ iwñ l¡ 1000 bZñ èkfj)A
3- vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kk (1000 bZñ l¡ ,[ku èkfj)A

2 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 çkphu vk;ZHkk"kkd Lo:i ½Xosn l¡ çkIr gksbr vfNA ;|fi ,dj le; 1500 bZñ vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkd
iwñ l¡ 500 bZñ iwoZ rd ekuy tkbr vfN] ijUrq Hkkjrh; vk ik'pkR; fo}ku ½Xosnd le; vkèkkj fFkd laLÑr ,oa
2500 bZñ iwñ ds cknd ufg ekuSr NfFkA oSfnd laLÑr dksuks le; esa tu Hkk"kk NyA bZ vogêð
eq[; :i l¡ lkfgfR;d ,oa lkaLÑfrd dk;Zd ysy ç;qDr gksbr NyA rs¡ leLr çkphure
uksV
laLÑr okÄ~e; oSfnd laLÑr l¡ feySr vfNA oSfnd vk;Zd Hkk"kk es dvksuks cksyhxr Hksn
ifjyf{krr ufg gksbr vfN fdUrq èkkfeZd ikB ,oa èkesZrj&fo"k; l¡ lacafèkr Hkk"kk O;ogkj
es Hksn djSr ns[ky tkbr NfFkA vk;Z ,oa vuk;Zd chp lsgks Hkk"kk Hksn ns[ky tkbr vfNA
iqjksfgrh] jktdh; dk;Z] oS|d] O;kolkf;d] cqudj fo"k;d] lqukj] yqgkj lacaèkh] Ñ"kd
lacaèkh] vk[ksV] 'krjat] ik'kk] tqvk] u`R;] laxhr] i'kqikyu] O;kikj m|ksx èkaèkk vkfn l¡
lacafèkr 'kCnkoyh O;kid :i l¡ lSUèko dkyfg l¡ oSfnd dky es ços'k d,yd vk ,[ku
iqf"ir&iYyfor Hk, jgy vfNA
oSfnd lafgrkd Hkk"kk rRdkyhu cksypkyd Hkk"kk l¡ fdNq fHkUu NyA fd,d r¿
osn dkO;d Hkk"kk vfNA czkã.k xzaFk ,oa mifu"knd Hkk"kk fdNq viokn ds NksfM+ d,
lafgrkd cknd vfNA ,fg es vksrsd tfVyrk ,oa :ikfèkD; ufg vfNA ,d x| Hkkxd
Hkk"kk rRdkyhu cksypkud Hkk"kkd cgqr fudV vfNA ,fg es ç;qDr Hkk"kk ikf.kuh; laLÑrd
vuq:i ufg vfNA
laLÑr lkfgR; vk;Z tkfrd çk.k vfNA laLÑrfg es leLr çkphu Kku&foKku] dyk]
iqjk.k] dkO;] ukVd vkfn fy[ky xsy vfNA laLÑr Hkkjrh; Hkk"ks lHk ds ufg çHkkfor
d,yd vfirq ,fg Hkkjksih; ifjokjd leLr Hkk"kk ds vuqçkf.kr d,yd vfNA
oSfnd Hkk"kk es vusd rFkkdfFkr rn~Hko ;k ewy 'kCn l¡ fodflr uo 'kCn lHkd
ç;ksx gks,c ykxy NyA ,oa vusd vk;sZrj Hkk"kkd 'kCn lHk lsgks ç;qDr gksc, ykxy
NyA oSfnd dkyd vfUre le; èkfj Hkk"kkd rhu xksV :i Li"V Hk, xsy NyA vks Ny
mÙkjh] eè; ns'kh;] ,oa iwohZA
rRdkyhu oSfnd ,oa ykSfdd Hkk"kk es vusd fHkUurk vkfc xsy NyA oSfnd Hkk"kkd
ekudhdj.k ufg gks,ckd dkj.k ykSfdd Hkk"kk tsuk ,d :ikRed vk lkfgfR;d ufg
vfNA oSfnd dky es fotkrh; 'kCn eq[; :i ls æfoM+ ,oa vkWfLVªd l¡ vk,y Ny eqnk
ykSfdd laLÑr es ,dj la[;k es cgqr cs'kh o`f¼ HksySdA æfoM+ vk vkWfLVªdd laxfg vkuks
Hkk"kk lHk l¡ 'kCn xzg.k d,y tk, ykxyA ;Fkk&;wukuh&f=kdks.k] lqjax] ;ou vkfn] vjch
l¡&jey] bDdcky vkfn] bjkuh l¡ & fgUnw] fefgj] cknke] [kksy vkfnA ,fguk vkuks Hkk"kkd
'kCn lHkd cgqyrk gksc, ykxy NyA
,djk cknd le; es eè;dkyhu vk;Z Hkk"kk vcSr vfNA ,djk rhu oxZ esa ck¡fV
vè;;u d,y tkbr vfNA
1- çkphu çkÑr ok ikfy 1500 bZñ iwñ l¡ 100 bZñ èkfj)A
2- eè;dkyhu çkÑr (100 bZñ l¡ 500 bZñ èkfj)A
3- ijdkyhu çkÑr ok viHkza'k (500 bZñ l¡ 1000 bZñ èkfj)A
1- çkphu çkÑr ;k ikfy& bZlk iwoZ ik¡pe 'krkCnh l¡ ,dj vkjEHk ekuy tkbr
vfNA leLr ckS¼ xzaFk&egkoa'k] tkrd] tSu lw=k] çkjafHkd ukVd&;Fkk v'o?kks"kd ukVd
es ç;qDr çkÑrd ç;ksxA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 3
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk çkÑr Hkk"kkd mn~Hko lHk çkphu oS;kdj.k yksdfu laLÑr l¡ ekuyfu vfNA laLÑrs
,oa Hkk"kk osQ¡ vkèkkj cuk, vks yksdfu èofu Hksn vkfnd fooj.k nsyfu vfNA çkÑfrd vFkZ
lkfgfR;d fuca/
vfN&ewyHkk"kk laLÑr vksfg l¡ mRiUu Hkk"kk çkÑr vfNA fdNq fo}ku yksdfud er ,fg
uksV çdkjs vfNA
(d) çÑfr % laLÑra r=k Hkoa rr vxra ok çkÑre~ (gsepUæ)
([k) çÑfr % laLÑra r=k HkoRokr çkÑreqP;rs (çkÑr loZLo)
(x) çÑrs % laLÑrk;kLrq foÑfr% çkÑrh erkA ("kM~Hkk"kk pfUædk)
(?k) çkÑrL; rq Loeso laLÑra ;ksfu%A (çkÑr lathouh)
okLro esa çkÑr çkphu çpfyr tuHkk"kk vfNA rs¡ fdNq ik'pkR; fo}kud er vfN
ts çkÑrd ifj"Ñr :i laLÑr Hkk"kk vfN] vFkkZr çkÑr l¡ laLÑr fudyy vfnA eqnk
ukV~; 'kkL=kdkj Hkjreqfu (bZñ iwñ pkfje 'krh) lsgks dgyfu vfN ts laLÑrs Hkk"kkd 'kCn
foÑr ,oa ifjofrZr Hk, çkÑr Hkk"kkd :i xzg.k d,yd vfNA okLro es ,djfg ikfy
Hkk"kk lsgks dgy xsy NSdA ,dj dkj.k NSd ts ikfy 'kCnd vFkZ gksbr NSd cq¼opu vk
çkÑr Hkk"kkd vfèkdka'k lkfgR; es cq¼sd opud lagfr d,y xsy vfNA
2- eè;dkyhu çkÑr& ,dj le; 100 bZñ ls 500 bZñ èkfj vfNA ,gu vuqeku
d,y tkbr vfN ts tuHkk"kkd laLdkj d, t[ku ^laLÑr* laKk l¡ foHkwf"kr d,y xsy
r¿ vks tuHkk"kk vksdjk rqyuk es vlaLÑr Ny vk if.Mr yksdfud çpfyr Hkk"kk] l¡
fo:¼ lsgks] ts çÑr ;k lkekU; yksdd chp ckty tkbr Ny lgtfg çkÑr uked
vfèkdkfj.kh Hk, xsyA
çkÑr Hkk"kkd fo"k; es loZçFke Hkjreqfu ukV~;'kkL=k es fopkj djSr dgSr NfFk
ts çkÑrd eq[; lkr :i vfN vk xkS.k çkÑrd lsgks lkr :i vfNA eq[; çkÑr
vfN&ekxèkh] vofUrtk] çkP;k lwjlsuh] vèkZekxèkh] ckg~yhd vk nf{k.kkR; (egkjk"Vªh) vk
xkS.k çkÑr vfN&'kkojh] vkHkksjh] pk.Mkyh] lpjh] ækfoM+h] mn~jtk ,oa cuspjhA
çkÑr O;kdj.kd l¡ çkphu oS;kdj.k oj:fp eq[; :i l¡ çkÑr osQ¡ pkfj Hkkx esa
ck¡Vyfu vfN&ekx?kh] 'kkSjlsuh] iS'kkph ,oa egkjk"VªhA ekxèkhd nw :i HksVSr vfN ekxèkh
vk v¼Z ekxèkhA
(i) ekxèkh& ekxèkhd ewy vkèkkj exèkd yx&ikld Hkk"kk vfNA ,dj çkphu :i
v'o?kks"kd ukVd es HksVSr vfNA dkfynkl ,oa 'kwædd ukVd es lsgks ekxèkhd ç;ksx
HksVSr vfNA ekdZ.Ms;d vuqlkj fHk{kq] {ki.kd] jk{kl] psV vkfn ekxèkh ctSr NyA yadk
es ikfyds ekxèkh dgy tkbr vfNA ,fg l¡ eSfFkyh Hkkstiqjh] caxyk] vlfe;k ,oa mfM+;k
Hkk"kk fodflr Hksy vfNA
(ii) v¼Zekxèkh& ,dj {ks=k ekx/h vk 'kkSjlsuhd chpd vfNA bZ çkphu dkslyd
lehiorhZ {ks=kd Hkk"kk vfNA Hkxoku egkohjd lEiw.kZ tSu lkfgR; ,fg Hkk"kk es HksVSr vfNA
,sfg es x| vk i| nwuw foèkk es lkfgR; HksVSr vfNA eqæk jk{kl vk çcksèk pUæksn; es lsgks
v¼Zekx/hd :i HksVSr vfNA
(iii) 'kkSj lsuh& bZ çkÑr ewy :i l¡ eFkqjkd yx&ikld Hkk"kk vfNA ,dj fodkl
ikfy dkyhu LFkkuh; cksyh l¡ Hksy vfNA bZ eè; ns'kd Hkk"kk NyA
4 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 (iv) iS'kkph& egkHkkjr es fi'kkp tkfrd mYys[k HksVSr vfN bZ yksdfu mÙkj&if'pe vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkd
es d'ehjd yx&ikl es jgSr NykgA fxz;lZu iS'kkph ds vksrqds ^njn* Hkk"kk l¡ çHkkfor vkèkkj fFkd laLÑr ,oa
vogêð
ekuSr NfFkA xq.kk<+;d vfr çfl¼ jpuk ^c`gRdFkk* iS'kkph çkÑrfg es fy[ky xsy vfNA
,djfg fodflr :i ^yg¡nk* Hkk"kk vfNA uksV
(v) egkjk"Vªh& ,dj ewy LFkku egkjk"Vª vfNA ,fg l¡ ejkBh Hkk"kkd fodkl Hksy
vfNA çkÑrd lHk l¡ cs'kh lkfgR; egkjk"Vªh çkÑrd vfNA ;Fkk&jktk gkyd jfpr&xkg
lÙlbZ (xkFkk 'kIr'krh) çojlsu Ñr&jko.k ogks (lsrqcUèk)] okD; ifrÑr&xmMogks
(xkSM+oèk) vkfnA
3- ijdkyhu çkÑr ok viHkaz'k& rslj çkÑr osQ¡ viHkaz'k Hkk"kk dgy tkbNA ,dj
le; 500 bZñ ls 1000 bZñ NSdA viHkza'k 'kCnd loZçFke ç;ksx vkpk;Z O;kfM vkvksj
iratfyd lkfgR; es HksVSr vfNA vksdjk ckn Hkr`gfj]] Hkkeg] n.Mh vkfn viHkza'kd mYys[k
d;us NfFkA viHkza'k es vusd lkfgfR;d jpuk HksVSr vfNA ;Fkk&fo"ks.kpk;Z Ñr imepfjm]
iq"inUr Ñr egkiqjk.k vk tlgj pfjm (;'kksèkj pfjr) fo|kifr Ñr dhfrZyrk] vígek.k
(vCnqj jgek.k) Ñr lUnsl jkldA viHkza'kfg ds ns'kHkk"kk] nslh] viHkz"V vogêð dgy
tkbr vfNA
viHkza'k ds çkÑr vk vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkd dM+hd :i es eku tkbr vfNA
çk;% lHk vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkd mRifÙk dksuks us dksuks viHkza'kfg l¡ Hksy vfNA
Hkk"kkd vFkZ es viHkaz'k uked ç;ksx NBe 'krkCnh l¡ HksVSr vfNA ,suk r¡ çkÑr loZLo xzaFk
es viHkza'kd 27 xksV Hksn Lohdkj d,y xsy vfNA fdUrq eq[; viHkaz'k ekx?kh] v¼Zekx?kh]
ekgkjk"Vªh] 'kkSjlsuh] dsd;] VDd] czkpM+ ds ekuy tkbr vfNA
MkWñ lquhfr dqekj pVthZ vk nkslj vU; fo}ku viHkza'k vk vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
vk;ZHkk"kkd chpd dM+h ds vogêð dgyfu vfNA ijUrq ewyr% laLÑr l¡ Hkz"V Hksy Hkk"kk
osQ¡ ^viHkza'k* ok viHkz"V dgy xsy vfNA viHkza'k 'kCnd fodkl ^vogal* :i es Hksy
vfN r¿ viHkz"Vd vogêð :i es vk ,fg nwuw uked ç;ksx vksfg Hkk"kkd ysy gksbr
jgy vfNA okLrfodrk b,g NSd ts ,fg :i l¡ ,d:irk ufg HksVSr NSdA vígek.k]
T;ksfrjh'oj] fo|kfir] ,djk vogêð dgyfu vfN r¿ nkeksnj iafMr viHkza'k vk jfodj
viHkza'k ,oa viHkz"V nwuwd ç;ksx d,yfu vfNA rs¡ dgy tk, ldSN ts bZ rhuw viHkza'k]
viHkz"V vk vogêð leku :i l¡ lekukFkhZ tsuk ç;qDr gksbr jgy vfNA rhuw ,dfg Hkk"kkd
uke vfNA
ikf.kuhd le; es laLÑr Hkk"kkd HkkSxksfyd foLrkj nf{k.k Hkkjr es Hksy ok ufg
,fg lacaèk es fdNq dgc dfBu vfNA bZ fuf'pr vfN ts çkÑr Hkk"kkd HkkSxksfyd {ks=kd
ts fooj.k miyCèk vfN ls vksfg {ks=kd laLÑrd HkkSxksfyd foLrkj ds iqf"V djSr vfNA
çkÑr Hkk"kkd HkkSxksfyd :i ij fopkj d,yk ij Li"V Hk, tkbr vfNts ekxèkh vk
vèkZ ekxèkhd lacaèk laLÑrd çkP; :i l¡ vfNA 'kkSjlsuhd çrhP; l¡] egkjk"Vªhd lacaèk
nf{k.kkR; vk iS'kkphd mnhP; l¡ vfNA çkÑr Hkk"kkd ekx/h :i lHk l¡ çkphu vfNA
fd,d r¿ ekx/hd èkkfeZd :i ikfy vfN vk ikfy çkÑrd çkphu :i vfNA ikfy
vk oSfnd laLÑrd rqyuk djSr pUæèkj 'kekZ xqysjh Hkk"kkd ,sfrgkfld Øe ,fg çdkj l¡
nsyfu vfN&
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 5
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk 1- ewy Hkk"kk 2- Nanl~ Hkk"kk 3- çkÑr 4- laLÑr 5- viHkza'k
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/
,fg l¡ Li"V gksbr vfN ts NUnl Hkk"kk oSfnd Hkk"kk vfNA oSfnd laLÑrd :i es
,dj ukedj.k ckn es d,y xsy vfNA nkslj ckr ts oSfnd laLÑrd çokfgr :i ikfy
uksV es ns[ky tk, ldSr vfNA tdjk çkÑr dgy xsy NSdA ikfy] çkÑrd çkphu :i vfN
rs¡ HkkSxksfyd :i l¡ ikfy çkP; Hkk"kk vfNA
,oa çdkjs ns[kSr Nh ts vogêðd {ks=k fefFkys èkfj lhfer ufg vfNA çkÑr Hkk"kkd ts
HkkSxksfyd O;kfIr vfN yxHkx o,g O;kfIr vogêðd ekuy tkbNA uke ek=kd vUrj vfNA
ekdZ.Ms; çkÑr loZLo es ek=k rhu viHkza'k ekuyffu vfN& ukxj] miukxj vk
czkpM+A xqtjkrd viHkza'k ds ukxj dgy tkbN] flUèkd viHkza'k ds czkpM+ dgy tkbN
vk nwuwd chpd {ks=kd viHkza'k osQ¡ miukxj dgy tkbNA Li"Vr% bZ ek=k if'peh çkÑrd
foHkktu vfNA lkekU;r% fo}ku ,fg ckr ij ,d er NfFk ts ik¡p çkÑr l¡ ik¡p viHkza'kd
fodkl Hksy vk çkphu çkÑr ,oa orZeku Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQ¡ feykc, okyk dM+h b,g
viHkza'k ok vogêð Hkk"kk vfNA
vkc Øe'k% lHk Hkk"kkd fo'ks"krk ij Øfed n`f"Vikr djh&
1- oSfnd vk ykSfdd laLÑrd lekurk ,oa fo'ks"krk
(d) lekurk
I. nwuw f'y"V ;ksxkRed vfNA
II. nwuw es çk;% lHk 'kCn èkkrqt vfNA :<+ 'kCnd la[;k de vfNA
III. in fuekZ.kd fofèk ,dfg vfNA lqi] frÄ~]] Ñr] rf¼r vkfn çR;; leku vfNA
IV. èkkrq lHkd x.k es foHkktu f.kp~] lu vkfn çR;; leku vfNA
V. lekl fofèk nwuw es vfNA
VI. èkkrq ,oa 'kCnd vFkZ çk;% ,dfg vfNA
VII. nwuw es 3 (rhu) fyax 3 (rhu) opu ,oa 3 (rhu) iq#"k vfNA
VIII. okD; jpuk 'kCn l¡ ufg vffirq in l¡ gksbr vfNA
IX. nwuw es okD; es in&Øe ('kCnd LFkku) fuf'pr ufg vfNA
X. nwuw es lafèk dk;Z gksbr vfNA
oSfnd laLÑrsd fodflr :i ykSfdd laLÑr vfNA oSfnd laLÑr es ts fo-
foèkrk vk vusd:irk ikvksy tkbr Ny vks ykSfdd laLÑr es U;wu Hk, xsyA ikf.kfud
O;kdj.kd çHkko cgqr cf<+ xsyA iQyLo:i ikf.kuhd O;kdj.k l¡ vfl¼ :id çpyu
de Hk, xsyA 'kCn :ikfn es la{ksi vk ifj"dkj vkfc xsyA viokn fu;ed la[;k de
Hk, xsyA fdNq fo'ks"krk ,fg çdkjs vfNA
I. 'kCn :i vk èkkrq :i es oSdfYid :id U;wurk Hk, xsyA
II. lafèk fu;ed vfuok;Zrk Hk, xsySdA
III. yV~ ydkjd vHkko Hk, xsyA

6 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 IV. Hkk"kk es mnkÙk vkfn Lojd ç;ksx lekIr Hk, xsyA vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkd
vkèkkj fFkd laLÑr ,oa
V. Ñr çR;; vkfn es vusd çR;;d LFkku ij ,d çR;; gksc, ykxyA
vogêð
VI. 'kCn dks'k es i;kZIr vUrj Hk, xsyA çkphu bZe~] lhe~ vkfn lu fuikr yqIr Hk,
xsyA uksV
VII. fdNq oSfnd 'kCnd vFkZ laLÑr es cnfy xsyA tsuk&ir~ (oSñ mM+c] lañ&[klc)]
lg (oSñ thrc] lañ lgu djc)] vlqj (oSfnd 'kfDr'kkyh] lañ&nSR;)] vjkfr
(oSñ Ñi.k] lañ 'k=kq) vkfnA
VIII. y` Lojd ç;ksx çk;% yqIr Hk, xsyA
IX. laxhrkRed Lojd LFkku ij cykRed Lojd ç;ksx gksc, ykxyA
X. mildZd Lora=k ç;ksx lekIr Hk, xsyA
2- ekx/h çkÑrd fo'ks"krk
I. "k~] l~ d LFkku ij 'kA iqrLl > iqÙk''k] Hkfo";fr > Hkfo''kfn
II. j d yA iq#"k > iqfy'ks] jkK% > ykvk.kksA
III. t d ; Hk, xsyA tkukfr > ;k.kkfn] tk;rs > ;k;rsA
IV. |k] tZ] ;Z] d Õ; gksbr vfNA v| vk vk;Z > vÕ;] e| > eÕ;A
V. .;] U;] K] ×t] d ××k Hk, tkbNA iq.; > iq××k] vU; > v××k] jkK > jk××kks]
v×tfy > v××kfyA
VI. eè; xr PN d '; Hk, tkbNA ;Fkk xfPNfr > x'pfn
VII. Fk± vk LFkd Lr gksbr vfN vFkZ% > vLrs] mifLFkr > mofLrnA
VIII. çFkek ,dopu es folx±d , Hk, tkbr vkfN nso% > nsosA
3- vogêðd çeq[k fo'ks"krk
I. Hkk"kk f'y"V ;ksxkRed l¡ fo;ksxkRed gksc; ykxyA
II. çkÑr es ç;qDr èofu vogêðks es NyA
III. oSfnd laxhrkRed Lojd LFkku ij cyk?kkr Loj Hk, xsyA
IV. lHk Lojd vkuqukfld :i viHkza'kks es vfNA
V. ,fg es 'kCnd vUr es m yx,ckd ço`fr cgqr cf<+ xsySdA
VI. nUR; O;atu ewèkZU; gksc, ykxyA
VII. 'k vk "k d çk;% yksi Hk, xsyA
VIII. , d bZ vk b gksbr vfN & ys[k fg] yhgA
IX. eè;xr çFke vk f}rh; o.kZd Øe'k% r`rh; vk prqFkZ o.k± Hk, tkbr vfNA 'kiFk
> lecèk] dfFkra > dfèkanqA
X. la;qDrk{kj es j~ d çk;% yksi Hk, tkbr vfNA fçv > fim

Lo vè;;u lkexzh 7
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk XI. çkÑr rqY; lehdj.k] yksi] vkxe] vkfnd ço`fr cf<+ xsyA
,oa
XII. la;qDr O;atu es ,d O;atud yksi vk iwoZorhZ ßLo Loj nh?kZ Hk, tkbN dL;
lkfgfR;d fuca/
> dklqA
uksV XIII. 'kCn :i vk èkkrq :i dfe xsyA
XIV. foHkfDrd LFkku ij dkjd fpÉ ij lx± vkc; ykxyA tsuk dj.k&lagq_
lEçnku&dsfg] viknku&gksUr] lEcUèk&dsj] vfèkdj.k&eT>] egsA
XV. uiaqld fyax lekIr Hk, xsyA
XVI. vdkjkUr iqfyax 'kCn tsuk vfèkdka'k 'kCn :i py; ykxyA
XVII. f}opu lekIr Hk, xsyA
XVIII. èkkrq es vkReus ind vHkko Hk, xsyA
XIX. okD; es in&Øe fuf'pr Hk, xsyA ,fg l¡ foHkfDr yksi tU; vLi"Vrk fdNq
dfe xsySdA
1-4 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kk

vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkd fodkl eè;dkyhu viHkza'k Hkk"kk l¡ Hksy vfNA çkphu
ik¡p çkÑr l¡ ik¡p viHkza'k Hkk"kkd fodkl Hksy vfNA ckn es czkpM+ ,oa [kl nw viHkza'k
osQ¡ vkvksjks feyk ysy xsyA ,fg çdkjs lkr viHkza'k l¡ leLr vkèkqfud Hkkjrh Hkk"kkd
fodkl ekuy tkbr vfNA
viHkza'k fodflr vkèkqfud Hkk"kk
1- ekxèkh (d) eSfFkyh ([k) caxyk (x) vleh
(?k) mfM+;k (Ä) Hkkstiqjh (p) exgh
2- vèkZekxèkh iwohZ fgUnh
3- 'kkSjlsuh (d) if'peh fgUnh ([k) jktLFkkuh
(x) xqtjkrh
4- egkjk"Vªh ejkBh
5- iS'kkph yg¡nk
6- czkpM+ (d) flUèkh ([k) iatkch
7- [kl igkM+h
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkd çeq[k fo'ks"krk
I. vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kk la;ksxkRed l¡ iw.kZr;k fo;ksxkRed Hk, xsyA eqnk
eSfFkyh es ,[ku èkfj nwuw :id ç;ksx gksbr vfNA fdNq fo}ku la;ksxkRed ds
çksRlkgu djSr NfFk r¿ fdNq fo}ku fo;ksxkRed dsA
II. çkÑr vk viHkaz'k es fo|eku èofu lHk çpfyr jgyA
8 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 III. iatkch vkfn es mnklhu ^v* Loj] voèkh vkfn es tfir ok v?kks"k Loj] xqtjkrh vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkd
es eeZj Loj] ,oa eSfFkyh es vèkZ Lojd fodkl HksyA vkèkkj fFkd laLÑr ,oa
vogêð
([k) Îd fyf[kr :i Î] ijUrq mPpfjr :i fj] nf{k.k es :A
(x) "kk d mPpkj.k 'k ok l uksV
(?k) K d mPpkj.k X;¡] T;¡ ok |a
(Ä) la;qDrk{kj es ×k] .k~] d mPpkj.k vuqLokj (a) d rqY;A
(p) fons'kh vkW] d+] [+k] X+k] T+k] i+Q] èofu Hkk"kk lHk es vkfc xsy] ijUrq ,dj 'kq¼
mPpkj.k ufg gksbr vfNA
IV. cyk?kkr Loj eq[; Hk, xsyA okD; es laxhrkRed Loj lsgks vfNA
V. vfUre nh?kZ Loj ij cyk?kkr ufg Hksyk l¡ nh?kZd ßLo LojA
VI. cyk?kkr jfgr vfUre v d yksi Hk, tkbNA jke~] uke~A
VII. cyk?kkr d vHkko es vk| Lorjd yksi Hk, tkbr vfN ;Fkk&vH;Urj > Hkhrj]
mifj > ij
VIII. la;qDr O;atu es l¡ ,dd yksi Hk, tkbr vfN vk {kfr iwR;ZFkZ iwoZ ßLo Loj
nh?kZ Hk, tkbr vfNA lIr > lkr] v| > vkb
IX. 'kCnd :i vkvksjks de Hk, xsyA viHkza'k es Nvks Ny ts vkèkqfud vk;Z Hkk"kk
es nw xksV jfg xsyA 1- ewy :i 2- foÑr :iA
X. vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk es dsoy xqtjkrh ,oa ejkBh es rhu fyax vfN] 'ks"k
es ek=k nw fyax Hk, xsyA ,dopu vk cgqopuA
XI. fØ;k es deZokP;da :i lekIr Hk, xsyA ydkjd ç;ksx ?kfV xsyA
XII. vkèkqfud vk;Z Hkk"kk es vaxzsth] vjch] iQkjlh] vkfnd gtkjks 'kCn vkfc xsy ,oa
rRle 'kCnd ç;ksx cf<+ jgy vfNA
1-5 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkd laf{kIr ifjp;

1- if'peh fgUnh & ,dj fodkl 'kkSjlsuh viHkza'k] l¡ Hksy vfNA ,dj ik¡p çeq[k
cksyh vfN [kM+h cksyh] cztHkk"kk] ck¡x[k] dUukSth] vk cqUnsyhA
2- jktLFkkuh & ,dj fodkl 'kkSjlsuhd ukxj viHkza'k l¡ Hksy vfNA ,dj çeq[k
pkfj cksyh vfNA ekjokM+h] t;iqjh] ekyoh] esokrhA
3- xqtjkrh & 'kkSjlsuh viHkza'kd ukxj :i l¡ xqtjkrhd fodkl Hksy vfNA laLÑr
es ,dj uke ^ykVh* NyA
4- ejkBh & ,dj fodkl egkjk"Vªh viHkza'k l¡ Hksy vfNA ,dj çeq[k cksyh
vfN&ns'kh] dksad.kh] ukxiqjh] cjkjhA ,dj fyfi nsoukxjh vfNA
5- eSfFkyh & ,dj fodkl ekx?kh viHkza'k l¡ Hksy vfNA bZ lEiw.kZ fefFkyk {ks=kd
Hkk"kk vfNA ,dj çeq[k cksyh vfN&vafxdk ,oa cfTtdkA ,dj lkfgR;d lqn`<+ ijEijk
jgy vfNA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 9
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk 6- exgh & ,dj fodkl ekx/h viHkza'k l¡ Hksy vfNA
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/
7- Hkkstiqjh & bZ ekx/h viHkza'k l¡ fodflr Hksy vfNA
8- caxkyh & bZ ekx/h viHkza'k l¡ fodflr Hksy vfNA
uksV 9- mfM+;k & bZ ekx/h viHkza'k l¡ fodflr vfN eqnk ,fg ij caxyk ,oa rsyqxq d
fo'ks"k çHkko iM+y vfNA
10- vleh & ,dj fodkl ekx/h viHkza'k l¡ Hksy vfNA ,fg ij frCcrh] cehZ]
ukx vkfn Hkk"kkd fo'ks"k çHkko iM+y vfNA
11- iwohZ fgUnh & ,dj fodkl vèkZekx/h viHkza'k l¡ Hksy vfNA ,dj rhu cksyh
vfN&voèkh] c?ksyh vk NÙkhl x<+hA ,dj fyfi nsoukxjh vfNA
12- yg¡nk & ,dj fodkl iS'kkph viHkza'k l¡ Hksy vfNA bZ eq[; :i l¡ iatkcd
Hkk"kk vfNA ,dj çeq[k cksyh vfN&dsUæh; cksyh] nf{k.kh (eqyrkuh)] mÙkj iwohZ (iksBokjh)
mÙkj if'peh (èkUuh)
13- flUèkh & bZ flUèk çkard Hkk"kk vfNA ,dj ik¡p cksyh ikvksy tkbr vfN&fcpkSyh]
fljSdh] ykM+h] Fkjsyh] dPNhA ,dj fyfi xq#eq[kh dgy tkbr vfNA
14- iatkch & ,dj fyfi xq#eq[kh NSdA ,fg ij njn Hkk"kkd fo'ks"k çHkko NSdA
15- igkM+h & [kl viHkza'k l¡ ,dj fodkl Hksy vfNA ,fg es yxHkx rhl cksyh
vfNA
1-6 lkjka'k

,fg fofèk fu"d"kZ :is ¡ bZ ckr Li"V vfN ts vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk eq[; :i
l¡ dksuks us dksuks viHkza'k (vogêð) l¡ fu%l`r vfNA vk vks viHkza'k çkÑr l¡ fudyy
vfNA vk çkÑr ,oa laLÑr lHk lkef;d rqY; Hkk"kk vfNA çkÑr ykSfdd Hkk"kk Ny vk
laLÑr fyf[kr Hkk"kkA
vFkkZr dgy tk, ldSN ts çR;sd dky es Hkk"kk nw :i es ikvksy tkbr vfNA
,d ykSfdd ,oa nkslj lkfgfR;dA ykSfdd Hkk"kk 'kuS% 'kuS% çpfyr Hk, lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk
cfu tkbr vfN_ vk ts lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk jgSN vks nq:g gksbr yqIr Hk, tkbr vfNA b,g
Øe pySr jgSr vfNA
lekt es lHk fnu nw oxZ ikvksy tkbr vfN ,d xksV f'kf{krd oxZ tdj Hkk"kk
lkfgfR;d gksbr NSd_ eqnk ,dj la[;k de gksbr NSdA nkslj oxZ vf'kf{krd gksbN] ,dj
la[;k vfèkd gksbr NSd eqnk Hkk"kkd dksuks :i fuèkkZj.k ufg jgSr NSdA bZ ,d Øfed
:i l¡ lkfgfR;d Hkk"kkd :i xzg.k d, ySr NSdA ,dj lkfgfR;d :i xzg.k djckd
vusd dkj.k gksbr NSd ;Fkk] lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk tulkekU;d Hkk"kk l¡ nwj Hk, tkbr NSd]
dksuks çkpkj&çlkjd ysy tulkekU; ds lEEcksfèkr djckd ysy ykSfdds Hkk"kk mi;qDr
ekuy tkbr NSd rs¡ ,dj lkfgfR;d :i fodflr gksc, yxSr NSdA ykSfdd Hkk"kk ckt,
es lqyHk Hk, tkbr NSd rs¡ fo}kuks yksdfu ,djk çksRlkgu nSr NfFkA vk bZ ykSfdd ekSf[kd
Hkk"kk lkfgfR;d :i ikfc vfHkO;fDrd lkèku Hk, tkbr vfNA
10 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 gejk yksdfu ns[kSr Nh ts oSfnd lkfgR; l¡ ikfy (çkÑr Hkk"kk) fu%l`r Hksy iqu% vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkd
,fgl¡ vogêð ok viHkza'k] tkfg l¡ vkèkqfud le; es vk;Z Hkk"kkd fodkl HksyA rs¡ dgy vkèkkj fFkd laLÑr ,oa
vogêð
tk, ldSN ts vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkd vkèkkj fFkd laLdr ,oa vogêðA
1-7 vHk;kld ç'u uksV

1- vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kkd vkèkkj fFkd laLÑr ,oa vogêð çekf.kr d:A
2- fuEu Hkk"kkd fo'ks"krk l¡ ifjp; djkmA
(d) laLÑr Hkk"kk ([k) çkÑr Hkk"kk (x) viHkza'k Hkk"kk (?k) vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
vk;Z Hkk"kkA
3- Hkk"kkd Øfed fodkl ij n`f"V fu{ksi d:A
4- Hkk"kk es ifjorZu fd,d gksbr vfN ykSfdd Hkk"kk lkfgfR;d Hkk"kkd :i xzg.k
dksuk vkvksj fd,d djSr vfN Li"V d:A



Lo vè;;u lkexzh 11
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk
bdkbZ&2 lkfgfR;d fuca/
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/
ikB&lajpuk
uksV 2-0 mís'; vk egÙo
2-1 iB~;ka'k lHkd ozQec¼ izLrqfr
iB~;ka'k & o.kZuk] f'k{kk] ekrk vks ekr`Hkwfe] jk"Vªh; ,drkd egÙo] vknku&iznku]
leh{kko`fÙk] fo|kifr inkoyh ,oa oS".ko lkfgR;] dfooj pank >k] dksbyhd
lans'kA
2-2 vH;kld iz'u
2-0 mís';& vk egRo

lksyge 'krkCnhd izfl¼ ik'pkR; fucU/dkj ekUrsu dgus NfFk ts dksuks fo"k;&oLrq
fdaok inkFkZd vfLrRo cgqr ifgufgl¡ jgSr NSd] vksdjk fufeZr iz;qDr izrhd&'kCn vFkok
laKkd vkfo"dkj cknes gksbr NSdA ,fg vk/kjij t¡ fucU/d izlaxes fopkj d;y tk;
r¡ ns[kc ts lEizfr x|&lkfgR;d tkfg :iosQ¡ fucU/ dfg vfHkfgr d;y tkbr vfN
ls viu vfHk/kul¡ fuf'pr :is ¡ cM+ izkphu vfNA bZ fHkUu ckr ts ,dj 'kCnkFkZ ozQe'k%
cnySr xsyA ,dVk ,guks ;qx Ny t[ku fucU/ 'kCnd vFkZ Ny ts] tkfges fdNq ckUgy
tk; vFkok ts fdNq ckUgy tk;A ,fg vk/kj ij dfork] xhr lHkVk fucU/d ifjf/es
lek tkbr Ny] dkj.k ts dfork ok xhr NUnes ckUgy tkbr vfNA egkdkO;d y{k.k
iÕ;ZUes ^cU/* 'kCn iz;qDr vfNA ,djfg y{; d 'kCnjRukoyhes uiqlades fucU/d vFkZ
xhr dgy xsy vfNA ,fg O;kid vFkZosQ¡ xzg.k d* rqylhnkl viu jkepfjrkulosQ¡ Hkk"kk
fucU/* dgyfuA ,rsd /fj ts lqcU/q viu ^oklonÙkk*osQ¡ fucU/ dgus NfFkA fHkUu ckr
ts laLo`Qrd vkyadkfjd yksdfud ers ¡ vks dFkk fFkdA
,fgl¡ i`Fkd gsepUnz ,dj vFkZ d;us NfFk&xzUFkL; cfÙk%A dkO; ehekalkdkj
jkt'ks[kjd vuqlkjs ¡ o`fÙkl¡ rkRi;Z vfN&lw=kk.kka ldylkj fooj.k o`fÙk%A vr% gsepUnzd
vk/kjij fucU/osQ¡ ekSfyd xzUFk ufg] dksuks ekSfyd xzUFkd lkj fooj.k cw>d fFkdA izk;%
,fg vFkZes fuca/ 'kCn laLo`Qres fo'ks"k izpfyr HksyA ,dj dkj.k Ny ts Jqfr&Le`frd lkj
y* ,r* /eZ'kkL=k fo"k;d dfri; xzUFkd jpuk d;y xsy tkfg lHkosQ¡ fucU/ dgy xsy
rFkk vksdj jpf;rkosQ¡ fucU/dkjA }Srfu.kZ;osQ¡ okpLifr feJ fucU/s dgus NfFkA
laLo`Qr okÄe;es fucU/ 'kCn trsd /eZ'kkL=kd {ks=kes izpkj ivksyd rrsd vkfu
dksuks {ks=kes ufgA fuca/ 'kCns oLrqr% vksfg rjgd xzUFkd cks/ gksbr Ny ts lEizfr vaxzsth
'kCn ^dksM* l¡ gksbr vfNA
eqnk gejkyksdfu vkc tkfg x|&jpukosQ¡ fucU/ dg* ykxy fN,sad ls loZFkk fHkUu
dksfVd vfNA bZ fucU/ 'kCn vaxzsthd ^,ls*d izfr'kCn Hk* xsy vfN vk rdjs izHkkos ¡ Hkkjrk
; Hkk"kkes ,dj fodkl Hksy vfNA vaxzsthd bZ ^,ls* 'kCn izsQUp 'kCn ^,lkb*l¡ cgjk;y
vfN tdj vFkZ gks;r NSd] iz;kl ok iz;Ru djcA jpuk fo/kud vFkZes ,fg 'kCnd
izFke iz;ksxdÙkkZ izQkUld izfl¼ fucU/dkj ek¡Ursu NykgA fucU/osQ¡ vks ^vkRekd laokgud
12 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
iz;Ru* dgyfuA ^,ls* 'kCnd O;ogkj vks ,gu jpukd ysy d;yfu tkfges oS;fDrd lkfgfR;d fuca/
Hkkod lqUnj vks lq:fpiw.kZ vfHkO;fDr gksbr NyA Loho`Qr fucU/d fo"k;es gqud oDrO;
Ny ts ^,fges ge viu oS;fDrd fp=k dk<+y vfNA vaxszthes djSr izfl¼ vkykspd
Mk- tkuld ,djk ^,d izdkjd J`a[kfyr vkslq fu;ksftr jpuk* ufg ekfu ^eud vlEc¼ uksV
dkYifud mPN~okl* rFkk ^vO;krdj vifjiDo lUnHkZ* dgyfu vfNA eqnk osdu] tfud
fucU/ vaxzsth lkfgR;sd ân;gkj ufg] vaxzsth Hkk"kkgqd lwfDr&jRu xsy vfN] ^,lsosQ¡ odks.kZ
fpUru dgus NfFk vk fucU/d d fgud ts ^laf{kIr fVIi.kh* lHk vfN ls LkHk ftKklkiw.kZ
ufg;ks jgSr lkjxfHkZr vfNA* oLrqr% fucU/d dksuks ,d:i ifjHkk"k rkdc dfBu vfNA
eqnk ls dksuks uo jpuk&i¼frd vifjgk; nqcZyrk fFkdA ;wjksies tr* ufg dyk:id Jh
x.ks'k Hksy vksrgq ,dj ijEijk izk;% vkS|ksfxd ozQkfUrl¡ os'kh iqjku ufg vfNA eqnk ,dj
fodkld ts :ijs[kk vfN rkfgl¡ ,dj 'kfDr vks lkeF;Zij lafnX/ gks;ckd dksuks iz'u ufg
mBSr vfNA viu ^;qDrfu"Bk vks xBu&iz.kkyh*l¡ vkb bZ cs'k yksdfiz; vfNA fucU/ ,d
xksV ^fuf'pr mís';* y* xfBRk d;y tkbN vk ,fges ^miLFkkiu] O;k[;k vks n`"VkUr*d
viu i`Fko~Q egRo gksbNA fucU/es cgqr jkl ckr jg; ls dksuks t:jh ufg NSd] cksf>y
Hk* xsus vksdj dyk:id {kfr, gksbr NSdA fucX/d mPprkd izfreku fFkd ts vks lHk
rjgs ¡ viukes iw.kZ jg;A ,djfg y{; osQ¡ gMlu egksn; dgus NfFk ts ¶fucU/&jpukd
ewy fl¼kUr vfN p;u vk vksdj lHk i{kosQ¡ leku :is ¡ izHkkdkjh cuk;cA fucU/ dksuks
fo"k;d vusd i{kfg /fj lhfer ufg jgSN vk rfguk vksdjk vusd [k.Mes ck¡Vcks fofgr
ufgA fucU/d liQyrk vksdj iw.kZrkd izHkkoes fufgr vfNA
^'kq¼ fucU/d lokZf/d fof'k"Vrk b,g ekuy tkbr NSd ts fucU/d ys[kd
viu ikBdd izfr vukSipkfjd viuRo vks izhfrd lkfgR;&dYir Hkkos vkRefuosnu
djSr NfFkA vkRefuosnu bZ Loj r[kufgl fo'ks"k gksbN t[ku vksfges vkRekuqHkwfr jgSNA
vuqHkwfrosQ¡ O;fDrRol¡ iQjkd ufg cq>y t;rSd vk rkghl¡ fucU/es fucU/dkjd O;fDrRo
loksZifj vfNA fucU/dkjd :fp&vfHk:fp vksd O;fDrRoses lekfgr vfNA tS ¡ y* d*
fucU/es O;fDrxr :fp&vfHk:fpd iz/kurk jgSN rs ¡ dgy xsy vfN ts ^fucU/] fucU/
dkjd o`Qfr fFkdA* oLrqr% fuca/] vfHkO;fDrd vks izdkj fFkd tdj dksuks fof/] i¼fr]
fo"k; vFkok fopkjd iwoZ fgl¡ dksuks /kj.kk ufg jgSNA fucU/dkj t[ku dksuks fo"k;ij
fd dg* pkgSr vfN r¡ vksfg ysy vks Hkk"kk rFkk f'kYid p;u djSr vfNA b,g dkj.k
fFkd ts fucU/dkj vfuok;Z :is ¡ vkMEcj br_ ljy rFkk 'kq¼ ân;l¡ ikBdd lax
vkReh; lEcU/ tksM+Sr vfN vk rdj ckn lkiQ&lkiQ viu eud ckr dgSr vfNA vr%
fucU/d izHkko] ysa[kdd vuqHkwfr] vksdj vfHkO;fDr lkS"Vo opu&Hkafxek] O;fDrRo rFkk
lEiw.kZ laosnd&ekfeZdrsij fuHkZj djSr vfNA dksuks mÙke fucU/osQ¡ i<+ck dk ikBd
fucU/d fo"k;osQ¡ fclfj tkbr vfN] vksdj eu dksuks vn`'; vkd"kZd f{kfrt fnl VkÄy
jgSRk NSd vk fucU/d vares ;kor~ vks dksuks foy{k.k izHkkol¡ izHkkfor gksbr vfN rk vks
fuca/ lfB tkbr NSdA vr% vkDliQksMZ baxfy'k fMDlujh*es fucU/d ts ifjHkk"kk vfN
rkfges vku&vku fo'ks"krkd lax fucU/osQ¡ ^dksuks [kkl fo"k; ok vksdj val&fo'ks"kij
lkekU; vkdkjd* ,gu jpuk dgy xsy vfN ^tkfges var&var /fj mRlqdrk cuys jg;A*
fuca/d vfrfjDr izcU/ vks ys[k] bgks nquw 'kCn fucU/fd vFkZes iz;ksx vfNA fucU/
vks izca/es le:irk r¡ vfN,] ts vFkZges lekurk vfNA ^ys[k*d vFkZ Hksy ts fy[ky
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 13
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk xsyA vaxzsthes ,fg rhuw 'kCnd ysy ozQe'k% ^,ls* ^fVªVkbt*vks ^vkfVZDy* 'kCnd O;ogkj
,oa gksbr vfNA vr% ^,ls* vks ^fVªVkbt*es ts vUrj vfN vks,g fuca/ vks izca/gqes x`fgr
lkfgfR;d fuca/
gks;rA ,fg rjgs ¡ fuca/es HkkoRo ok jkxo`fÙkd iz/kurk jgSN rFkk izca/es cqf¼rRo ok cks/
uksV o`fÙkdA fuac/ lkfgR;d jpukd :i fFkd vk izca/ oSKkfud fl¼kar ok rF;d vkys[kuA
laxfg nquqes NksV&iS?k vkdkjd vUrj r¡ vfN,A gkcZMZ jhM] ^,ls*d ifjHkk"kk nSr dgus
NfFk] ts ¶,ls ddjks thoUko`Ùk vk vkykspUkkRed fo'ys"k.k ufg gksbN] vks us r* bfrgkl
gksbN vk us izcU/esA vksfges fo"k;&fopkjd fufeÙk O;fDrxr :fpd egRo l¡ vfN eqnk
ls rrsd xEHkhjrkiwcZd ufg] vks fo"k;xr r¡ gksbN vfN eqnk foospukRed ufgA¸ ,fga
mfDrd vkyksdes fucU/ vks izcU/d lhek&fu/kZj.k lgtrkiwoZd d;y tk loSQNA iqu%
ys[k] /kfeZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] oSKkfud vkfn dksuks rjgd fy[ky tk loSQNA eqnk
O;ogkjes b,g ns[kckes vcSr vfN ts fuca/] izca/ vks ys[kd rkfRod vUrjes osQ¡ HksVk;
lHkosQ¡ fucU/s dfg nsy tkbr vfNA vk rs ¡ fuca/d O;kidrkosQ¡ vLohdkj djckd iz'u
ufg mBSr vfNA
oLrqr% fuca/ lkfgR;d ,gu fo|k fFkd tdjk fLFkfrLFkkid vFkok rUe; (rUuqd)
dgy tk loSQNA b,g dkj.k fFkd ts dksugq oLrq fuca/d fo"k; cfu loSQNA fuca/osQ¡
ts 'kSyh ok i¼frd LokrU=; NSd rs ¡ fuca/d fofo/rkd chp dksuks js[kk lsgks >hdc
dfBu NSdA dFkk] miU;kl] ,dk¡dh vks ;k=kk&laLej.kkfnl¡ fuca/d ikFkZD; trcs LFkwy
vfN] izcU/ ys[k vks leh{kk rrcs lw{eA mnkgj.kd ysy izLrqr ladyu fdNq 'kh"kZdosQ
ns[ky tk loSQNA o.kZjRukdkj] dksuks fuca/&ladyu fFkd eqnk vksdj o.kZuk osQ NksfM+ vku
dksu fo|kd ^cht* ekuy tk;r\ doh'oj pUnk >kd ^i{k/j feJ* vk cDl'khthd
^f'k{kk* fo"k;d fopkjosQ¡ dksu fo/kd ^vk¡oqQj* cq>y tk;r\ rfguk ^tulhnu*thd ^izse*
^;k=kh*thd ^fjDrrk vks iw.kZrk* rFkk ^ef.kin~e*thd ^ihvj vk¡oqQj* fuca/ NksfM+ vU;
dksu fo/kd oLrq fl¼ Hk* loSQN\ Mk- lqHknz >kd ^lkfgR; ddjk dgh\ rFkk jkekuqxzg
>kd ^O;kld uke jk/kd i=k i=k&'kSyhes fy[ky xsy fuca/ ufg fFkd r¡ vkj dh fFkd\
dgckd vfHkizk; ts fuca/d fufer us r¡ fo"k;sd fu/kZj.k d;y tk loSQN vk us f'kYisd
dksuks izfrc¼rk LOkhdkj d;y tk loSQN\ fo"k; vks f'kYid fofo/rkl¡ dkykUrjes ts
ucU/d vusd izdkj&osn yf{kr gksbr vfN ls mfprsA
vkc ,gh dees eSfFkyhes fucU/&lkfgR;d fodklij l{ksi fopkj djc vizklafxd
ufg gks;rA T;ksfrjh'ojd ^o.kZuk*osQ¡ eSfFkyh &fuca/d vkfn mnkgj.kd :ies mifLFkr
d;ugq¡ vksfgl¡ ijEijkd izkjEHk ufg fl¼ d;y tk loSQNA oLrqr% fucU/ x>kfJdr
gksbNA eSfFkyh es dkO;&ukVdkfn jpuk gks;rgq¡ x|d leqfpr fodkl ufg Hksus] ,gu
ifjfLFkfr ufg Ny ts fucU/d dksfVd x|&jpukes lgk;d gksbrSdA vr% eSfFkyh lkfgR;
d vkfn vks eè; dky ,fg n`f"V,¡ vuqcZj jgyA vksgquk ,dj lEHkkouk de Ny dkj.k
ts] fucU/ dfg d* tkfg :id x|&jpuk vkc fy[ky tk; ykxy vfN rdj ewyes
vaxzsth lkfgR;d izHkko vfNA
eSfFkyhes fucU/&ijEijkd izkjEHk ,d n`f"V,¡ pUnk >k¡l HksYkA pUnk >k eSfFkyh&lkfgR;es
uoksUes"kd vxznwr HksykgA fgud lkfgR; lk/ukl¡ eSfFkyh Hkk"kkd vusd vk/qfud lEHkkouk
izdV gkse* ykxyA fucU/d :ies fgudj jpuk Hkufg ufg jgkSu eqnk iqjkRkRo fo"k;d
vUos"k.k vuq'khyu dees vks ts fdNq fyf[k xsy NfFk ok ^lqdfo pfjrk&e`r* ukes ¡ eSfFkyh
14 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
dfo yksdfud ifjp; ts fy[k* ykxy Nykg tdj vkaf'kd :i miyC/ks vfN] rkfg lHkes lkfgfR;d fuca/
fucU/d rRod vHkko ufg vfNA lHkl¡ egRoiw.kZ dkt r¡ vks d;yfu ts x|&jpukes
izo`Ùk HksykgA vk x|osQ¡ lkfgfR;d Lrjij x`ghr HksyA mÙkj tsuk uo&uo lkfgR;d :id
mn~Hkkouk gkse* ykxy rkfges fucU/ksd ekxZ HksyA uksV
vk/qfud ;qx vk izsl rFkk i=k leok;h vfNA izsl vks i=kd vHkkoes vk/qfud
;qxd dksuks lkFkZdrk ufg jfg tkbr vfNA lkfgR;osQ¡ i|&;qxl¡ x|&;qxes vkuc d
Js; ,djfg NSdA ls t[kul¡ eSfFkyhes i=kd izdk'ku izkjEHk Hksy r[kufgl¡ lkfgR;es
vk/qfud izo`fÙk tksj idM+* ykxyA lHkl¡ mYYks[kuh; fo"k; r¡ bZ ts rkor /fj eSfFkyhd
vk/qfud ikBdx.kd ih<+h ufg rS;kj Hksy Ny] ts dkt i=kd izdk'ku Hksus lgt Hk* xsyA
,fgl¡ yss[kd vks ikBdd chp ifgy osj vkReh; lEcU/ LFkkfir Hksy vk ,fg rjgs ¡ vks
vk/qfud ;qx vkfc xsy fucU/d ysy egRoiw.kZ Hk* loSQNA
eSfFkyh&fuca/d ,fg fodkl&;k=kkd 'kqHkkjEHk ^EkSfFky&fgruk/u*d izdk'ku (1905
bZ-) l¡ gksbNA bZ i=k de fnu pyy eqnk ,dj ,sfrgkfld egRoosQ¡ r¡ Lohdkj djfg iM+rA
rfguk bfrgkld n`f"V,¡ ,dj lEiknu ia- jkeHknz >kosQ¡ eSfFkyhd ifgy fuca/dkj dgcfuA
^fgulk/u* es izdkf'kr fgud ^xq.kkn'kZ vks nks"kkn'kZ eSfFkyhes fuca/d izkjfEHkd mRFkkud
,gu eap izLrqr d;yd tkfgij nksljs o"kZ ^fEkfFkyk&eksn*d lax e-e- eqjyh/j >k&lu
ekr`Hkk"kk&vuqjDr vks izsjd fuca/dkjd inkiZ.k gksbNA
fefFkyk eksn* (1906 bZ-) rFkk ^fefFkyk fefgj (1907 bZ-)d izdk'ku Hksus
fuca/&jpukd ,d xksV lqn`<+ ijEijk LFkkfir HksyA ,fg nquw i=kd ekè;es vusd ys[kd
NykgA ^ns'kksUufr okn&izfroknl¡ ^L=khf'k{kk* iÕ;ZUr fofHkUu fo"k;ij vks fuca/ fy[kyfu]
^fefFkyk eksn*d lEikndh; fVIi.kh rFkk ^izdh.kZ fo"k;d LrEHk gqud fopkj&fo'ys"k.k vks
;qfDrfu"Bkd ifjp; nSr vfNA lHkl¡ iS/ ckr r¡ bZ ts ^eksn }kjk vks fuca/dkjd ,dVk
nys rS;kj d;yfu tkfges f=kykspu >k] ;nqukFk >k] psrukFk >k] gfjukjk;.k >k] pUnz'ks[kj
>k vkfnd uke ysy tk;r i'pkr~ T;kS- cynso feJosQ¡ lsgks ,fg ^eksn&e.My*es lfEEkfyr
ns[kSr fN;fuA rfguk ^fEkfFkyk fefgj*d izkjfEHkd vadlHkes eqoqQUn >k cD'kh] deykuUn
flag] txnh'oj izlkn vks>k] thoukFk jk;] gfjoa'k >k vkfnosQ fuca/dkjd iafDres ns[kSr
fN;fuA bZ lHkosQvks lelkef;d fo"k; vks leL;kosQ¡ osQUnzes jkf[k fucU/ fy[kSr xsykg
tkfges gqud fopkj'kfDr vks euu'khyrk fuxw<+ Hkkos lfUufgr vfNA eSfFky egklHkkd
LFkkiuk (9610 bZ-)d vuUrj lektlq/kjd ts laxfBr iz;kl d;y tk; ykxy] cgqr fdNq
rdjfg iwokZHkkl ,fg fuca/dkjyksdfud jpukes ifjyf{kr gksbr vfNA
eSfFkyh&fuca/d nkslj mRFkkes fo"k;&oLrqd n`f"V,¡ visf{kr {ks=k&foLrkj gksbr vfNA
1911 bZ- l¡ fefFkyk fefgj lkIrkfgd izdkf'kr gkse* ykxy vk rfg;k l¡ 1947 bZ- es
LojkT;ksiyfC/ /fjd vof/osQ ,fg f}rh; mRFkkud i`"BHkwfe dgcA ,fg dkykof/
es eSfFkyhd lao¼Zud fufeZÙk lkewfgd&laxfBr iz;kl d;y tk; ykxy vk vusdkusd
i=k&if=kdkd izdk'ku 'kq: d;y xsyA bZZ lHkVk ;|fi nh?kkZ;q ufg Hksy eqnk ts trcfg
fnu pyy vk lkfgR;d fofHkUu fo/k [kkld* fuca/d fodkles ts ;ksxnku d;yd rdj
mis{kk ufg d;y tk loSQNA fuca/dkjd ysy thoues uSfrd vkn'kZd LFkkiuk tkrh;
xkSjo vks ekr`Hkk"kkd izsedts mís'; jgfu rdjfg y{; d* fefFkyk fuoklh vks eSfFkyh]
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 15
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk tkrh; fodV leL;k_ gej ^lekt] eSfFkyh vks eSfFkyh] oÙkZeku L=kh&lekt vks dÙkZO;*]
,oa ^L=kh&lektd vojks/d izFkk] /kfeZd fopkj] osQoy uo;qod ân;l¡ ln`'k fofHkUu fo"k;ij
lkfgfR;d fuca/
fuca/ fy[ky tkbr jgyA ,fg dees ^vkRekjke] ^ohjRo] ^dÙkZO;] ^'kkL=kkFkZ&ifjikVh]
uksV ^la?k'kfDr] ^okLrfod lq[k&lk/u*] ^[k¼j] ^feF;kfHkekuh vkfn fuca/&fo"k;d foLr`r
lwph mifLFkr d;y tk loSQN ts i=k&if=kdkes izdkf'kr HksyA oLrqr% lekt* laLo`Qfr]
/eZ] f'k{kk] lkfgR; vks jktuhfr vkfn dksugq {ks=k ufg ck¡py ts fuca/dkjosQ¡ ufg vko`Q"V
d;us gksbfuA ,fg dkykof/d fucU/dkjksd ts lwph gks;r ls rsgus foLr`r%] vr% ,fg
izlaxes ,rcs tkuc i;kZIr ts fuca/dkjyksdfu }kjk fo"k;&izfriknues futh /kj.kk] vkLFkk
vks fo'okld lax&lax oS;fDrd n`f"VHkaxhd ts la;ksx vfN ls vo';s fucU/d dfed
:i&ifj"dkjd vkHkkl nSr vfNA
,gh dees t[ku eSfFkyh&fucU/d r`rh; mRFkkuij fopkj djcr¡ ns[kc ts vksdj
dyk:id izfr"Bk dksuk lEHko Hksy vfNA lkekftd leL;k vk lkfgfR;d xfr&fof/
vFkok lkef;d izlaxes O;Dr fopkjd viu lkFkZdrk vfNA eqnk viu dyk:ies fucU/
,fgl¡ cs'khd vis{kk j[kSr vfNA ,fges dh dgy xsy vfN ls cs'kh egRo vfFN ts
dksuk dgy xsy vfNA ys[kdd ikf.MR;l¡ peRo`Qr gks;c fHkUu ckr HksyA vly r¡ bZ
ts ikBd vksdj O;fDrRod fujNyrkl¡ dksuks vfHkHkwr gksbr vfNA ek¡Ursu ts fucU/osQ¡
^vkRekd laokgud iz;Ru* dgus NfFk] rdj lkFkZdrk fucU/dkjd vkRefuosnud Lojes
fufgr vfNA ,fg vkRefuosnud izfozQ;kosQ dksuks&us&dksuks eu%fLFkfr dkt djSr vfN vk
rdjfg vuq:i fucU/ C;aX;iw.kZ] fouksnkReda] ljlok xaHkhj Hksy djSN rFkk izfrik| oLrqd
vis{kk miLFkkiuosQ¡ izeq[krk izkIr gksbNA ,fg rjgs ¡ fucU/dkjd Hkkoizc.krk] dYiuk'khyrk
gkfnZdrk vks LoPNUn izo`fÙkd iQyLo:i eSfFkyhd fucU/&lkfgR; vksfg leLr miknkul¡
lefUor Hk* xsy vfN ts vksdjk lHk rjgs ¡ vfNA lEizfr yfyr fucU/ dfg d* ts jpuk
Hk* jgy vfN rdjk vksdjfg ifj.kfr dg~cSdA oLrqr% fucU/d ,fg rslj mRFkkues vksdj
fodkld ysy mi;qDr okrkoj.k izkIr vfNA ,fg n`f"V,¡ ,dj dkykjEHk 1978 bZ- l¡ ekuoA
Lora=krkd Lo.kksZn;l¡ ,d fn'k tu&tues O;fDr&Lorka=;d vnE; mRlkg tkxy r¡ nkslj
fn'k yksdd n`f"V vks vko';drkd O;kid izlkj HksyA rfguk fco/ lkekftd :f<+l¡
yksd =kk.k i;ckd vdk¡{kh HksyA ekr`Hkk"kkd izfr eEkRo vius vksdj mRFkkud yssy iz;kld
ifj.kke Hky ts fofo/ izdkjd :fp] :i vks jaxl¡ lEiUu i=k&if=kdk cgjk; ykxyA
lkfgR; le`f¼d mRo`QV Hkkoukl¡ izsfjr Hk* ys[kdyksdfu osQoy i=k&if=kosQij fuHkZj ufg jfg
Lora=kks :is ¡ xzUFk izdk'kud ysy iz;Ru'khy HksykgA ,fg izfozQ;kd ys[kd vks ikBdd chp
lerkd ,dVk ,gu lsrqd fuekZ.k Hksy ts lkfgR;d dksuks fo/kl¡ os'kh fucU/d fodkld
ysy mi;qDr gksbNA vr% fucU/ jpukes ts rhczrk vk;y ls LokHkkfoosQA isQj ,d fn'k
;fn jktuhfrd vks lkaLo`Qfrd iqutkZxj.kl¡ fucU/d uo ifjdYiuk d;y xsy r¡ nkslj
fn'k Hkk"kk&dkO; lkfgR;] bfrgkl vks vkè;kRe lHk fdNq vksdj fo"k;&cLrqd :iess x`fgr
HksyA ije lUrks"kd fo"k; r¡ bZ fFkd ts eSfFkyh&lkfgRdkjyksdfud ih<+hes mPpdksfVd
fucU/&izfrHkkd vHkkl HksVSr vfN vk fucU/osQ¡ ^lkfgR;es lerk vks Lorar=kkd LoIukjEHk*
ts dgy xsy vfN ls lfjigq¡ pfjrkFkZ Hk* jgy vfNA
fucU/d izeq[k fo'ks"krk fFkd ts vks fujkHkj.k gksbNA ikBdosQ¡ izHkkfor djckd
ysy vks vku dksuks dykd vkJ; ,fg ySr vfNA vks Lor% viufges ,dVk dyk fFkdA
16 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
,fges ys[kd Lo;a viukosQ¡ vfHkO;Dr djSr vfNA tkfg x|es gejkyksdfu fuR;laizfr ctSr lkfgfR;d fuca/
Nh lSg fucU/d ckgu gksbNA rFkkfi ys[kdd izfrHkk vks izo`fÙkd vuq:i fucU/ lHkes
vUrj gksbrfg vfNA ;qfDrizo.k fucU/dkj }kjk tkfg :id fucU/d jpuk gks;r rkfgl¡
fHkUu gks;r dykizo.k fucU/dkj }kjkA ,fges ,dd fucU/ t¡ oLrqfu"B ,oa xEHkhj gks;r uksV
r¡ nksljd Hkko jlkrqj dkseyA rfguk fucU/dkj :if'kYih Hksus vksdj fucU/es 'kCnd
:i&NVka v fp=ke;rk jgr r¡ oko~QiVq euekSth fucU/dkjd fucU/es vksdj LoPNUn
fpUru vks cqf¼foyklA rFkkfi ,Dds fucU/es cgqr rjgd fo'ks"krk HksfV tk;c dksuks vk'p;Z
ufgA ls eSfFkyh es trck izdkjd fucU/ fy[ky xsy ok fy[ky tk jgy vfN rdjk
dksfVes jk[ky tk loSQN vfN&oLrq] lEc¼ Hkko&fopkjlEc¼A lLrqlEc¼ fucU/lHkes
LFkwy oLrqd fo"k;es rF;&ladyu] ifjp;] fooj.k ok o.kZes iz/ku jgSr NSdA Hkko&fopkj
lEc¼ fucU/es OkLrq xkS.k ifM+ tkbr NSdA ys[kd LFkwyla mQij mfB Hkko ok fopkjd
txres tkd* viu vuqHkwfr] Hkkouk ekU;rk vkfnosQ¡ vfHkO;fDr nSr vfNA lUnHkZlEc¼
fucU/ dksuks xzUFk] if=kdk ok ifjfLFkfr fo'ks"kosQ¡ viu vk/kj cucSr vfNA bZ lUnHkZl¡
fofPNUu] Hk* d* viu fo'ks"krkl¡ cafpr Hk* tkbr vfNA ,fg rhuw oxZesl¡ izR;sd¡ fofHkUu
mioxZes foHkkftr d;y tk loSQr vfNA ,fg rjgs ¡ oLrqlEc¼ fucU/d vUrxZr rF;kRed
fooj.kkRed] o.kZukRed vks laLej.kkRed fucU/d x.kuk gks;rA iqu% Hkko&fopkjlEc¼
fucU/d vUrxZr yksdxhrkRed] fopkjkRed] HkkokRed vks oS;fDrd ok yfyr fucU/lHk
ifjxf.kr gks;rA rfguk lUnHkZlEc¼ fucU/es xzUFkHkwfedk gkL;LrEHkh; fucU/] lEikndh;
vks Hkk"kf.kd fucU/lHk lfEEkfyr d;y tk;rA eSfFkyh fucU/d fodklksUeq[k fLFkfrosQ¡
ns[kSr vkc ,fglHk Hksn&miHksnda mnkgj.k rkdc dksuks nq"dj ufg vfNA
izLrqr ladyud :ies eSfFkyh&fuca/&lkfgR;d ,gh de&fodklosQ mifLFkr djc
vHkh"V vfNA vr% T;ksfrjh'oj lfgr pUnk >kl¡ izkjEHk d* orZeku /fjd vusd fucU/
dkjd jpukosQ¡ ,fges d;y xsy vfNA lEizfr tkfg mRlkgl¡ i;kZIr la[;kes mÙkeksÙke
fucU/ fy[ky tk jgy vfN rdjk lHkosQ¡ ,fg xzUFkd fu/kZfjr ifjos'kes lesVc lEHko ufg
gksbrA rFkkfi eSfFkyhd fucU/d&lkfgR;d ifjp;dysy ,rcks i;kZIr cw>y tk;rA vU;kU;
lkfgR;&fo/k tdk¡ fucU/ks ifjiw.kZ] lk/ud iQy fFkd] ls ,fg n`f"V,¡] izLrqr ladyu
viu mikns;rk fl¼ d* ldr rdj vklk d;y tk loSQNA ,fg laxzgd ysy tkfg&tkfg
fnoaxr ys[kdyksdfud jpuk ysy xsyfu vfN rfudkyksdfuosQ¡ lJ¼ Lej.k d;y tkbNA
iqu% tkfg&tkfg orZeku ys[kdyksdfud jpuk ,fges lfEEkfyr d;y xsyfu vfN rfud
yksdfud izfr gkfnZd o`QrKrk C;Dr d;y tkbNA viu jpuk mi;ksx djckd vuqefr
iznku d* vks yksdfu ,fg xzUFk&;kstuk osQ dk;kZfUor djckes egRoiw.kZ lg;ksx nsyfu vfNA
izLrqr ladyuosQ¡ ,fg :ies izdk'kes vuckd Js; eSfFkyh vdknehosQ¡ NSdA vdknehd
izdkf'kr&;kstukes ,djk lfEEkfyr d* vdknehd vè;{k Jh Jhdkar BkoqQj fo/kyadkj
vks izca/&lfefrd lnL;yksdfu leLr eSfFkyh ikBdosQ¡ vkHkkjh cuk ysyfu vfNA ,fg
xzUFkosQ¡ 'kh?kzrkfr'kh?kz izdkf'kr dj;ckd fn'kkes vdknehd vU;ks dk;ZdÙkkZykssdfud lg;ksx
loZFkk 'yk?kuh; vfNA oLrqr% eSfFkyh lkfgR;d cgqfcf/ fodkld tkfg egku mís';l¡
vdknehd LFkkiuk d;y xsy vfN ls r[kufg liQyhHkwr gks;rA
vkc bZ xzUFk vf/dkf/d ikBdd ysy mi;ksxh vks eSfFkyhd fucU/u lkfgR;d izfr
:fp lao¼Zues lgk;d gks rdjfg dkeuk vfNA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 17
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk
,oa
2-2 izeq[k fuca/lHkd ozQec¼ izLrqfr
lkfgfR;d fuca/
1- o.kZuk (T;ksfrjks'oj)
uksV AA vFk eè;kgzu o.kZuk AA xzh"eL; fo'ks"kkr~ AA n'kvks fn'k e`xr`".kk×k dofyr Hk,
xsfy N% fdVk,y fu;ksxh vblu vkfnR; Hk, NfFk] oqld vfXu vbluh m".k /qfu /
juh Hk, xsfy vfN] nfjnzhd ân; vblfu larfIr i`Foh Hksfy vN] mUewyy foi{k v(b)
lu tyk'k;s Hk, xsy N% ifFkdfUg iFkl×pkj R;ft gyq] 'okinfUg Nk;k vJ;s d#
;qofrfUg tyosQfy vkjgq] czká.k eè;kgz vkjgq] fnud oh?kZrk] jkf=kd ladksp] i`Foh (d)
doZQ'krk] jkSnzd rh{.krk] pkrdd r`"kk] tyk'k;d nkfjnzrk] nkokuyd izp.Mrk] iOoZrd
lÄïksp] vlarqf"V r`"kk] m"ed ckgqeY;] ioud ok×Nk] 'khrd mRd.Bk] ,ofEo/ xzh"e
e;d eè;kgz ns"kqAA
AA vFk laè;ko.kZuk AA vkfnR; lalkjd fpUrkdb vLrkpy xb vixr Hkmvg]
HkzejfUg i| R;ty] tfu vkdk'k djhvk Hkm] vkfnR;osQ¡ Hk×ks uqdk,y vU/dkj vN ls
fefyr Hkm rnuUrj Hkm dblu] nhid m|ksr] Jhf=k;fUgd izk.kk;ke] uoks<+kdb fojfr]
izkS<+kd gj"k] (d) lÄïksp] Hkzejd mi'ke] ifFkdd foJke] [k|ksrfUgd rjÄõ dkSf'kdd
l×pkj] xksek;qd cksy] ;qofrfUgd mRd.Bk] ;qotud vfHkyk"k Hkksxhtud f}rh; Hkkstud
m|e] xksek;qd 'kCn] uvksofrd lEiw..kZrk izHk`fr lUè;k ns"kqAA
AA vFk o"kkZjkf=k o.kZuk AA dktjd Hkhfr rsys ¡ flpfy vblu jkf=k] iNsok¡dk¡ csxs
dktjd eksV iqQty vblu es?k fufoy ekaly vU/dkj ns"kq] es?kiqfjr vkdk'k Hk, xsy
vNA fo|qYYkrkd rjÄõ rs ¡ iFkfn'k Kku gks¡rs vNA ykspud C;kikj fu"iQy gksbrs ¡ NA ;a
jkf=k ikrd 'kCns r#Kku níZ·jd 'kCns tyk'k;Kku] pVdd 'kCns ¡ ouKku] f>d#vku 'kCns
i`FohKku es?kd 'kCns vkdk'k Kku euq";d 'kCns] x`gKku] vfXud |ksrs ¡ iqjKkuA pj.kd
'kCns iFkKkuA opud 'kCns ijkijKkuA foKtugq fnxHkze t jkf=kAA
AA vFkkU/dkj o.kZuk AA ikrky vblu nq%izos'kA L=khd pfj=k vblu nqyZ{;A
dkfyUnhd dYyksy vblu ekaly! dkjtd iOoZr vblu fufoy! ikid lgksnj vblu
'kjhjA vkrÄïd uxj vblu Hk;kud! oqQeU=k vblu fuiQy! vKku vblu lEEkksgd!
eu vblu lOOkZrksxkeh! vgÄïkj vblu mUur! ijnzksg vblu vHkO; iki vblu efyu!
,ofEc/ vfrO;kid! nq%l×pj n`f"VcU/d] Hk;kud] xEHkhj] 'kqfpHksn! vU/dkj ns"kqA
es?k egf"k e/qdj] reky] dkdksy] dksfdyk dksy] dTTky] osQ'k] o`Q".klkj oqQoy;]
dkfyUnks] dkfydkfn ;s vusd nzO; vfFkdg rfUgdj tfu ewfrZeUr leok;A ;a vU/dkj
vfHklkfjdkd l×pkj! pkSjd O;kikj! f'kokd isQRdkj! jk{kld dhM+k! Mkfduhd yhyk!
Hkh:tud euksHkÄõ lkfRodd vklÄõ ykspud vHkko] nqTtZud izHkkoA ,ofEo/ xq.kfof'k"V
rst ficbrs ¡ fn'k "klbrs¡ vkdk'k djbrs ¡] izR;{k ewfÙkZeUr HkV rkd i{k LFkkibrs ¡A n'knzO;
vblu nqxZE; vU/dkj ns"kqAA
AA vFk pUnzeko.kZuk AA fu'kk ukbdkd 'ka[koy; vblu! vkdk'k misf{krd de.My
vblu! pUnzdkUr izHkk vblu! rkjdkd lkFkZokg vbluA Ük`Äõkj leqnzd dYyksy vblu!
oqQeqnoud izk.k vblu! if'pek&pyd fryd vblu! vU/dkj eqfDr{ks=k vbluA
dUnIiZujsUnzd ;'k vblu! vksd ykspud jlk;u! vblu ,ofEc/ pEnz mfnr Hkmvg! iquq
18 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
dbluAA fn'k galkobrs ¡] fojfg.kh lUrkibrs ¡] tkfeuh izdk'kbrs ¡] vfHklkfjdk fuOoflbrs ¡] lkfgfR;d fuca/
;kfeuh izdkf'k;rs ¡] ,cfEo/ pUnzek mfnr Hkmvg iquq dbluAA gjoYYkHkkA euksgjkA
izHkkorh! eksgrk! ufyrk mUurk] Hknzk] HknzrjkA gfj.kh] galdkfyuh] rjfÄõuh] uUnk] lquUnk]
izfrek&xtnUrk ,cfEo/ "kksV'kdyk lEiw.kZ pk¡n mfnr HkmAA uksV
2- f'k{kk (e-e- eqoqQUn >k ^cD'kh*)
vkbdkfYg cM+s vgksHkkX;d fo"k; fFkd ts---Hkkjro"khZ; loZFkk viu&viu lokZ'k
mUUkfrd ps"Vkeè; c¼ifjdj Hk* jgy vfNA vU;kU; lcfg ns'k] lcfg tkfr] lcfg
lektes ,dj vkUnksyu iSQfy jgy vfNA ,fg lqvolj eè; vU;kU; ns'kh; yksd cgqr
fdNq liQyks|ksxh Hksy vfN] ijUrq fefFkykns'kLFk iztk ,[ku /fj ,gh mUufrd vk?kks"kukosQ¡
izk;% vdkucks /fj ufg d;yd vfNA vr,o (vU;kU; ns'kfuoklh) l¡ ghunhu n'kkeè;
iM+fy vfNA
vLenkfn (eSfFky tkfr)d mUufr gks dksuk\ gejkyksdfu viukosQ¡ lofn'ksa loksZUur
ekuSr mUufrewyHkwr oLrq fn'k n`"Vikrs ufg djSr NhA lkaizfrd eSfFky tkfrd izkf;d n'kk
fn'k n`f"Vikr d;us grk'k gksc* iM+SNA c`fV'k lkezkT;dk ikfc cgqrksd va'k&(rnh; f'k{kk
f'kf{kr yksdd O;kogkfjd fozQ;kdkS'ky fo"k;d vuqdj.k gekjk (eSfFky) tkfr eè; Hkb;ks
jgy vfN] ijUrq vksfg dkS'kyd ewyHkwr f'k{kkd vuqdj.k djc osQoy vlEHkos ufg] izR;qr~
vdÙkZO; ekuy tk jgy vfNA
tkS ¡ osQvvks lkEizfrd izpfyr f'k{kk iz.kkyhd ifj'kks/ukFkZ vksdj ;Fkkor~ leh{kk
djd gsrq leq|r gks r¡ vksdjk izk;% lcfg rRi{kikrh yksdd nqy{; (nqy[ky) gksc
^iM+Sr NSd] vr,o vks fn#Rlkg Hk* vksfg yksddka fiVSr t;ckd lger Hk* tkbNA cM+
[ksnd fo"k; fFkd ts vkbZ vks dgkmfr gejk tkfreè; pfjrkFkZ gksbZN ¶viuk fFkd us
vudj uhd us¸A
f'k{kkd eq[; Hksn pkfj vfN 'kkjhfjd] ekfufld] /kfeZd vkvksj uSfrdA pk:
izdkjd f'k{kkl¡ pkfj izdkjd 'kfDr mRiUu gksbN ts ijLij fefyr (,d nksljkd lgk;d)
Hk* d* euq";d prqcZxZiQy (iq:"kkFkZ)d lk/u gksbNA ,fg eè; 'kkjhfjd vkvksj ekufld
'kfDrd ijLij ,gu ?kfu"B (vfrn`<+) lEcU/ NSd ts ,fg nwuwesl¡ ,dd gkfu;s ¡ nkslj
vo';s u"V Hkz"V Hk* tkbNA 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk O;k;ke (dljfr) loZr% izFke lcfgdk
,fg gsrq vko';d fFkd ts fcuk vksdjs 'kjhj LokLF; eè; furkUr xM+cM+d lEHkoA
vUukfnd ;Fkkor~ ifjikd fcuk C;k;kes gks ufgA rsguk vOkLFkkes ekufld Lej.k'kfDr;ksd
gzkl ts f'k{kkd iz/ku vÄõ fFkdA rs ¡ ekufld f'k{kkFkhZ fo|kFkhZ O;k;ked ;Fkkcy (fV-
^v;FkkcyekjEHkks funkua {k; lEin% cyl¡ vf/d O;k;kes ykHkLFkkues gkfud lEHkkouk
rs ¡ viu&viu 'kkjhfjd cykuq:i FkksM+&FkksM+ d* vksdjk c<+kcfFkA) voyEcu d* cy
ohF;Zdk¡ lqjf{kr jk[kfFk tkfgl¡ ekufld 'kfDrd gzkl ufg gksbrA ls ufg d;us cgqrksd
euq"; tUeHkfj yS 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld lq[kl¡ oafpr jfg tkbr NfFkA iwokZoLFkkes d;y
O;k;kes mÙkjksÙkjkoLFkkes 'kjhjdk¡ laxfBr (n`<+) j[kus jgSr NSd tkfgl¡ 'kkjhfjd rFkk
ekufld LiwQfrZ ,d:i cuy jgSRk NSdA
rdj ,[ku eSfFky tkfrd ckyd eè; loZFkk vHkko] fo'ks"k d* laLo`Qr i<+fugkj
O;fDreè;A vksyksdfu ,djk ,d izdkj izk;% gkL;kLin fo"k; ekfu (bZ osQoy igyekud
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 19
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk ok cwfM+d dÙkZO; fFkd bZ tkfu viukosQ¡ ,fg nqO;Zlul¡ cpvksus jgcs fut dÙkZO; cq>Sr
,oa NfFk) tkfg ewyd furkUr oqQf.Br cqf¼ (lqLr) cuy jgSr NfFkA r`rh;] prqFkZ (/kfeZd
lkfgfR;d fuca/
vkvksj uSfrd&fV-) /kfeZd f'k{kkl¡ fuR;uSfefrd dkE;dEeZl¡ y* d* leLr lr~ (dÙkZO;)
uksV vlr~ (vdÙkZO;) dEEkZd Lo:i vkvksj iQy lekl (la{ksi) O;kl (foLrkj) :is ¡ ns[kk;c
vfHkizsr vfN tdjk 'kjhj vkvksj eu nwgql¡ /fu"B lEcU/ NSd vkvksj uSfrd f'k{kk vFkkZr~
O;kogkfjd f'k{kkes xq:f'k";d ijLij O;ogkjl¡ y;d* leLr uhfr vkvksj inkFkZfo|k
(lkbUl) i;ZUrd f'k{kk nsy xsy vfNA
f'k{kk r¡ gqud (lkEizfrd laLo`QrkBh eSfFky ckydd) Lo&LodfYir iBuikBu&
iz.kkyh (dkslZ)l¡ cfgHkwZ rs NfUg vksdj rs¡ ikBkoLFkkes ppsZ dksu] t¡ ppkZ r¡ ikB lekIr
Hksyk vuUrj] lsgks fojysdk¡] gqudks nzO;ykHkkFkZ] us dh LokReksUuR;FkZA gk fonsgfo"k;! tkfg
rksgjkl¡ f'k{kk prq"V; ikcd gsrq nwj&nwj ns'kl¡ yksd vcSr Ny] ls rks ¡ vkb fons'kh; f'k{kkd
vuqdj.kkFkZ mijks/ djkvksy tk jgy NgA tkfg f'k{kk&prq"V;d cys ¡ rksgjk vksfgBke
izfrIk{kh Hk* vkfc osQvvks dksuks fo"k; eè; izkIrfot; Hk* ufg xsykg vr,o rksgj uke
^eè;Urs fjioks¿L;kfefr fefFkyk* jk[ky xsygq ls rks ¡ vkb f'k{kk dkS'kyf'k{k.kkFkZ ijeq[kizs{kh
Hk* jgy NgA
,oekRekfHkekul¡ fnukuqfnu f'kfFkyk fefFkyk 'kkjhfjd] uSfrd vkvksj /kfEEkZd f'k{kkl¡
voyEc d* ,[kuks xkSjokfUor vfNA ijUrq ,gw eè; ewy{kfr nsf[k ykHkd vk'kkS fnukuqfnu
f'kfFkyk Hksfy tkbNA
,fg Bke ,dka,dh vusd eq[kl¡ iz'u mB* ykxr ts ewy{kfr dh\ ekufld f'k{kkl¡
'kkL=kh; f'k{kk vfHkizsrk vfN ls ;|fi ns'kkUrjd vis{ks ¡ fefFkyk eè; ,[kuks cgqr c<+fy
vfNA vr,o tkfg,d {ks=kiQys ¡ (oxZehys ¡) vfrNksV fefFkyk eè; lgL=kkf/d fo}ku~
leLr'kkL=kikjn`"V~ck fojkteku NfFk] ijUrq rFkkfi bZ fefFkyk ,[ku ;Fkkor~ izflf¼ fd,d
ufg icSN\ ts fdNq ,dj izflf¼ ,[kuks ns[kSr Nh ls oÙkZeku (vla[;krk lgL=kkf.k) fo}
ku~ tud fo}Ùkkewyd ufg] fdUrq iwoZsd egkuqHkko euu'khy inokD;&izek.k&ikjhokj&ikjh.k
fuf[ky&rU=k eU=kfnfo|k unh'k oqQekfj&yHkV~B&e.Mu feJ] eqjkfj feJ] i{k/j feJ] egs'k
BDoqQj] xksoqQyukFkksik&è;k; vkfndl¡ y* d* lkEizfRkd dfri; egksnkjpfjr fo}ku vks
Jh egkjkt fefFkys'k vks gqud ifjokj ewyd tkfg egkuqHkkoyksdfud lq;'k vks mikf/dk¡
vuqla/ku d* vksfg vkeksn&izeksnes ,[kuqd cgqrksd gej eSfFky tkfrd ckyd eXu jgSr
NfFk pkgs vksfg fu:ie mikf/d 'kCnkFkZ&Kkuks gksbUg ok ufg lkekU; mikf/ (miuke)
vks>k] feJ (fVIi.kh&osn&'kkL=kk è;kid ¶mikè;k;¸ dgcSr NfFk rdjs viHkza'k mT>kvl¡
vks>k >k ,oa iwoksZÙkjksHk; ehekalkd vf/dj.kdk¡ tufugkj vFkok /EEkZU;k;osQj dkuwu
uthj nqgwd osÙkk feJ dgvksyfu bR;kfn vFkZ ^euLohtulos| Hk* jgy vfNA) vkfnd
'kCnkFkZKkrks fojys yksd f'k{kknh{kkiUuesl¡ gks;rkgA ,dj ewy fpUrk d;ykl¡ ekufld
f'k{kd iz/ku vax euu'kfDrd vHkkos cq>uk tkbNA
3- ekrk vks ekr`Hkwfe (;nqukFk >k ^;nqoj*)
^ekrk* 'kCnes ufg tuSr Nh bZ'oj osQbu ek/q;Z iznku dFkus NfFk] ts vks tkgh 'kCnes
feySr vfN] rkgh 'kCnes ,d viwoZ egRo] fofp=k ek/q;Z rFkk ân;xzkgh izHkko mRiUu
d* nSr vfNA tsuk feljhd [kaM nw/ ikfu vkfn dksuks oLrqes fefy tk;r] rr* vo';
20 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
e/qjRo d* nsrA ,d izfl¼ ys[kd fy[kSr NfFk ^ts ;fn gejkl¡ iqNy tk; ts lalkjd lkfgfR;d fuca/
euq";&Hkk"kkes lcl¡ e/qj 'kCn dksus vfN r¡ ge dfg loSQr Nh ts 'kCn&lewgd dks"k eè;
vks,g 'kCn lcl¡ vf/d e/qj vfN] tdjk }kjk euq"; viu tuuhosQ¡ vkàku djSr vfN]
jksnu djSr ckyd tkfg 'kCnl¡ /S;Z cUgSr euq";d lq[kl¡ Lor% cgkj Hk* vksdjk izlUu uksV
djSr vfN] nq%[kes vkvksj 'kCn lk{kkr~ ewfrZ fFkdA tkfg euq";d ân;es ekrk 'kCn dgykl¡
fdNq HkfDr&Hkko vks vknj&lRdkjd lapkj ufg gksbN] vks euq";eè; fuokl djckd ;ksX;
ufg vfNA¸
Lej.k jg; ts ekrkd vk'khokZn rFkk xkfj&x×tu nquw eèl iS?k 'kfDr NSdA ^edkj*
lalkj Hkfjd v{kj&nhfidk eè; e/qjrk vkfu nsus vfNA ,djk fcuk ^ekrk* vks ^e/qjrk*
'kCn cfu, ufg loSQr vfNA ;ksxhtu vks fl¼tu rFkk iS?k&iS?k iknjh] ekSych yksdfu
tdjk izkIr djckd ykylk fnujkfr yxvksus jgSr NfFk ls ^eqfDr* ;ks edkjfgd djkekfr
fFkdA laLo`Qres ekuk] Hkk"kkes ek;] vaxzsthes enj] iQkjlhes eknj] bR;kfn lcBke edkjd
O;kidrk fojkteku vfNA ;FkkFkZr% ^ekrk* 'kCnlewg eè; ,osQ Nh] tdj mRd"kZrkosQ¡ D;ks
ekfeZd cqf> loSQr NfFkA ^ekrk*osQ¡ gejk ns'k eè; drsd egRo nsy xsy Ny rdjk vgk¡
,ghl¡ Kkr d* loSQr Nh ts tfudk ge fo'ks"k xkSjo nsy vfN] loksZifj ekU; cq>y
vfN rfudk¡ ^ekrk*d leku ^in* nsy vfN] ;Fkk&ekr`Hkwfe* ekr`Hkk"kk] xkSekrk] xaxkekrk]
tkfrekrk] ;equkeS;k bR;kfnA
ifr&iRuhd lEcU/ ?kfu"B vfNA gejk 'kkL=kdkjksyksdfu nquwosQ¡ ,oSQd nw :i
(ifr&iRuh) ekuus NfFkA ,osQ 'kjhjd ifr&iRuh nw vk/k&vk/k vax fFkd] rs ¡ gsrq L=khosQ¡
v¼kZfÄõuh dgy tkbr vfN] ,fg nquwd cU/u vVy vfNA ,djs }kjk l`f"Vde pySr
jgSr vfN] euq"; tkfrd o``f¼ ,djs }kjk gksbr NSd] vks lUrkuosQ¡ bZ mRiUu d* lalkjosQ¡
pycSr vfNA ijUrq dh ifr&iRuhd isze rkfg izsed mRd"kZosQ¡ izkIr d* loSQr vfN ts isze
^ekrk* vks vksdj NksV&NksV (uUgfdjck) usukd ân;es fuokl djSr vfN\ ,fges lUnsg
ufg ts ifr&iRuhd cU/u n`<+ vks fpjLFkk;h gksbr vfN] ijUrq ckyd ekb;sd ,d Hkkx
fFkdA tUe ysyfgij ckyd ekrkl¡ i`Fkd nsf[k iM+Sr vfNA ekrk vks ckydd lEcU/ rS;ks
n`<+ jgSr vfNA ckydes thou ifM+r rFkk vksdjk lalkjes v;ykij ekb;s vksdj ,dek=k
ikyu&iks"k.k d;fugkj 'kfDr fFkdA ekrk vks lUrkud fofp=k lEca/ vfNA ,fg lEcU/d
cjkcfj lalkjd dksuks lEcU/ ufg vfNA firkd xkSjo ekrkl¡ nkslj Js.khij jk[ky xsy
vfNA vr% ^ekrk&firk* mPpkj.k d;y tkbr vfNA firk&ekrk D;ks ufg dgSNA ekrk lu
oLrq lalkjes vku dksuks ufg vfN] osnkses ifgus ^ekr`eku~* vfN i'pkr~ ^fir`eku* vks rdj
ckn vkpk;ZekuA ,gw¡l¡ ^ekrk*d Js.kh (ntkZ) lcl¡ iS?k cqf> iM+Sr vfNA euqvksth egkjkt
^euqLe`fr*es ekrkd izfr"Bk firkl¡ n'k xq.k vf/d fy[kus NfFkA ^ekr`Hkwfe* gej ekrkd
ekrk vks gej lc ns'koklh yksdfud ekrk fFkdhgA gqud dksM+es ge ykfyr Hk* ;qok Hksy
NhA ts viu ekr`Hkwfed izse djc ufg tuSr vfN] vks euq"; dg;ckd ;ksX; ufg vfNA
,d vxzst dfo dgus NfFk ts ¶dh ,guka izk.kghu euq"; vfN ts viu ^ekr`Hkwfe*d
uke iszel¡ ufg ySr vfN\ tdjk vius ekr`Hkwfel¡ izse vks vuqjkx ufg NSd] vks euq";
thfor dnkfi ufg dgy tk loSQN vfNA¸ ekr`Hkwfed eerk i'kqi{kh /fjes ns[ky tkbr
vfNA dh ,d rksrkd dFkk lquy vfN ts viu ekr`Hkwfed fo;ksx Hksykij NViVkosQ¡ viu
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 21
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk izk.k R;kfx nsus Ny\ ekr`Hkk"ks ekr`Hkwfed e/q fFkd] ,fgl¡ izR;sd euq";d /eZ fFkd ts
,oa ekr`Hkwfe vks ekr`Hkk"kkosQ¡ isze djfFk] lEEkku djfFkA ekr`Hkwfed leku izsee; LFkku dksuks
lkfgfR;d fuca/
ufg] vk us ekr`Hkk"kkd leku vkuUn nsfugkj dksuks Hkk"kk vfNA ,djs loksZifj cq>wA gej
uksV ekr`Hkk"ks gejk ekrkd iwtk djckes ;ksX; cukvksrA dh viuk ekrkosQ¡ folfj xsykla osQvks
lq[k ikfc loSQr vfN ekrkd egRoosQ¡ dfg;ks tfu fcl:] ufg r¡ o`Qrèu dgk;cA
euq";rkd Js.khl¡ [kfl iM+cA cgqr lEgfjd¸ pyckd volj vfNA ge v;ksX; (oqQiq=k)
cfu;ks loSQr Nh] ijUrq ekrks oqQekrk dfgvks ufg Hk* loSQr NfFkA lc ns'kes ekr`HkwfeosQ¡
ekrkfgd leku Js.kh iznku d;ya xsy vfNA gej bZ ekr`Hkwfe iS?k&iS?k izrkioku vks rst/
kjh iq=kjRu mRiUu d;us NfFkA bZ gej iwoZtksyksdfud ekrk fFkdhgA Jh jke vks Jh o`Q".k
fguosQ /wyes [ksfM+ d;us NfFkA O;kl] okYehfd] ;kKoYD;] tSfEkuh] dfiy] tud] euq]
HkkLdjkpk;Z] 'kadjkpk;Z] izrki] f'kokth] vk;ZHkV~V izHk`fr egkuqHkkoyksdfu fgud lUrku
Nykg ts viu ;ksXrkl¡ lalkj HkfjosQ¡ nsnhI;eku d* nsus NykgA n'kZu vks mifu"kn~ gej
ekrkd lUrkuyksdfud jRu fFkdA ts viu ekr`Hkwfed lsok djckl¡ eq¡g eksM+y vfN] rdj
leku ikih osQ vfN\
ekr`Hkwfed ts gejk mQij Í.k Nfu] rdj foljc dnkfi mfpr ufg fFkdA ekr`HkwfeosQ¡
nq%[kes] lq[kes] ns'kes] fons'kes dfg;ks tfu fcljhA gej dÙkZO; fFkd ts tkfg ekr`Hkwfees
gej ekrk&firk gejk tUe nsus NfFk] tdj ty vks iQy Hkkstu d* ge viu thou&;k=kk
pyk jgy Nh] vksfg ekr`Hkwfed lsokes ge ru] eu] /u viZ.k djhA ekr`Hkwfed lsok ge
dksuk djc] bZ dFkk gelHk mUur ns'koklhyksdful¡ cgqr&fdNq lhf[k loSQr NhA ,d lqiq=k
(csVk)osQ¡ nsf[k oqQiq=kh (csVh) lq/fj loSQr vfNA vkb ge ekrkd lEEkku vks iwtk fcljh
xsygq¡A lH; tkfrlHkd n`f"Ves viu&viu lEEkku cuvksus j[kckd gsrq ekr`Hkwfed iwtk
djc ,dek=k mik; vfNA viu cU/q yksdfud lgk;rk vks ekr`Hkwfed lsokd gsrq ru]
eu] /u] viZ.k d:A izk.k nsgfiaatjl¡ ,d us ,d fnua cgkjs gks;r] fdUrq mÙke gks;r ts
ekr`Hkwfed lsok djSRk&djSr vks ckgj Hk* tk;] tkfgl¡ v'kkfUr nwfj gks] jktk iztkes Hkkod
iw.kZ fodkl gks] ns'kd nfjnzrk vks vdky Hkkfx tk;] fo|kd izdk'k gks] ijLij ,drkd
o`f¼ gks] dyk&dkS'ky] o`Qf"k&okf.kT; mUufr gks] nq"V] iwQV vks ekfeyk eksDnekd gzkl gks]
,djk gsrq izk.ki.kl¡ ps"Vk djc ekr`Hkwfed ;FkkFkZ lsok fFkdA
dgyks vfN ;Fkk&
¶tufu tUeHkwfeosQ¡] cf<+ izk.kgql¡ fiz;oj! ns[kA
lsok djck gsrq gqud ufg] thou] /u vojs[kqA¸
¶tuuh tUeHkwfe'p LoXkkZnfi xjh;lh¸
¶l tkrks ;su tkrsu ;kfr oa'k leqUufre~A¸
¶tc&tc jkst vo/ lqf/ djghaA rc&rc okfj foyksapu HkjghaAA¸
4- jk"Vªh; ,drkd egRo (oqQekj xaxkuUn flag)
,drk vk jk"Vªd 'kfDres vfHkUu lEcU/ vfNA dksuks jk"Vª rkor â"V&iqf"V cfy"B
ufg dgy tk loSQN tkor vksdj fcfHkUu vaxes ikjLifjd ,dkRedrk ufg gksbdA
22 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
vksuk r¡ euq"; :i] jax] tkfr] /eZ] ;ksX;rk] LoHkko vkfnes ,d nksljl¡ fHkUu jgSr vfN] lkfgfR;d fuca/
ijap O;kid :ies vksfg lHkes ,d izdkjd vkH;arfjd ,drk jgSr NSd ts leku y{;
fnl izsfjr djckes ,fglHk fofHkUurkosQ¡ xkS.k cuk nSr NSdA b,g vkH;Urfjd ,dk fFkd
,dkRedrk] tkfgij jk"Vªd fodkl vk lqj{kk fuHkZj jgSr NSdA lk/kj.kr;k bZ ns[kckes uksV
vcSr vfN ts mi;qDr fofHkUurkd fodkll¡ vlUrks"k oSeuL; vkfnd izknqHkkZo gksbr jgSr
vfN vk vksfgij ns'kd ?kVukpozQ ?kqeSr jgSr vfNA ,fg izfozQ;kd lhek cnySr jgSr vfN]
O;fDrl¡ y* d* ns'k /fjA ijUrq ,fgl¡ bZ ufg cq>ckd pkgh ts ,fg fozQ;kl¡ jk"Vªd j{kd
vkH;Urfjd ,drki yksi Hk* tkbNA
tgk¡ /fj Hkkjrd&lEca/ vfN] vR;Ur izkphu dkyl¡ vkb /fj fofHkUures ,dkRers
,dj fo'ks"krk jgySd vfNA fgeky;l¡ dU;koqQekjh /fj iljy ,fg fo'kky ns'kes ts ukuk
izdkjd tkfr] /eZ] Hkk"kk] vkpkj&O;Ckgkj vkfn vfN] ls lc ekykes xkaFky jax&fojaxd
iwQy tdk¡ viu fof'k"V lkSUn;Z vk lqxfU/d j{kk djSr lef"V :il¡ ekkyk:ih Hkkjrh;
LkaLo`QfrosQ¡ vfHkuo lkSUn;Z vk lqxfU/ iznku djSr jgy vfNA jkf"Vª;rkd ,d lw=kes xkaFky
,fg fofo/rslHkl¡ Hkkjrh; lkaLo`Qfrd bUnz/uq"kh euksgjh Lo:id fuekZ.k Hksy vfNA Hkkjrd
bZ ,gu fof'k"Vrk fFkd ts lalkfjd izk;% vku dksuks ns'kosQ¡ ufg NSdA b,g dkj.k fFkd ts
t[ku oká vkozQe.kd l{ke lalkjd dfri; ns'kd lH;rk èoLr* xsy r[ku lSdM+ks o"kZ /fj
oká vkozQe.kd lkeuk djSr Hkkjr liQyiwoZd viu laLo`Qfrd j{kk djSr jgyA bfrgkl
lk{kh vfN ts oká vkozQe.kd iQyLo:i vku&vku ns'kd ts Kku&foKku] dyk&dkS'ky
vkfn Hkkjr igq¡py rdjk lHkosQ¡ Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr rsukd* us viuk ekfV&ikfu feyk ysyd
ts vks uohu ifjos'kes Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfrd vax cfu xsyA f'kYid xka/kj'kSyh] laxhrd
^fe;k¡d eYYkkj*] fe;k¡dVksVh* vkfn jkx rFkk dkO;d uohu&uohu 'kSfyd izknqHkkZo Hkkjrh;
laLo`Qfrd mnkj ,oa leUo;oknh n`f"Vdks.k ToyUr mnkgj.k vfNA
oSfnd dkyl¡ y* d* vkb /fj gej ns'k lnSo ,fg vkH;Urfjd jkf"Vª; ,drkd
vuqHko djSr vk;y vfNA gejkyksdfud iwoZt ifjdYiuk d;us Nykg ¶laxPNèoa laoks
ekukafl tkurke~¸A vFkkZr~ lax&lax pyw] lax&lax cktw vk lHkd fpÙk ,d jg;] tdjk
gejk yksdfu vkb HkkokRed ,drk dgSN fN,sd rdj rFkkFkZ Lo:i b,g fFkoSQdA
gejkyksdfu izkphu vkpkjlafgrkes ,gu O;OkLFkk d;y xsy vfN tkfgl¡ gejkyksdfuosQ¡
lrr lkH;arfjd ,drkd vuqHko gksbr jg;A Lukud le;es xaxk] ;equk] fla/q] dkosjh]
xksnkojh] ueZnk vkfn ns'kd lHk] izeq[k unhosQ¡ vkÄ~k[kku djckd ts izFkk vfN rFkk v;ksè;k]
eFkqjk] ek;&dk'kh&dkaph vofUrdkd :ies lHkVk eks{k nsfugkj rhFkZd ts uke eukvksy xsy
vfN ls vizR;{k :ies Hkkjr HkkSxksfyd ,drkd oUnuk fFkdA oSQykll¡ dU;koqQekjh /fj
leku egRod rhFkZd LFkkiuk d;fugkj gejkyksdfu iwwoZt lEHkor% bZ vk'kk d;us gks;rkg
ts ,fglHk rhFkZd i;ZVul¡ ns'kd yksdes bZ Hkkouk tkxzr jgrSd ts vkgkj&O;ogkj] Hkk"kk]
os'k&Hkw"kk vkfnes vUrj jfgrks gejkyksdfu ,osQ xkNd 'kk[kk Nh] nkslj 'kCnes ,d NhA
vk;Z /uZd ijEijkxr Hkkouk gejkyksdfud izkphu xzUFklHkes miyC/ vfN] ,fg
jk"Vªh; ,dkRedrkd drsdks izek.k izkIr gksbr vfNA flLVj fuosfnr (ekxZjsV ukscqy)
egkHkkjr lEcU/ es dgyfu vfN ts vksdj vè;;ul¡ fons'kh ikBdij fo'ks"kr% nw ckrd
izHkko iM+Sr NSdA ifgy r¡ bZ ts fofo/rkes ,r* ,dVk HksVSr NSd vk nkslj bZ ts ,fges
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 23
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk ,gu HkkoukosQ¡ LFkkfir djckd fujUrj iz;kl d;y xsy NSd ts Hkkjrh; ohjrkd ijEijkd
,oa fnXn'kZu djkc; vk jk"Vªh; ,drkd HkkoosQ¡ txk ld;A ,fg ns'kd egkiq"kyksdfu }kjk
lkfgfR;d fuca/
iz.khr ozQekxr dksuks xzUFk voyksdul¡ ,gu /kj.kk mRiUUk gks;rA gejkyksdfu laLdkj ,fg
uksV izdkjd fopkj/kjkl¡ vuqizekf.kr gksbr vk;y vfNA jk"Vªh; ladVd izfr gej ts n`f"Vdks.k
j{ky vfN ls egkHkkjrd ,fg 'yksdl¡ Li"V vfN&
¶o;a iap o;a] o;a iap 'krkfu rsA
JU;S% lg fookn rq o;a ;apkf/d 'kreA¸
µdkSjodosQ¡ y{; ;qf/f"Bj dgSr NfFk ts vksuk r¡ gejkkyksdfu ik¡p Hkkb Nh vk
dkSjoyksdfu ,d l; Hkkb NfFkA eqnk vudkl¡ ckr iM+y r¡ gejkyksdfu ,d i; ik¡p
Hkkb NhA ckgjh ladV mifLFkr Hksykij viuk eg¡d leLr HksnHkko fclfj ,d Hk* tk;c
Hkkjrd fo'ks"krk jgy vfNA bfrgkl lk{kh vfN ts t[ku&t[ku gejkyksdfu viu ,fg
fo'ks"krkosQ¡ fcljygq¡] r[ku&r[ku ijkHkoes iM+ygq¡A
bZ izlUurkd ckr lrr tkx:d jgygq¡ vfNA vaxzstd nklrkd fo:¼ la?k"kZ djckes
leLr jk"Vª ,d jg;A lu~ 1962 es phu t[ku gejk ns'k ij vkozQe.k d;yd r[ku
gejkyksdfu viuk eg¡d leLr Hksn&Hkko fclfj ,d Hk* Bk<+ Hk* xsygq¡A gej bZ ,drk
nsf[k lalkjosQ¡ vk'p;Z HksySd vk 'k=kqd fgEEkfr VwfV xsySdA gkyes bFkksfi;kd jkt/kuh
vfnl vckckes jk"Vªd ,fg vnHkqr ,drkd ppkZ djSr jk"Vªifr MkDVj jk/ko`Q".kd bZ dFku
loZFkk lehphu Ny ts ikfdLrku vkozQe.kd iQyLo:i Hkkjres ,d uohu jk"Vªd tUe
Hksy vfN tkfges yksd leLr ikjLifjd HksnHkko ,dne fclfj viukosQ¡ 'kq:l¡ vUr /fj
Hkkjrh; cq>Sr vfN] osQoy Hkkjrh;A
;|fi ,[ku yM+kb cUn vfN] ijUrq tfudkyksdfud eksues Hkkjrd izfr 'k=kqrk Nfu]
vks ,[kuks ,fg iz;kles yxys NfFk ts Hkkjrd bZ ,drk Hkax Hk* tk;A gejk yksdfuosQ¡ ,fg
fn'kkes lkekU;r% ,drk LFkkfir djckes dfBurk gksbr vfNA ijUrq t¡ lkSHkkX;l¡ vks ,drk
vuk;kl LFkkfir Hk* tk; r¡ gejkyksdfud izFke dÙkZO; fFkd ;suosQuizdkjs.k vksdj lrr
j{kk djSr jghA ,fg gsrq gejklHkosQ¡ cq>* iM+r ts bZ jk"Vª ,d 'kjhj fFkd tdj drsdks
vax NSdA izR;sd vax viu&viu LFkku ij egRoiw.kZ vfN] ijUrq tsuk dksuks vaxd lq[k
nq%[kd lgkuqHk`fr leLr jk"VªosQ¡ gksbr NSdA jk"Vªd lax ,fg izdkjd rknkRE; LFkkfir oSQ,
d* gejkyksdfu viu ,dkRedrkd j{kk d* loSQr NhA
gejkyksdfu Jh nqxkZlIr'khres i<+Sr Nh ts efg"kklqjd vR;kpkjl¡ ihfM+r nsorkyksdfu
viu ,drkd izrhd vkfn'kfDr nqxkZd vkàku d;yfua vkb t[ku gejkyksdfu LorU=krk]
{ks=kh; v[k.Mrk rFkk thou&;kiu i¼frij ladV mifLFkr vfN r[ku gejkyksdfud gsrq bZ
vko';d vfN ts gejkyksdfu jkf"Vª; ,drkd :ies vkRe'kfDrd izfr"Bkiuk ,oa la?ko¼Zuk
djh r[kus gejkyksdfu&*losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ lUrq fujkek;k%*d viu lukru y{;ksd
iwfÙkZ d* loSQr NhA
5- vknku&iznku (Jh lqjsUnz >k ^lqeu*)
vknku&iznku bZ ;qxe in ,osQ izo`Qfr&izR;; l¡ cuSN] osQoy milxZ ek=kd HksnA y{;
,d] y{k.k ,d] miy{ku.kVk fHkUuA nwgw lax jgfugkj] lax pyfugkj&,d nksljkd iwjdA
24 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
ysc ufg r¡ nsc dh\ nso ufg r¡ ysckd vf/dkjs dksuk\ rs ¡ r¡ eS=khd tksxkM+es lUr&dfo lkfgfR;d fuca/
rqylhd mfDr vfN&^nsy ysr eu lad u /jbZA*
okLroes 'kadkd dksuks xqatkbl ufgA lalkjd ts trs fdNq O;kikj vfN lcls fu%'kad
Hkkos ¡ ysu&nsu pfy jgy vfNA fcuq vksdjs ,dks Nud] ,dks dud dkt pyc laHko ufgA uksV
jktk&iztk usrk&turk] f'k{kd&f'k";] firk&iq=k] cU/q&ifjokj] iw¡th&Je] fdlku&etnwj]
oszQrk&foozQsrk] oDrk&JkSrk] ys[kd&ikBd vks O;fDRk lektes lcrfj lc[ku ysc&nsc
flyflyk ykxy vfNA izo`Qfr&iq:"kd }U}kRed gkV&cktkj ,fg lalkjd vax&vax ,fg
;qXe ;kstukl¡ dksugquk&us&dksugquk ;ksftr vfN&pkgs vks oLrqoknh ysu&ysu gks] HkkoRed
vknku&iznku gks vFkok /uÍ.kewyd Hkko&vuqHkko gks&jap&jap voap ufgA
lw;Z lokZf/d egku~ NfFk] vksgks i`Fohl¡ jl ySr NfFk] ty lks[kSr NfFk] fdUrq
gqud vknku&iznku r¡ dkfynkld 'kCnes&^lglxq.keqRoL=k"Vq&eknrs fg jla jfo*&vksfg jlosQ¡
gtkjxq.kk c<kd* o"kkZl¡ /jrh&ijrhosQ¡ vksr&izksr d* nSr NfFkA pUnzek lw;Zl¡ rki&Tokyk
xzg.k djSr NfFk r¡ i`FohosQ¡ fLrX/&'khry izdk'k forfjr djSr NfFkA ou mioud jl xzg.k
djSr iou fnx&fnxUrosQ¡ lkSjHk&migkj ck¡fV tkbr NfFkA
{kqnz e/qef{kdk ;fn iwQy&iwQyd dh.kZ fodh.kZ ijkx&d.k pqlSr vfN r¡ ,d=k
e/qpozQ jfp yksdd ysy e/q ek/qjhd HkaMkj ltk nSNA un&unh t¡ fxfj fu>ajl¡ fcUnq
lpa; djSN r¡ izokagl¡ HkwryosQ¡ 'khry djSr flU/osQ¡ lc lqu>k; nSNA leqnzh ;fn un&unhd
ty finN r¡ rjax&Hkaxhl¡ ekulwuh gok cg HkwryosQ¡ r`Ir d* nSNA xkN&o`{k [kkn&ikfu
ySN r¡ iQy&iwQyd jl xU/l¡ yksdosQ¡ tqM+cSr jgSNA xxu&i;fLouh dknfEcuh t¡ /jkryd
ok"i&'k"i icSN r¡ olq/kes olks/kjk ogk nSNA /suq&i;fLouh ;fn ?kkl ikr fpccSN r¡
nw/d ve`r ;ksxk tkbNA
tsEgj ns[kc vknku&iznkud ;ksxk;ksx pfyrfga jgSNA laxzg&R;kx r¡ 'okl&'okles
O;kIrA Lo;a 'oklksPN~oklks r¡ ok;qd vknku&iznkus fFkdA
l`f"V&izfozQ;gqes f'k'kq ek;&ckil¡ tUe ySN] iks"k.k icSN r¡ vksgks iqfu iks"k.kd
nkf;Ro xzg.k djSN] iks=kkiR;d ijEijk vfofPNUUk j[kSNA vknku&iznkud b,g Üka`[kyk
l`f"VizfozQ;kosQ¡ ijEifjr j[kckd ewy fo/ku cuSNA
,fg izlax ,d izpfyr dFkk vfNA ,d x`gLFk Hkkstul¡ ifgus viu x`gh.khl¡ ftKklk
d* ysy djfFk ts Í.k pqdkvksy ok ufg\ LohdkjkRed mÙkj ivksykij iqNfFku ts Í.k
yxkvksy ok ufg\ t[ku ^g¡* lqfu ysfFk r[ku Hkkstu djfFkA ,d O;fDr gqud ,fg mfDÙkosQ¡
okjaokj lquykij pfdr gksbr iqfN cSlyfFku&bZ dh ckr ts vgk¡ lHk fnu Í.k l/cSr Nh
vks yxcSr Nh\ bZ osQgu vgk¡d egktuh vfN ts Hkkstu djckl¡ ifgus Hksy rkd;\ x`gLFk
mÙkj nsyfFku ts ifgus ge o`¼ ekrk&firkosQ¡ Hkkstu djk ySFk Nh ts ,d izdkjs ¡ Í.k l/k;c
fFkdA rdj ckn usukHkqVdkd [kksvcSr Nh ts gej Í.k yxk;c fFkdA
b,g r¡ lektes vknku&iznku ijEijk dgy tkbNA
Hkkjrh; lektokn ,gh ewy /kj.kkij vk/kfjr vfN "kV~dekZ f}td rhu deZ
vknkud r¡ rhu iznkud] rhuw ;qXe lax&lax ^vè;;u* r¡ ^vè;;u* Hksufg] ^;tu*
djvksufg] nku nsckd dÙkZO; r¡ izfrxzgd vf/dkjks HksVufgA {kk=k dÙkZO;es fuxzg r¡ vuqxzgks]
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 25
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk n`"Vd ekj.k dk;Z r¡ f'k'V&j{k.kd gsrq ej.kks Lohdk;ZA ^fo'k*&iztk ;fn /u/kU;d laxzgh
,oa r¡ ns'k&lektd ysy] jkt&'kklud ysy dj&mxkghd Hkktuk r¡ mfprsA Jfed Je nsfFk
lkfgfR;d fuca/ r¡ Hkj.kd migkjks ysfFkA fo|koqQy ;fn vUrsoklhd vkLFkk pkgfFk r¡ gqud ;kDrks O;oLFkk
uksV jk[kfFkA vkJeh ;fn lektlsoh ;fr&ozrhd ri&R;kxd flf¼ ysfFk r¡ gqudks gsrq Íf¼]
le`f¼d J¼k nsfFkA }Srk}Sroknh vkè;kfRed ns'kd HkkSfrdh oLrqr% ijLij lEc¼sA
fdUrq ysu&nsud lalkj O;ogkjes osQvks Í.kh osQvks egktu cuSNA ddjks mRd"kZ r¡
ddjks vid"kZ HksVSNA ddjks YkkHk r¡ ddjks gkfu ns[kckes vcSNA dkj.k rdj ,rcs ts tdj
vknkul¡ iznku cslh] Hkksxl¡ ;ksaxd ts vf/d vkos'kh] laxzgd fcUnqosQ¡ R;kxd ifjf/ /fj
ts fo'ks"k fucs'kh ls rrsd ;'kLoh vks /U; ekU;] eqfu ts vksfges trck ek=kk iNqvk;y
vFkok foijhr fn'kk cksfgvk;y vks rfguk fuU|&t/U;A
ts f'k"; xq:l¡ izkIr f'k{kkd viu Je laLdkjs ¡ trsd izdkj ifj"dkj djSN vks
rrsd ojs.;A ts lUrfr viu iwoZtd izkIrd LusgosQ¡ trsd J¼kl¡ vfpZr pfpZr djSN
vksdj dkSyhU; rrsd ekU; cnkU;A ts usrk turkd vkuqxR;osQ¡ trsd izxfrl¡ iwfjr djSN
gqud usr`Ro rrsd O;fDrRoiw.kZA
jktLol¡ vf/d jkT;O;oLFkk ij è;ku nsfugkj jkT;] O;fDrl¡ vf/d è;osQ¡ ekU;rk
nsfugkj lekt] fu;e cU/ul¡ oslh Lor% LiwQfrZ vuq'kklud O;oLFkkid laLFkk vks vknkul¡
fo'ks"k iznkufgosQ egRo nsfugkj O;fDr Lo;a egÙkkosQ¡ izkIr djSNA
jke&o`Q".k] tud&;kKoyD;] cq¼&egkohj] 'kadj&jkekuqt] foosdkUkUn&n;kuUn]
johUnz&vjfoUn] xkU/h&ekyoh;] Hkxr&lqHkk"k vkfn t¡ trs egkiq:"k Hksy NfFk vks
ns'k&lektl¡] cU/q&ifjckjl¡] le;&ifjfLFkfrl¡] vkLFkk&laLFkkl¡ trsd ysyfu rkfgl¡ vf/d
iznku d;yfuA rs ¡ vks vuqdj.kh; vks fpjLej.kh; Hksy NfFkA
vr% ts O;fDr trsd ek=kkes vknkul¡ fo'ks"k iznkud vkxzgh gks;rkg] R;kx&;ksxes
xq.kk tksM+ vks Hkksxes Hkkx&?kVckd fglkch gk;srkg&chtosQ¡ o`{kes] foUnqosQ¡ flU/qes vks
d.kosQ¡ Lrwies ifj.kr djckd vkxzgh gks;rkg vks rrsd ekU;&cnkU; gks;rkg&^vknku* fg
folxkZ;*osQj ts trsd tihrih gks;rkg vks rrsd /U;&ojs.; dgvksrkgA
uhfrdkjd ,osQ okD; vknku&iznkud iz'uksÙkjhosQ¡ fo'kn d* nSN&
;fn fuR;efuR;su fueZya eyokfgukA
;'k% dk;su yH;sr rUu yCa/ HkoUuq fde~AA
6- dfooj pUnk >k (Jh t;nso feJ)
vkfndfo okYehfdd tx}U| jkek;.k egkdkO;] vè;kRe jkek;.k rFkk rqylhd
jkepfjrekuld iw.kZ euu vks vè;;ud i'pkr~ l`"V gks;ckd dkj.ks ¡ pUnk>kd eSfFkyh
jkek;.k Hkko rFkk 'kSyhd n`f"V;s ¡ ,d uohu /kjkd vuqlj.k vfN ts ,sfrgkfld egÙoes
okYehfdd lerk djSN rFkk vè;kRe i{kes vè;kRe jkek;.k rFkk jkepfjrekuld e;kZnkd
j{kk djSr vfNA
eSfFkyh lkfgR;es oLrqr% vk/qfud ;qxd vkjEHk pUnzdfol¡ cw>d pkghA dydÙkk
eè; ^iQksVZ fofy;e* dkystd LFkkiukd i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kklHkes x|&fuekZ.k vo';
gkse*ykxy] eqnk fefFkykes bZ izo`fÙk loZ&izFke pUnzdfo;ses n`f"Vxkspj HksyA eucks/ vks
26 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
uUnhifrd eSfFkyh&jpuk i|es gksbrgq¡ xfr'khy vfNA HkuqukFkd dfri; iqQVdj dforkes lkfgfR;d fuca/
tuHkk"kkd iz;ksx vfNA rFkkfi] ,gu dfo ts cqf¼iwoZd uohu izo`fÙk viuvksyfu] pUnzdfo,
fFkdkgA
egkjkt jes'ojflagd nsgkolkud i'pkr~ 1860 bZ- es njHkaxk&jkT; ^dksVZ&vkiQ uksV
okM~lZ*d v/hu py xsyA ^dksVZ&vkiQ okMZ*d 'kklu izk;% 20 o"kZ /fj jgyA ,fg vof/es
t¡ ,d fnl jktdh; dk;Zes eSfFkyh&Hkk"kk vks fefFkyk{kjd ofg"dkj d;y xsy r¡ nkslju
fnl fefFkyk fucklhosQ¡ Kku&foKkud vkyksdes vuckd iz;kl HksyA 1880 bZ- es njHkaxkes
jkt baXfy'k LowQyd LFkkiuk HksyA 1882 bZ- es cgqr vUos"k.kd i'pkr~ fxz;lZud ^eSfFkyh
fozQ"VksesFkh ckgj Hksy rFkk 1882 bZ- es fxz;lZud oS".ko fgUl* izdkf'kr HksyA
bZ lHk ?kVuk pUnzdfcd thou&dkyes Hksy] dkj.k gqud tUe Hksy bZ- lu~ 1770 es
nsgkolku Hksy yxHkx 70 o"kZd v";qes 1908 bZ- esA
viu lqqnh?kZ thou&eè; pUnzdfo cM+&cM+ ifjroZu ns[kyfu vks vusd dksey
doZQ'k izgkj lgyfuA* gqud O;fDrxr vuqHko csl O;kid jg; dkj.k vusd izdkjd
fo"ke ifjfLFkfrl¡ fgud thou xqtjyA nfjnzk] vkJ;d vfLFkjrk] ifjfLFkfrd vuqowQQyrk]
lHk ehfy gqud thouosQ¡ vuqHkod ,d Hk.Mkj csuk nsydA eqnk ,gu ifjfLFkfr;gq eè;
fguosQ¡ thou {ks=k fdaok jpuk&{ks=kes ts lqn`<+ vks lcay cuvksus jgy ls NbZ gqud vfeV
Kku&fiiklk ,,oa lk/qrkd lax HksVy foy{k.k dfoRo'kfDrA fxz;lZu lud euh"kh }kjk
ik'pkR; vUos"k.k iznhi t[ku fefFkykes izdk'keku Hksy r[ku pUnzdfo vksdjkl¡ ykHk
mBvksyfuA xos"k.k }kjk vusd izkphu rF; bZ rdyfu] tdj iz;ksx] dgy tkbN] ts if.MRk
ijes'oj >k viu ^fefFkyk&rRo&foe"kZ*es vkxw tkd* d;yfuA uxsUnzukFk xqIr t[ku viu
fo|ky; lEcU/h vUos"k.k vkjEHk d;yfu r[ku gqudk pUnzdfcd iw.kZ lg;ksx HksVyfuA
xos"k.kkd deus bZ xksfoUnnklksd inkoyh laxzg d;yfu ts fgudfg fyfies Lo- Mk-
vejukFk yxs lqjf{kr NyA
if.Mr pUnk >k xos"k.kkd dk;Z laaxfg izk;% eSfFkyh&i|gq fy[kckdk dk;Z vkjEHk
d;yfu] dk.k 1887 bZ- es fgudj ^iq:"k&ijh{kkd vuqokn cgjk;yA Lo- Mk- vejukFk >k
,fg iq:"kijh{kk*l¡ m¼j.k nsus NfFk ls ,fg izdkjd vfN&
¶Ny ;equkrhjes ;ksfxuhiqj uke uxjA rr; vykcqíhu ;oujkt NykgA vks ,d le;
dksugqq dkj.k egkefge 'kkgh lsukf/id mQij vR;Ur dksi djf;r HksykgA egkefge 'kkfg
rf=k Lokeh dk¡ ozQks/krqj tkuyA izk.kgj.k vdkj.k djrkgs bZ eu ekfu dh dÙkZO; fpark
djf;r HksykA fcpkjy ozQks/krqj jktkd fo'okl ufgA¸
lHkl¡ euksjatud fFkd ,fg iqLrdd foKkiu ts fefFkykes rkfg fnu ^izpfyr
fgUnh*es vfN%
^jktk ikfjokj lqcqf¼ eqful¡ iwN&gs eqfu esjk in~ekorh dU;kfookg ;ksX; gqbZA dkSu
;ksX; oj dks dU;k nw¡A eqfu us dgk&iq:"k dks nsukA¸ ,fg x|ka'k lHkfges 'kSyhd vO;oLFkk
jfgrgq¡ bZ fufoZokn ts eSfFkyhes x|&ys[ku iz.kkyhosQ¡ izpfyr djckd izFke iz;kl if.Mr
pUnk >k }kjk d;y xsyA b iz;kl tsgus uohu Ny rsgus egRoiw.kZA 1906 es t[ku dks'khl¡
ia- eqjyh/j >k ^fefFkyk eksn* cgkj d;yfu r¡ ,fg izdk'kues viu x|kaoqQjosQ¡ iuxh NksM+Sr
nsf[k vkuUnkfrjsdes dch'oj e-e- eqjyh/j >kosQ¡ fy[kyfuA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 27
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk fefFkyk&eksn xksn y; cSlfy dk'kh Hksfy ueL;ksA
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ eqjyh/j&thou 'kqHk fpard i=kd ije riL;kAA
fo|kifrd i'pkr~ eSfFkyh&lkfgR;es gejkyksdfuosQ¡ ek=k dfo,aVk ,gu HksVSr NfFk
uksV
tfudk lks>k Hkk"kk&lkfgR;d v[k.M xfjek upSr gksA b,g dkj.k fFkd ts t¡ fo|kifr
eSfFkyh&Hkk"kkd izk.k&izfr"Bk d;yfu r¡ pUnzdfo ,djk lcy vks iq"V cuvksyfuA t¡
fo|kifrd cyij eSfFkyh lkfgR; fo'o&lkfgR;d njckes LFkku izkIr djckd nkok j[kSN
r¡ pUnzdfod cyij ,djk vk/qfud lkfgR; dg;ckd vf/dkj NSdA pUnk>kd jpuk nqbZ
izdkjd vfN&izcU/kRed ,oa eqDrdA fgud izcU/&jpuk vfN jkek;.k ts lkr dk.Mes
lekIr d;y xsy vfNA ,dj jpukes dfo viu vifjfer ikf.MR; ,oa vuqHko] ns'kkpkjd
Kku rFkk o.kZu&lkeF;Zd iw.kZ mi;ksx d;yfu vfN] dkj.k ,dj jpuk vks izk;% 56 o"kZd
voLFkkes d;yfu t[ku laLo`Qres fuc¼ 'kkL=kd bZ iw.kZKku izkIr d* pqdy NykgA ,fg
;ksX;rkes fgud dfoRo&'kfDrd ;ksx Hksyk lUrk tsgu ljl fp=k fgud jkek;.kes mrjy
vfN ls lân; ikBdosQ¡ fcuq izHkkfor d;us ufg jfg loSQr vfNA jkek;.kd tkfg o.kZul¡
LoxhZ; egkeuk ekyoh;th vR;f/d izHkkfor Hksy Nykga ls fuEufyf[kr vfN&
gk j?kqukFk vukFk tdk¡] n'kd¡Biqjh ge vkbfy Nh
flgd =kkl egcues gfj.khd leku Mjk;fy NhA
pUnz&pdksj vgS ¡d lnk] ge 'kksd&leqnz lekbfy Nh
nsoj nks"k dgw ge dh] viuk vijk/l¡ dkbfy NhA
viu jkek;.kes vFkck nkslj jpuklHkes doh'oj vyadkjd iz;ksx d;yfu vfNA
NUnd vusd :i mifLFkr d* o.kZues pkrq;Z iznf'kZr d;yfuA eqnk lHkl¡ izHkkoksRiknd
LFky vks vfN tr* gqud lgt Hkkoqdrk Li"V Hksy vfNA vkvks Li"V Hksy vfN lHkl¡
vf/d /kfeZdrk vks eSfFky laLo`Qfr }kjkA ;|fi /kfeZd Hkkoukd LiqQj.kd gsrq fgud
^egs'kck.kh* izfl¼ vfN rFkkfi fgud jkek;.kgqes ,gu vusd LFky HksVSNA jkepUnzd
;qojkt gks;ckd izlax mifLFkr Hksykij jkuh dkS'kY;k dksu izdkjs ¡ xkSjhd vjk/uk djSr
NfFk ls ns[k&
ls d: nsfo n;kef;gs fFkj jg egjkt
iwfj; gej euksjFk gs oSQosQ;h ufg ckt
u`ifr ân; ddj o'k js ddjks ufg ehr
lkSfru lk¡ofj lkfiu js eu gks Hk;Hkhr
rqv 'kadfj ge fdadfj gs tkcr jg nsg
rqv in dey fu;r jg gs eksj vpy flusg
jkepUnz lksrkifr gs gks;r ;qojkt
f=kHkqou vku ,gulu gs ufg fgr eksj dkt
28 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 fefFkykd o.kZu tkfg fu"Bk vks HkfDrd lax bZ d;yfu ls nsf[k fgud lgt lkfgfR;d fuca/
ekr`Hkwfe&izse izekf.kr gksbN&
dh fnO; Hkwfe fefFkyk ge vkfc xsykS ¡
ns[kSr ek=k eu y{e.k r`Ir HksykS ¡ uksV

dh fnO; iwQy&iQy o`{k vuUr /ku

i{kh foy{k.k djS vfN jE; xku
jkek;.kd jpukes doh'ojth izcU/ dkO;d fu;el¡ o¼ jgfFk_ vr% viu foiqy
vuqHkwfr vks viu viL=k HkkouklHkosQ¡ lks> Hkkos ¡ j[kckd Lora=krk vksfges ufg jgfuA ,dj
ikyu d;yfu vk viu eqDrd rFkk egs'kok.khes tdj jpuk djSr dky vks viu leLr
Kku&foKkuosQ¡ fclfj thoud fo"ke ifjfLFkfrl¡ mQij mfB viukosQ¡ viu b"Vnsod pj.kes
vfiZr d* nsyfu vfNA ,r* us xked nzksg [ksgkj djSr Nfu] us 'kkL=kd xkSjo] us vU;kU;
fo"k;A dgy tkbN ts xked xksySlh vks nzksgl¡ vdPN Hk* vks fiaMk:N* R;kfx Bk<+h xke
py xsykgA eqnk ,rgq lekus ifjfLFkfrA fdarq lkekftd fojks/d vusd fLFkfr jfgrgq¡ fgudk
viuk b"Vnsod Lej.kes osQvks foyx ufg d* ldyA ,dBke vks fy[kSr NfFk&
t×k tkb dgw¡] f'kod pj.k eu vjfi jgwA
ts pkgc ls lqyHk lgtesa] ik;c ls eu lR; xgwA
vkf/&O;kf/ fudVks ufg vkvksr] vkufUnr lc fnu fucgqA
f'ko vpkZ d:] vku u ppkZ] ;'k&xq.k&lkSjHk&eqfnr ygwA
[ky migkl okl ufg eku] ikej] fuUnkopu lgqA
lgtfg fudV izdV ijes'oj] rfud ln`'k ru cuc vgw¡A
f'ko&in vkl R;kxq tfu dfg;ks] dje nks"k mixr ns[kgwA
Hkqu dfo pUnz djc tfu xkSjo] vejs'oj jktd lq[kgwAA
doh'ojosQ¡ egkjkt y{eh'ojflagd i`"Biks"kdrkd lq[k izkIr Nyfu tfud vkKkl¡ bZ
jkek;.kd jpuk d;yfuA fdUrq lkekftd lq[k fgudk dfg;ks ufg Hk* ldyfuA iQyr% bZ
viu b"Vnsod 'kj.kes tk;c Js;Ldj cq>yfuA viukyksdfud vksr* vnhl¡ ^f'ko* vkn'kZ
{ks=k NfFkA doh'ojd ok.khes ls f'ko vkj efgeke; ,oa vkd"kZd Hk* xsy NfFk&
lkid tum tue Hkfj lwuy] ns[ky us gkM+d gkjA
e/qj fojkx] ykx :fp ufg fdNq] Hkk¡x /rwj vgkjAA
{k.kfges O;kyd tum cukcfFk] tyHkktu u`&dikjA
vn~Hkqr xfr i'kqifrd ns[k iM+] tVk cg lqjlfj /kjAA
fgudfg gkFk ldy tx mrifr] ckyu fof/ lagkjA
vius fHk[kkfj nlk lkSa fopjfFk] tu ij ije mnkjA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 29
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk fxfjtkoj fo'oEHkj 'kadj efgek fgud vikjA
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ pUnz pwj in&iadt lsog R;kfx fo"k; foLrkjA
f'kod ^fookg&izlax* loZnkl¡ fefFkykes ljl jpukd vk/kj jgSr vk;y vfNA
uksV
eSfFky O;ogkjosQ¡ viu o.kZud lax ,d jl cukd* pUnzdfo tdjk vkj vf/d jkspd
cuk nsyfu vfNA
pyw f'ki dkscjkd jhfr gs] nksiVk vks<w HkksykA
vfN Hkfj uxj gdkj gs] Hkyekuql VksykAA
d;ygq¡ cw<+ tek; gs] Hkyekuql KkuhA
ifgjc tkSa ufj ikx gs] ej;knk gkuhAA
iz.kfr dgfr dfo pUnz gs] lquq 'kaHkw fugksjkAA
,[kugq¡ /fj fd lq[kk; gs] jkuhd n`x dksjkAA
o.kZud izlax HkfDr&HkoosQ¡ Nqfc rdjk tkxzr d* nsc dfopUnzd viu fo'ks"krk
fFkdfuA fgud HkfDr rUek;rkosQ¡ nsf[k bZ fu.kZ; djc dfBu Hk* tkbN ts bZ dfoRod
n`f"V;s ¡ Js"B Nykg dh HkfDrd n`f"V;s ¡\ ckY;koLFkkes fgud n'kZu Hksy jgfu rs ¡ Lo- Mk-
vejukFk >k lsgks viukosQ¡ HkkX;'kkyh ekuyfu&
ve`rL; izdkjks¿;a nqyZHkLlk/qlaxe%
7- dksbyhd lans'k (Mk- Jh Jho`Q".k feJ)
dgfFku fo|kifrµ
ljflt fcuq lj] lj fcuq ljflt
dh ljflt fcuq lwjs!
;kSou fcu ru] rufcuq ;kSou
dh ;kSou fiv nwjs!
vk* rhuw ,d=k Hk* tk; r[kuqd vkuUnkuqHko r¡ dgys ufg tk;A f=koxZlEEksyu cM+
fof'k"B gksbNA ,d r¡ Írqjkt olUr] nkslj czkáeqgwÙkZ rkfges t¡ dksbyhd xku lquckes
vcSN r¡ cwf> iM+SN ts i`Fohij LoxZ cfl xsyA czkáeqgwÙkZ dksuks Írqd v/ykg ufg gksbN
rFkkfi oLkUrd czkáeqgwÙkZ r¡ viwcsZ gksbN&de tkM+] LoLFk ok;q vks izlUu vkdk'kA izo`Qfr
dktqy x`fg.kh tdk¡ Hkksjsl¡ dktes O;xz Hk* tkbNA loZ=k gfj;jh uo&uo ikr] uo&uo iwQy]
uo&uo vkHkw"k.kl¡ lqlfTtr vkxrifrdk tdk¡ izo`Qfr fpj fojgksÙkj lekxr olUr&ifrd
gsrq Lokxr&lfTTkrk gksbNA
izo`Qfr clUrd ,fg egksRloes gqud lf[koxZd vuqowQy vkpj.k vkjks foy{k.k
gksbNA ok;q ts f'kf'kjd tkM+s viuks fBBqfj vkylh Hk* xsy Nykg nsg >kfj [ksykbr
NfFkA lrr uo&uo u`R;l¡ olUrjktosQ¡ izlUr djckd m|ksx djSr NfFkA xk;d if{kx.k
30 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
izlkn&fu";fUnuh xhrlHkl¡ eu izlUu djSN Írqjktd bZ vxznwr lHk loZ=k ?kwfe&?kwfe lkfgfR;d fuca/
f'kf{kjl¡ lhfnr iztkosQ¡ lkURouk nSr vks fo'okl fn;kcSN ts vkc uhd fnu vkfc xsyA
,fg jktnwr lHkes vxzx.; vfN dksbyhA t[ku dksbyh viu mPpLojs ¡ viu lans'k lqukc*
yxSN r[ku vku if{k;kslHk cwf> iM+SN tsuk lqu* yxSr gksA t[ku vks viu eekZUrLi'khZ uksV
Lojs ¡ vkokgu djSN r[ku osQ Jksrk vko`Q"V ufg gks;rkg\ uhjll¡ uhjl ân;es ljlrk
mn~cq¼ dj*okyk bZ i{kh tkfg vkRefo'okll¡ viu lUns'k lqucSr fiQjSr vfN ls izR;ssd
mins"VkosQ gsrq f'k{kkd fo"k; fFkdA ân; [kksfyd* mPPkLojs ¡ tkfg ljyrkl¡] tkfg ljyrkl¡]
tkfg vk;klghurkl¡ vks xoSN ls izR;sd xk;ddk¡ viu vkn'kZ fnl lps"V djSN dksbyhd
okx~n`<+rk nsf[k cwf> iM+SN tsuk eues dfg;ks fodYi ufg mBySd] osQoy ladYi ek=k&vks
lsgks ,dVk fpj lR; t vks e/qj Hkk"kkes lqucSr fiQjSr vfNkA tkfg lR;d vks izR;{k
d;yd] yksddY;k.kkFkZ rdjfg mins'k nSr jgSr vfNA ;qx fuekZ.kdÙkkZ dfo tsuk viu
uohu lUns'kd gsrq Jksrkx.kosQ¡ viufg rS;j NfFk dksbfuvks euq";d fpÙkosQ¡ viu lUns'k
lquck ;ksX; viufg ifo=k cucSNA vksdj xku nquw dkt lÄõfg djSNA eud dVqrkosQ¡ viu
xhrd e/qfjekl¡ g¡Vkd* vks viuk fnl vksdjk vko`Q"V djSNA czkáeqgwÙkZd 'kkUr ok;qe.
Myes t[ku dksbyhd rhoz vkokgul¡ izlqIr eu tkfx mBSN] gksbN ts isQj lqurfr,sd ,fg
olUr&pkj.kd vkeU=k.kA t¡ vks ,dks csj lqfu ySr Nh r¡ eu rsgus ifo=k Hk* tkbN tsuk
izkr%Luku d* vk;y gksbA vk* r[ku vksfg NksV eU=ko`r~ ^owQmQ*es cwf> iMS+N ts dksbyh
dfg jgy gks fdNq ,fg izdkjd HkkolHk&
^vks l`f"Vtkyes vks>jk;y ekuotkfr! izo`Qfrd ek/q;Zd iku d:! tfudk ân;
ifo=k djckd gks] lân;kd vuqie /u yqVckd gks vkm! izo`Qfrnsoh vkb oLkUrjktd
lekxees loZLo yqVk jgy NfFk] vkm! lUnsg ufg d: gejkij] ge dkjh Nh] oqQ:i Nh]
fdUrq Nh lân;! Lo:il¡ HkVowQ ufg! ,fg MjS ¡ ge vgk¡lHkd vxw cslh dky ufg vcSr
NhA lquw gej xhr] gej lR; ifjp;A fd vgk¡ dyqf"krk ufg NksM+c\ fd vkcks vgk¡ ifo=k
ufg gks;c\ fd vkcks vgk¡ lân;rkd ifjp; ufg nsc\ vkm! vkm!!¸
,d csj if{k, tdk¡ lokZax 'kjhj iQM+fd mBSN vkvksj eu owQfn mBSNA eu gksbN ts
t¡ lc fnu ,gus eu jgSr] lrr t¡ ,gus vuqHko gksbRk! eqnk gksbN dgk¡\
8- fo|kifrd inkoyh ,oa oS".ko lkfgR; (Mk- Jh vejs'k ikBd)
pkSnge 'krkCnhd mÙkjk¼Zes fefFkykd efgekef.Mr lkaLo`Qfrd ijijke ;ksxnku
nsckd gsrq egkdfo fo|kifrd vkfoHkkZo Hksy] tfud xhrd ek/q;Zl¡ lEiw.kZ iwokZsÙkj
Hkkjro"kZd lkfgR; izsj.k xzg.k d;ydA pkSnge [k"VkCnd fefFkyk lkfgR; ,oa laLo`Qfrd
{ks=kes viu mRd"kZ gsrq izflf¼ izkIr d* pqdy Ny rFkk fudVorhZ izkUrd ftKklq yksdfud
gsrq f'k{kkd osQUnz cfu pqdy NyA laLo`Qr&lkfgR; ,oa n'kZud mRd"kZd le; ns'kh Hkk"kkes
jpukd lkgl d* izflf¼ izkIr djc trsd dfBu dk;Z jgy gks;ra ls lgtfg¡ vuqekuxE;
fFkdA fdUrq ,guks ifjfLFkfres fo|kifrd vkRefo'okld ifjp; dhfrZyrkd fuEukafdr
inl¡ izkIr gksbN&
lqv.k izlalb dCCk e>w nqTTku cksyb eUnA
volvks fclgj fcl ceb vfe×k foeDdb pUnAA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 31
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk ckypUn foTTkkob HkklkA nqgq fufg yXxbZ nqTTku gklkA
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ vks ijeslj gj flj lksgbA bZ f.kPpb ukvj eu eksgbZ AA5AA
tulk/kj.k Hkk"kkosQ¡ lkfgR;d Hkk"kkd e;kZnk n* vksfg ekè;d lw{e vuqHkwfrd
uksV
fp=k.k d* fo|kifregkdfod LFkku izkIr d* ysyfuA vksuk] fo|kifr fofHkUu fo"k;d
jpuk laLo`Qr] vogV~V ,oa eSSfFkyh Hkk"kkes d;yfu] fdUrq fgud v{k; dhfrZd vk/kj
eSfFkyh xhr vfNA ,fg xhresa dfod vleku {k.kd Hkkoukd vfHkO;fDr dykRed :is ¡
Hksy vfNA fgud vykSfdd lkSUn;Zcks/ ,oa vuqies; jpuk&'kfDrd mnkgj.k inkoyh es
HksVSr vfNA
fo|kifrd dkO;&izfrHkkd izlÄ~x fopkj djSr dky fgud xksrd iz'kalkes
vfr'k;ksfDrd lEHkkouk ufg vfNA dkj.k] tkfg dfod xhr Nvks l; o"kZ /fj vjf{kr
jfgrgq¡ fofHkUUk izns'kd tulk/kj.k eè; viu ek/q;Zd vfeV Nki NksfM+ xsy vfN] tkfg
dfod jpuk vussd 'krkCnhl¡ euekulosQ¡ vkyksfM+r djSr vkfc jgy vfN ,oa tkfg dfod
jpuk dykd {ks=kes 'kh"kZLFkku izkIr d* ysyd vfN] vksfg dfod iz'kalkes ts fdNq dgy
tk; FkksM+ gks;rA fdNq n`f"VowQVosQ¡ NksfM+ fo|kifrd xhrd Hkk"kk lk/kj.kr% ljy vfNA
vuqHkwfrd fp=k.kd lgtrk Hkk"kkd ljyrkd dkj.ks ¡ vR;Ur ân;xzkgh Hk* xsy vfNA fgud
i;Zos{k.k&'kfDr] miLFkkiu&'kSyh] fcEc&fo/ku ,oa dykRed vfHkO;fDr jpukosQ¡ ljl ,oa
izHkkoksRiknd cucSr vfNA b,g dkj.k fFkd ts bZ ,rsd yksdfiz; Hksy vfNA
yksdfiz;rkd n`f"V,¡ fo|kifr vo/h Hkk"kkes fy[ky xsy jkek;.kd ys[kd rqylhnklosQ¡
NksfM+ lHkl¡ vf/d yksdfiz; dfo NfFkA ,d n`f"V,¡ bZ rqylhnklgq¡ l¡ vkxk¡ c<+y NfFkA
rqylhnkld jkek;.k osQoy fgUnhHkk"kh {ks=kes fo'ks"k izpfyr vfN] fdUrq fo|kifrd xhr
pkfj fHkUu&fHkUu Hkk"kk Hkk"kh {ks=kes izpfyr vfN&vlfe;k] caxyk] fgUnh vks eSfFkyhA
inkoyhes nw oxZd jpuk vfNA ifgy Ük`axkfjd xhr vfN] tkfges uk;d&ukf;dkd
Ük`axkjd fofHkUu voLFkkd fp=k.k vfNA ;Fkk&o;%laf/ eku] l[kh&f'k{kk] feyu] fojg vkfnA
nkslj oxZd jpukes upkjh] egs'kokuh vkfn vfNA ;|fi nquw izdkjd jpuk dkO;&lkS"Bod
n`f"V,¡ egÙoiw.kZ vfN] fdUrq vuqHkwfr fp=k.ktU; dykRed vfHkO;fDrd mnkgj.k J`axkfjd
xhres vf/d HksVrA ,fg izlax ukf;dkd fofHkUu J`axkjps"Vkd fp=k nz"VO; fFkdA
pj.k&piy&xfr ykspu ikc
ykspu&/Sjt in ry vkcA
(o;% lfU/)
onu pk¡n rksj u;u pdksj eksj
:i e;&jl ihosA
v/j e/qfj iqQy fi;k e/qdj rqy
fcuq e/q dr [ku thosA
(eku)
32 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 ifgyfg cSlfo l;ud lkse lkfgfR;d fuca/

vk?k fugkjfo oafde xkse

(lf[kf'k{kk)
uksV
vuy vfuy ou eyt; cks[k
ts Ny 'khry lsgks Hksy rks[kA
(fojg)
fo|kifrd inkoyhd dO;&iq.kd izlax legq¡ ,der NfFk ,oa ,fg rF;osQ¡ Lohdkj
djSr NfFk ts yksdHkk"kkes jpuk d* fo|kifr iwokZsÙkj Hkkjro"kZd fofHkUu Hkk"kkd ijorhZ
dfoyksdfud gsrq EkkxZ iz'kLr d;yfuA fgud inkoyhes lw{e vuqHkwfrd fp=k.k vR;Ur
LokHkkfod :is ¡ Hksy vfNA ^inkoyh* dfo fo|kifrd ih;w"ko"kZ.k fFkdA bZ dfod
lEiw.kZ thoud lk/uk fFkdA Hkkouk vks cqf¼] vkd"kZ.k vks fod"kZ.k] pkapY; vks xEHkh;Z]
Hkksx vks ;ksx] jkx vks fcjkx&thoud ,fg lHk fofHkUu voLFkkosQ¡ tkfg dkO;kRed fo/kud
lax dfo ,fgBke fu:ifr d;yfu vfN] vks vuqie fFkd ek/q;Zd e/qj fuos'k] ind ljl
ifj/ku] vFkZd izlaxkuqowQy foLrkj vyadkjd eatqy jle; iz;ksx] lkSUn;Zd dykewyd
vkdyu vkfn ts lHk xq.k egku~ vks eaxy&dkO;d ysy visf{kr vfN] vks lHk inkoyhes
izkIr vfNA Hkko ,oa dykd {ks=kes ,fg izdkjd miyfC/d dkj.ks¡ inkoyhosQ¡ dYio`{kd
izfr"Bk izkIr Hk* pqdy NSd] bZ loZekU; vfNA inkoyhd rqyuk] dksuks egkdfod lax
d* bZ fl¼ d;y tk loSQN ts Hkko&lkSUn;Z vks vfHkO;fDrd peRdkjes bZ dksuks dfod
jpukl¡ U;wu ufg vfNA
fo|kifrd J`axkfjd ind rqyuk egkdfo dkfynkld oqQekjlEHko*d vusd 'yksdd
lax d* bZ fl¼ d;y xsy vfN ts fo|kifr dkfynkld miekl¡ izR;{k izsj.kk xzg.k d;yfu
vfN vks vusd LFkyij fo|kifrd in ¶fo'ks"k yksdxE; vf/d lqUnj vFkpizHkfo".kq¸ Hksy
vfNA izLrqr izlaxes ge fo|kifrd fdNq ind rqyuk dkfynkld es?knwrd 'yksd lax djc
vizklafxd ufg cq>Sr NhA vksuk Ük`axkfjd&dkO;d n`f"V,¡ ^oqQekjlEHko* dkfynkld mRo`Q"V
jpuk vfN rFkk fo|kifrd dkO;d mRl oqQekjlEHkofgd ifjos'kes rkdy tk loSQN vfNA
fdUrq fpj&osnukl¡ lUrIr ;{kd mfDres ts Hkko&izo.krk NSd] vuqHkwfrd rh{.krk NSd] ls
dkfynklgqd jpukes HksVc nqyZHkA
vfHk'kIr ;{k viu izs;lhd Lej.kek=kl¡ viuk ân;osQ¡ lkURouk nsckd gsrq viu
izs;lhd fp=k.k dj* pkgSr NfFk] fdUrq vk¡f[kl¡ >gjSr uksjd dkj.ks¡ fp=k ns[kc lEHko ufg
Hk* icSr Nfu&
Rokekfy[; iz.k;&oqQfirka /kr`jkxS% f'kyk;k
ekRekua rs pj.k ifrra ;kn~fnNkfe dÙkZ`eA
vL=ks LrkoUeqgq:ifprSnZf"VjkyqT;rs es
owQ jLrkcUufi u lgrs laxea ukS o`QrkUr%AA4AA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 33
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk ;kor ge f'kyk[k.Mij xs#l¡ vgk¡d ekud fp=k fuekZ.k d* bZ Hkko O;Dr dj*
,oa pkgSr Nh ts ge vgk¡osQ eku;ckd gsrq vgk¡d pj.kij [kly Nh_ rkor uksj rsuk mHkfM+
lkfgfR;d fuca/
tkbN ts Hkfj vk¡f[k nsf[k;ks ufg loSQr NhA fu"Bqj dkyosQ¡ fp=kksd lax gej laxe ufg
uksV lksgkbr NSdA
fc|kifrd ukf;dkd vk¡f[k uk;dd ijns'k t;ck dky uksjl¡ Hkfj tkbr Nfu rFkk
vks uk;dosQ¡ fo;ksxd le;es nsf[k;ks ufg icSr NfFkA ukf;dkd ,fg euksHkkoosQ¡ fo|kifr
osQgu lgt&rjy :il¡ fpf=kr djSr NfFk ls nz"V'; fFkd&
t[ku xeu d# u;u uksj Hk#
osf[kvks us Hksy igq rksjkA
es?knwres ;{k es?kosQ¡ viu ukf;dkd ifjp; nSr dky gqud lkSUn;Zd o.kZu djSr
dgSr NfFk&
rkUoh ';kek f'k[kfjn'kuk iDofoEck/jks"Bh
eè;s {kkeka pfdr gfj.kh&isz{k.kk fuEuukfHk%A
Js.khHkkjknylxeuk Lrksdu=kk LrukH;ka
;k r=k L;k|q ofrfo"k;s l`f"V jk/so /krqAA11AA
gs es?k! vksr* ts nqCcfj&ikrfj] lqUnj iafDrc¼ nk¡r] ikdy foEciQy lu yky Bksj]
{kh.k dfV] Msjk;y fgj.kh ln`'k vk¡f[k] xEHkhj ukfHk furEcd Hkkjl¡ eUFkj xfr,¡ pyfugkj
rFkk Lrud Hkkjl¡ fdNq vkxka >qdy ts ;qorh vgk¡d n`f"V iFkes vkcfFk ls gej iRuh
gks;rhgA gqud lqUnjrk nsf[k vgk¡osQ b,g cwf> iM+r tsuk bZ czákd izFke l`f"V gksfFkA
dkfynkld miekd oSf'k"V~;d izlax fdNq dgc vuko';d] fdUrq dkfynklgqd
o.kZud lax fo|kifrd lkSUn;Z&o.kZuosQ¡ mifLFkr d* bZ ns[kkvksy tk loSQN ts ukf;dkd
lgt vks vo`Qfre lkSUn;Zd o.kZu djSRk dky fo|kifrij dkfynkld Li"V izHkko Nfu vks
ls izHkko ek=k ufg vusd LFkyij dkfynklgqd lkSUn;Z&o.kZul¡ fgud o.kZu mRo`Q"V vfNA
ukf;dkd :i ek/q;Zd o.kZu djSr fo|kifrd fuEukafdr in ,fg izlax nz"VO; fFkdA
ljn ll/j lfjl lqUnj
onu ykspu ykyA
foey dpu dey pf<+ tkfu
[ksy [ktu tksM+A
v/j uo iYYko euksgj
nlj nkfye tksrA
tfu fufcy fonzq enys lq/kjls ¡
lhfp /# xteksfyA
34 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 eÙk dksfdy&os.kq&oh.kk lkfgfR;d fuca/

ukn frgqvu ekl

tfu e/qj gkd ilkfj vkuu
uksV
dj, opu fodklA
vej Hkw/j ly i;ks/j
eg/ eksfre gkjA
gse&fufeZr 'kEHkq&'ks[kj
xax fueZy /kjA
izk;% izR;sd egku~ dfod jpukes yksddY;k.kd Hkkouk fufgr jgSNA ,rnFkZs izR;sd
egku~ dfod J`axkfjd jpuk dfjrks dky thoud gsrq mikns; lwfDrd fuekZ.k djSr NfFkA
,fg izdkjd lwfDres thoud O;kogkfjd i{kd fp=k.k jgSr vfNA dkfynkld es?knwr es
vusd LFkyij ,fg rF;d fu:i.k d;y xsy vfNA ;{k es?kl¡ dgSr NfFk ts ty ihyk
mÙkj vgk¡ Hkkjh Hk* tk;c r¡ gok vgk¡osQ ,Egj&vksEgj mM+k ufg ldrA dkj.k] tdjh gkFk
[kkyh jgSr NSd] rdjs nqj nqjcSr NSd rFkk Hkjy&iqjy jgSr vfN rdj lHk vknj djSr
NSd&
rL;kfLrDrSoZuxtenSokZflra okUrqo`f"V
tZEcw oqQ×tizfgrj;a rh;eknk; xPN%A
vUr% lkja/urqyksf;rq ukfuy% 'k{;fr Roka
fjDr loksZ Hkofr fgy?kq% iw.kZrk xkSjok;AA
fo|kifr ukf;dkd mikyEHkiw.kZ mfDrd C;kts ¡ mi;qZDRk rF;osQ¡ gejkyksdfud le{k
j[kSr NfFkA ;qokoLFkkes o`Q".k ukf;dkd vknj d;yfFku] fdUrq vkc vksdj voLFkk tyghu
tyk'k; ln`'k Hk* xsySd vfNA vkc ukf;dkd vkd"kZ.kd dksuks dkj.k ufg jfg xsyfu
vfNA vr,o] ukf;dk bZ lkspckd gsrq ckè; gksbr NfFk ts ;qokoLFkkd lekfIrd i'pkr~
ukf;dk fgud vknj djc NksfM+ nsyfFku vfNA
tmou&jru vNy fnu pkfj
rkos ls vknj d,y eqjkfjA
vkcs Hksy >ky oqQlqe jl NwN
?kkfj fcgqu lj osQvks ufg iqNA
gefjvks fourks dgc lf[k xks,
lqiq:"k usg vUr ufg gks;A
tkos ls /u jg viuk gkFk
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 35
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk rkns ls vknj dj lax lkFk
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ /fudd vknj lcrg gksbZ
fuj?kus okiq, iqN, u dksbZA
uksV
iqu% ;f{k.khosQ¡ lkUrouk nSr ;{k es?kd }kjk lEokn nSr NqfFku ts nq%[k vFkok lq[k
dksugq O;fDrij cjkcfj ufg jgSr NSdA bZ rifg;kd ln`'k mQij&uhpka gksbr jgSr vfN&
uUokRekua cgq foxd;UUkkReku¡okoyEcs
rRdY;kf.k_ Roefi furjka ek xe% dkrjRoe~A
dL;kR;Ura lq[keqiur nq%[kesdkUrrks ok
uhpsxZPpR;qifj p n'kk pdusfeozQes.kAA46A
gs dY;k.kh! cgqr lksfp&fopkfj ge viuk euosQ¡ Lo;a lkURouk n* nSr NhA rss ¡ gsrq
vgq¡ vf/d nq%[kh ufg gksmA ns[kw] nq%[k vFkok lq[k ddjksij cjkcfj ufg jgSr NSdA bZ r
xkM+hd ifg;k ln`'k d[kugq mQij r¡ d[kugq¡ uhpka ?kqEkSr jgSr NSdA
,fg HkkoosQ¡ fo|kifr fuEukafdr :is ¡ O;Dr djSr NfFk&
fnol eUn Hky u jg; lc [kuA
fofg u nkfgu jg cke yksAA
l,g iq:"k oj tsgs /Sjt /jA
lEin&foind Bke yksAA
J`axkfjd&dkO;d :ies es?knwr vR;Ur izzfl¼ vfN] fdUrq ,fgesfo;ksxtU; uk;dd
vuqHkwfrd fp=k.k vfNA fo|kifrd xhres la;ksxd vks fo;ksxd nquw izdkjd fp=k vfNA
la;ksxd vusd fp=k ,guks vfN] tdjk nsf[k drsdks vkykspd vksfges v'yhyrk&i;ZUrd
vkjksi djSr NfFk] fdUrq dkfynkld ^oqQekjlaHko*d xIi r¡ tk; fn;* ts es?knwres ,gu
izlax vcSN] tr* dkfynkl ekuod J`axkfjd izo`fÙkd fp=k.k djSr dgSr NfFk&
rL;k% fdafpRdj/`rfeo izkIrokuhj 'kk[ka
uhRok uhya lfyyo lua eqDrjks/h furEce~A
izLFkkua rs dFkefi l[ks\ yEcekuL; Hkkfo
KkrkLoknks foo`rt?kuka dks fcgkrqa leFkZ%AA41AA
gs ferA! t[ku vgk¡ xEHkhjk unhd ty ihfc ysc] r[ku vksdj ty de Hk* t;rSd
rFkk vksdj nquw rVHkkx uhpk /fj n`f"Vxr gks;rA vksfg le;rs tyes >qdy crd yrkosQ¡
nsf[k ,gu cwf> iM+r ts xEHkhjk unh viu rV:i furEcijl¡ tyd oL=k llfj xsykij
yktl¡ viu csard yrk:i gkFkl¡ viu ty:i oL=k idM+us vfNA bZ lHk nsf[k gs es?k!
vksfgij >qdy vgk¡ vksfg LFkkul¡ tk ufg ldcA dkj.k_ osQ ,gu Hkksx jfld gks;r ts
m?kkM+ tk¡?kokyh dkfeuhosQ¡ NksM+ckes leFkZ Hk* ld;A
36 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 fo|kifrd J`axkfjd drksd ines dke&ozQhM+ku o.kZu vfN] foijhr jfrd o.kZu lkfgfR;d fuca/
vfN] foijhr jfrd o.kZu vfN] fdUrq fo|kifrd ts in v'yhyrk ifjf/d eè;gqes
vcSr vfN&tsuk o; lfU/LFk dU;kd mjkstd o.kZu foijhr&jfr vFkok laHkksxd fp=k&vksgw
inlHkosQ¡ dU;k vks efgyk x.kd chpkses o;Ld xk;d rUe; Hk* xcSr vfN vks rkfges uksV
gqudk us dusdks ladksp gksbr Nfu] us oqQ.Bk vk us yTTkkA bZ fFkd fo|kifrd dkO; Js"BRo]
ts vks foltZu] uXu&fogkjjr nsgd :ies fnC; vks xs; cuk nsyfu vfNA ,fg izlaxes ,d
mnkgj.k mifLFkr d;y tkbN&
vkoqQy fpoqQj csM+y eq[k lksHk
jkgq d,y lfle.My yksHkAA1AA
mejy fpoqQjHkky dj jax
tfu ;equk feyq xax&rjaxAA2AA
cM+ vi#o nqqgq psru&esfy
foijhr jfr dkfefu dj osQfyAA3AA
onu lksgkvksu Je&ty&foUnq
enus eksfr n, iwty bUnqAA4AA
fi;keq[k lqeqf[k pqEc rsftvkst
pkUn v/kseq[k fic, ljkstAA5AA
oqQp foijhr fcyfEcr gkj
dud&dyl tfu nq/d /kjAA6AA
fdafdu jf.kr furEcfg Nkt
enu egk flf/&oktu oktAA7AA
;{k vydkiqjhd lkSan;Zd rqyuk es?kd ,s'o;Zd lax d;ykd i'pkr~ izko`Qfrd lq"kek
,oa J`axkfjd fozQ;k&dykid o.kZu djSRk NfFkA vydkiqjhes uk;dd laHkksxtU; ps"Vkd
iQyLo:i ukf;dkd euksekckd fp=k.k djSr dfo dgSr NfFk&
uksckscU/ksPN~oflr f'kfFkya ;=k foEok/kj.kka
{kkSea jkxknafuHk`rdjs"okf{kiRlq fiz;s"kqA
vfpaLrqxkufHkeq[kefi izkI; jRukiznhiku~
gzh eq<+kuk Hkofr foiQy izsj.kk pw.kZeqf"V%AA2AA
gs es?k! vksgh Bked izsehyksdfu dkekos'kd dkj.ks¡ t[ku viu papy gkFkl¡
ukf;dkd f'kfFky js'keh ifj/kuosQ¡ gVc* yxSr NfFk] r[ku vks yktl¡ drsd laoqQfpr Hk*
tkbr NfFk ts fdNq ufg ikfc] eqV~Bhes xqyky Hkfj] txexkbr jRunhiij isQd yxSr NfFk]
fdUrq gqud bZ xqyky isQdc lsgks O;FkZ Hk* tkbr NfuA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 37
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk fo|kifrgqd ines ,gu vusd izlax vk;y vfN] tr* laHkksxjr ukf;dkd euksHkkod
,oa fp=k.k d;y xsy vfN vks ls vksgw fLFkfres fo|kifrd o.kZu pkrq;Zd dkj.ks ¡ vks in
lkfgfR;d fuca/ v'yhy ufg dgy tk loSQNA la;ksxd o.kZu gks vFkok fojgtU; ihM+kl¡ O;koqQy ukf;dkd
uksV 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld fLFkfrd fp=k.k] lf[kf'k{kk gks vFkok vfHklkjd o.kZu] lHkBke
fo|kifrd dkO;es oSnXè;d vuqie mnkgj.k HksVrA
es?knwrd ;{k viu ukf;dkd lkSUn;Zd n'kZu izko`Qfrd lkSUn;Zd lax djSr NfFk]
fdUrq ukf;dkd fofHkUu vo;cd lEiw.kZ fp=k dksuks oLrqes ufg nsf[k icSr NfFkA fiz;axqd
yrkes ukf;dkd eqg¡] e;wjd ik¡f[kes ukf;dkd osQ'k rFkk unhd ygfjes ukf;dkd HkkSagqd
n'kZu NfFk] fdUrq dksuks ,dBke ukf;dkd lEiw.kZ fp=k ufg HksVykl¡ vks nq[kh Hk* tkbr
NfFk&
';kekLoÄõk pfdr gfj.kh isz{k.ks nqf"Vikra
oD=kPNk;k 'kf'kfu cgaekjs"kq osQ'kku~A
mRi';kfe izruq"kq unhchfp"kq Hkzw foyklk]
UgUrZ dfLeUDofpnfi u rs pf.M! lkn`';efLrAA42AA
gs fiz;s! ge fiz;axqd yrkes vgk¡d vax] Msjk;fy gfj.khd vk¡f[kes vgk¡d dVk{k]
pUnzekes vgk¡d eq¡g] e;wjd ik¡f[kes vgk¡d osQ'k rFkk unhd NksV&NksV rjaxes vgk¡d
Hkzwfoykl ns[kSr Nh] fdUrq gs pf.M! gejk nq%[k vfN ts ,fgese¡ dksuks ,dBke vgk¡d
lckZax&lkSUn;Zd lerk ufg HksVSNA
,fg izlax fo|kifrd fojfg.kh ukf;dkd o.kZu nz"VC; fFkd&
ljn lal/j eqy :fp lksaiyd
gfj.kosQ¡ ykspu yksykA
osQ'k&izkl y, pefjosQ¡ lksaiyd
ik, euksHko ihykAA
ek/o! tkuy ftmfr jkghA
trck tdj ysus Nfy lqUnfj
ls lc lksaiyd rkghA
nlu] nlk nkfM+EcosQ¡ lksaiyd
cU/q v/j&:fp nsyhA
nsg&nlk lmnkfefu lksaiyd
dktfj lfu lf[k HksyhAA
fo|kifrd xhr J`axkjd&dkO;d mRo`Q"V mnkgj.k fFkdA dYiukd deuh;rk] xhrd
ek/q;Z] C;kogkfjd thouksi;ksxh lwfDrd fuos'k ,oa ekuod lgt J`axkfjd izo`Qfr&fp=k.
kd dkj.ks ¡ gqud xhr ,rsd yksdfiz; Hksy vfNA bZ Lohdkj djckes vkifÙk ufg gks;ckd
38 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
pkgh ts fo|kifrd xhrd jpuk HkfDr mnzosQl¡ ufg] J`axkjd&jld m}osQl¡ Hksy vfN rFkk lkfgfR;d fuca/
gqud jpukd ,d xksV mís'; vko';d dke'kkL=kh; f'k{kkd lEiknu lsgks Nyfu] tdj
iz;kstu lektes lHk fnu jgSr vk;y vfN vks jgrA
dksuks dfod jpukosQ¡ J`axkfjd gks;ckd dkj.ks ¡ ^dksd'kkL=k*d laKkl¡ vfHkfgr ufg uksV
d;y tk loSQr vfNA ^osnd ÍpklHkes J`azxkjd mUeqDr xku vfN rFkk vksgwes ,sfgd
lkSUo;Z vks feFkqu&O;kikjd LoPNUn o.kZu HksVSr vfN] fdUrq rs ¡ osngqosQ¡ dksd'kkL=k ekfu
ysc dh mfpr gks;r\
jk/k&o`Q".kd ^Fkhe* (Theme) ij vk/kfjr fo|kifrd eSfFkyh ind izlax
fo}kuyksdfues erHksn vfNA fefFkykes fo|kifrd jk/k&o`Q".k lEcU/h in J`axkj&dkO;d
:ies izfl¼ HksyA ,fg xhrlHkosQ¡ fookgkfnd voljij xkvksy t;ck;ksX; xhr cq>y xsy
vks rs ¡ ,fg :ies izpkj&izlkj HksyA fdUrq] caxky] vklke ,oa mRdyes ,fg xhrosQ¡ oS".
ko&HkfDr&ijEijkes fy[ky xhr cq>y tk; ykxyA iwokZf×pyes oS".ko HkfDr vkUnksyud
tud egkizHkq pSrU;nso fo|kifrd jk/k&o`Q".k&uke;qDr in lwfu vks xkfc HkkofoHkksj Hk
tkbr NykgA fefFkykd lax caxky] vklke vkfn izkUrd lEioZQ NyA n'kZud {ks=kes xaxs'k
mikè;k; uoU;k; fudVorhZ izkUrd ftKklqyksdfud gsrq] vkd"kZ.kd osQUnz Ny ,oa caxkyd
^ufn;k* lsgks Kku&osQUnzd :ies izfl¼ Hk^&pqdy NyA pSrU;nsod fudVorhZ izkUrij lsgks
iw.kZ:is ¡ NyA fo|kifrd ,fg xfrosQ¡ pSrU;nso xvksyfu] gqud HkDre.Myh xvksyd ,oa
,fg xhr lHkd izpkj tu&lk/kj.kl¡ y* izcq¼ oxZ /fj HksyA fo|kifrd xhrd ek/q;Zl¡
gqudkyksdfu rrsd izHkkfor Hksykg ts gqud xhrd vuqdj.k d* oS".ko&inkoyhd jpuk
dj* yxykg] ts oztcqfy&lkfgR;d ukes ¡ izfl¼ HksyA
bZ fo|kifrfgd izHkko Ny ts vusd LorU=kd Hkk"kkosQ¡ feykd* ,d uo lkfgR;d
Hkk"kkd tUe HksyA (cztcqfy fofHkUUk Hkk"kkd feyy&tqyy :i vfN_ fdUrq vk/kj eSfFkyh
NSdA) ,oa izdkjs ¡ fo|kifrd jk/ko`Q".k uke;qDrin ts fefFkykes J`axkfjd xhr cq>y tkbr
jgy] ls caxky] vklke ,oa mRdyes oS".koinkoyhd :ies d* ysy xsy ,oa ,dj izHkkol¡
uohu oS".ko&lkfgR;d l`f"V d;y xsyA fo|kifrd xhrd vuqdj.k d* xhr fy[kckd
ijEijk fo'odfo johUnzukFk BkoqQj /fjd jpukes ns[ky tk loSQr vfNA fxz;lZu ,fg
?kVukosQ¡ lkfgR;d bfrgkles vHkwriwoZ ?kVuk dgyfu vfNA
,fg dFkkes lHkgq¡ fo}ku~osQ¡ ,deR; vfN ts o`Q".k&dkO;d xaxk loZizFke iwohz
yksdHkk"kkes vorfjr Hksy vfNA----t;nso] p.Mhnkl vk fo|kifrd jk/k ^izse&iqrfy* NfFk_
,dkUrr% gkM+&ekal&jDrd ukjh NfFkA gqudkes fnO;rk vfN_ fdUrq lgtrk vksfgl¡ ckf<+A
jk/k vks o`Q".k r¡ yksd xhres cfl xsy Nykg&lkekU; turkd izk.kes fefy xsy NykgA
yksdok.kh gqud J`axkj] mÙkku&J`axkjosQ¡ rUe; Hk* d* xcSr NyA o`Q".k /ekyh vks 'kqDy
/ekyhd in] tkfges jk/k&o`Q".kd yhykd ?kksj v'yhy o.kZu vfN] caxky] mRdy vks iwoZ
fcgkjd xyh&xyhes] dksBk&lksIkQkes] r:.k&r:.khd eu xqaftr gksbr NyA t;nso foyklh
o`Q".k vks dkeihfM+rks jk/kd fp=k ,fg xhr lHkfgd ifj"o`Qr :i fFkd vks fo|kifres
izokfgr lgt ekuch; oklukd Nfo jkf/dk ,fg yksd&ok.khd je.kh; jkf/dk fFkdhgA
lEiw.kZ inkoyh ,djs lgt fodkl fFkdA vr,o t¡ fo|kifrd xhrl¡ izHkkfor Hk* ,d
uohu oS".ko lkfgR;d l`f"V Hksy r¡ ,fges vk'p;Z dksu\
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 39
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk ^fefFkykd dfo fo|kifr ts laLo`Qres fo}rkiw.kZ jpuk izpqj ek=kkes d;yfu]
,oa oS".ko HkDr ufg Nykg vks iapnsoksikld LekrZ NykgA fo|kifr eSfFkyhes jk/k&o`Q".k
lkfgfR;d fuca/ ,oa f'ko&xkSjh&fo"k;d xhr lsgks fy[kyfu] fdUrq_ pSrU;osQ¡ fo|kifrd ,fg jk/k&o`Q".k
uksV uke&;qDr inl¡ HkafDrd mnzosQ HksyfuA vksfg le; fo|kifrd xhr caxkys fefFkygq¡l¡ vf/d
yksdfiz; Hk* xsyA fu%lansg fo|kifrd bZ xhr oS".ko&HkfDR /kjkosQ¡ izHkkfor d;ydA caxky
es r¡ fo|kifrd tkfg xhres jk/k&ek/od mYYks[k ufg Ny] vksdjgq uked ukf;dkosQ¡
jk/k&o`Q".k ekfu vksdjk HkfDriz/ku ekuyfuA ,oa izdkjs ¡ fo|kifr fefFkykes 'kSo] HkDr
,oa J`axkfjd dfod :ies izfl¼ Hksykg] fdUrq caxky] vklke vks mM+hlkes egku~ oS".ko
HkDrd :iesA
egkizHkq pSrU;nso tfguk fo|kifrd xhrl¡ izHkkfor Hksykg] rfguk t;nsod
^xhrxksofUn*l¡A t;nso p.Mhnkl ,oa fo|kifrd izHkko pSrU;&nsoij fdudksl¡ de ufg
NyA fo|kifrd bZ izHkko pSrU;nsofg /fj lhfer ufg jgyA vklked egku~ oS".ko
HkDr 'kadjnsoij lsgks fo|kifrd vR;f/d izHkko NyA oS".ko inkoyhd jpuk d;fugkj
dfoyksdfues egku~ oS".ko HkDr 'kadjnsod uke vxzx.; vfNA fo|kifrd xhrd izHkkos ¡
bZ oS".ko ind jpuk cztcqfy lkfgR;d :ies d;yfu] fdUrq ,dj laxfg lax vusd
vafd;k&ukV jpuk eSfFkyhes d;yfuA vf/dka'k ^vafd;k&ukV* oS".ko HkfDrd izpkjsd gsrq
fy[ky xsy vfNA 'kadjnsod fy[ky Nvks vafd;k ukVes ^jkefot;*osQ¡ NksfM+ vU; lHk
o`Q".kfgij vk/kfjr vfNA vklked vafd;k ukVij fo|kifrd izHkkod izlax dgy xsy
vfN ts ;|fi bZ vuqeku djc dfBu vfN ts 'kadjnso ,fg (eSfFkyh) Hkk"kkosQ¡ ukVd
vfHkO;fDrd ekè;e fd,d cukvksy\ vks fo'kq¼ vlfe;k i|es vusd jpuk d* pqdy
NykgA lEHko fFkd ts vks fo|kifrd o`Qfrl¡ izHkkfor Hk* eSfFkyh es jpuk d;us gksfFk
vFkok vf/d laHko ts fo|kifrd o`Qfrd vfHku; nsf[k izHkkfor Hksy gksfFkA
,fg izdkjs ¡ lEiw.kZ cztcqfy lkfgR; ,oa vafd;kukV fo|kifrd izHkkol¡ vksrizksr
vfN ,oa oS".ko&lkfgR; ,oa oS".ko HkfDr&vkUnksyues fo|kifrd ;ksxnku fdudksl¡ de
ufg vfNA
2-2 vH;kld iz'u

1- ,fg fuca/ ladyu es izLrqr fuca/ lHkd laf{kIr fo'ys"k.k d:A

2- fuca/ ys[ku dksuks lkfgR; es lkfgfR;d izkS<+rkd ifjpk;d vfNA ,fg ladyu
es nsy xsy fuca/d vk/kj ij ,fg mfDrd leh{kk d:A
3- leh{kko`fÙk es ys[kdd leh{kkd lanHkZ es nsy xsy fopkjd fo'ys"k.k d:A
4- dfooj pank >k fuca/d vk/kj ij pank >kd lanHkZ es ys[kdd mfDrd leh{kk
d:A
5- fo|kifrd inkoyh vk oS".ko lkfgR; 'kh"kZd fuca/d vk/kj ij fo|kifrd
jk/ko`Q".k fo"k;d ind leh{kk d:A
6- jk"Vªh; ,drkd egÙoosQ¡ ys[kd dksu rjgs lkfcr d;us NfFku rdj leh{kk d:A
7- O;k[;kd iz'u

40 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 fucU/ lkfgR;
bZdkbZ&3 fucU/ lkfgR;

ikB&lajpuk
3-0 mís'; uksV
3-1 ifjp;
3-2 fucU/d ifjHkk"kk
3-3 fucU/d izkjfEHkd dky
3-4 fucU/d fodkl dky
3-5 eSfFkyhd izeq[k fucU/dkj
3-6 lkjka'k
3-7 vH;kld iz'u

3-0 mís';

eSfFkyh fucU/ lkfgR;d foLr`r foospu ,fg bdkbZd mís'; vfNA

3-1 ifjp;

lkfgR;d nw i{k gksbr vfN&x| vk i|A fucU/ x| lkfgR;d ,d vax fFkdA

vk/qfud Hkk"kk lkfgR; es fucU/ ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku NSdA fucU/ osQ¡ vaxzsth lkfgR;d
nsu ekuy tkbr vfNA vaxszth es ,dj i;kZ;okph 'kCn vfN&'Essay'A Essay 'kCn izsQapd
'Essai' l¡ cuy vfN] tdj vFkZ gksbr NSd 'To attempt' vFkkZr~ iz;kl djcA Essay es
Essayist viu O;fDrRod vfHkO;fDr djSr NfFkA fucU/d izlax fdNq vaxzsth] fgUnh vk
eSfFkyh fo}kud eUrO; nz"VO; vfNA
3-2 fucU/d ifjHkk"kk

vaxszth fo}ku lsUV~l cjhdd dFku Nfu& A work of present more loosely still
it has been called the after dinner monologue of an intersting and well informed
man. (fucU/ ,dVk x| jpuk gksbr vfNA bZ euksjatu ,oa cgqJqfr O;fDrd HkkstuksÙkj
,dkUr lEHkk"k.k vfNA)
^ejs d dgc Nfu& A composition of moderate length or any particular
subject or branch of subject. (dksuks lkfgfR;d jpukd ,d fo'ks"k Hkkx osQ¡ laf{kIr :is ¡
fo"k;oLrqd eq[;/kjkd o.kZu osQ¡ fucU/ dgy tkbr vfNA)
fgUnhd fo}ku jkepUnz 'kqDy fucU/d ifjHkk"kk nSr fy[kSr NfFk&rF; fpUrd ;k
oSKkfud ls fucU/ ys[kd dh fHkUUkrk bl ckr esa Hkh gS fd fucU/ ys[kd ft/j pyrk
gS] m/j viuh lEiw.kZ ekufld lÙk osQ lkFk vFkkZr~ cqf¼ vkSj HkkoukRed ân; nksuks fy,
gq,A ----- fucU/ x| dh dlkSVh gSA)
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 41
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk eSfFkyhd yC/&izfr"B leh{kd vkpk;Z jekukFk >kd lkfgR;d fdaok thou l¡
,oa lECk¼ dksugq fo"k; ij viu fopkj osQ¡] lk/kj.k roZQ osQ¡ lqyHk rFkk cks/xE; ok.khd :i
lkfgfR;d fuca/
n, O;Dr djc izca/ ok ys[k dgcSr vfNA
uksV oqQekj xaxkuUn flag& dksuks fo"k;d izxk<+ vè;;ud mijkUr vksdj izR;sd vaxd
lw{e fo'ys"k.k d, ekSfyd :i ls mifLFkr djck osQ¡ gejk yksdfu lk/kj.kr% fucU/
dfg loSQr NhA
ekgs'ojh flag &dksuks oLrqd vè;;u d, vksdj vax lHkd iw.kZ:is.k fo'ys"k.k
djSr ts mifLFkr d,y tk, vks fucU/ g,rA
eSfFkyh vdkneh l¡ izdkf'kr fucU/&laxzg ^ladyu*d izLrkouk es fucU/ ij
foLrkj l¡ fopkj djSr ,dBke dgy xsy vfN&¶fucU/ vfHkO;fDrd vks izdkj fFkd
tdj dksuks fof/] i¼fr] fo"k; vFkok fopkjd iwoZfg l¡ dksuks /kj.kk ufg jgSr vfNA
fucU/dkj t[ku dksuks fo"k; ij fdNq dg, pkgSr vfN r¡ vksfg ysy vks Hkk"kk rFkk
f'kYid p;u viufg :fp,¡ djSr vfNA b,g dkj.k fFkd ts fucU/dkj vfuok;Z :is ¡
vkMEcjghu] ljy rFkk 'kq¼ ân; l¡ ikBdd lax vkReh; laca/ tksM+Sr vfN vk rdj
ckn lkiQ&lkiQ viu eud ckr dgSr vfNA¸
mi;qZDr foospu l¡ Li"V vfN ts fucU/ vR;f/d mnkj fo/k gksbr vfNA iksFkhd
Hkwfedk] izLrkouk] ys[kdh; fVIIk.kh] Hkk"k.k&izopu] er&erkUrj] i=k&izdj.k] i=k&if=kdkd
lEikndh;] if=kdk es LFkkfir fofHkUUk LrEHk lcVk fucU/sd vUrxZr vcSr vfNA fucU/d
fo"k; lkfgfR; osQ g,r ls dksuks vko';d ufgA n'kZu] euksoSKkfud] foKku] fpfdRlk]
vkfFkZd] i;kZoj.k] bfrgkl] iqjk.k] laLo`Qfr] ioZ&R;ksgkj] :i&ppkZ vk Hkkul&Hkkr vkfn
fofo/ fo"k; ij fucU/ fy[ky tk, loSQr vfNA ,fg izlax izks- HkheukFk >kd dgc Nfu&
¶fucU/ fo/k cgqr mnkj vfNA rrsd mnkj vfN ts vku fo/kd vliQy jpukd
izlax migkl ok O;aX; es lsgks ,dj uke ysy tkbr vfNA dFkk NqVyfu fucU/ Hk¿
xsyfu_ vjs! bZ leh{kk dh [kkd Hksy] bZ r¡ fucU/ Hk¿ xsy_ fy[k¿ yxyk laLej.k] fyf[k
nsyfu fucU/&,gu mfDr lHk ;nk&dnk lquck es vcSr vfNA fucU/ ysy bZ fpUrkd ufg]
vkg~yknsd fo"k; fFkdA dksuks fo/kd d{k es izos'k ufg dj, r¡ fucU/d d{k es vkfu
d¿ cSlk fn;kSd&D;ks cSyksrSd ufgA¸
3-3 fucU/d izkjfEHkd dky

è;kRkO; fFkd ts eSfFkyh es miyC/ ifgy lkfgfR;d o`Qfr dfo'ks[kjkpk;Z T;ksfrjh'oj

BkoqQjd ^o.kZjRukdj* fucU/sd ladyu vfNA ,fg es fucU/dkj viu xIIk o.kZukRed]
,sfrgkfld vk dkO;kRed <axs dgus NfFkA bZ vkB dYYkksy es foHkDr vfNA dYYkksy
lHkd ukedj.k ozQe'k% uxj] ukf;dk] vkLFkku] Írq] iz;k.k] HkV~Vkfn] 'e'kku vks jktiq=k
oqQy o.kZu vkfn NSdA izR;sd dYYkksyd o.kZu lHk ^vFk&&&&o.kZuk* l¡ izkjaHk gksbr vfNA
lHk dYYkksyd vUr es vksfg dYYkksyd uke] iqLrdd uke ,oa ys[kd ok gqud mikf/
izLrqr d,y xsy vfNA lHk 'kh"kZd es vksdj ukekuqlkj o.kZu nsy xsy NSdA T;ksfrjh'oj
,fg xazFk es laLo`Qr lkfgR;d fofo/ oLrq ;Fkk&vBkjgks iqjk.kd uke] mupkl ioud uke]
ckjgks vkfnR;] ;q¼d NÙkhl vL=k] u`R; vks xhrkfnd o.kZu d,us NfFkA laxfg cgqr fo"k;
42 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
,guks vfN tdj o.kZu gejk yksdfu osQ¡ ek=k ,ghVk es HksVSr vfNA ;Fkk] twvk [ksy,ckd fucU/ lkfgR;
izfozQ;kd o.kZu] lrjatd pkfy] o`{k ,oa iq"i lHkd fofHkUUk izdkj vkfnA ,fg lHkd laxzg
l¡ Li"V gksbr vfN ts ,fg o`Qfr es ys[kd ek=k oLrqd uke ufg xuvksus NfFk vfirq viu
vuqLkU/ku o`fÙkd ifjp; lsgks nsus NfFkA uksV
eSfFkyh lkfgR; es lkeftd] ,sfrgkfld lkfgfR;d vks Hkk"kk&foKkud lUnHkZ es
^o.kZjRukdj* d egÙo vU;re vfNA T;ksfrjh'oj dkO;ksi;ksxh fo"k;d o.kZufgd ozQe es
rRdkyhu lkeftd thoud lexz fp=k mrkfj nsus NfFkA ,fg izlax vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn
f}osnh fy[kus NfFk& ¶izkphu eSfFkyh Hkk"kk osQ vè;;u dh n`f"V ls Hkh ;g cgqr mi;ksxh
gSA bl dky ;k blosQ FkksM+k b/j&m/j osQ dky dh fy[kh gqbZ eqfLyeiw.kZ fgUnw njckj
vkSj Hkkjrh; thou dk ifjp; nsusokyh iqLrd ugha feyrha ,d vksj ;g ^ekulksYykl*
uked iwoZoÙkhZ iQkjlh xzUFk dh Js.kh es iM+rh gS vkSj nwljh vksj ijoÙkhZ iQkjlh xzUFk ^vkbus
vdcjh* dh dksfV es vkrh gSA¸
T;ksfrjh'oj dkyhu fefFkyk es o.kZ O;oLFkkd iw.kZ iz/kurk NyA lEiw.kZ lekt
vusd tkfr es foHkDr jg,A Lkekt es 'kwnz vks L=kh tkfrd thou xfgZr ekuy tkbr NyA
rRdkyhu lekt es Hkk"kkfon~] fyfiokpd] Jqfr/j] egkdfo] 'kkL=kK vkfn fo}kud vusd
dksfV NyA leLr lekt o.kkZJe /eZij vkLFkk j[kSr Ny] osn ,oa czkã.k ij fu"Bk NySd
vk iqjksfgrad LFkku eU=khd ckn vcSr NyA ,sfrgkfld n`f"V l¡ lsgks ,fg iksFkhd egÙo
dusdks U;wu ufg vfNA ,fg es pkSnge 'krkCnhd lkekftd] /kfeZd vks jktuhfr vkfn
O;oLFkkd fo'kn~ fo'ys"k.k Hksy vfNA vksfg le; es dksu izdkjd O;ogkj izpfyr Ny]
jktk lHk osQgu gksbr Nykg] osQgu xzUFkd izk/kU; jgSd vkfn fo"k; lcfgd Kku ,fg
l¡ gksbr vfNA T;ksfrjh'oj l¡ iwoZ laLo`Qr es vusd y{k.k&xzUFk] ukV~;'kkL=k] dkO;kn'kZ]
dkO;ehekalk] èoU;kyksd] dkO;izdk'k vkfnd jpuk Hk, pqdy NyA fdUrq ,fg xzUFk
lcfgd fo"k; NySd dkO;d foospuk i¼fr fLFkj djc] jl&vyadkj vkfnd fo'kn~ o.kZu
mifLFkr djcA T;ksfrjh'oj ns[kyfUg ts laLo`Qr ,oa izko`Qrd LFkku yksdHkk"kk xzg.k d,
jgy vfNA vr,o vksgks yskdHkk"kkd 'kj.k y, viu fopkj osQ¡ fo'ks"k O;kid cukvksy]
laxfg Hkk"kk vks ;edkfn vyadkj l¡ vyao`Qr vks dYiuk l¡ peRo`Qr vfNA vyadkjd
lgt izokg T;ksfrjh'ojd vk'kqdfoÙod ifjpk;d fFkdA ,dj peRdkjiw.kZ o.kZud vk/
kjij fdNq vkykspd o.kZjRukdj osQ¡ x| xzUFk ufg dfg i| xzUFk dgSr NfFkA cgqrks osQ¡
,dj 'kSyh es ^dknEcjh* d Hkku gksbr NfuA ,Rkck vo'; ts ,fg iksFkh osQ¡ i<+yksijkUr
ikBdoxZ vuk;kls dYiuk yksd es fopj.k dj; yxSr NfFkA fuEu ikWrh es miekd NVk
ns[ky tk, loSQr vfN&
vU/dkjd o.kZu]
¶dkfyUnhd dYYkksy vblu ekaly
dktjd ioZr vblu fufoy
oqQeU=k vblu fuiQy
ikid lgksnj vblu 'kjhj
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 43
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk T;ksfrjh'ojd mijkUr ok dgh ts pkSnge 'krkCnhd ckn lk<+s Nvks l, o"kZ ?kfj
,oa x|&lkfgR; fLFkj&taxe jgy vk fucU/ r¡ iruqdku y, ysydA chle 'krkCnhd ifgy
lkfgfR;d fuca/
n'kd es i=k&if=kdkd vkjEHk Hksyk l¡ x|d iqutZUe Hksy] fucU/d r¡ ckf<+ vkfc
uksV xsyA 1905 bZ- es fefFkyk l¡ nwj t;iqj l¡ ^eSfFkyhd fgrlk/u*] 1906 bZ- es dk'kh
l¡] ^fefFkykeksn* vkjEHk Hksy] 1908 bZ- es njHkaxk l¡ ^fefFkyk fefgj* d Jhx.ks'k HksyA
,dj mijkUr vkjks&vkj if=kdk tsuk ^JheSfFkyh*] ^Hkkjrh*] ^foHkwfr*] ^fefFkyk*] ^Lons'k*]
^lkfgR;&i=k*] ^oSnsgh*] vkfnd izdk'ku 'kq: HksyA ,fg ifjizs{; es ia- e/qlwnu >k] e-e-
eqjyh/j >k] ia- fo".kqdkUr >k ^'kkL=kh* ;ksxkuUn oqQej] tuknZu >k ^tulhnu*] dfiys'oj
>k 'kkL=kh] ia- lqjsUnz >k ^lqeu*] Hkksyk yky nkl] vkpk;Z jekukFk >k] ckcw Hkqous'oj flag
^Hkqou* vks o`Q".kdkUr feJ osQ¡ izkjafHkd fucU/dkjd Js.kh es jk[ky tk, loSQr vfNA
fgudk yksdfud lEikndh; fucU/d mRo`Q"V mnkgj.k fFkdA ,dj vfrfjDr rRdkyhu
fucU/d fo"k; lkekftd] /kfeZd] jktuhfrd vk Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR;d lax&lax ioZ&fu.
kZ; vk vfrpkj&fu.kZ; vkfn l¡ lEc¼ jgSr NyA 1910 bZ- es egkjkt jes'oj flagd
lHkkifrRo es ^eSfFky egklHkk* uked tkrh; laxBu vfLrRo es vk,y ts izk;% viu
ifgy cSlkj (e/qcuh) es uvks xksV izLrko ikfjr d,ydA rRdkyhu lHk if=kdk es
mi;qZDr lc leL;k vk ;kstuk ij fucU/ vkc, ykxyA chle lnhd vkjafHkd if=kdk
lHk es izdkf'kr fucU/d lwph nsy tk, jgy vfN&^njHkaxkes njckj*]& ^izko`Qfrd n'kZu
vk uwru vkfo"dkj* (eSfFky fgr lk/u)A ^fefFkykeksn* es izdkf'kr ^fefFkyk Hkk"kk fopkj*]
^fefFkykd bfrgkl*] (ckcw bUnzifr flag] ipgh)] ^eSfFkyh lkfgR; fnXn'kZu* (ia- ;nqukFk
>k ^;nqoj*) ,oa ^fefFkyk Hkk"kkd mUUkfr*(ia- cnzh ukjk;.k jk;] nqxkZxat)A ^fefFkyk fefgj
es Niy ^f'k{kk fo"k;*] (e-e-eqoqQUn >k ^c['kh*)] ^fefFkyk rÙo foe'kZ* (e-e-ijes'oj
>k)] ^fefFkykes fo|k izpkjd vko';drk* (oqQekj deykuUn flag)] egksRlo* (/uq"k/kjh
nkl)] ^eSfFkyhd fo"k; es nqb 'kCn* (MkW- lq/kdj >k 'kkL=kh)] ^fefFkys'k yksdfud eSfFkyh
dfork* (ujsUnz ukFk nkl)] ^eSfFkyh Hkk"kkd :i es* (Hkksykyky nkl) ,oa ^vkpkj vks
fopkj* (ia- f=kykspu >k)A ^fefFkykd* osQ¡ MkW- t;dkUr feJ 'Store House' d laKk nsus
NfFkA ek=k ,gh vadd lwph l¡ fucU/dkj yksdfud n`f"V] rkfg fnu] dksu&dksu fn'kk es
tkbr NyfUg] rdjks Li"V laosQr HksVSr vfNA fucU/d fo"k; lkekftd jgSr Ny] 'kkL=kh;
jgSr Ny] fefFkyk&eSfFkyd ukuk leL;k ij osQfUnzr jgSr Ny] iwoZoÙkhd vonkud mYYks[k
gksbr Ny] fgUnh&eSfFkyh lEcU/ fo"k;d jgSr Ny] fpfdRlk lEcU/h gksbr Ny] f'k{kk
lEcU/h gksbr Ny] ljdkjd mis{kk lEcU/h jgSr NyA bZ ozQe le;d ifjoÙkZud laxfg
fo"k;oLrq es vcSr O;kfIr vks uo&uo gLrk{kjd mifLFkfr l¡ lfTTkr lSdM+ks if=kdkd
ekè;es] ,fg lkfB o"kZ es] d[kugq¡ rhozrj r¡ d[kugq¡ rhozrj r¡ d[kugq¡ eUFkj xfr,¡ eqnk
fujUrj vkxk¡ c<+Sr xsy vfN rFkk ,[kugq¡ cf<+, jgy vfN] tdj lesfdr vè;;u
v|kof/ misf{krs vfN vk ts Hksyk l¡ rsgu&Rksgu fo"k; le{k vkvksr ts viu lkfgR; osQ¡
dr, l¡ dr, igq¡pk nsrA ,fg lUnHkZ es izks- HkheukFk >k fy[kSr NfFkA
¶f'k"V lkfgR;d Hkk"kkd ifj"dkjd lHk l¡ mi;qDr iSQDVªh fucU/s fFkoSQd vk
ls bZ iSQDVªh viu dktd [kwc uhd tdk¡ fuokZg d,yd vfNA fucU/d vyce es
eSfFkyh Hkk"kkd dkV&dekVd fp=k lqjf{kr vfN&drgq laLo`Qr fu"B r¡ drgq Bs ¡B] drgq
44 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
vfHk/kRed r¡ drgq O;aX;ewyd] drgq yny&iQny r¡ drgq frryh cuy] drgq 'kq"ddk"B fucU/ lkfgR;
fr"BR;xzs r¡ drgq ^uhjl r:fjg foylfr iqjr%A
3-4 eSfFkyh fucU/d fodkl dky
uksV
oÙkZeku es eSfFkyh es ts if=kdk fu;fer cgjk, jgy vfN] ls fFkd&iVuk l¡
^le;&lky* (f}ekfld) vk ^?kj&ckgj* (=kSekfld)] dksydkrk l¡ fefFkyk n'kZu*
(f}ekfld) ,oa ^d.kkZe`r* (=kSekfld)] xqokgkVh l¡ ^iwoksZÙkj eSfFky lekt* (=kSekfld)
vkvksj ^iwokZsÙkj eSfFky* (=kSekfld)A mDr Nvks f}ekfld vk =kSekfld es fujUrj uwru
fucU/ ns[kck es vkfc jgy vfNA mnkgj.kkFkZ] osQ Nykg ckcw oqQ¡oj flagd dkSfyd xq:\*
(iapkuu feJ)] ^dh vgk¡osQ¡ MkDVjd mikf/ ysckd vfN\* (jkt'ks[kj)] ^ukscsy iqjLdkjd
nsgfjij Bk<+ frfy;k vk vesfjdk nsoh* (fot; oqQekj feJ)] ^eSfFkyh vkykspuk% èoal
ijEijkl¡ vjZ&njZ ijEijk /fj* (vftr oqQekj vktkn)] ^ck¡l r¡ fFkd gfj;j lksuk*] ;q¼
dkS'ky vk fefFkyk*] ^Hkkjrh; m|ksx vk yksd miozQed ;ksxnku] ^oSokfgd izFkk ,d
vliQy iz;ksx* (e/qdkUr >k)] ^eSfFkyh ys[kues ekudhdj.kd vko';drk* ('kjfnUnq
pkS/jh) le; lkyA ^izks- lqjsUnz >k ^lqeu* d dkO;&lkS"Bo* (MkW- bUnzdkr >k)] ^yksd
laLo`Qfrd ijEijk vks fo|kifr* (MkW- iziqQYYk oqQekj flag ^ekSu*)] ^egkjktkf/jkt dkes'oj
flag* (v:.k oqQekj)] ^fefFkykd yksdxhr* (MkW- vt; feJ)] ^iwoksZÙkj {ks=k% ,d euksje
Hkkjr* (MkW- deydkUr >k)&iwoksZÙkj eSfFkyA ^nfjnzukjk;.kd egkoqQEHk es* (MkW- cqf¼ukFk
feJ)] ^eSfFkyh jaxeap vks dydÙkk* (MkW- ohjsUnz efYYkd)] ^dksydkrk egkuxj vk ge*
(deys'k >k)] ^dksydkrk vk eSfFkyh if=kdk* (jktuUnu yky nkl)] ^ia- czteksgu BkoqQj
vk dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; es eSfFkyh f'k{k.k* (iapkuu feJ)] ^eSfFkyh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgfR;d
fodkl es izoklh yksdfud ;ksxnku* (v'kksd >k)&iwoksZÙkj eSfFky lektA
fo|ky; vk fo'ofo|ky; es eSfFkyh osQ¡ ekU;rk HksVyk ij ikB~;iqLrd rS;kj djc
vfuok;Z Hk, xsyA ,fg ozQe es fofo/ x|&laxzgd ljatke gkse, ykxy ts i'pkr~ iksFkh
:i es izdk'k es vk,yA ,gw es cgqyka'k fucU/sd fFkoSQdA tsuk&^eSfFkyh x| oqQlqek×tfy*
(e-e- mes'k feJ) ^x|pfUnzdk* (izks- bZ'kukFk >k)] ^ladyu* (lEi- MkW- 'kSysUnz eksgu
>k] MkW- fo|kukFk >k ^fofnr* vk MkW- f'ko'kadj >k dkUr*)] ^Lokra=;ksÙkj eSfFkyh fucU/*
(lEi- Mk- o`Q".k BkoqQj ,oa MkW- cspu)] ^fucU/&pfUnzdk* (ckcw {kse/kjh flag] 1963)]
^eSfFkyh uofucU/koyh* (izks- ijekuUn >k)] ^'kkL=kh; fucU/* (izks- txnh'k feJ)] ^fuca/
izca/* (MkW- ucksukFk >k)] ^fucU/&uouhr* (MkW- fuR;kuUn >k)] ^fucU/ ikfjtkr* (lEi-
MkW- psrdj >k vk MkW- nsodkUr >k)] ^yksd thou vks yksd lkfgR;* (MkW- ;ksxkuUn >k)]
^eSfFkyh x|d izlax* (izks- jekukFk >k)] ^fVIi.khR;kfn*] ^xYrhukek*] ^Hkufg fo|kifr*
(jkteksgu >k)] ^iapke`r * (lEi- MkW- t;/kjh flag)] ^lozQe.k* (prqjkuu feJ)]
^njckjd vkRedFkk* (MkW- fnus'k oqQekj >k)] ^vaoqQj* (ia- thcN feJ)] ^yksdn'kZu* (MkW-
fo'os'oj feJ)] ^vks>k ys[ks ¡ xke crkg* (1979)] ^VksVkukFkd fpV~Bh*] ^drsd Mkfjij*
(2006) (ea=ks'oj >k)] ^ukfrd i=kd mÙkj* (lqHkqnzk >k] 1986)] ^eSfFkyh uohu lkfgR;*
(izks- mekukFk >k- iz-la- 1945] f}-la- 2010)] ^fefFkyk oSHko* (ia- ;'kks/j >k] 1963)]
^fdNq ns[ky fdNq lquy* (fxjhUnz eksgu feJ] 1975)] ^foljy foljy*] vks ts dgyfUg
(1971)&galjkt vkfnA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 45
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk
3-5 eSfFkyhd izeq[k fucU/dkj
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/
la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx] fcgkj yksd lsok vk;ksx] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx vkfn
uksV ijh{kksi;ksxh fo|kFkhZosQ¡ è;kes jkf[k vusd fucU/&laxzg izdkf'kr Hksy vfNA ;Fkk&^vuqfpUru*
(ia- xksfoUn >k)] ^eSfFkyh i=kdkfjrk% n'kk vks fn'kk* (lEi- 'kjfnUnq pkS/jh] 2006)]
^eSfFky vk¡f[k* (v'kksd] 2007)] ^vfHkKk* (iwQypUnz feJ ^je.k*] 2004)] ^y{ehukFk
xkslkb¡* (iwQys'oj feJ)] ^fefFkykd vkfFkZd fodkl* (2000)] ^fefFkykd tuinh;
fodkl*&ujsUnz >k] ^fucU/&rjax* (Jhifr flag] 2010)] ^vfHkizk;* (iapkuu feJ] 2008)]
^fcUnq folxZ] (ia- lqjsUnz >k ^lqeu*) vkfnA
,Egj fdNq o"kZ l¡ vfHkuUnu&xzaFkd /jksfg ykfx xsy vfNA ifgyqd vk ,[kuqd
lHk feykd, vkB xksV vfHkuUnu vks Le`fr&xzaFk izdkf'kr vfNA egkoS;kdj.k fnucU/q >k]
dfo'ks[kj cnjhukFk >k] dfo'ks[kj cnjhukFk >k] izks- ra=kukFk >k] izks- jekukFk >k (1968)]
vkjlh izlkn flag] ia- xksfoUn >k (1977)] izks- vkuUn feJ (2000] ia- pUnzukFk feJ
^vej] MkW- jkenso >k] MkW- HkheukFk >k vkfnd vfHkuUnu xzUFk vkfc pqdy vfNA mDr
lc xazFk es fofHkUUk fo"k;d fucU/d vEckj vfNA
lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYYkh vk eSfFkyh vdkneh] iVuk }kjk izdkf'kr ozQe'k%
fofucU/ ,oa foHkwfrekyk fucU/d mRo`Q"V mnkgj.k fFkdA ;Fkk] lhrkjke >k (1938)] misUnz
BkoqQj ^eksgu* (1955)&izks- HkheukFk >kA mes'k feJ (1984)] xksfoUnnkl (1999)&ia-
xksfoUn >kA cnjhukFk >k (1987)&MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k*A ykynkl (1987)] lq/kjdj >k
'kkL=kh (2010)&MkW- nsosUnz >kA oqQekj xaxkuUn flag (1991)] j?kquUnu nkl (1996)&ia-
lqjsUnz >k ^lqeu*A dk'khdkUr feJ ^e/qi* (1994)] nhukukFk ikBd ^cU/q* (1999)&ia-
pUnzukFk feJ ^vej*A jekukFk >k (1995)&MkW- vejs'k ikBd txTT;ksfreZYYk (1995)]
tukZnu >k ^tulhnu* (1998)] lqHknz >k (2010)&MkW- jkenso >kA ef.kiã (1996)
&galjktA jkeo`Q".k >k ^fdlqu* (1996)&eksgu Hkkj}ktA ra=kukFk >k (1996)&f'ko'kadj
>k ^dkUr*A bZ'kukFk >k (1997)& osnukFk >k* t;ukjk;.k >k ^fouhr*& (1997)]
ccqvkth >k ^vKkr* (1998)] y{e.k >k (2006)&lqjs'oj >kA lq/ka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkS/jh
(1998)&f'kdkUra ikBdA dk×phukFk >k ^fdj.k* (1998)&oqQykuUn feJA cynso feJ
(1998)&MkW- fo'os'oj feJA Hkksykyky nkl (1999)&tVk'kadj >kA y{ehukFk xkslkb¡
(2000)&[kq'khyky >kA HkoizhrkuUn vks>k (2002)&jkefd'kksj >k (2004)&izks- vkuUn
feJA lqjsUnz >k ^lqeu* (2005)&t;eUr feJA vkjlh izlkn flag (2005)&ekoZQ.Ms;
izoklhA Lusgyrk (2007)&;ksxkuUn >kA cqf¼/kjh flag ^jekdj* (2010)&MkW- iwQypUnz
feJ ^je.k*A
fofHkUUk fo'ofo|ky;] vdknseh ,oa lkfgfR;d laLFkk }kjk vk;ksftr laxks"Bh es i<+y
vkys[kd laxzg fucU/ :i es HksVSr vfNA ;Fkk] iwokZ×pyh; Hkk"kk lkfgR; ,oa laLo`Qfrd
ikjLifjd izHkko (lEi- izks- mekukFk >k ,oa vU; 1972)] iwokZ×pyh; yksdlkfgR; (lEi-
ia- t;nso feJ ,oa vU;] 1974)] ijEijk ,oa vk/qfud dfork (lEi- izks- vkuUn feJ
,oa xksikyth >k ^xksis'k*] ( ledkyhu dFkk lkfgR;d lkekftd ifjizs{; (lEi- JhdkUr
BkoqQj ^fo|kyadkj*] 1978)] miU;kl vks lkekftd psruk (lEi- MkW- cklqdhukFk >k]
1978)] lkfgR; ,oa izfrc¼rk (lEi- MkW- vejs'k ikBd] 1980)] eSfFkyh lkfgfR;d
46 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
bfrgkl ys[ku (lEi- eksgu Hkkj}kt] 1989)] vk/qfud eSfFkyh lkfgR; es O;aX; (lEi- fucU/ lkfgR;
xksikyth >k ^xksis'k* ,oa MkW- jekuUn >k ^je.k*] 1996)] Lokra=;ksÙkj fefFkyk vk Hkk"kk
lkfgR; (lEi- MkW- m"kkfdj.k [kku] 1999)] Hkk"kk vks lekt (ia- xksfoUn >k] 2003)A
mi;qZDr lEikfnr iksFkh lHk psruk lfefr] iVuk }kjk fo|kifr ioZ vk vU;kU; voljij uksV
djkvksy xsy xks"Bhd ifj.kke fFkdA vkc lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyh rFkk vU; lkfgfR;d
'kS{kf.kd laLFkkd la;qDr rÙoko/ku es vk;ksftr laxks"Bh es i<+y vk i'pkr~ izdkf'kr
fucU/kRed vkys[kd laxzgd lwph nsy tk, jgy vfN& eSfFkyh x|d fodkl (lEi-
eksgu Hkkj}kt] 1996)] eSfFkyh dkO;d fodkl (lEi- lqjs'oj >k] 1998)] eSfFkyh dFkkd
fodkl (lEi- MkW- cklwdhukFk >k] 2003)] eSfFkyh ukVdd fodkl (lEi- nsodkUr >k
vk MkW- fnus'k oqQekj >k] 2006)] eSfFkyh yksd lkfgR;d (lEi- pUnzukFk feJ ^vej*]
2006)] eSfFkyh i=k&if=kdk (lEi- eksgu Hkkj}kt] 2007) vkfnA
eSfFkyh i=kdkfjrkd vkjEHk (1905) l¡ y, ,[ku /fj (2011) trsd fucU/dkj
yksdfu Hksykg vfN rkfg es fdNq uke vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ vfNA rfguk fdNq fucU/&laxzg
lsks vU;re vfNA ,fg ozQe es T;kSfr"k cynso feJd uke ysy tk, loSQr vfNA cynso
feJ lwPPkk fucU/dkj NykgA viu dF; tsuk&rsuk fyf[k izdkf'kr dj,ckd Hkkouk l¡
bZ ys[k lHkd jpuk fucU/d f'kY;&'kSyh es fy[ky] ,djk lc osQ¡ fucU/ dgyA MkW-
nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* d dgc NfUg ts ¶okLrfod vFkZ es eSfFkyh es fucU/ fo/kd vkjEHk
d,y ia- cynso feJA¸ HkheukFk >k fgudk izlax fy[kSr NfFk&¶viu le; es ddjks l¡
de ufg fy[kyfUg] vf/osQ fy[kyfUg] rkfg es eq[;r;k fucU/s NfUg] ls fo'kq¼ fucU/
NfUg] lEikndh; fVIIk.kh ok vku dksuks mís';s ¡ fy[ky ufg] vfirq fucU/ fy[kckd
mís';s ¡ fy[ky NfUgA rs ¡ ,djk ge fo'kq¼ fucU/ dgygq¡ vfNA ls] gejk tuSr vk/qfud
;qxd eSfFkyhd ifgy fucU/ ^fefFkykeksn*es 1911 bZ- osQ tqykb ekl es izdkf'kr HksyfUgA
,fg fucU/d es eSfFky egklHkkd vokUrj lHkk efg"kh es Hksy NySd rdj lekpkj mÙke
tdk¡ NySdA eksn es 1911 l¡ 1914 /fj fgud fucU/ cgjkbr jgyA ,djk laxfg fefFkyk
fefgj] fefFkyk] oSnsgh] fefFkyk T;ksfr vk pkSikfM+ es fgud ys[k izdkf'kr gksbr NyA bZ
fofHkUUk izdkjd fucU/ fy[kSr Nykg tsuk laLej.kkRed fucU/] lekykspukRed oSpkfjd
oxZd] f'k{kkizn fucU/ nk'kZfud fucU/ vkfnA laLej.kkRed fucU/ lc es ^ia- deyknÙk
xkslk¡b*] ^ia- xsukyky pkS/jh*] ^e-e- MkW- lj xaxkukFk >k*] ^ia- Nsnh >k f}toj*] ^e-
e- ijes'oj >k*] ^ia- ccqvkth feJ*] ^e-e- ckyo`Q".k feJ*] ^T;kS Hkkuk >k*] ^ia- j?kqoj
xkslkb¡*] ^ia- jksfg.khnÙk xkslkb¡* vkfnd izlax fgud jpuk lHk izeq[k FkhdA ^vfrpkj fopkj*]
^vki¼eZ*] ^vkRe'yk?kk*] ^bZ'ojd vfLrRo*] ^thoud mís';*] ^n;k*] /eZ*] ^ijksidkj*]
^Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfrd vkn'kZ*] ^fo|k] czkã.k*] ^laLo`Qfr* vkfn fgud oSpkfjd oxZd fucU/
FkhdA ,fguk fgud f'k{kkizn fucU/ lc Fkhd& ^mRlkg*] ^fVddV~Vk jhfrd lekykspuk*]
^Hknz&iq:"kd ifjHkk"kk*] ^lekpkj&i=k i<+yk l¡ ykHk*] ^lekt*] ^lekt es f'k{kk vks Jed
egÙo* vkfnA cynso feJd fy[ky fdNq fucU/d iksFkh miyC/ vfN&(1) ';kekuUn
lgk; O;k[;kuekyk (2) jkek;.k f'k{kk (3) laLo`Qfr (4) xi'ki foosd (5) Hkkjr f'k{kk
(6) lektA
^';kekuUn lgk; O;k[;kuekyk* es ik¡p xksV (d) dfo dksfdy fo|kifr] ([k)
eSfFkyhd ek/q;Z ,oa izlkj (x) dfooj ia- pUnk >k% eSfFkyhd mn~cks/u (?k) e-e-
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 47
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk eqjyh/j >k% eSfFkyhd tkxj.k dky (Ä) eSfFkyhd cgqeq[kh izokg% x|&i|&ukVdd
,oa fodklA ,fg laxzgd ^Hkwfedk* es ia- lqjsUnz >k ^lqeu* dgus NfFk&¶izLrqr O;k[;kuekyk es
lkfgfR;d fuca/
,dkoyh tdk¡ eSfFkyh lkfgR; l¡ lEc¼ fofo/ i=k&lkSjHkd LiqQV fo"k;d Le`fr&lwfpdk
uksV l¡ vuqc¼] vuqHkofl¼ jpukd vkdyu vfNA bZ ,d izdkjd laLej.kkRed ladyu fFkdA
,fg ekyk es oS;fDrd :fp&vuqHkod vk/kj ij viu Hkk"kk&lkfgR;] laLo`Qfr&ijEijk]
fopkj&izo`fÙkd dh.kZ&fodh.kZ ef.k&df.kdk osQ¡ O;k[;ku&lw=k es xk¡Fky xsy vfNA¸
^jkek;.k&f'k{kk* uked iksFkhd iqLrdkdkj izdk'ku loZizFke 1939 bZ-es HksyA ,dj izlax
l¡ f'k{kk izkIr djckd izsj.kk nsy vfNA ,fg es 28 'kh"kZd es fofo/ izdkjd mins'k nsy
xsy vfNA ^laLo`Qfr* uked iqLrdd izdk'ku 1949 bZ- es Hksy jg,A bZ iksFkh nw [k.M es
foHkDr vfNA izFke [k.M es ^Hkkjrh;* 'kh"kZdd vUrxZr Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr] bZ'ojd vfLrRo]
iqutZUe] ijyksd] thoud mís';] /eZ] Hkkjrh; /eZd O;kidrk] eks{k] laLo`Qfrd vFkkZUrj]
ikfrozR;] o.kZO;oLFkk] deZ.kko.kZ] czkã.k tkfrd oSf'k"V~; vkJe] n'kfo/ laLdkj] fookg]
;K&;ktu] Jk¼] eB&efUnj] Hkkjrh; ifj/ku] Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfrd vkUrfjd Lo:i] laLo`Qfr
vk lH;rk] f'k[kk&lw=k] xzke&thou] xzke&la?kVu] Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfrd mn~?kks"k] laLo`Qfrd
izlkj] L=kh lekt] tkfr O;oLFkk] Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfrd vkn'kZ] dyk vks okLrqqdykd izlax
fo'ys"k.k&foospu d,y xsy vfNA ,fguk nkslj [k.M es ^eSfFky* 'kh"kZd vUrxZr eSfFky
laLo`Qfr] eSfFkyhd ifjHkk"kk] ;Kdk;Z es izo`fÙk] x`gLFk /eZd ikyu] laLOk`Qr fo|k es
vfHk:fp] 'kkL=kkFkZ es n{krk] eSfFky tkfrd fuf'pr Lo:i] iath izcU/] 'kfDrd mikluk]
fefFkykd ukjh lekt] f'k"Vkpkj] /kfeZd fopkj es eu% layXurk] vkfrF;] eSfFkyd
gB] eSfFkyd oSf'k"V~;] fefFkyk Hkk"kk] fefFkyk{kj] vf/d O;;] oSokfgd lHkk] fefFkykes
jktoqQyd fLFkfr] ,drkd vHkko] ra=k'kkL=kes izxfr] fopkj Lokra=;] vkpkj&fopkj vks
eSfFky fo}kud deZ{ks=kd izlax vkykspuk&lekykspuk&d,y xsy vfNA Li"V vfN ts
^laLo`Qfr* iksFkh es fefFkykd lax&lax leLr Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfrd ifjp; nSr ,dj oSf'k"V~;
vks ,sfrgkfld egÙod mYYks[k d,y xsy vfNA ^xi'ki&foosd* osQj izdk'ku dky /fj
leLr fefFkykda ;qod leqnk; vaxzsth&f'k{kk i¼fr l¡ nhf{kr&nhf{kr Hk, thou;kiaud
izfr mUeq[k Hk, xsy jgfFkA vaxzsth f'k{kkd izHkko Li"V :isa ifjyf{kr gksv, ykxy jg,A
ijEijkoknh if.Mr yksdfu osQ¡ ik';kR; f'k{kk l¡ f'kf{kr uo;qod lcfgd vkpkj&fopkj]
[kku&iku vks vkgkj&O;ogkj fefFkykd lH;rk&laLo`Qfrd izfrowQy cwf> iM+, yxyfUgA
,fg :id vuqHko izk;% foosP; jpukdkj lsgks d,y djfFkA vr% rRdkyhu uo;qod
yksdfu osQ¡ fefFkykd lH;rk&laLo`Qfrd izfr vko`Q"V djckd mís'; l¡ ,fg iqLrd&jpukd
;kstuk cukvksyA ,fg iksFkh es NÙkhl xksV fo"k; ij fucU/ vfNA
T;kSfr"kkpk;Z cynso feJ jfpr ^lekt* d izdk'ku 1963 bZ-d vizSy ekg es HksyA
eqnk ,dj jpuk 1952&53 bZ- es Hkkjrd osQUnzh; ljdkj iqjLdkj ;kstukd vUrxZr d,y
xsy NyA feJ thd izknqHkkZo muSle 'krkCnhd vfUre n'kdd izkjEHk es HksyA tkfr vks
vFkZd vk/kjij lekt drksd oxZ es foHkDr jg,A tkrh; ,oa oxhZ; Hkkouk rhoz jg,A
eqnk lkekftd lkSeuL; jg,A lHk osQvks tkrh; dÙkZO;d ikyu dj,A jktk gksfFk] tehUnkj
jgfFkA vFkZd lzksr ewyr% fgudfg yksdfud gkFk es jg,A lektd fu/Zu oxZ] nhu&ghu
oxZ o`Q"kd&Jfed jg,A Hkkjr es v¡xjsth f'k{kk&i¼fr l¡ Hkkjrh; osQ¡ f'k{kk nsy tk,
ykxy jg,A eqnk izkphu ijEijkxrd laLo`Qr&f'k{kk lsgks vuqoÙkZeku jg,A rFkkfi ljdkjh
48 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
ukSdjhd izyksHku es tulekt vaxzsth&f'k{kkd izfr vko`Q"V gksv, ykxy jg,A fgUnw yksdfu fucU/ lkfgR;
blkbZ cu, ykxy jgfFkA ik'pkR; lH;rkd izfr vkd"kZ.k ifjyf{kr gkse, ykxy jg,A
ijEijkoknh fgUnw lektd n`f"V,¡ drksd Hkkjroklh /eZP;qr Hk, xsy jgfFkA ,fg izo`fÙkd
izfrjks/d mís'; l¡ czã&lekt] vk;Z&lekt vks jkeo`Q".k&fe'kud LFkkiuk Hk, xsy jg,A uksV
/eZd uohu O;k[;k d, lekt es :f<+ vks vU/fo'okld fojks/ izkjEHk Hk, xsy jg,A
lekt&lq/kjd mís'; l¡ dkuwu lc cuSr jg,A ia- cynso feJd tUe l¡ ik¡p&lkr o"kZ
iwoZfg jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsld LFkkiuk Hk, xsy jg,A feJth dk¡xzsld usr`Ro egkRek xk¡/hd gkFk es
vcSr ns[kus jgfFkA ns'kd ysy loZLo R;kx djSr dk¡xzsld usrk lc osQ¡ ns[kus jgfFkA 1914
vks 1938d teZu ;q¼ es vaxjst yksdfud ijkHko] lqHkk"kpUnz cksld usr`Ro es Hkkjrd
Lora=krkd ysy lsuk la?kfVr gksbr] vlg;ksx vkUnksyu] Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu vkfn lc
fdNq bZ ns[kus jgfFkA
(1) izFke 'kh"kZd ^lektd ifjHkk"kk rFkk Jed egÙo* es bZ'ojh; l`f"Vd loksZÙke
jpuk euq"; osQ¡ dgSr ,dj ,fg lektd dY;k.k vks mRFkku&vH;qRFkkud ysy viu&viu
'kfDr&lkeF;Zd vuqlkj izR;sd O;fDrd dÙkZO;&ikyud mís'; l¡ Jed egÙo izfrikfnr
d,y xsy vfNA O;fDr osQ¡ Je'khy cuk,c lektd nkf;Ro Fkhd] Je djckd ysy
O;fDr osQ¡ izsfjr djc lektd dÙkZO; FkhdA (2) 'kkjhfjd vks ekufld LokLF;gqd ysy
^Jed fo'ks"krk* mYYks[k djSr lektd vko';drkuqlkj vUUk&cL=kd iwR;ZFkZ Je djckd
izsj.kk nsy xsy vfNA ns'k vks jk"Vªfgr es Je vks Jfedd egÙo izfrikfnr d,y xsy
vfNA (3) lR; vks U;k; osQ¡ lektd 'kfDrd ewy lzksr dgSr ^lektd izHkko* d mYYks[k
d,y xsy vfNA laxfg jktuhfrd Hkkoukd mn~Hkkouk l¡ mRiUUk lR; vks U;k;d ladV
l¡ lektd âkl gksbr izHkkod lsgks mYYks[k Hksy vfNA (4) ^iapSrh*d vFkZ] mi;ksfxrk
vks fu"i{krkd mYYks[k djSr xzke&iapk;rd ljiap vks eqf[k;kd pquko vks fu.kZ; izlax
iz'ufpUgg yxkvksy xsy vfNA (5) LFkkuh; iapSrh vks dksVZ&dpgjhd fu.kZ;&izfozQ;k vks
fu.kZ;d rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k&foospu djSr leqfpr tu&izfrfuf/d p;u djckd fopkj
nsy xsy vfN ^iapSrhd xq.k* esA (6) ^lektes f'k{kk* d izlax fopkj djSr mPPkkfHkyk"kkd
iwR;ZFkZ v/ZtU; f'k{kkd fujFkZdrk izfrikfnr djSr vfN (7) ^f'k{kkd eè; ekxZ* d
voyEcu Js;Ldj dgy xsy vfNA lk{kjrk vks izkFkfed f'k{kkd vfuok;Zrk LohdkjSr
fof'k"V izfrHkkokufgd ysy mPPkf'k{kkd mi;ksfxrk izfrikfnr d,y xsy vfNA jkstxkjksUeq[k
f'k{kkd mi;ksfxrk lsgks Lohdkjy xsy vfNA eqnk ,fg lc f'k{kkd ysy lektd usr`Ro
Js;Ldj dgy xsy vfNA (8) lewgd egÙo izfrikfnr djSr ^lkewfgd dk;Zd izsj.kk nsy
xsy vfNA lewg }kjk Je vks v/ZtU;dk;Z ljy Hk, tkbr vfNA lkè; Hk, tkbr vfNA
(9) ^lekt es vFkkZxed mik;* d fopkj djSr o`Qf"k iz/ku ns'k Hkkjrd lektd ysy
mUUkr [ksrh osQ¡ Js;Ldj dgy xsy vfNA laxfg uxnh iQfly] LFkkuh; vko';drkuqlkj
O;kikj] nLrdkjhd dk;Z vkfn djckd ijke'kZ nsy xsy vfNA (10) lektes L=khf'k{kk* ,d
lhek /fj Lohdkjy xsy vfNA L=kh osQ¡ ckgj tk, mPPk f'k{kk izkIr djckd fu"ks/ d,y
xsy vfNA dkj.k lektd lcyrk vksdj tulewgd lcyrfgij fuHkZj djSr vfNA (12)
^laxhrd egÙo* izfrikfnr djSr lekt osQ¡ ,djk izfr vkd"kZ.k mRiUUk djSr ,dj vkuUn
ysckd izsj.kk nsy xsy vfNA (13&14) ^i'kq laj{k.k* vks ^LoPNrk*d fopkj jk[kc lektd
izR;sd O;fDrd dÙkZO; dgy xsy vfNA laxfg i'kq&laj{k.k vks LOkPNrkd miki;d mYYks[k
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 49
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk djSr ,fg lcgd ysy lEiw.kZ lekt osQ¡ izsfjr d,y xsy vfNA (15) ^O;kokfjd nks"k*d
,oa mYYks[k djSr Hkkst&Hkkr vks Hkkj&nksjes feRkO;f;rk] fryd&ngstd izfrjks/d izsj.kk lekt
lkfgfR;d fuca/
osQ¡ nSr lektd lq/kjd vko';drkd vuqHko O;Dr d,y xsy vfNA (16) oS;fDrd
uksV mUUkfr&voufr] nhu&ghud izfr lEifÙk'kkyhd gs;cqf¼ vkfnd dkj.ks ¡ mRiUUk bZ";kZd Hkko
osQ¡ nwj djckd iz;kl djc lektd nkf;Ùo vks dÙkZO; dgy xsy vfNA (17) fcySar
ufg t,ckd vks fcuq fl¼kUrd fookg ufg djckd lkekftd O;oLFkkd mYYka?kud n`"Vkar
n, lekt es mPN`a[kyrkd izo`fÙkd c<+Sr Hkkoukd fu;a=k.kd izfriknu d,y vfNA laxfg
lekt osQ¡ lxks=k fookg] vUrtkZrh; fookg vks tsB Hkkb osQ¡ vfookfgr jgSr NksV Hkkbd }kjk
fookgd izo`fÙkd izfrjks/ djckd izsj.kk nsy xsy vfNA (18) jktuhfrd Lora=krk izkIr
Hksyk ij in&yksyqirkd dkj.ks ¡ Hkkjrh; lekt es c<+Sr i{kikr fo'ks"kr% tkrh; i{kikrd
mYYks[k djSr ^i{kikrd nks"k* vks ,fg dkj.ks ¡ c<+Sr vkozQks'kd izlax fopkj d,y xsy
vfNA laxfg fu"i{k jfg xq.k&nks"kd fopkj djSr U;k;iw.kZ dÙkZO;d izsj.kk lekt osQ¡ nsckd
FkhdA (19) ^ikSjkf.kd f'k{kk* d izlax fopkj djSr iqjk.k lquckd izkphu dFkkd izpyu
O;ofLFkr j[kckd lq>ko nsy xsy vfNA (20) iqLrdky; vks rkfg es miyC/ lekpkj&i=k
lcaggd mi;ksfxrkd mYYks[k djSr ^iqLrdky;d vko';drk*d izfriknu d,y xsy vfNA
(21) ^nsoLFkkud j{kk* djc lektd dÙkZO; FkhdA (22) xk¡/hthd usr`Roes Hkkjrd
Lora=krk&vkUnksyud fofHkUUk :i&Lo:id ppkZ djSr teZu&;q¼] lqHkk"k pUnz cksld
vktkn&fgUn&iQkSt] eqfLye yhx] eks- ftUuk] cYYkHk Hkkb iVsy] ia- tokgj yky usg:]
Hkkjrd foHkktu vks ikfdLrkud fuekZ.kd izlax fopkj djSr ns'kd Lokra=;d] Hkkjrd
Lora=krk vkUnksyud bfrgkl dgy xsy vfNA (23) ^dkaxzsl* 'kh"kZd es 1985 bZ- es LFkkfir
dkaxzsl laLFkkid izkphurk] mís';] ;ksxnku] egkRek xk¡/hd usr`Ro] Hkkjrd Lora=krk] nyh;
usrkd R;kx] cfynku] deZBrk vks xk¡/hthd e`R;qd i'pkr~ dkaxzsl es vk,y ifjorZud
ys[kk&tks[kk izLrqr d,y xsy vfNA dkaxzslh usrkd uSfrd iru] jkT;&dk;Z es i{kikr]
jkT;d dks"kd viO;;] 'kklud lw=k/kjfgd gkFk es dkaxzsld usr`Ro] ljdkjh inkf/dkjh
ij nyh; izHkko] tu&izfrfuf/d ysy v;ksX; O;fDr p;u] dkaxzsld eè;e ekxZ] dkWE;qfuLV
vks iztklkslfyLV izfr vuko';d lps"Vrk] dkaxzslhd os'k&Hkw"kk] vLi`';rkd fojks/ vks
lc fdNq oksV izkIr djckd dFkk dgy xsy vfNA (24) viu lelkef;d ^ns'kd
ifjfLFkfr*d fo'ys"k.kkRed vks foospukRed ys[kk&tks[kk izLrqr djSr feJth eq[;r%
ns'kd rRdkyhu vkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd vks thou&Lrjd ifjofrZr gksbr ifjos'kd mYYks[k d,y
vfNA tehUnkjh mUewyu] izR;sd ifjokjd ysy Hkwfe&lhekd fu/kZj.k] lkewfgd [ksrh vks
c<+Sr egaxhd i`"BHkwfees o`Qf"k&iz/ku ns'k Hkkjrd o`Q"kdd thou;kiud leL;kd [ksrh vks
c<+Sr egaxhd i`"BHkwfees o`Qf"k&iz/ku ns'k Hkkjrd o`Q"kdd thou;kiud leL;kd mn~?kkVu
d,y xsy vfNA f'k{kkd izpkj&izlkj vks csjkstxkjhd leL;kd lw{e foospu Hksy vfNA
ik'pkR; f'k{kk izkIr d,fugkjd mPPk thou Lrjd izfr vkd"kZ.k vks rTTkU; cgqO;;d
leL;kd mYYks[k jkspd <+ax l¡ d,y xsy vfNA vUrr% ^Iysu fyfoax ,.M gkb fFkfdaxd
izfriknu d,y xsy vfNA ,fg gsrq&LoPNrk] mnkrÙkk vks pkfjf=kd n`<+rkd egÙo Lohdkjy
vfNA Lora=krk izkIr Hksygq ij Hkkjrh; lektd yksd osQ¡ viu&viu dÙkZO;d ikyu ufg
djckd] pksfj vks MoSQrh cf<+ t,ckd] Nk=k&mPN`a[kyrk n`f"Vxkspj gks,ckd vks lax&lax
tkrh; mRd"kZd mís'; l¡ i{kikr djckd izo`fÙkd mYYks[k Hksy vfNA dkaxzsl lfgr izR;sd
50 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
jktuhfrd ny osQ¡ i{kikrd nks"k l¡ vkozQkUr jgckd dFkk dgy xsy vfNA iQyr% jk"Vªh; fucU/ lkfgR;
Hkkouk vks ns'k&izsed vHkko es LokFkZijrk vks LosPNkpkfjrkd Hkkoukd mn~Hkkouk osQ¡
Lohdkjy xsy vfNA (25) Lora=k Hkkjrd ^lektokn*d mYYks[k djSr dkaxzsld lektokn
vks MkW- yksfg;kd lektoknd izlax fopkj djSr foosP; jpukdkj lektoknd vFkZ Li"V uksV
d,y vfNA (26) euq";d ^vuqdj.k* djckd izo`fÙkd izlax fopkj djSr Hkkjrh;
}kjk vaxzstd nks"kiw.kZ izo`fÙkd vuqdj.k djckd mYYks[k xsy vfNA (27) LorU=k Hkkjres
lekt vks jktuhfrd laca/d izlax fopkj djSr ^lektes jktuhfrd psruk* vkfu lq;ksX;]
jk"VªHkDr] deZB] bZekunkj vks fu"i{k O;fDr osQ¡ tuizfrfuf/ pquckd vko';drk ij cy
nsy xsy vfNA laxfg lekt vks tuizfrfuf/ osQ¡ viu&viu dÙkZO; l¡ voxr djkvksy xsy
vfNA (28) ^le;d /eZ*d vuqlkj pyckd ysy lekt foo'k vfNA oÙkZeku le;d /eZ
Fkhd lekt osQ¡ jktuhfr es Hkkx yscA vr% jktuhfrd nkf;Rod leqfpr :is ¡ fuokZgd gsrq
f'k{kkd izpkj&izlkj ij cy nsy xsy vfNA (29) oÙkZek ifjizs{; es jktuhfrd egÙo&Kkiu
djSr vks n`"VkUr Lo:i bVyhd jkse ,oa baxyS.Md ukeksYYks[k djSr pkfjf=kd n`<+rk vks
oSpkfjd vkSnkÙ; osQ¡ ^jktuhfrd xq.k* dgy xsy vfNA f'kokth] egkjk.kk izrki] Dykbo
vks gsfLVaXl ln`'k egkiq:"k yksdfu osQ¡ ,gh :id jktuhfrd xq.k l¡ lefUor dgy xsy
vfNA vr% lekt osQ¡ ,gh :id jktuhfrd xq.kd fuekZ.k d, ns'kd jktuhfrd osQ¡ lqn`<+
vks ifjiDo cu,ckd lUns'k nsy xsy vfNA
^lekt es izlaxkr of.kZr fofHkUUk fo"k;d voyksdu l¡ Li"V vfN ts foosP;
jpukdkj cgqfoK] cgqn'khZ vks cgqHkk"kkfon~ jgfFkA dkj.k foosP; jpuk es lkekftd ifjorZu]
Jed egÙo] f'k{kk&uhfr] jktuhfrd Hkkouk vks ân;ld vkSnkÙ;d izlax ns'k&fons'kd
drksd ekU;rkd bfrgkl dgy xsy vfNA bVyh jkse xzhld LikVkZ vks baxyS.Md drksd
dFkk mn~?kkfVr d,y xsy vfN] usiksfy;u] U;wVu vk Vsuhlu ln`'; drksd egkiq:"kd
fopkj m¼`r Hksy vfN] xks[kys] xk¡/h ,oa jkekuqted drksd dk;Z&dykid ys[kk&tks[kk
izLrqr d,y xsy vfN] laLo`Qr] vaxzsth vks caxyk lkfgR;d izlax drksd n`"Vkar nsy xsy
vfN vk rkulsu vks fefFkyk laxhrd izlax lsgks fopkj d,y xsy vfNA ,fg l¡ Li"V vfN
ts ia- cynso feJ laLo`Qrd egkif.Mr ,oa eSfFkyhd jpukdkjs ek=k ufg jgfFk] bZ ,d
xksV eeZK fo}ku jgfFk] ns'k&fons'kd fofHkUUk fo"k;] fofHkUUk Hkk"kk vks fofHkUUk egkiq:"kd
fofHkUUk o`Qfr&dk;Zd Kkrk lsgks jgfFka
cynso feJd mijkUr Js"B oxZd fucU/dkj es vcSr NfFk&Lo-MkW- dk×phukFk >k
^fdj.k*A fgud nqb xksV fucU/&laxzg izdkf'kr NfUgA ^fdj.k fucU/koyh Hkkx&1* /eZiqj
(mtku)] yksguk jksM] njHkaxk }kjk izdkf'kr HksyA ,fg es fgud ,xkjgVk fucU/ ladfyr
vfNA nkslj laxzg ^fdj.k lexz% [k.M ,d (fucU/)* 'kh"kZd l¡ fdj.k&lkfgR; 'kks/
laLFkku] /eZiqj] yksguk jksM] njHkaxk }kjk 2007 es izdkf'kr Hksy] lEiknd fFkdkg eksgu
Hkkj}kt rFkk MkW- oSQyk'k ukFk >kA ,fg uohu laxzg es ifgyqd laxzgd ,xkjgks fucU/
osQ¡ ySr ^43* fucU/ ladfyr vfNA ,dj vfrfjDrks cgqrks fucU/ fofHkUUk if=kdkfn es
fNfM+vk,y vfNA fdj.kthd fucU/&lkfgR; ij fopkj djSr MkW- ;ksxkuUn >k fy[kus NfFk&
¶LiqQV jpukd :i es fdj.kthd fucU/ lkfgR; fofHkUUk i=k&if=kdk es fNfM+vk,y
HksVSr vfNA ,fg fucU/ lHk es fdNq r¡ lkfgR;sfrgkl l¡ lEc¼ vfN vk fdNq eSfFkyhd
Hkk"kk leL;k l¡A dkO;'kkL=kh; vks leh{kk'kkL=kh; n`f"Vdks.k l¡ lsgks fdNq fucU/ bZ fy[kus
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 51
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk NfFkA ^iQdM+k* 'kh"kZd ladyukRed fucU/ fgud vR;Ur izfl¼ vfNA ,dj vfrfjDr bZ
,oa vusd fopkjkRed fucU/d iz.k;u lsgks d,us NfFkA&&&&&&lkfgR;sfrgkld fofHkUUk xqRFkh
lkfgfR;d fuca/
osQ¡ lks>j,ckd volj t[ku&t[ku lEizkIr gksbr jgy] fdj.kth vksfg xqRFkh osQ lks>j,ck
uksV es viu roZQ&lEEkr fopkj y, izLrqr HksykgA&&&&&,fg rjgs ¡ fdj.kthd fucU/&jpukd
vk/kjij dgy tk, loSQr vfN ts eSfFkyh lkfgR;sfrgkld izlax LgkSd ok Hkk"kk oSKkfud
xqRFkh osQ¡ lks>j,ckd leL;k] dkO;'kkL=kh; fo"k;&foospud izlax jgkSd ok fuHkhZd
vkykspukd izlax] lelkef;d fefFkyk&eSfFkyhd leL;k ij fopkjd csj gksbd ok 'kSyhd
vkyksM+u&foyksM+ud igj] lHk fLFkfr es bZ ,dVk fl¼gLr ys[kdd :i es fo"k; vks dkO;
osQ¡ Li"V djSr viu fopkj/kjk osQ¡ miLFkkfir djSr jgykg vk eSfFkyh Hkk"kk vks lkfgR;
rFkk vkUnksyu osQ¡ xfr iznku djSr jgykgA¸
lkfgR;sfrgkl] dkO;'kkL=k] leh{kk'kkL=k vk eSfFkyhd Hkk"kk&leL;k l¡ lEc¼ xqRFkh
osQ¡ lks>j,ckd n`f"V l¡ fy[ky fucU/d vfrfjDrks ^fdj.k* thd fdNq fucU/ izdkf'kr
Hksy NfUg ts pkgs vks vius fof'k"V fpUru fd fopkj/kjk osQ¡ mifLFkr djckd mís'; l¡
fy[kyfUg] [kkgs fof'k"V lkfgfR;d lekjksg vk vk;kstud vko';drk fd i=k&if=kdkd
t:jfrd iwfÙkZosQ¡ n`f"V es jkf[k fy[kus jgfFkA ,gu fucU/ lHk es ^Hkqouth lkeUroknh
Nykg*] ^eSfFkyh osQ lafo/ku es LFkku yksd LojkT; HksVyk ij HksVr*] ^fo|kifrd xhr osQ¡
fpUgck ysy eSfFky vk¡f[k pkgh*] ^egkdfo ;k=kh*] ^eSfFkyh vk ge*] ^Hkkjrh;;q¼'kkL=k*]
^fo|kifrd Le`fr&fnold Lo:i] ^izkphu vks uohu laLo`Qfr* vk ^fo|kifrd izfr
J¼k×tfy lkfgfR;d fuekZ.k l¡ lEHkod djck ysy izLrqr ufg jgfFkA vks cnySr le;
vk lektd vuq:i vksfg es la'kks/ud i{k/j jgfFk] vk ,gua la'kks/u gqudk lekt vk
lkfgfR;d fodkl ysy vfuok;Z izrhr gksbr jgfUgA
njHkaxk l¡ izdkf'kr lkIrkfgd ^fefFkyk fefgj*d lax MkW- cztfd'kksj oekZ ^ef.kie*
d fucU/ izdk'k es vkc, ykxyA ,dj i'pkr~ ^oSnsgh*] ^fefFkyk lsod* vk ^fefFkyk
n'kZu* es ef.kiÁthd fucU/ cjkscfj NiSr jgyA vksfg le;d fgud fdNq fucU/ ,[kugq¡
izklafxd vfNA gqudk l¡ Hks ¡V Hksy Ny% MkDVj vejukFk >k] ?kjeqgk¡] ih;j vk¡oqQj] e/qid
xq×tu vkfn eSfFkyh&ikBdd eu es cly vfNA ^gqudk l¡ Hks ¡V Hksy Ny* jpuk&izokg
laLej.k NyA vksfg es O;fDr fo'ks"kd lEiw.kZ O;fDrÙo osQ¡ js[kkafdr d,y xsy vfNA ,fg
ozQe es ,gu fof'k"V O;fDr es fo}ku] lkfgR;dkj vk dFkkdkj NfFk] tsuk MkW- vejukFk
>k] jkeo`Q".k >k ^fdlqu*] vkpk;Z jekukFk >k] cynso feJ] dfooj lhrkjke >k] jkts'oj
>k] Hkksykyky nkl] lquhfr oqQekj pVth] y{ehifr flag] vkpk;Z jkeykspu 'kj.k] misUnz
egkjFkh] /eZiky flag vk lqHknzk >kA ,gh ijEijk es nkslj izdkjd jktuhfrd {ks=kd yksd
NfFk] tsuk t;izdk'k ukjk;.k] yfyr ukjk;.k feJ vk fof'k"Va yskd es njHkaxkd jktk
cgknqj fo'os'oj flag] tudfo lguhA bZ fucU/&ys[kud ijEijk l¡ loZFkk fHkUUk NyA rs ¡
,djk ,dVk uohu izdkjd ys[ky ekkuy xsyA tsuk O;fDrd laLej.k ^gqudkl¡ Hks ¡V Hksy
Ny* es vfN rfguk ,dVk vkvksjk /kjk es ef.kiÁ fy[kyfUg ^vksfgBke xsy Nygq¡A ,fg
ijEijkd laLej.k dksuks LFkku fo'ks"kd ;k=kk fFkdA vksfg LFkkud lEiw.kZ lkaLo`Qfrd i`"BHkwfe
vk oÙkZeku fLFkfrd fp=k mifLFkr d,y xsy NSdA vksfg LFkku lHk es fdNq egRoiw.kZ laLej.k
vfN&lfjlo] foLih] efg"kh] foLihl¡ ouxke ?kfj] vk dksj gk¡l x<+d lk¡>A ^?kjeq¡gk* vk
^ih;j vk¡oqQj* nwuw yfyr fucU/ fFkdA
52 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 iVuk l¡ lkIrkfgd ^fefFkyk fefgj* d izdk'ku (1960) vkjEHk HksyA bZ eSfFkyh fucU/ lkfgR;
x|d cM+ fodkl d,ydA fofHkUUk fo"k;d fucU/ ,fg es NiSr NyA vkc ef.kiÁ
fefFkyk fefgjd fucU/dkj yksdfu es viu uohu fo"k;] uohu n`f"V vk uohu 'kSyhd lax
lfEEkfyr Hk, xsykgA r[ku l¡ vU; izdkjd jpukd lax thoud vUrdky /fj fofo/ uksV
fo"k;d fucU/] yfyr fucU/] yksdxkFkkd izlax&yksfjd] nqyjk vk uSdk] yksdxhr] fopkj]
laLej.k] fjiksrktZ] fVIIk.kh vk Hkk"k.k 'krkf/d fucU/d jpuk d, izdkf'kr djvksyfUgA
fefgjd ifgy o"kZ es ^vfXu'kj* Nn~eukes ¡ ef.kiÁ fucU/ fy[kyfUg vk fo"k; j[kyfUg
yksd egkdkO;A ,fg ozQe es ^eykgd mitkfr&rh;j* miyC/ vfNA ,dj vfrfjDr
^yksfjdkbues fefFkyk* vk ^eSfFkyh*] ^yksfjdkbud i`"BHkwfe vk HkkoHkwfe*] ^yksfjdkbud
ukf;dk*] ^uk;d*] vksdj ^ik=k&pfj=k*] ^i'kq&i{kh*] vksdj ^u`R;*] vksdj ^jgL; dFkk* vk
vksdj ^dkO; vks dFkk&izlax*d laxfg ^euksoSKkfud leL;k* i;ZUr ij fucU/ izdkf'kr
djvksyfUgA yksfjdkbud mijkUr ^nqyjk n;ky* yksdxkFkkd vè;;u izLrqr dj, yxykgA
,fg ozQe es ts fucU/ lHk izLrqr d,yfUg] ls fFkd&^nqyjk n;ky*] ^nqyjk n;ky&ik=kd jax*]
^nqyjk n;ky&'kksHkk dey vk 'ka[k*] ^rjktw*] r#vkfj vk d#vkfj* ,oa ^lk/q] ladV vk l
lkgl*A rslj yksdxkFkk fFkdfUg ^uSdk cfutkjk*A ,fg l¡ lEc¼ fucU/ es ^uSdk cfutkjk %
lekt vks laLo`Qfr*] ^uSdk cfutkjk % pk.Mky] Mkse] /kÄj*] ^,des vusd&uSdk*] ^,dVk
,guks ck/k*] ^ckV] ?kkV vks gkV*] ^nw uufn ,d Hkkmt* mYYks[kuh; vfNA yksdxkFkkd
,gu foy{k.k vè;srk nqyZHk vfNA tkfg yksdxkFkkd vè;;u bZ djfFk] yxSr NSd vksdj
le; vk ?kVukes izos'k d, vksdj izR;sd ik=kd lax ykfx tkfFkA vksdj lEiw.kZ lUnHkZd
dFkk&lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kfeZdd dksu dFkk] jktuhfr] bfrgkl vk Hkwxksyd lax n'kZu
vks euksfoKku i;ZUrd vè;;u&euu izLrqr d, nsyfUgA yksdxkFkk l¡ fHkUUk le;&le;ij
fgud fdNq vkvksjks fucU/ fofHkUUk i=k&if=kdk es NiSr jgy] ;Fkk&^fefFkykes fo|kifr*]
^f{kfrtd lkbeu*] ^fefgjksn;*] ^,dVk ikou izfr"Bku*] ^ekyk&fpfdRlk*] ^fo|kifr vk
bLyke*] ^vUrjkZ"Vªh; euq";&Hk{kh*] ^fdNq ioZ*] ^fdNq iwtk] ^t; t; HkSjfo vlqj Hk;kmfu*]
^lkfgR;es cqtqZvk*] ^lkfgR;es ;qx/kjk ,oa LFkkuh;rk*] ^lkfgR;es lsDl*] ^lkfgR;es ekU;rk
vks euksfoKku*] ^lkfgR;es Hkwr&izsrd dFkk*] ^euq vk ekbosQy* vkfnA
jkeo`Q".k >k ^fdlqu* eSfFkyh txr es dfo&dFkkdkj :i es trsd izfl¼ NfFk
rkfg l¡ de izfl¼ uoys[kud O;k[;krk&:i es ufg NfFkA ,fg [;kfrd vk/kj vfN
fgud fucU/A Lora=krk izkfIrd ckn Hkkjr es jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkfn Lrjij
ifjoÙkZu gks,c LokHkkfod NyA ,rsd iS?k ns'k es Hksy vke pquko] tehUnkjh izFkk lekfIr]
xzke&iapk;rd LFkkiuk vkfn ?kVukd izHkko tuthouij iM+yA HkkSfrd fLFkfr es Hksy
ifjoÙkZud ifj.kke lkfgR; es lsgks n`f"Vxr gkse, ykxyA eSfFkyh lkfgR; ,fg l¡ vlEi`Dr
ufg jgyA eSfFkyhd Hkkooknh dkO;/kjk es ^fp=kk*d izdk'kud ckn ts eksM+ vk,y ls
eq[;/kjkd :i es iz'kLr gksbr xsyA NBe n'kd es vksrsd ufg] fdUrq lkre n'kd es
uohu HkkoHkwfe ij ;qxhu psrukd vfHkO;fDr csl ek=kk es HksyA lkrd n'kd es uohu Hkko/
kjkd ifgy iqLrd fgud ^vkReusin* (1963) NyA rdjk mijkUr dfork] dFkk] miU;kl
vkfnd vusd iksFkh izdkf'kr Hksy tdj jlkLoknu ysy uohu lkSUn;Zcks/d vko';drk
NyA fdUrq] ls Hk, ufg jgy NySdA vkykspd yksdfu ikjEifjosQ <ax l¡ jpuk osQ¡ nsf[k
jgy NykgA ifj.kker% uohu lkfgR;d izlax ukuk izdkjd okn&fookn vkjEHk HksYkA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 53
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk ,gus lu fLFkfr es fdlquth fucU/&ys[kud {ks=k es izos'k d,yA i=k&if=kdk es
,oa Niy fgud fucU/ lHk ppkZd fo"k; cfu xsyA viu thoudky es fucU/ lHkd dksuks
lkfgfR;d fuca/
ladyu vks izdkf'kr ufg d, ldykg] fdUrq ckn es eSfFkyh vdkneh] iVuk fgud
uksV fucU/&laxzg NiydA ,dj lEiknu d,yfUg izks- ek;kuUn feJ rFkk osQnkj dkuuA
^oSpkfjdh* uke l¡ Niy fdlqu jpukoyhd ,fg fucU/&[k.M es oqQy rhlVk fucU/
lax`ghr vfNA fdlquthd fucU/ ts ¡ ,d [kkl vko';drkd iwfrZ gsrq fy[ky xsy Ny rs ¡
vksdj vf/dka'k lkfgR; l¡ lEc¼ vfNA lkfgR;srj fo"k;d fucU/ ek=k pkfjVk vfN&nwVk
tula[;k&o`f¼ij osQfUnzr] ,dVk Hkkjr&ikd lEcU/ ij vk/kfjr] ,gu foy{k.k vè;srk
nqyZHk vfNA tkfg yksdxkFkkd vè;;u bZ djfFk] yxSr NSd vksdj le; vk ?kVukes izos'k
d, vksdj izR;sd ik=kd lax ykfx tkfFkA vksdj lEiw.kZ lUnHkZd dFkk&lkekftd] vkfFkZd]
/kfeZdd dksu dFkk] jktuhfr] bfrgkl vk Hkwaxksyd lax n'kZu vks euksfoKku i;ZUrd
vè;;u&euu izLrqr d, nsyfUgA yksdxkFkk l¡ fHkUUk le;&le; ij fgud fdNq vkvksjks
fucU/ fofHkUUk i=k&if=kdk es NiSr jgy] ;Fkk ^fefFkykes fo|kifr*] ^f{kfrtd lkbeu*]
^vUrjkZ"Vªh; euq";&Hk{kh*] ^fdNq ioZ*] ^fdNq iwtk] ^t; t; HkSjfo vlqj Hk;kmfu*]
^lkfgR;es cqtqZvk*] ^lkfgR;es ;qx/kjk ,oa LFkkuh;rk*] ^lkfgR;es lsDl*] ^lkfgR;es ekU;rk
vks euksfoKku*] ^lkfgR;es Hkwr&izsrd dFkk*] ^euq vk ekbosQy* vkfnA
jkeo`Q".k >k ^fdlqu* eSfFkyh txr es dfo&dFkkdkj :i es trsd izfl¼ NfFk
rkfg l¡ de izfl¼ uoys[kud O;k[;krk&:i es ufg NfFkA ,fg [;kfrd vk/kj vfN
fgud fucU/a Lora=krk izkfIrd ckn Hkkjr es jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkfn Lrjij
ifjoÙkZu gks,c LokHkkfod NyA ,rsd iS?k ns'k es Hksy vke pquko] tehUnkj izFkk lekfIr]
xzke&iapk;rd LFkkiuk vkfn ?kVukd izHkko tuthouij iM+yA HkkSfrd fLFkfr es Hksy
ifjoÙkZud ifj.kke lkfgR; es lsgks n`f"Vxr gkse, ykxyA eSfFkyh lkfgR; ,fg l¡ vlEi`Dr
ufg jgyA eSfFkyhd Hkkooknh dkO;/kjk es ^fp=kk*d izdk'kud ckn ts eksM+ vk,y ls
eq[;/kjkd :i es iz'kLr gksbr xsyA NBe n'kd vksrsd ufg] fdUrq lkre n'kd es uohu
HkkoHkwfe ij ;qxhu psrukd vfHkO;fDr csl ek=kk es HksyA lkrd n'kd es uohu Hkko/
kjkd ifgy iqLrd fgud ^vkReusin* (1963) NyA rdjk mijkUr dfork] dFkk] miU;kl
vkfnd vusd iksFkh izdkf'kr Hksy tdj jlkLoknu ysy uohu lkSUn;Zcks/d vko';drk
NyA fdUrq] ls Hk, ufg jgy NySdA vkykspd yksdfu ikjEifjosQ <ax l¡ jpuk osQ¡ nsf[k
jgy NykgA ifj.kker%uohu lkfgR;d izlax ukuk izdkjd okn&fookn vkjEHk HksyA
,gus lu fLFkfr es fdlquth fucU/&ys[kud {ks=k es izos'k d,yA i=k&if=kdk es
Niy fgud fucU/ lHk ppkZd fo"k; cfu xsyA viu thoudky es fucU/ lHkd dksuks
ladyu vks izdkf'kr ufg d, ldykga] fdUrq ckn es eSfFkyh vdkneh] iVuk fgud
fucU/&laxzg NiydA ,dj lEiknu d,yfUg izks- ek;kuUn feJ rFkk osQnkj dkuuA
^oSpkfjdh* uke l¡ Niy fdlqu jpukoyhd ,fg fucU/&[k.M es oqQy rhlVk fucU/
lax`ghr vfNA fdlquthd fucU/ ts ¡ ,d [kkl vko';drkd iwfrZ gsrq fy[ky xsy Ny rs ¡
vksdj vf/dka'k lkfgR; l¡ lEc¼ vfNA lkfgR;srj fo"k;d fucU/ ek=k pkfjVk vfN&nwVk
tula[;k&o`f¼ij osQfUnzr] ,dVk Hkkjr&ikd lEcU/ ij vk/kfjr] vk pkfje foosdkuUn
,oa gqud lUns'k fo"k;dA fdlquthd fucU/&lkfgR;d iqQVdj [kkrk es ,fg lHk osQ¡ ,fg
lHk osQ¡ jk[ky tk, loSQr vfNA
54 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 lkfgR; fo"k;d fofHkUUk fucU/ e`Drd jpuk fFkd] rFkkfi vksfg es ,dVk lEcU/ fucU/ lkfgR;
vfNA lqfpfUrr <ax l¡ fy[ky xsy vksfg fucU/ lHk es izHkkokfUofrd ,d lw=krk vfNA
vksfg fucU/ lHkd voyksdu l¡ irk pySr vfN ts vksfg es cslh lkfgR;d fl¼kar i{k
l¡ lEcfU/r vfNA ,fg izdkjd fucU/ osQ¡ eksVk&eksVh nw dksfV es jk[ky loSQr NhA ifgy] uksV
lkfgR;'kkL=kd dfri; izklafxd fo"k; ij iwokZpk;Zd erd izLrqfr% vk nkslj] eSfFkyh
lkfgR;d uO;re o`fÙk&izo`fÙkd fo'ys"k.k vk LFkkiuk] ^dkO; lk/uk*] ^dkO;d iz;kstu*]
^y{; vks vkn'kZ*] ^lkfgR;d 'kk'or lÙkkd vk/kj*] ^lkfgR;d*] LFkkf;Ro vk jktuhfr*]
^lkfgR; vk lkSUn;Z&cks/*] ^dkO;es nks"k*] ^lkfgR;d ewy mRl% lkSUn;Z*] ^lkfgR;es 'kCn
vk vFkZd efgek*&bZ lHk fucU/ lkfgR;d fl¼kUr i{kd foospu djSr vfN] vk lsgks
eq[;r% laLo`Qr lkfgR;d dkO;'kkL=kh; i`"BHkwfe esA eqnk] gejk tuSr bZ ys[k lHk fdlquth
fucU/&lkfgR;d ekè;el¡ ts ckr dg, pkgSr Nykg rdj i`"BHkwfe fFkdA lkfgR;dkj l¡
ikBd /fj ,fg vko';drkd vuqHko d, jgy Nykg ts lkfgR; osQ¡ ân;axe djckd
ysy #fp&ifj"dkj t:jh vfNA vkeyksd osQ¡ lkfgR;d jlKrkd voxfr gksbd rkfg ysy
lkfgR;&fl¼kUrd eksVk&eksVh Kku visf{kr vfNA thoud vU; dk;Z{ks=k es fof'k"Vrk izkIr
djckd ysy r¡ vo';s] lkekU;ks dk;Z&oqQ'kyrkd gsrq izf'k{k.k vko';d cw>y tkbr vfN]
fdUrq lkfgR;dkj gks,ckd ysy vFkok lkfgR;d eeZ cq>ckd ysy dksuks izdkjd izf'k{k.
kd ekns lkspcks vuxZy lu yxSr jgy vfNA fdlquth ,fg vko';drkd xEHkhjrk cq>Sr
vksfg fn'kk es vxzlj HksykgA lkfgR; dh fFkd] vksdj iz;kstu vk y{; dh fFkd] lkfgR;
vk jktuhfr dksuk ijLij vkc¼ vfN vkfn fo"k; ij fdlquthd ys[; izf'k{k.k&f'kfojd
izfrLFkkuh osQj dkt d,ydA è;krO; fFkd ts fdlquth ,fg lHk fo"k; ij iksFkk ufg
fy[kyfUgA vks NksV&NksV fucU/d ekè;e l¡ fo"k; osQ¡ lks>&lk> Hkk"kk es jkf[k nsyfUgA
nkslj mYYks[kuh; ckr ,fg izlax bZ fFkd ts iwoZ&i{kd Kkud vHkko es mÙkj i{kd
leqfpr vfHkKrk lafnX/ vfNA fdlquth ifgus iwoZ&i{k j[kyfUgA b,g dkj.k fFkd ts ,fg
izdkjd ys[k lHk ifgus fy[ky xsyA rdjk ckn eSfFkyh lkfgR;d uo jpukd O;k[;kd
dk;Z izkjaHk HksyA fdlquth laLo`Qr lekykspukd fofHkUUk fopkj&lEiznk; osQ¡ vksfguk vksNk,
d, ufg jkf[k nsyfUg vfNA vksdjk lt,ck es] ltkd, j[kck es fgud futrk ifjyf{kr
gksbr vfNA bZ futrk fFkd n`f"Vdks.kdA fgud n`f"Vdks.kd irk lkexzhd p;u vk vksdj
izLrqfr l¡ pySr vfNA ,dj vusd mnkgj.k vfNA fdlquth dkO;d iz;kstu] y{; vks
vkn'kZ ij fcpkjSr fofHkUUk erokn osQ¡ izLrqr djSr NfFkA vUr es vks igq¡pSr NfFk {ksesUnzd
vkSfpR; fl¼kUr ijA lkfgR; es LFkku] dky] ik=kd vkSfpR;d lEkFkZu djSr vks ^LokUr%
lq[kk; es yksd&lq[kk;] cgqtu lq[kk; vk fd loZtu&lq[kk; fufgr jgckd* fu"d"kZ ij
vcSr NfFkA dgckd rkRi;Z bZ ts lkfgR; osQ¡ lekt&lkis{k ekuSr vksdj lef"V&psrukd
izfr vkLFkkoku gks,ckd Li"V laosQr fdlquth nSr NfFkA lkfgR;d 'kk'or lÙkkd vk/kj
vks lekt osQ¡ ekuSr NfFkA lkfgR;d fodkl osQ¡ vks lkekftd fodkld izfriQyu dgSr
NfFkA gquosQ 'kCn es ,fg fodkl&izfozQ;k osQ¡ ns[ky tk,&
¶lekt&la?kVu l¡ iwoZ t[ku euq"; izo`Qfrd ,dkUr vax ek=k cuy ?kksj O;fDroknhd
:i es vk[ksV l¡ mikftZr lkexzhd mQij thfor jgSr Ny] r[ku l¡ vksdjk ân; es
jkxkRed o`fÙkd mUes"k uSlfxZd :is ¡ ifjyf{kr gksbr vfNA tkfg i'kq l¡ vksdjk HksVySd] ts
fujhg Hk, d, vksdjk yx v,ySd] rdjk vks flusg dj, ykxy] ts Hk;adj Ny rdjk
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 55
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk l¡ vks Msjk, ykxy vk vksdjk ij vk?kkr djc vkjEHk d,ydA tkfg iwQyd lkSUn;Z rFkk
,oa lqokl l¡ vksdjk r`fIr HksVySd] tkfg xkkN&o`{k l¡ vksdjk 'khry Nkgfj vk lqLoknq iQy
lkfgfR;d fuca/
HksVySd] vksfg lHkd izfr euq";d vklfDr c<+, ykxyA rhr iQy] dk¡Voyk >k¡Voyk
uksV >k¡[kqj vk viuk iz;kstu l¡ vfrfjDr oLrqd izfr fojfDr gkse, yxySd] iQyr% vksfg
dkyd jpuk es rdjs o.kZu~ HksVSr vfNA ozQe'k lkekftd la?kVu izkjEHk HksyA iq:"k ukjh
fn'k vk ukjh iq:"k fn'k vko`Q"V HksyA nwgw ,d&nksljkd iwjd cu, ykxyA ,fg izdkjs ¡
igkM+d dBksjrk] vkdk'kd foLrkj] iwQyd dkseyrk] iQy&izlwud Hkkjs ¡ vour yfrdkd
lkS"Bo] lfjRizokgd pkapY;] pUnz&T;ksRLukd mUekn mYYkkl] e`xnEifÙkd iz.k;&ek/q;Z vk
ozQkSap feFkqud dkeksnzsd vkfn l¡ izHkkfor ,oa vuqizkf.kr euq"; viu euksHkko osQ¡ vfHkO;Dr
djckd gsrq laosQr vk Hkkolwpd èofu lHkd l`f"V d,ydA ,fg fodkl ozQe es 'kCn
FkksM+cs Ny vk vksdj vFkksZ ljy NyA euq";d lkekftd ifjos'k] thou&;kiud ifjfLFkfr
vk lekt&la?kVud izfozQ;k lks> rFkk ljy Ny] rs ¡ vksfg dky es oSfnd Íf"kyksdfud
Ípk rFkk eU=k lHk es HkkokfHkO;fDrd ;kstuk furkUr ljy ,oa lks> HksyA ozQe'k% lektd
thou tfVy gkse, ykxy vk ,fg dkj.ks ¡ O;fDrd Hkko&lewg] vuqHkwfr&jkf'k vk Hkk"kkd
vfHkO;fDr laf'y"V Hk, xsyA iQyr% lkfgR;d ltZuk es lsgks laf'y"Vrkd izos'k gkse,
ykxc LokHkkfoosQ NyA¸
,fgBke fo"k; osQ¡ rrsd lks>jk,y <ax l¡] lqLi"V vk yfyr 'kCnkoyh es jk[ky xsy
vfN ls fo"k;d xEHkhjrkd vNSr vksdjk cw>c dfBu ufg gksbr vfNA
^lkfgR;d LFkkf;Ro vk jktuhfr* 'kh"kZd fucU/ es jkeo`Q".k >k ^fdlqu* fy[kSr
NfFk&¶thoud leL;k] lkfgR;d vk thoud O;kikj lkfgR;d izsj.kk cuSr vfNA bZ
thou O;kikj ifjorZu'khy fFkdA ,dj ifjoÙkZu dkyd vuqlkjs ¡ gksbr jgSr vfNA¸ ,fg
ozQe es fgud dgc NfUg ts ¶vktqd lkfgR;dkj jktuhfr l¡ dFkefi rVLFk ufg jfg
loSQr vfNA¸ rFkkfi fdlquth lkfgR;d ewy mRl lkSUn;Z osQ¡ ekuSr NfFkA ,fg es lUnsg
ufg ts lkSUn;Z&n`f"V lsgks dky&lkis{k fFkd] fdUrq] rdj izHkko lkSUn;Zcks/d Lo:i ij
iM+Sr NSd] lkSUn;Zd vfLerk vk opZfLork ij ufgA ,fg lUnHkZ es fdlquth dkfynkld
miek&lkSUn;Z ,oa laLo`Qrd fdNq vU; jpukdkjd lkSUn;Z&n`f"V osQ¡ mnkgj.k :i es j[kyfUg
vfNA laLo`Qr&lkfgR;d jlcks/ ekSfyd Lrjij djckd {kerk eSfFkyhd jpukdkj vk
ikBd es tkfg rjgs ¡ ?kfVr Hk, jgy vfN] rdjk ns[kSr fdlquthd ,fg rjgd fucU/d
mikns;rk f}xqf.kr Hk, tkbr vfNA fdUrq] fucU/&ys[kdd :i es fdlquthd eq[;
vonku uohu eSfFkyh lkfgR;d O;k[;k d, vksdjk izfrf"Br djc fFkdA ,fgBke ,dVk
foUnq ij Li"Vhdj.k vko';d vfNA NBe vk lkrd n'kd es eSfFkyh dforkd {ks=k es
fofHkUUk eroknd izpyu HksyA caxyk vk fgUnh dfork osQ¡ [kkl&[kkl Nrk rj j[kckd
iz;kl d,yfUgA lgtrkokn] vdforkokn vkfn ,gus iz;Ru NyA uo ys[ku 'kCn osQ¡ lsgks
,dVk [kkl lhek es cUgckd ps"Vk d,y xsy] fdUrq ls Hk, ufg ldyA uoys[ku uohu
ys[kud vFkkZRk~ vk/qfud ys[kud izfrLFkkuh 'kCnd :i es O;oâr HksyA fdlquth lsgks
,dj iz;ksx ,gh vFkZ es d,yfUgA fo/k dksuks gks] uohu Hkko cks/ vk ;qxhu psruk l¡
lEi`Dr jpuk osQ¡ uoys[ku dgyfUgA fgud 'kCn es] ¶uo ys[ku ^dkO;al'kls¿FkZo`Qrs* l¡
lqlEiUUk Hk, izkphu :f<+ vks :f<+xzLr jpukdkjd oeu d,y Hkko lkexzhd fo:¼ rFkk
56 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
;qxd nqO;ZoLFkk] xR;ojks/ ,oa pk: fn'kqdk 'kks"k.k&neud fo:¼ fonzksg osQ¡ uohu ;kstuk fucU/ lkfgR;
,oa uohu izfrekud ekè;e l¡ vfHkO;Dr djSr vfNA¸
^uo ys[ku % fdNq fopkj* uked ys[k es fdlquth ,fg izlax foLrkj l¡ fopkj d,us
NfFkA ,djs iquysZ[ku fFkd ^eSfFkyhd uo dfork* uked dkO;&ladyud lEikndh;] uksV
^vkReusin* d vkRefuosnu vk ^izpksn;rk*d Hkwfedkd vfrfjDr ^eSfFkyh lkfgR; es uo
dfork* ,oa ^eSfFkyh dforkd uohu fn'kk* 'kh"kZd fucU/ es lsgks ,fg izlax fopkj d,y
xsy vfNa ,fg ys[k lHk es fdlquth Hkkjrd Lokra=;ksÙkj dkyhu fLFkfrd losZ{k.k djSr
uoys[ku osQ¡ uoksRiUUk lkekftd vkfFkZd ?kVdd nsu ekuSr NfFkA ^vkReusind okX}kj%
vkRe fuosnu* es vks vk/qfud dforkd izlax fopkj djSr dgSr NfFk&
¶vly es lkekftd ;FkkFkZ osQ¡ cw>c vk vksdjk izfrfofEcr djc b,g fFkd
dfo&deZA iQyr% lkekftd fLFkfr vFkkZr~ vFkZO;oLFkk] iz'kklud i¼fr] m|ksx] mRiknu]
thou&;kiud iz.kkyh] laoqQyrk vk Lrj] foKku ,oa dykd tuthou ij izHkko] vksdj
fodkl vk miyfC/ vkfn tsuk&tsuk cuSr&cnySr jgSr vfNA rfguk&rfguk ;qxkuq:i
lkekftd ;FkkFkZ ewyr% fLFkj jfgrgq :ir% ifjofÙkZr gksbr jgSr vfNA vk rs ¡ rdjk
vkRelkr~ d, vfHkO;Dr djckd f'kYi&'kSyh lsgks ifjofÙkZr gksbr jgSr vfNA¸
fdlquthd bZ dgc ;qfDrlaxr ufg fFkd ts lkekftd fLFkfr cnyykd cknks
lkekftd ;FkkFkZ fLFkjs jgSr vfNA vksfg es osQoy :ixr ifjoÙkZu gksbr NSdA ,fg rF; osQ¡
vks Lo;a cq>yfUg vk ^uo ys[ku&fdNq fopkj* es iQfjNk d, dgyfUg&
¶vkb thoud leLr iqjudk ewY; cnfy xsySd vfNA oLrq uhfr] vFkZ] dke] /eZ]
eks{k] foKku] izfr"Bk vk jktuhfr eus lHk izdkjd ewY; cgqr fnu l¡ yksdekU; Hksy pfy
vkfc jgy Ny] lc fdNq ,d vfuok;Z izfozQ;kd izHkko l¡ cnfy xsySd vfNA osQ ,fg
l¡ vlger gks,rkg\ r[kuks ts iqjus ewY;&eku osQ¡ vk/kj cukd, fy[kSr jgrkg] vktqd
fy[ky osQ¡ vksfg ij dlSr jgckd] rfud nqjkxzg osQ¡ dh dgy tk,\¸
fdlquth ekuSr Nykg ls ledkyhu ys[ku ij izR;{k ok ijks{k :i l¡ ik'pkR;
izHkko iM+y vfN] eqnk ls fHkUUk ckr fFkdA ,dj tUe viu ekfV&ikfu l¡ Hksy NSd vk bZ
viu ifjfLFkfrd mitk fFkd rkfg es lUnsg ufgA rfguk fdlquth lkEizfrd leLr ys[ku
osQ¡ xq.koÙkkd vk/kj ij mÙke dksfVd ufg dgSr NykgA lHk dky es lHk izdkjd ys[ku
gks,c LokHkkfodA fdUrq] fopkj vk fo'ys"k.kd ysy mRo`Q"Vs jpuk osQ¡ vk/kj cukvksy tk,
loSQr vfNA fufnZ"V ys[ku leh{kk vk ekU;rkd ekin.M cu, ls mfpr fFkdA tgk¡ /fj
ledkyhu lkfgR;d lEizs"k.kh;rkd leL;k vfN] fdlquth ,dj lektkfFkZd mipkjd
vuq'kalk djSr NfFkA vks dgSr NfFk&
¶uo dfoyksdfu viu Hkksxy ;FkkFkZd vuqHkwfrd ysy 'kCn osQ¡ uohu vFkZoÙkk nsckd
ysy izfrc¼ NfFkA ,rnFkZ] {k.kfo'ks"k es rhoz laosxd lw{e Hkko&ogud 'kkfCnd v{kerk
osQ¡ cw>Sr] ,dne vfuok;Z] ;qxkuq:i] vkikrr% okLrfod vk uoa cks/kuqowQy uohu fcEc]
uohu izrhd] uohu mieku vkfn osQ¡ uodfork es lk/u ekuy xsy vfNA tulk/kj.k }kjk
bZ uohu mieku vkfn osQ¡ uodfork es lk/u ekuy xsy vfNA tulk/kj.k }kjk bZ uohu
lk/u iw.kZ ifjfpr vk vfHkKkr ufg jgyk l¡ uodforkes nqcksZ/rk vk nq:grk mRiUUk gksbr
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 57
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk vfNA eqnk] ,djk cw>c osQoy vko';osQVk ufg] gejk lHkd lkekftd nkf;Ro fFkd] ts
,oa ufg Hksus gejk yksdfu iNM+y jfg tk,c vk bfrgkl es vijk/h ekuy tk,cA¸
lkfgfR;d fuca/
dforkd lEizs"k.kghu gks,ckd vkjksi lkekftd fodkld vo:¼rkd nsu fFkd] bZ
uksV ckr fdlquth tksj n, d, dgSr NfFkA ,djk Li"V djSr vks vkxk¡ fy[kSr NfFk&
¶fons'k es ,fg ysy dg, ufg iM+ySdA ,fg dkj.ks ¡ vksfgBked lkekftd eu%Lrj
vk vfHkKku fodkld izfozzQ;k l¡ i`Fko~Q ufg jgySdA ,r, vf'k{kk vk vKkud vfrfjDr
fdNq Kkuh yksdd nqjkxzgks tulkekU; osQ¡ lks>j,ckd lqfo/k ufg n, viuk izHkkod vkrad
l¡ vksdjk HkM+dkSus jgySdA eqnk ,fg nkf;Ro l¡ Hkkfx d, viuk osQ¡ deZo`fÙk es jk[kc
dfg;k ?kfj lEHko Hk, ldr\ vk] dr, ?kfj mfpr dgy tk, ldr\ lexz fodkld
gsrq ijEijkd DyksjksiQkeZ l¡ eqDr r¡ gks,cs iM+rA ,uk dfV d,] viuk osQ¡ Bfd&iqQfl;k
d, ok ijrkfj&cgVkfj d, dfg;k ?kfj 'kqrqjexZ tdk¡ ckyq es eq¡g ?kksfl;kSus jgc\¸
mi;qZDr foospu l¡ Li"V vfN ts jkeo`Q".k >k ^fdlqu* fucU/d ekè;e l¡ uoys[ku
ij viu csokd fopkj vk er j[kus NfFkA
lq/ka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkS/jh ,oa fgud fucU/ laxzg ^lUnHkZ* ,d&nksljkd i;kZ; NfFkA
'ks[kjth i=kdkfjrkd ozQe es le;&le; ij fucU/ ys[ku fn'k izo`Ùk gksbr jgykgA fgud
cgq r jkl vkykspukRed fucU/ i=k&if=kdkfn es izdkf'kr NfUgA ltZukRed
lkfgR;ij vk/kfjr lekykspukRed fucU/d ,dek=k laxzg ^lUnHkZ* 1981 bZ-es eSfFkyh
vdkneh] iVuk }kjk izdkf'kr HksyA ,fg es Hkk"kk&lkfgR; l¡ lEcfU/r lkr xksV lUnHkZd
oqQy rhl xksV fucU/ vfN] ts fofHkUUk fopkj&xks"Bh fdaok vkus volj ij Hksy ppZ&opZ
osQ¡ vk/kj cukdj fy[ky xsy vfNA 'ks[kjth Lo;a ,fg fucU/ lHkd lEcU/ es iksFkhd
vkRe dF; es dgSr NfFk&
¶iksFkhd uke bZ lwfpr d, nSr vfN ts lUnHkZ l¡ dVy fo"k;oLrqd ,fg es ppZ
ufg gks,rA vFkkZr~ ukVd] dFkk] miU;kl] uo dfork vkfn fofo/ fo/krk lkfgfR;d izlax
es le;&le; ij xks"Bhd ekè;es ok vkuks volj ij ppZ&opZ gksbr jgy vfN vk rkfg
es ts vuVksVy ok cgck¡fM+ fopkj j[kckd iz;kl gksbr jgy vfN rdjs vk/kj cukd,
lHk fo/k ij fopkj d,y xsy vfNA¸
laxzgd fucU/ lHk es dksuks izkphu LFkkfir ekU;rkd i`"B iks"k.k ufg d,y xsy
vfNA vfirq lw=kd uohu O;k[;k }kjk vk/qfud dky es iljy fofo/ ?kqphZosQ¡ lks>j,ckd
iz;kl d,y xsy vfNA tkfg es drgq fo"k;d foospu vFkok Hkk"kkd vks>jkgfV ns[kck es
ufg vcSr vfNA vksuk r¡ 'ks[kjth lkfgR;d izk;% lHk fo/k ij viu ys[kuh pyvksyfUgA
eqnk ukV~;&lUnHkZ* 'kh"kZdd ,fg ifgy lUnHkZ es lkr xksV fucU/ ladfyr vfN&(d)
vokZphu ukVdd izkphu lUnHkZ ([k) izkphu vks vk/qfud ukVdes oLrqxr fHkUUkrk (x)
ukVd vks ,dkadhd ikFkZD;a (?k) iz;ksx/ehZ ukVd (M+) ukVd&ukVddkj vk nkf;Ro
cks/d iz'u (p) ukVd % jaxeap&funsZ'ku vk izlk/u (N) eSfFkyh ukV~; lkfgR;A izkphu
ukVdd lEcU/ es nqb xksV Hkze iljy jgy vfNA T;ksfrjh'oj o`Qr ^/wrZlekxe* fo|kifr
o`Qr ^xksj{kfot;* ukVd fFkd vFkok :iadd dksuks vku Hksn\ fucU/dkjd er NfUgg ts
ts ¡ bZ nwuw izkphu dkyd oLrq fFkd rs ¡ ,fg ij izkphu <ax l¡ fopkj gks,ckd pkghA rfguk
fdjrfu;k ukpa fd ukVd fo"k; ij fopkjd&ozQe lsgks ,gh rjgd jgckd pkghA oLrqr%
58 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
ukp vks ukVd nwgwd mRifÙk laLo`Qrd ^uV* /krq l¡ Hksy vfN rs ¡ fucU/dkj osQ¡ ukVd fucU/ lkfgR;
vks ukpd lEcU/ es izkphus ekun.Md lgk;rk ysc visf{kr cq>uk tkbr NfUgA vk/qfud
ukVd ts ¡ izkphu ijEijk l¡ fHkUUk rjgd fFkd rs ¡ ,djk ysy uohu ekud rS;kj djckd
vko';drk cwf> iM+Sr NfUgA vk/qfud ukVdd rÙo vks fo'ks"krk ij fopkj djckd uksV
ozQe es fgud ekU;rk NfUg ts vk/qfud ukVd es thcSr vks HkksxSr yksdd tfVy thoud
vuqowQfr d,y tkbr vfNA ,dj uk;d dksuks o.kZ] oxZ fdaok tkfrd yksd Hk, loSQr
NfFkA ,dj dFkkudd ifjos'k NksV jgSr vfN ts dksuks ,dxksV ?kVukd pk:dkr ?kqjeqfj;k
dVSr jgSr vfNA ,fg es n`'; ifjoÙkZud gzkl Hksy vfNA vk/qfud ukVd ,dfg vad es
iw.kZ Hk, loSQr vfNA tkfg es ?kVukd f{kizrk vks xfr'khyrk jgSr NSdA
,dkadh vks ukVd es rkfÙod vUrj jgSr vfNA ,dkadh tr, thoud dksuks NksVlu
ifjf/ osQ¡ Nqfcrks lEiw.kZ thou l¡ ifjp; djk, nSr vfN] rkSykd Hkkr tsdk¡A rkSykd nqb
xksV pkmj osQ¡ Nwfc tsuk Hkulh;k lkS ¡ls rkSykd pkmjd lEcU/ es cqf> tkbr vfN rfguk
vk/qfud ukVd es thoud rsgus ?kVuk osQ¡ mBkvksy tkbr vfN ts lEiw.kZ thou fdaok
thoud vf/dka'k osQ¡ izdV d, nSr vfNA ,fg lUnHkZd vUrxZr lekfOk"V fo"k;d ozQe es
jaxeapd izdk'k] èofu] :i&lTtk] funsZ'ku vkfn fo"k; ij lsgks foLrkj l¡ izdk'k nsus NfFkA
laxzg es nslj fFkd ^dFkk lUnHkZ*A ,fg lUnHkZd lkr xksV fucU/ vfN&(d) LoHkko
vks LokHkkfodrk ([k) fo'oluh;rk vk vfo'oluh;rkd vk/kja (x) ;FkkFkZoknh ukjk
vks thoud ;FkkFkZ (?k) dFkk&rÙo vk dFkk&izo`fÙk (M+) fojks/h vfLrRod ok;oh;rk
(p) /jrhd lkfgR; vk lkfgR;d /jrh (N) lelkef;d eSfFkyh dFkk lkfgR;d izo`fÙkA
mi;qZDr lHk fo"k; ij fopkj djckd ozQe es lkfgR;d dFkk&fo/k es ts jktuhfrd yksd
dFkkdkjd [kky vksf<+ Hkzetky ilkfj jgykg vfN rdjk fujLr djSr ys[kd lR;d
mn~?kkVu djSr Li"V :i l¡ dgSr NfFk ts ¶oLrqr% ;FkkFkZoknh ;fn ekDLkZ }kjk Nn~erkd lax
fo'ks"k izHkkfor ukjk fFkd r¡ thoud ;FkkFkZ euq";da prqeqZ[k fodkl es lfUUkfgr vfN¸A
ys[kd lkfgR;d /jrh ts lkekftd eaxyrkd /jkry ij vk/kfjr vfN rdjk LoPN vks
fueZy j[kckd iz;kstuh;rkd fn'kk&laosQr d,yfUg vfNA lkEizfrd dFkkrÙo vks dFkk
izo`fÙkd Hksndrk osQ¡ fcuq cq>us ts ek=k la?k"ksZVk osQ¡ dFkk fdaok miU;kl cq>Sr NfFk rfudk
ys[kd viu v;ksX;rkd izpkjd ekuSr NfFkA vks thou ewY;d ifjoÙkZu osQ¡ js[kkafdr djck
osQ¡ lkfgR; ekuSr NfFkA lkfgR; es jksM+ckfg djc vFkok vjktdrk mRiUUk djck osQ¡ la?k"kZ
ekuckd fopkj osQ¡ [kkfjt djSr oSpkfjd /jkryijd la?k"ksZ osQ¡ lkfgfR;d la?k"kZ ekuSr NfFkA
rfguk vkSiU;kfld lUnHkZ es ^Lokra=;ksÙkj miU;kld i`"BHkwfe* 'kh"kZdd ,dek=k fucU/
es fofHkUUk miU;kld dFkkRed fo"k;d ,sfrgkfld foHkzkfUrd fujkdj.k d,y xsy vfNA
^uorkd lUnHkZ* es oqQy NkS xksV fucU/ lekfo"V vfN&(d) okns&okns tk;res
rÙo cks/% ([k) dkO;&txres vkxzg'khyrk (x) uo ys[kud Lo:i vk fn'kk (?k)
vkLFkk&vukLFkkd Loj (M+) ijEijkd vofLFkfr (p) vk/qfud dforkes lEizs"k.kh;rkd
leL;k ufgA uorkoknh vks ijEijkoknh ys[kdd }kjk ,d nksljkd jpukij d,y tk,oyk
vkjksi&izR;kjksid [k.Mu djSr 'ks[kjth Li"V d,yfUg vfN ts izR;sd uork es izkphurkd
[kkn vofLFkr jfgrs NSdA lEizfr ts fons'k l¡ vk;kfrr uohurk fFkd] tdj ewy es fonzksg
rÙo vfN] ts lkfgR; es jksM+ckfg osQ¡ la?k"kZ ekuSr vfNA oLrqr% us rdj dksuks lkFkZd Hkfo";
NSd vk us vksdjk lkS>k¡ dksuks fuf'pr y{;s NSdA lkfgR;d dkt /jrh osQ¡ LoPN vks
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 59
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk fueZy j[kckd iz;kstuh;rkd fn'kk&laosQr djc fFkdA ,fg es uohurk lfUufgr vfNA viu
,oa ,fg iq"V fopkjd }kjk 'ks[kjth uohurk vks izkphurkd rF;kRedrkd lR; osQ¡ mn~?kkfVr
lkfgfR;d fuca/
d,us NfFkA us ijEijkoknh lkfgR; vizklafxd vfN us uohu lkfgfR;d jpuk es lEizs"k.kh&
uksV ;rkd dksuks leL;k NSdA ;qxcks/d lax pyfugkjd ysy lEizs"k.kh;rkd leL;k ufg
vfNA fucU/dkj uo ys[kud izfr vk'kkoku NfFkA vksdfj Hkfo";ksd izfr lfUnX/ ufg
fFkdkg] eqnk ,fg uke ij d,y tk,oyk vuxZy izyki l¡ fpfUrr vo'; NfFkA
mi;qZDr foospu l¡ Li"V vfN ts laxzggd lHkVk fucU/ eSfFkyh Hkk"kk&lkfgR; osQ¡
leqfpr fn'kk&funsZ'k djck es iw.kZ liQy Hksy vfNA
fucU/dkj yksdfud oxZes MkW- 'kSysUnz eksgu >kd uke vknjd lax ysy tk, loSQr
vfNA fgud dFkk lHk tfguk i=k&if=kdk es fNfM+vk;ys jfg xsy vk vksdj laxzg ufg
vkfc ldy] rfguk fofHkUUk fo"k; ij fy[ky fgud dfri; foJqr vks ifBr ,oa cgqpfpZr
fucU/ lHk i=k&if=kdkd iUUkk es ncy vfN] tkfg es izfrikfnr fgud uScaf/d l'kDrrk
vktqd lkekU; ikBd l¡ nwjfg vfNA fgud fucU/] eSfFkyhd vfrfjDr fgUnh vks vaxzsth es
lsgks miyC/ vfN] ts eSfFkyh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR;d fpUru {ks=k l¡ iQjkd ufg vfNA vaxzsth
es fy[ky fucU/ izkphu eSfFkyh lkfgR;d vkdj xzUFk Hkk"kk&xhr&laxzgd ifjp; osQ¡ vk
nkslj fo|kifrd ledkyhu dfo ve`rdj osQ¡ js[kkafdr djSr vfNA fgUnh es ^ujflageYYk
vkSj muosQ eSfFkyh xhr*] ^o.kZjRukdj es lkekftd thou dh >yd*] ^ve`rdj jfpr
jRukoyh osQ eSfFkyh xhr*] ^oS".ko lkfgR; dh i`"BHkwfe*] ^lar lkfgR;] e/qj jl vkSj
ijdh;k Hkko* vkfn fucU/ es fgud viu {ks=k] viu Hkk"kk vk viu fopkj oSHkos
izfrikfnr vfNA gejk r¡ yxSr vfN ts ,fg Hkk"kk lHkd ekè;es vks fut Hkk"kkd 'kfDr osQ¡
veSfFky ikBdd chp izpkfjr djckd ewy eulk y, pySr NykgA ,fg lHk fucU/ es
vf/dka'kd fo"k; ,d jfgrgq¡ izfriknu es fHkUUkrk vfNA ,fg lc fucU/d trsd iz'kalk
Hksy ls ysdd vuqla/s; n`f"Vd fu"i{k izfriknud nqvkjs ¡ HksyA ,djk vfrfjDr ^vk/qfud
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d i`"BHkwfe*] ^cStynso*] ^mekifr% O;fDr vks o`QfrRo*] ^bfrgkl nsorkd
vkokgu*] ^vk/qfud eSfFkyh [k.MdkO;*] ^egkizHkq pSrU;d jk/k&Hkko*] ^dfooj vkjlh
izlkn flagd eSfFkyh dfork*] ^/wÙkZlekxed eSfFkyh in*] ^eSfFkyh miU;kl fofHkUUk izo`fÙk*]
^lqeuthd jpuk dkS'ky*] ^dfooj ykynkl% O;fDrÙo vks o`QfrRo*] ^vk/qfud dforkes
jk"Vªra=k*] ^jpukRed dk;Zd mís';*] ^eSfFkyh dforkd uohu fn'kk] dkO; leh{kk% vpZuk
dkO; lkSUn;Z* rFkk orZeku eSfFkyh xhfrdkO; izeq[k vfNA 'kSysUnz eksgu >kd leh{kkRed
fucU/es eq[kfjr izeq[k Loj fFkd uohu rF;d roZQiw.kZ vUos"k.k vk ikBdd fn'kk&funsZ'ku]
fn'kk&cks/uA vk/qfud eSfFkyh lkfgR;d i`"BHkwfed ifjisz{; es vks dgSr NfFk ts ¶orZeku
eSfFkyh lkfgR; us r¡ [kkyh /kfeZd lkfgR; jfg xsy vk us dksuks oxZ fo'ks"kd lkfgR;A bZ
lkekU; turkd lkfgR; cuy tk, jgy vfNA lekt es ,dj ,rsd fudV lEcU/ dfg;ks
ufg NySdA bZ :f<+d cU/u rksfM+ fodkld uo;qx es izos'k d,ydA¸
fefFkyk fefgjd ckjg vxLr 1962 bZ- d- vad es izdkf'kr fgud ^eSfFkyh
dforkd ns'k izsed Loj* fucU/ es vks ,gu dfork lHkd vUos"k.k d,yfUg vfN tdj
vk/kj jk"Vªh; izse vks jk"Vªd izfr vuqjkx osQ¡ izfrikfnr d,y xsy vfNA ,gh vuqozQe es
vks dgSr NfFk ts ¶vk/qfud eSfFkyh dkO;d ,d iz/ku fo"k; fFkd tUeHkwfe vks ns'kizseA
lkEizfrd dfork es jk"Vªh; dforkd :i Lora=krkd i'pkr~ Hksy vfNA vr% lkekftd
60 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
vkfFkZd fo"kerk osQ¡ O;Dr d,fugkj jpuk ,gh Js.khd izfrfuf/Ro djSr vfNA¸ vuqla/kud fucU/ lkfgR;
rkfÙod vkdyu fgud ^cStynso* fucU/ es csl eq[kfjr Hksy vfNA ,fg es 'kSysUnz eksgu
>kd uoksUes"k'kkfyfu izfrHkk osQ¡ ,fg ysy js[kkafdr d,y tkbr vfN ts vks >k¡iy cgqr
jkl rF; osQ¡ mn~?kkfVr d,yfUg vfNA bfrgkl] cStynso ,oa oS|ukFk fooknkLin i{k osQ¡ uksV
vuqla/kud vHkkod dkj.ks ¡ iQfjPN ufg d, ldy rdjk 'kSysUnz ckcw vusd izekf.kd
lk{; lHk osQ¡ lehphu :i es jkf[k bZ fl¼ d, nsyfUg ts ikVfyiq=k ujs'k] u`i oS|ukFk]
cStynsoh ukes lEcksf/r jgfFkA mi;qZDr rF;d vk/kjij bZ Li"V Hk, tkbr vfN tS 'kSysUnz
ckcwd 'kks/ijd vkyskpukd vfrfjDr dfri; lkfgfR;d fucU/ lHkd iQjkd ladyud
dYiuk djc LokHkkfoosQ NyA Jh jkteksgu >k ys[kdd ,fg vUr}ZU}d [kqyklk d,yfUg
vfN&
1963 bZ- es MkW- 'kSysUnz eksgu >kd yfyr fucU/d laxzg ^iFk gsjfFk jk/k* izdkf'kr
HksyA ,fg es uvksVk fucU/ lax`ghr vfNA ^iquuZok* mDr laxzgd ifgy fucU/ fFkdA
,dj lHk l¡ [kkl fo'ks"krk fFkd&izo`Qfrd :i&n'kZu es fof'k"V lkSUn;Zd fnO;rkd rRdky
izHkko] ts ns[kSr jgck dky /fj trck vkg~ykndrk nSr vfN rrcs ijks{k Hksus fiikflrks
djSr vfNA ^tue vof/ ge :i fugkjy] u;u us frjfir HksyA* oLrqr% ^ckytkd* osQ¡
iky;qDr xfr'khy ukg] ljiV nksM+Sr ?kksM+k vk u`R;jr ukjh lHk l¡ lqUnj yxSr jgfUgg rs ¡
'kSysUnz ckcw osQ¡ ,fg lHkd vfrfjDr izo`Qfrd n'kZud chp uo lq"kek vksfg l¡ de vkdf"kZr
ufg d,us jgfUgA dydy cgSr lfjrkd izokg] ioZr Ük`a[kykl¡ [klSr LiQfVd ln`'k
ikjn'khZ >jukd tyjkf'k] taxyd thou es iljy gjhfrek vk fge lq"kek fgud ân; osQ¡
fujUrj eqX/ djSr jgyfUgA eqnk ,gu eukseqX/ dkjh Nfo n'kZu ,lxj ufg] lg;k=kh ok
lg;kf=k.kh ljd n`f"Vdks.k vks O;ogkjd dkseyrk l¡ ,dj izHkko f}xqf.kr Hk, tkbr NSd
vk ls HksVSr NfUg vius fe=kd iRuh deyk l¡A bZ lg;k=kk izo`Qfr vks ukjhd fnO;rk osQ¡
ân;axe djckd ysy vtL=k ifjos'k fugq¡fN nSr NfUgA ^iquuZok* vkRedFkkd izHkko nSr
vfNA
¶iwf.kZekd pUnzek l¡ eq[kdkfUr] lty&iqQyk,y vks iM+y lqUnj lqoqQekj yrk l¡ 'kjhj
fo/ku y* d* vks ukjhd dykiw.kZ jpuk d,yfUgA isQj f}rh;kd pUnzek l¡ yykV&oafdek]
e`xhd papy vk¡f[k l¡ ykspu&yhyk] 'kqd eq[k l¡ ;qDr lqUnj dEcq l¡ xzhokd jpuk d* d*
tsuk gqudj LoIu lkdkj Hk* mBy gksbUgA¸ ^ns[ky u;u l:is* 'kh"kZd fucU/d mi;qZDr
fp=kkadu vkd"kZd vfNA ,fg vkd"kZd fp=k.kd ewy mRl iq:"k fiz;k ukjhd lkSUn;Z lÙkk
osQ¡ LFkkfir d* vksdj voyksdu djckd vfN vk vksfg jl&jlkfUofres jfe t,ckd vfNA
lqUnj 'kSyh es fuc¼ ,fg fucU/d deuh; fp=k.k ikBd osQ¡ ckfUg ySr vfN vk ikBd ukjh
l`f"Vd vfHkuo dFkk lqfu r`fIr Hk, tkbr vfNA ¶ddjgq ân;d fu'Ny izse HksfV xsy r¡
lalkjd lHkVk fuf/ HksfV xsy gksA b,g fuf/ fuf'Ny izsed lUnHkZ es HksVy NyfUg 'kkgtgk¡
osQ¡ eqerktd :i esA eqerkt] lkSUn;Z vk izsed ifjf/d fodflr xqykcA 'kkgtgk¡d gkFkd
xqykc] tdj lEcU/ ân; l¡ NySd vk b,sg fuf/ fu'Ny izsed lUnHkZ es HksVy NyfUg
'kkgtgk¡ osQ eqerktd :i esA eqerkt egy izsehd mikluk&x`g] n'kukFkhZd rhFkZLFky vk
dfod deuh; dYiuk vks vkUrfjd Lojpsrukd vojksg&vkjksgA vku fnud rktegy
ufg] 'kjniwf.kZekd rktegy lkSUn;Zd leLr rÙod LokHkkfod vk;kstud vk;kstuk&LFkyhA
Hkkoukd izogeku xg~ojA fu'Ny vks fu"dyq"k izhfrd l'kDr gLrk{kj&^rktegy*A vfNA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 61
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk ^iyk'kd iwQy* ,fgg laxzgd pkfje fucU/ fFkdA fucU/d foLrkj vks o.kZud
,oa peRdkj ts gks] tsgu gks] eqnk ykfyR;d f[kM+dh yx Bk<+ ys[kdd ân; es dkO;kuqHkwfrd
lkfgfR;d fuca/
vtL=k /kjk izokfgr djck es bZ vifjes; lg;ksx nSr vfNA rs ¡ ^iyk'kd iwQy* osQ¡ phfUg
uksV xsykd i'pkr~ gqudk ,gu yxSr NfUg tsuk ,dj yky&yky Lrod lgtfgZ ¡ lksj d, jgy
gks&¶ckt; chu Hkzej osQj ykxy] mBy enu Loj tkfxA yky&iyk'k oqQlqe ou iwQyy]
ykxy lkSjHk vkfxAA¸ vcqy iQty ,dVk lkjxfHkZr ,oa euksje xIIk viu ^vkbus&vdcjh*
es dgyfUg&^ts O;fDr dksuks rjgs ¡ ufg izlUu d,y tk, loSQr NfFk] gqudk iqQyk;y
osQljd [ksr es y* tk d* Bk<+ d* fn;kSUgg vks Lor% vkuUn l¡ foHkksj Hk* mBrkgA 'kSysUnz
ckcw iyk'kd iwQyd jDrkHk Nfo vks oklUrh c;kjd chp gkfnZd fnO;rkd eueksgd lÙkk
osQ¡ LohdkjyfUg vk NksVkukxiqjd olUr 'kksHkkd o.kZu es vkuUnd vks,g rÙo ivksyfUg
ts dfg;ks ^vcqy iQty* osQljd [ksr es ivksus NykgA osQljd [ksr es lqxaf/,&lqxaf/
jgSr NSd eqnk iykl ou xU/ghu jfgrks Hkkouk l¡ Hkjy NksVkukxiqjd oudU;kld lkFkZd
izlk/u cfu vksdj lkSUn;Zd vuUrdky ?kfj fodh.kZ djSr jgSr NSdA ys[kd ,fg fnO;rkd
lg;k=kh NfFkA ,fg ;k=kk es olUrd ikjEifjd o.kZu vk NksVkukxiqjd izko`Qfrd lq"kekd
izfr lgt vkd"kZ.k ,fg fucU/d foy{k.krk fFkdA
^Yk{e.kd 'kki* fucU/ 'kkid O;kts ¡ pdck vk pdchd ekufld cks/&vcks/ osQ¡
O;Dr djckd iz;kl fFkd] tdj vk/kj fFkd vuke yksddfod fy[ky yksdxhr tdj
vUrjeu es pdck&pdch osQ¡ jkfr Hkfj fd,d iQjkd jg, iM+Sr NSd rdj ?kVukd o.kZu
Hksy vfNA ,fg es vkvksj i{k r¡ egÙoiw.kZ vfN,] eqnk fo'ks"k egÙoiw.kZ vfN bZ yksdxhr
ts ,fg fucU/ osQ¡ vk/kj nsyd vfN ,oa ys[kdd vUos"k.k {kerk vk ,dj O;k[;kRed
n{krk osQ¡ js[kkafdr d,yd vfNA
^iFk gsjfFk jk/k* laxzgd vafre vk uoe fucU/ fFkd ^iFk gsjfFk jk/k* 'kh"kZd
fucU/A ;k=kkd ozQe es vkcSr eueksgd Nfod lqdksey fp=k.k fFkd bZ fucU/ vk LFky
fFkd ^d'ehj*A 'khry&v'khry Hkkjrh; izns'k lHkd LoxZA dkfUre; izko`Qfrd lq"kek]
nwj&nwj /fj iljy ciZQd /oyrk vk vkfrF; fuosnu vks 'kkyhurkd ifjp; nSr vksfg
izns'kd lqUnjh] ts ys[kdd fp=k.k {kerk osQ¡ f}xqf.kr d,us vfNA /ks[kk n, lhek ikj
Hkkfx xsy ^;klfeu* d ifr vkc ufg ?kqjrSdA ufg ?kqjrSd r¡ ^,lxj Bkf<+ dne rj js*
lu dfork fy[kfugkj fo|kifrd ukf;dk jk/kd fo;ksx lu ;klfeud fo;ksx LFkk;h Hk,
tsrSdA izrh{kkjr ifjR;Drk ^;klfeu* ckgj l¡ Hkus vkd"kZd ykxfFk eqnk gqudk Hkhrj //
oSQr vkfxd //jkd rki drgq¡ l¡ de gks,ckd dYius ufg d,y tk, loSQr vfNA
,fg fucU/d lUnHkZ es eSfFkyhd pfpZr dfo vks dFkkdkj osQnkj dkuu fy[kSRk&¶viu
'kCn dkS'ky] viu 'kCn dkS'ky] viu foy{k.krk] viu dYiukyksdd lqdksey x<+fu l¡
ys[kd ,fg fucU/ osQ¡ vR;Ur ljy vks izsee; cuk, nsus NfFkA izsehd izrh{kk es ckV tksgSr
iszfedk] ifrd izrh{kk es ckV tksgSr iRuh vk o`Q".kd izrh{kk es ckV tksgSr fojgh jk/kd
viwoZ vn~Hkwr fp=kdFkk izLrqr fucU/ es liQyrkiwoZd O;Dr Hksy vfNA¸
eSfFkyh fucU/ lkfgR; fo'ks"k d¿ leh{kk lkfgR; osQ¡ iq"V djck es izks- jekukFk
>kd uke vxzx.; vfNA fgud izcU/ laxzg] fucU/ekyk vks MkW- ujukFk >k }kjk lEikfnr
fofo/ izcU/ es ladfyr fdNq egÙoiw.kZ fucU/ eSfFkyh leh{kk lkfgfR;d es:n.M vfNA
62 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
fgud leh{kko`fÙk fucU/ r¡ eSfFkyh es v|kof/ pfpZr vfNA izca/ laxzgd ,d fucU/ fucU/ lkfgR;
vUos"k.kkRed vks roZQ l¡ lEiksf"kr vfNA
fucU/dkj es izks- ra=kukFk >kd uke lsgks vxz.kh vfNA fgud fy[ky fucU/ ;|fi
FkksM+ vfN fdUrq vksfg ekè;es fucU/dkj tsuk oLrqd miLFkkiu d,y vfN] ifjp; nsy uksV
vfN] izHkko ns[kkvksy vfN&fu'p;s vks lHk fefy fgud fucU/ osQ¡ Js"B cucSr vfNA
fgud fy[ky O;fDrfu"B fucU/d la[;k ek=k nqb vfN&^gej BsaÄk* vks ^v.kkph nkuk*A
^gej BsaÄk* fucU/es jkspdrkk vfN ,oa vksfg ^jkspdrk*d vk/kj vfN O;aX;&gkL;A oLrqr%
fucU/ ys[ku vks fFkd tkfg l¡ ys[kdd lEiw.kZ O;fDrÙod vkHkkl lkekU; :i es Hk,
tkbr vfNA ra=kukFk >kd lkekU; O;fDrRo&lSary] cq>uqd vks izHkko'kkyh :i es [;kr
vfNA 'kCnd [kpZ lsgks jpuk es bZ vuko';d :is ¡ ufg djSr NfFk&iQyr% lHkBke l?ku
vfHkO;fDrd peRdkj lgtfg miyC/ gksbr vfNA vks rkfg ij fgud ljl; Hkkoukd
peRdkfjd vfHkO;fDr l¡ LoHkkor% fgud fucU/ iw.kZ jgSr vfNA vks ljyrk vcSr vfN
O;aX;d vo/kj.kk l¡] fouksnd l`f"V l¡] ifjgkld iz;ksx l¡A fgud x|d fo'ks"krk vfN
vo`Qf=ke Hkk"kk ,oa ,gu fueZy vfHkO;fDr tkfg es d[kugq¡ fy[kckdky 'kCnd vdky
ufg gks,r&'kCn lrr~ HksfVrfg jgrA oLrqr% uO;&ik'pkR; 'kSyhd vk/kjij v¡xzsthd pkYlZ
ySEcd fucU/ ln`'k fgud jpuk gksbr vfNA MkW- t;dkUr feJd fopkjs ¡ eSfFkyh x|
es jfpr ^gej Bs­Äk* fucU/ es izks- ra=kuk:Fk >k pkYlZ ySEcd vuqdj.k djckd iz;Ru
d,y vfNA ,fg l¡ ^gej BsÄk* fucU/d uO;rk ,oa iz;ksx'khyrkd vfrfjDr fucU/dkjd
uO;ys[ku 'kSyhd ifjp; gksbr vfNA
eSfFkyh fucU/ osQ¡ iq"V djck es ckcw Hkksykyky nkld vizfre ;ksxnku jgy NfUgA
fucU/dkjd :i es Hkksyk ckcw ^Jh eSfFkyh* i=kd ekè;e l¡ lkfgfR;d {ks=k es vorh.kZ
gksbr n`f"Vxkspj gksbr NfFkA Lora=k :i l¡ fy[ky fgud fucU/ osQ¡ lkekftd&leL;kewyd]
laLej.kkRed] ,sfrgkfld] Hkk"kk lEcU/h] /eZ lEcU/h rFkk leh{kkRed dksfV es oxhZo`Qr
d,y tk, loSQr vfNA ^Jh eSfFkyh* es fgud lkr xksV lkekftd&leL;kewyd fucU/ lHk
cgkj HksyA ,fg ozQe es ifgy fucU/ ^gej lekt*] if=kdkd rslj vades Niy@fefFkykd
izkphu xkSjo'kkyh ijEijkd ifjizs{; es oÙkZeku dky es vksdj lkekftd va/%iru] fofHkUUk
oqQjhfr vkfnd ppkZ d,y xsy vfNA ,fg leL;kd lek/kud fo"k; es izsj.kkizn fopkj
d,y xsy vfNA nkslj leL;kewyd ys[k ts ^Jh eSfFkyh* es izdkf'kr HksyfUg] rdj 'kh"kZd
vfN&^oÙkZeku L=kh lekt vks gej dÙkZO;*A Hkksyk ckcw lkekftd lq/kj ysy ts vkUnksyu
d,yfUg rkfg es ukjhd mRFkku ij lc l¡ vf/d è;ku nsyfUgA L=kh&f'k{kk ij tksj nSr
ckyfookg] o`¼ fookg ,oa cgqfookg vkfn izFkk osQ¡ nwj djckd vkxzg ,fg fucU/ es d,y
xsy vfNA ,gh ozQe es ^lkSjkB lHkk* uked ,d ys[k Hkksyk ckcwd izdkf'kr NfUgA fucU/
dkj vksfg ys[k es dgSr NfFk&
¶Lej.k jk[kh ;fn vgk¡d m|ksx l¡ ,osQ xksV fujijk/ eSfFky dU;kd c/ dksuks
cw<+d ifj.k; rek'kk l¡ fuo``Ùk HksySd r¡ bZ xksgR;k fuokj.kd iQy Hksy] ;fn ,dks xksVk osQ¡
vgk¡ O;FkZ cgqfookg l¡ cpk, ldygq¡ r¡ ns'kd drksd ifjokj osQ¡ lq[k 'kkfUr nsygq¡A ;fn
vaxzsth ik¡ftd ozQes ,dks uo f'kf{kr oxZ osQ¡ Vkdk ysck l¡ jksfd ldygq¡ r¡ vgk¡ drsd
Lusgyrk osQ¡ cpkvksyA¸ fgud ,d fucU/ ^jktuhfr vks lektuhfr* uke l¡ Jh eSfFkyh es
izdkfk'r Hksy NfUg vk iVukd eSfFkyh vdkneh }kjk izdkf'kr fucU/&laxzg es ladfyr
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 63
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk NfUgA vksfg fucU/d fupksM+ bZ vfN ts lk ekftd oqQjhfr osQ¡ nwj djckd ysy Lojkt
,oa izkIr djc vko';d vfNA
lkfgfR;d fuca/
^eSfFkyh lkfgR; ifj"kn~d vko';drk* 'kh"kZd ,d vU; fucU/ es] ts ^fefFkyk
uksV fefgj* d 31 ekpZ] 1968 d vad es izdkf'kr NfUg] 17&18 iQjojh lfjlc ikgh es
lEiUUk eSfFkyh lkfgR; ifj"kn~d lSafrle vf/os'kud ckn fy[kus NykgA vksfg fucU/ es
eSfFkyhd izxfr] ck/k] lEHkkouk vkfn ij ys[kk&tks[kk djSr vkxwd ekxZ funsZf'kr d,us
NfFkA izkFkfed f'k{kkd ekè;ed :i es eSfFkyh osQ¡ ykxw djc rFkk ,d if=kdkd izdk'ku
ij mDr ys[k es tksj nsy xsy NSdA
jk"Vªoknh ,oa lq/kjoknh gks,ckd dkj.ks ¡ Hkksykyky nkl izxfr'khy jgfFkA eqnk vks
/eZd mis{kk djSr Nykg ls ufg dgy tk, loSQr vfNA /eZ fo"k;ij fgud ,d ys[k
^fo'oozQkafr vkSj /eZ* uked 'kh"kZd l¡ miyC/ vfNA bZ fucU/ eSfFkyh lkfgR; ifj"kn~]
njHkaxk }kjk izdkf'kr rFkk e-e- mes'k feJ }kjk lEikfnr ^x|oqQlqeekyk* uked x|
ladyu es ladfyr vfNA foKkud fodkl l¡ ik'pkR; ns'k lHk es HkkSfrd mUUkfr r¡ HksySd]
eqnk /eZd {ks=k es àkl HksySdA vuh'ojoknd izpkj vf/d gksc, yxySdA ;wjksi ij :ld
/eZfojks/h fopkjd izHkko c<+, yxySdA /eZd jgL; osQ¡ fcuq cq>us yksd ukfLrd gksc,
ykxyA fucU/dkjd fopkj l¡ /eZ ij l¡ vkLFkk ?kVyk l¡ tulk/kj.k es dÙkZO; djckd
fopkj es gzkl HksySdA
chle 'knhd lkre n'kd es fucU/&ys[ku es ,dVk uo uke vk,y&MkW- bUnzdkUr
>kda rfg;k l¡ y, ,[ku ?kfj (2011) cjkscfj fofHkUUk i=k&if=kdk es fgud fucU/ lHk
ns[kck es vcSr vfNA fucU/d ,dxksV izeq[k iksFkh ¶'kks/ jRukdj¸ 1970 es izdkf'kr HksyA
,fg es MkW- >kd ik¡p xksV 'kks/ vk/kfjr fucU/ ladfyr vfN&(1) dkfynkld dkO; es
ekbda LFkku (2) fo|kifr vks fefFkyk (3) e-e- :ä?kj fojfpr ozri¼fr (4) mekifr
dkyhu fefFkyk (5) egkjkt y{eh'oj flagA ,dj vfrfjDr fucU/dkj MkW- bUnzdkUr >kd
fucU/d lwph fuEuor~ vfN&^fo|kifrdkyhu fefFkykes o`Qf"k*] ^foHkkxlkj*] ^ef.ke×tjh
% ,d fo'ys"k.k] ^fo|kifrdkyhu* fefFkykes U;k; O;oLFkk*] ^fo|kifr dkyhu fefFkykd
/kfeZd Hkkouk*] ^vk/qfud dfork ,oa ijEijk vkSfpR;*] ^dU;knkud leL;k yksdxhr
vk¡xues*] ^xksj{kfot;% ,d losZ{k.k*] ^eSfFkyh ukVd dhÙkZfu×kk ukVdd i;Zolkudky*
vkfnA
chle 'krkCnhd mÙkjk¼Z es fdNq egRoiw.kZ fucU/dkj Hksykg ftud leh{kkRed
fucU/ laxzg izdkf'kr HksyA ,fg dksfVd fucU/dkj es izeq[k NfFk izks- vkuUn feJ] ia-
xksfoUn >k] izks- vejs'k ikBd] izks- cklqdh ukFk >k] izks- vejukFk >k] izks- txnh'k feJ]
izks- HkheukFk >k] izks- jkenso >k] MkkW- vkuUn feJ eSfFkyh ,d lqfoK izkè;kid NykgA
dksuks ckr osQ¡ fdNq okD; es cq>k;c fgud fo'ks"krk vfNA fgud leh{kkVk osQ fucU/ laxzg
lkfgR;;dh] lfjlksikgh (e/qcuh) }kjk ^fopkj ohph* uke l¡ izdkf'kr vfNA izks- vejs'k
ikBdd fucU/ ladyu] uohu fucU/ ladyu ,oa fofHkUUk i=k&if=kdk es izdkf'kr vusd
fucU/ eSfFkyh fucU/ lkfgR; osQ¡ xfjeke; cuvksus vfNA rfguk izks- cklqdhukFk >kd
^ifjog*] MkW- vejukFk >k ^nzqr foyfEcr* MkW- txnh'k feJd ifj'khyu] MkW- HkheukFk
>kd ^fof/d foe'kZ* vk y?kwÙkjh; lkfgR;kykid vfrfjDr vusd vladfyr fucU/ vfNA
64 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
Hkheckcwd fucU/d Hkk"kk vR;Ur jkspd loZtu cks/xE; gksbr vfNA MkW- jkenso >k ,d fucU/ lkfgR;
liQy vUos"kd vks lqfoK fucU/d NfFkA fgud fucU/ xEHkhj gksbr vfNA
jekuUn >k ^je.k* d cslkgy] vf[k;klyd vfrfjDr vusd gsjk;y vks Hkwfrvk;y
fo"k; ij xos"k.kkiw.kZ fucU/ izdkf'kr vfNA fucU/dkjd :i es iz[;kr NfFk MkW- izse'kadj uksV
flagA fgud ukVd ij fo'ks"k fucU/ NfuA ^eSfFkyh Hkk"kk lkfgR;% chle 'krkCnjh* fgud
izfl¼ fucU/ laxzg vfNA fgud fucU/ izk;% lHk if=kdkd 'kksHkk c<+cSr vfNA ,dj
vfrfjDr eksgru Hkkj}ktd ,dy ikB vks vFkkZr~] foHkwfr vkuUnd Hkk"kk&Vhdk] ia- xksfoUn
>kd vuqfpUru] MkW- je.k >kd fHkUUk&vfHkUUk] cPPkk BkoqQjd eSfFkyh vkykspuk lkfgfR;d
fn'kk cks/] 'kf'kcks/ feJd ^fucU/&ikB] izks- oh.kk BkoqQjd ^bfrgkl niZ.k*] MkW- nsokdkUr
>k yfyrkatfy ,oa izca/ ih;w"k* vkfn fucU/ laxzg eSfFkyh fucU/ lkfgR;d HkaMkj le`¼
d¿ jgy vfNA izks- nsosUnz >k NksV&NksV fdUrq lkjxfHkZr fucU/ fyf[k eSfFkyh ikBdd
Kkuo¼Zu djSr NfFkA 'kjfnUnq pkS/jhd gkL;&O;aX;iw.kZ fucU/ eSfFkyh fucU/ lkfgR; osQ¡
uo n`f"Vdks.k iznku djSr vfNA
3-6 lkjk'ka

lkjka'kr% dgy tk, loSQr vfN ls eSfFkyh fucU/ vR;f/d le`¼ vfNA eSfFkyhes
fofHkUUk izdkjd fucU/ fy[ky xsy] tsuk&leh{kkRed fucU/] o.kZukRed fucU/] ifjp;kRed
fucU/] fo'ys"k.kkRed fucU/ vkfnA fo"k;oLrqd n`f"V,¡ lsgks eSfFkyh fucU/ es fofo/
rk vfNA lkfgR;] foKku] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] jktuhfr] lkekftd] fpfdRlk] okf.kT; vkfn
fHkUUk&fHkUUk fo"kl l¡ lEc¼ fucU/ eSfFkyh es HksVSr vfNA lkfgfR;d ,fg x|kRed
fo/kd fodkl es i=k&if=kdkd ;ksxnku r¡ vfN,] vksuk fucU/d Lora=k iksFkhd lsgks
vHkko ufg vfNA
3-7 vH;kld iz'u

1- fucU/ l¡ vgk¡ dh cq>Sr fN,sd\ fo'ys"k.k d#A

2- fdNq izeq[k fuca/d fo"k; oLrq l¡ ifjp; djkmA
3- eSfFkyh fucU/d fodkl dksuk Hksy\ fopkj d:A
4- ik¡p izeq[k fuca/dkjd ifjp; nhvA



Lo vè;;u lkexzh 65
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk
bZdkbZ&4 dkfynkld dfoRo&izfrHkkd ewY;kadu
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/
ikB&lajpuk
uksV 4-1 mís';
4-2 ifjp;
4-3 dkfynkld laf{kIr ifjp;
4-4 miek dkfynklL;
4-5 dkfynkld çÑfr fp=k.k
4-6 Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oa lH;rkd fp=k.k
4-7 lkjka'k
4-8 vH;kld ç'u

4-1 mís';

egkdfo dkfynkld fof'k"V] fo}ku~yksdfu eqDrdaB l¡ ç'kalk djSr viu&viu

mn~xkj O;Dr d,us NfFkA ,fg ikB esa ,gu egkdfod jpukd fof'k"Vrk l¡ lqifjfpr gks,c
çR;sd Hkkjroklhd dÙkZO; fFkdA

4-2 ifjp;

laLÑr Hkkjro"kZd çkphure Hkk"kk fFkdA laLÑr Hkk"kk vkèkqfud leLr Hkkjrh;
Hkk"kkd tuuh ekuy tkbr vfNA dkO;d çR;sd foèkk l¡ ifjiw.kZ ,fg Hkk"kkd lkfgfR;d
HkaMkj vR;Ur lqle`¼ NSdA ,d l¡ cf<+ d; ,d egkdfo yksdfu viu&viu vewY;
dkO; l¡ ,fg Hkk"kk ds vyaÑr d,us NfFkA egkdfo dkfynkl laLÑr lkfgR;d vkdk'k
es lw;Z ln`'k 'kksHkk;eku NfFkA dfooj t;nso fgudk ^dfork&dkfeuhd foykl* dfg
^dfodqyxq#* d mikfèk l¡ foHkwf"kr d,us NfFk&
¶dfodqyxq#% dkfynklks foykl%A¸ (;tnso] çlUujk?ko&1@22)
fo}r~ lekt es dkfynkld egÙkkd fo"k; es çLrqr i| ije çpfyr vfN&
iqjk dohuka x.kukçlaxs
dfuf"Bdkf?kfu"Br dkfynkl%A
v|kfi rÙkqY;dosjekokr~
vukfedk lkFkZorh cHkwoAA
(çkphudky es dfoyksdfud x.kukd çlax es dkfynkld uke dfu"Bk (x.kuk
djckdky ifgy duxqfj;k vkaxqj) ij jk[ky tkbr NyA vkb rd dkfynkl ln`'k dfod
66 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
vHkkod dkj.ksa vukfedk vkaxqj viu uke lkFkZd djSr vukfeds (fcuq ukesd) jfg xsyA dkfynkld dfoRo&izfrHkkd
rkRi;Z bZ ts dkfynkld rqY; nkslj dfo gqud uked i'pkr~ x.kuk es ufg vkfc ldykgA) ewY;kadu

4-3 dkfynkld laf{kIr ifjp;

uksV
dkfynkld le;] tUeLFkku ,oa jpukoyhd fo"k;es fo}ku~yksdfud eè; v|kofèk
erHksn cuy vfN] fdUrq vfèkdka'k Hkkjrh; fo}ku~ fgudk foØe laor~ çkjEHkdÙkkZ jktk
'kdkfj foØekfnR;d uojRues l¡ ,d ^jRu* ekuSr NfFk&
?kuoUrfj{ki.kdkejflag'kadq&
osrkyHkêð?kVdiZj dkfynklk%A
[;krks ojkgfefgjks u`irs% lHkk;ka
jR;kfu oS oj#fpuZo foØeL;AA
&T;ksfrfoZnkHkj.kAA
,fg çdkjsa vfèkdka'k Hkkjrh; fo}ku~yksdfud erkuqlkj dkfynkld le; bZñiwñ çFke
'krkCnh ekuy tkbr vfNA
d'ehj] fefFkyk] caxky] mTtf;uh] fonHkZ vkfn {ks=k osQ¡ dkfynkld tUeLFkku
ekuckd fo"k; es vusd er&erkUrj ns[kck es vcSr vfNA cgqla[;d fo}ku~ mTtf;uh
(mTtSu) osQ¡ dkfynkld tUeLFkku ekuSr NfFkA
dkfynkld jpuk lHkd fo"k; es lsgks ,der ufg vfNA fgudk uke l¡ vusd xzUFk
çpfyr vfN tkfg es lkrs Vk xzUFk ij erSD; n`f"Vxkspj gksbr vfNA xzUFk lHkd fooj.k
fuEufyf[kr vfNA
(1) ½rqlagkj & bZ Nvks (6) lxZd ,d y?kqdk; xhfr dkO; fFkdA ,fg es ljy
,oa lqeèkqj Hkk"kk es Ncks ½rqd o.kZu vR;Ur eueksgd :i es d,y xsy vfNA
(2) es?knwr & iwoZes?k vkvksj mÙkjes?k uke l¡ nw Hkkxes foHkDr bZ xzUFk ,d çeq[k
xhfrdkO; ([k.MdkO;) fFkdA ,fg es dÙkZO;ikyu es vlkoèkkuhd dkj.k èkuifr
dqcsjd 'kki l¡ lky Hkfjd ysy iRuh l¡ fo;qDr ,d ;{kd fojg&O;Fkkd ekfeZd
o.kZu Hksy vfNA o"kkZ ½rqd çkjEHk gksbrs jkefxfj ij O;kIr es?k osQ¡ nwr cuk;
;{k viu fojfg.kh iRuh osQ¡ lUns'k çsf"kr djSr vfNA
(3) dqekj lEHko & bZ 17 lxZd ,d fof'k"V egkdkO; fFkdA ,fges vR;kpkjh
rkjdklqjd oèkd gsrq dqekj (dkfrZds;) d tUe] ijkØe vkfn l¡ lEcfUèkr
ikSjkf.kd ?kVukd o.kZu vR;Ur jkspd ,oa ljy Hkk"kk&'kSyh es d,y xsy vfNA
(4) j?kqoa'k & 19 lxZd ,fg egkdkO; es fnyhi l¡ vfXuo.kZ i;ZUr lw;Zoa'kh;
jktkyksdfud o.kZu d,y xsy vfNA Hkk"kk&'kSyh] fo"k;oLrq] dYiuk'khyrk] o.kZu
dq'kyrk vkfn fofHkUu dkO;xq.k l¡ ifjiw.kZ ^j?kqoa'k* laLÑr lkfgR;d loksZRÑ"V
egkdkO; ekuy tkbr vfNA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 67
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk (5) ekyfodkfXu fe=k & Üka`xkj jl çèkku ik¡p vadd ,fg ukVd es 'kaqxoa'kh; jktk
,oa vfXufe=k rFkk ekyfodkd çsed euksgj fp=k.k ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ij vkèkkfjr
lkfgfR;d fuca/
vfNA ukV~;dykd n`f"V l¡ bZ ,d mRÑ"V ukVdd :i es çfl¼ vfNA
uksV (6) foØeksoZ'kh; & oSfnd mik[;ku ij vkèkkfjr ik¡p vadd ,fg =kksVd (mi:id)
es pUæoa'kd çorZd jktk iw:jok vk LoxZd vIljk moZ'khd çse xkFkk HkO;
:i es fpf=kr vfNA Üka`xkj jld ,fg es çèkkurk vfNA ukV~;dykd rqyuk es
dkO;dyk ^foØeksoZ'kh;* es vfèkd çLiqQfVr Hksy vfNA
(7) vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ & egkHkkjrd 'kdqUryksik[;ku ij vkèkkfjr Üka`xkj jl
çèkku ,fg ukVdd lkr vad es 'kdqUryk ,oa nq";Urd ç.k; lEcUèk] fo;ksx
,oa iqufeZyud HkO; o.kZu d,y xsy vfNA Hkk"kkd ljyrk] o.kZud jkspdrk]
dYiukd deuh;rk] Hkkod eèkqjrk] laoknd laf{kIrrk ,oa çHkkoksRikndrk]
ik=kfp=k.kd thoUrrk] ukV~;dykd dq'kyrk vkfn n`f"V,¡ ^vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye*
laLÑr lkfgR; es loksZrÑ"V ukVd ekuy tkbr vfNA ¶dkO;s"kq ukVda jE;e~
r=k jE;k 'kdqUrykA¸ (dkO; es lc l¡ euksgj ukVd gksbr vfN vk vksfg
es ^'kdqUryk* ukVd lokZfèkd euksgj vfNA)] ¶dkfynklL; loZLoefHkKku
'kkdqUrye~¸ (^vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~* dkfynkld loZLo fFkdA) vkfn mfDr ,fg
ukVdd loksZÙkerk ,oa yksdfç;rk osQ¡ lwfpr djSr vfNA
egkdfo dkfynkld dfork laLÑrd Üka`xkj ekuy tkbr vfNA ekèkq;Z xq.kd
lqUnj lfUuos'k] çlkn xq.kd fLuXèkrk] dkseydkUr inkoyhd ljl 'kÕ;k] vFkZd lkS"Bo]
Hkkod xkEHkh;Z] vyadkjd eatqy leUo;] dYiuk&pk#rk vkfn leLr mRÑ"V dkO;xq.k
dkfynkld dfork esa n`f"Vxr gksbr vfNA fgud dforkd jlkLoknu l¡ foLe; foxqXèk
ikBdd ân; dfg mBSr NSd&
¶dkfynklL; dfork uoa o;% ekfg"ka nf/ l'kdZja i;% --------
lEHkoUrq ee tUetUefuAA¸
(dkfynkld dfork] uo voLFkk] eghld nwèkd ngh] 'kDdj nsy nwèk--- gejk
tUe&tUe es çkIr gksA)
dkfynkl jloknh dfo NfFkA fgud dkO; esa Üka`xkj ,oa d#.k çèkku jld :i
es of.kZr Hksy vfNA 'ks"k vU; lkrks jl lgk;d (vax) jld :i es çlaxo'k ;FkkLFkku
lfUufgr vfNA
dkfynkl eq[;r% Üka`xkfjd dfo dgy tkbr NfFkA jljkt Üka`xkjd nw i{k gksbr
vfN & la;ksx ,oa fo;ksxA dgy xsy NSd ts fo;ksxd fcuk la;ksx iw.kZ ufg gksbr NSd (u
fouk foç;ksxsu la;ksx% iqf"Ve'uqrsA)A Üka`xkj jld mHk; i{kd o.kZu egkdfo dq'kyrkiwoZd
d,us NfFkA gqud Üka`xkj fp=k.k ekuo psruk osQ¡ m}sfyr dj;okyk eknd :io.kZu vks ljl
foykl o.kZus rd lhfer ufg jgy vfN] vfirq vksfg es yksde;kZnkd lax&lax Hkkjrh;
vkn'kZd iw.kZ ifjikyu Hksy vfNA dkfynkl ek=k cká :ikd"kZ.k ij vkèkkfjr çsed fojksèkh
68 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
NykgA oklukRed ny&ny es çfo"V ik=kd ysy egkdfo 'kkid foèkku d, vksdjk dkfynkld dfoRo&izfrHkkd
fo;ksxkuy es nXèk gks;ckd ysy NksfM+ nSr NfFkA tsuk Lo.kZd efyurk osQ¡ tjkd, vkfx ewY;kadu
vksdj ^nsnhI;eku :i osQ¡ vkyksfdr djSr vfN rfguk fo;ksxkuy larIr uk;d&ukf;dkd
chp çse fnO; vykSfdd :i çdV gksbr vfNA dkfynkl çsed ,gh :id i{kikrh NykgA uksV
es?knwrd ;{k&;f{k.kh] vfHkKku'kkdqUryed nq";Ur&'kdqUryk] foØeksoZ'kh;d iq:jok &
moZ'khd chp fojgkuy larIr çsed HkO; vks fnO; :id n'kZu gksbr vfNA
egkdfo dkfynkld dkO; es dyki{kd rqyukes Hkkoi{kd çèkkurk jgy vfNA
ekuo ân;d ifjorZu'khy o`fÙkd lw{e fo'ys"k.k dkfynkld dkO; esa ifjyf{kr gksbr vfNA
èoU;kyksddkj vkuUno¼Zu vk teZu dfo xsVs fgud dforkes lfUufgr mnkÙk Hkkod fof'k"V
:isa ç'kalk d,us NfFkA vfHkKku'kkdqUryed foy{k.krkd ç'kalk es xsVs fy[kSr NfFkA
Wouldst thou see spring's blossoms and the fruits of its decline.
Wouldst thou see by what the souls enraptured, feasted, fed.
Wouldst thou have this earth and heaven in one sole name cmbine.
I name thee oh Shakuntala and all at once is said
(gs fe=k! t¡ vgk¡ olUr vks xzh"e ½rqd leLr iq"i vkvksj iQy ds eu ds jlk;u
tdk¡ lUr`Ir vk eksfgr dj,okyk leLr inkFkZ osQ¡] LoxZyksd vks i`Foh yksdd ,s'o;Z osQ¡
,dBke ,d=k ns[k, pkgSr Nh r¡ vfHkKku&'kkdqUryed lsou d:A)
dkfynkl vçfre çfHkklEiUu LorU=k egkdfo NfFk ts viu dkO; 'yksd fu:i.k
Lo;a d,yfu vfNA jle;h i¼fr ,oa lqdqekj Hkkod çdVhdj.k gsrq dfork dkfeuh osQ¡
fofoèk vyadkj l¡ vyaÑr djck es dkfynkl ije fuiq.k NfFkA miek] mRçs{kk] :id]
n`"VkUr] fun'kZuk] LoHkkoksfDr] O;frjsd] vFkkZUrjU;kl vkfn fgud fç; vyadkj jgy vfNA
,fg lHkes ^miek* vyadkj dkfynkld lokZfèkd fç; vyadkj ekuy tkbr vfNA
4-4 miek dkfynkL;

miek ,d ije çfl¼ vk loksZ"Ñ"V vyadkj ekuy tkbr vfNA laLÑrd vyadkj
xzUFk ^fp=kehekalk* es vIi; nhf{kr mRçs{kk] :id vkfn 22 vyadkj osQ¡ miesd ifjofrZr
:i ekuus NfFkA gqqud dFku vfN&
mieSdk 'ksyw"kh lEçkIrk fp=kHkwfedkesnku~A
jat;fr dkO;jaxs u`R;fUr rf}nka psr%AA
(miek ,d uVh fFkd ts fofHkUu Hkwfedk es dkO;:ih jaxeap ij u`R; djSr
dkO;jfld yksdfud fpÙk osQ¡ vkufUnr djSr vfN)
egkdfo dkfynkl miekd ç;ksx es ^ije çoh.k* NfFkA rSa gsrq fo}r~ lekt fgudk
^miek lezkV* d mikfèkl¡ foHkwf"kr d, ^miek dkfynklL;* mfDr osQ¡ çpfyr d;us NfFkA
dkfynkl miekd ekè;es Hkko&lEçs"k.k d, ikBdd ekul iVy ij o.;Z&fo"k;
vfeV :isa fpf=kr djck es iw.kZ leFkZ Hksy NfFkA fgud fdNq çeq[k miek ç;ksx n'kZuh;
vfN&
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 69
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk j?kqoa'k egkdkO;d eaxykpj.k :i çFke 'yksd es dkfynkl mRÑ"V miekd ç;ksx
,oa djSr fy[kSr NfFk&
lkfgfR;d fuca/
okxèkkZfoo lEi`DrkS okxFkZçfriÙk;sA
uksV
txr% firjkS oUns ikoZrhijes'ojkSAA
ok.kh ('kCn) vks vFkZd ln`'k ijLij laf'y"V (feyy) lalkjd ekrk&firk ikoZrh
ijes'ojd] 'kCn vks vFkZd ;FkkFkZ Kku gsrq] ge (dkfynkl) oUnuk djSr NhA
,fg Bke ok.kh vkvksj vFkZd lfEefyr :i l¡ ikoZrh ijes'ojd vèkZukjh'oj :id
miek vR;Ur vkg~yknd vfNA ok.kh vFkZd fcuk 'kwU; vfN vk vFkZ ok.kh fcuk vfLrRo
foghuA tk èkfj okd~ (ok.kh] 'kCn) vk vFkZd lqUnj leUo; ufg gksbr vfN] 'kfDr vk
f'kod eatqy la;ksx ufg gksbr vfN rk èkfj dkO; es dkO;Ro ufg vcSr vfNA
dkfynkl osQ¡ ,d eueksgd miekd ysy ^nhif'k[kk* d mikfèk l¡ lsgks fo}ku
yksdfu vyaÑr d,us NfFkA j?kqoa'ke NBe lxZ es jktdqekjh bUnqerhd Lo;aojd o.kZu
çlax es dkfynkl fy[kSr NfFk&
lapkfj.kh nhif'k[kso jk=kkS
;a ;a O;rh;k; ifraojk lkA
ujsUn ekxkZêðbo çzisns
foo.kHkkoa l l Hkwfeiky% AA
(Lo;aoj eaMy es ifraojk bUnqerh tkfg&tkfg jktkd le{k igq¡pSr Nyhg rkfg&rkfg
jktkd eq[keaMy vkuUnkfrjsd l¡ çiqQfYyr Hk, mBkSr Nyfu] fdUrq t[kus bUnqerh vkxk¡
cf<+ tkbr Nyhg r[kus vksfg jktkyksdfud eq[keaMy vksfguk foo.kZ Hk, tkbr Nyfu tsuk
jkfr esa jktekxZ ij lapj.k'khy nhif'k[kkd le{k cM+dk&cM+dk egy çdkf'kr Hk, mBSr
vfN vk nhif'k[kkd vkxk¡ cf<+rs nsjh vks egy lHk vUèkdkj l¡ fyIr Hk, mBSr vfNA
miek lezkV~ dkfynkld çR;sd dkO; ,d l¡ cf<+ d, ,d eukseqXèkdkjh miek l¡
Hkjy vfNA j?kqoa'k egkdkO; es jked tUed i'pkr~ 'kÕ;k ij iM+y dkS'kY;kd uhydey
l¡ iwftr xaxk rV l¡ nSr fy[kSr NfFk&
'kÕ;kxrsu jkes.k ekrk 'kkrksnjh cHkkSA
lSdrkEHkkstcfyuk tkãoho 'kjRÑ'kkAA
j?kqñ 10@69
(Ñ'kksnjh ekrk dkSlY;k 'kÕ;k ij fLFkr uotkr jked lax vksfguk lq'kksfHkr Hksyhg
tsuk rV ij iwtkd :i es jk[ky uhydey l¡ 'kjRdkyhu Ñ'kdk; xaxk unh gksfFkA)
lqfe=kk y{e.k ,oa 'k=kq?u uked nqb tqM+ok¡ ckyd osQ¡ tUe nsyfu tsuk uhd tdk¡
vkjkfèkr fo|k Kku vk fou; mRiUu djSr vfN&
70 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 lqrkS y{e.k'k=kq?ukS lqfe=kk lq"kqos ;ekSA dkfynkld dfoRo&izfrHkkd
ewY;kadu
lE;xkjkfèkrk fo|k çkcksèkfou;kfooAA
dkfynkld çR;sd jpuk ,d l¡ cf<+ d; ,d ân;kg~yknd miek l¡ Hkjy vfNA
uksV
es?knwr es jkefxfjd mÙkaqx f'k[kj ij Ñ".kdk; es?k osQ¡ O;kIr nsf[k egkdfo dgSr NfFk
tsuk gkFkh mR[kkrdsfy (ekfVd <+sjh) es <wfg ekjckd fØ;k es fueXu gks&
vk"kk<L; çFkefnols es?kekf'y"Vlkuaq
oçØhM+kifj.kr xt çs{k.kh;a nn'kZAA
o"kkZ ½rq es vkdk'k es bUæèkuq"kd lEidZ l¡ dkjh es?kd miek eksjia[kèkkjh xksiky
Ñ".k l¡ n, egkdfo viu çÑfrd lw{e fujh{k.k 'kfDrd ifjp; nSr nwrd lqUnjrkd
ç'kalk d,us NfFk&
;su ';kea oiqjfrrjka dkfUrekiRL;rs rsA
cgsZ.kso LiqQfjr#fpuk xksios"kL; fo".kks%AA
dqekjlEHko egkdkO; es ikoZrhd riL;kd ijh{kkd mijkUr t[ku f'ko gBkr~ gqudk
le{k mifLFkr Hk, tkbr NfFk r¡ czzãpkjhd eq[k l¡ f'kod fuUnk l¡ vkgr vkxk¡ c<+ckd
ysy m|r ikoZrhd fLFkfr vksfguk Hk, tkbr vfN tsuk çcy osx l¡ cgSr unhd ekxZ es
,dk,d dksuks ioZr mifLFkr Hk, xsy gksA ,fg dky es unhd èkkjk tdk¡ ikoZrh ,Egj tkb
dh vksEgj bZ lkspSr fdadrZO;foew<+ Hk, xsy NfFk&
ekxkZpy O;fDrdjkdqfurso flUèkq%A
'kSykfèkjktru;k u ;;kS u rL;kSAA dqñlañ 5@85
,r; dkfynkl miekd ekè;es ,d ljl 'kCn fp=kdkj tdk¡ euksgj fp=k mifLFkr
d,us NfFkA
vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ ukVd es 'kdqUrykd miek iqf"ir yrk l¡ nSr dkfynkl gqudj
lqUnjrk] dkseyrk] ;kSoulEiUurk vkfn Hkko osQ¡ vR;Ur ljl <ax l¡ çLrqr d,us NfFk&
vèkj% fdly;jkx% dksey foVikuqdkfj.kkS ckgwA
dqlqfeo yksHkuh;a ;kSoueaxs"kq lUu¼e~AA vfHkñ'kkñ 1@20
('kdqUrykd vèkj uoiYyo tdk¡ jDrkHk] nwuw ck¡fg yrkd 'kk[kk tdk¡ lqdksey
vkvksj iwQy tdk¡ euksgj ;kSou leLr vax esa O;kIr NfuA)
riksou es çFke feyud le; 'kdqUryk ,oa nq";Urd ân; es ,d nksljkd
çfr çsekadqj çLiqQfVr gksbr NfuA ,dk,d riksou es fo?u mifLFkr Hksyk l¡ 'kdqUryk
çseiw.kZ Hkko l¡ nq";Ur ij n`f"Vikr djSr vkJe pfy tkbr NfFkA nq";Ur viu fuokl LFkku
mnklhu Hkko l¡ tkbr NfFkA vksfg le; es gqud ekufld fLFkfrd fp=k.k ,d lqUnj miek
nSr dkfynkl fy[kus NfFk&
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 71
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk xPNfr iqj% 'kjhja èkofr 'pkrnlaLrqra psr%A
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ phuka'kqdfeo dsrks% çfrokra uh;ekuL;AA
(gej 'kjhj vkxk¡ tk jgy vfN vk eu ok;qd foijhr fn'kk y¿tkbr èot n.Md
uksV
js'keh oL=k tdk¡ ikNk¡ ('kdqUryk fn'k) Hkkfx jgy vfNA)
,fg çdkjsa dkfynkld dkO; lqUnj] ljl ,oa lqeèkqj miek l¡ ifjiw.kZ vfNA la{ksi es
ge dfg ldSr Nh ts miek lezkV~ dkfynkld jpukoyh vks fo'kky iq"iokfVdk fFkd tkfg
es jax&fojaxd lqjfHkr] u;ukfHkjke ,oa euksgj dqlqe tdk¡ miek dkO; jfld osQ¡ jlkLoknu
l¡ foLe; foeqXèk d, nSr vfNA ik'pkR; fo}ku~ A.B. Keith egksn; dkfynkld miekd
ç'kalk djSr fy[kus NfFk
"His fort is declared to lie in similes
and the praise is well deserved."

4-5 dkfynkld çÑfr&fp=k.k

egkdfo dkfynkl çÑfrd iqtkjh ekuy tkbr NfFkA gqud jpuk lHk es çÑfrd
i;kZIr fp=k.k ns[kck es vcSr vfNA çÑfrd lw{e fujh{k.k djck es dkfynkl loZFkk
vf}rh; NfFkA oLrqr% fgud çÑfr o.kZu ,rsd ltho gksbr vfN ts i<+Sr] dky of.kZr
fo"k; ikBdd ekul iVy ij uk¡fp mBSr vfNA olUr o.kZud çlax es dqekjlEHkod bZ
fp=kkRed çÑfro.kZu n'kZuh; vfN&
eèkq f}jsiQ% dqlqeSdik=ks
iikS fç;ka LokeuqorZeku%A
Üka`xs.k p Li'kZfuehfyrk{kha
e`xhed.Mw;r Ñ".klkj%AA
dqñlañ 3@36
(Hkzej viu fç;rek Hkzejhd vuqlj.k djSr ,dfg iwQyd ik=k es vksdjk lax
eèkqiku dj, jgy vfNA vkvksj Li'kZ lq[k l¡ vkuUnfoHkksj fgj.kh vk¡f[k equus vfN vk
Ñ".klkxj e`x viu lhax l¡ vksdjk uksfp jgy vfNA)
eknd olUrd bZ fp=kkRed ljl n`'; loZFkk lân; laos| vfNA
dkfynkld lEiw.kZ ½rqlagkj fofHkUu ½rqd o.kZu l¡ ifjiw.kZ vfNA ,fg es çR;sd
½rq l¡ çfrcfUèkr çÑfrd ,d l¡ cf<+ d, ,d eukseqXèkdkjh fp=k vafdr vfNA 'kjn~
½rq osQ¡ uooèkwd :i es fpf=kr djSr miek lezkV~ dgSr NfFk ts iqf"ir dk'kd oL=k
ds èkkj.k d,us] ikdy 'kkfyèkkud vour 'kjhjokyh] fodflr deyd eq[kokyh rFkk
dygald eèkqj xaqtkjokyh fcNqvk (uwiqj) osQ¡ ifgjus 'kjn~ ½rq je.kh; :iokyh uo oèkw
tdk¡ yxSr vfN&
72 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 dk'kka'kqdk fodpin~eeuksKoD=kk dkfynkld dfoRo&izfrHkkd
ewY;kadu
lksUekn galjouwiqjukn jE;kA
vkiDo'kkfn #fpjkurxk=k ;f"V%
uksV
çkIrk 'kjUuooèkwfjo :ijE;kAA
½rqlagkj
çÑfrd ekuohdj.k&
dkfynkld çÑfr fp=k.kd bZ fo'ks"krk ns[kck es vcSr vfN ts vks çÑfr vk
ekuo osQ¡ ,d nksljkd iwjd ekuus NfFkA gqud jpuk lHk es çÑfr es ekuo thoud vks
ekuo&thou es çÑfrd n'kZu gksbr vfNA çÑfrd ekuohdj.k d, dkfynkl bZ fl¼ d,us
NfFk ts çÑfr ,dVk ewd ,oa psrukghu oLrq ufg fFkd] vfirq ltho çk.khd ln`'k çÑfr
es lq[k&nq%[k ,oa laosnukd Hkko iw.kZ :i l¡ fo|eku NSdA
lEiw.kZ es?knwr es egkdfo es?k osQ¡ ,d lpsru nwrd :ies fpf=kr d,us NfFkA es?k osQ¡
,d uk;d vk fufoZUè;k] osxorh] xEehjk vkfn unh lHk osQ¡ ukaf;dkd :i es fpf=kr d,us
Nf;A fufoZUè;k] unh osQ¡ es?k:ih uk;dd fo;ksxes & ihro.kkZ vks nwcfjxrk Hksfy NfFkA vks
unh fdydkjh djSr gal iafDr :ih djèkuhd >adkj ,oa Hk¡oj :ih ukfHkd çn'kZu l¡ es?k
osQ¡ ç.k; lUns'k n* jgy NfFkA dkfynkl ;{kd e¡qg l¡ es?k osQ¡ funsZ'k nSr NfFk ts tkfg
çdkjsa vksfg fojfg.khd fojg O;Fkk nwj gksbu ls vgk¡ djc&
lkSHkkX;a rs lqHkx! fojgkoLFk;k O;at;fUrA
dk';± ;su R;tfr fofèkuk l Ro;Soksiik|%AA
(iwoZ es?k&29)
es?knwr es es?k] ioZr] unh] ou vkfn l¡ lEcfUèkr eueksgd n`'; lHkd vR;Ur
vkd"kZd fp=k.k d,y xsy vfNA oLrqr% ^es?knwr* çÑfrd ,d vuqie fp=k iqfLrdk
(Album) fFkd tdj voyksdu djSr dky dkO;jfld vkuUnfoHkksj Hk* mBSr NfFkA
dkfynkld çÑfr çsed ts vadqj gqudk ân; es ½rqlagkj es çLiqQfVr Hksyfu vks
gqud vU; jpuk lHk es iYyfor] iqf"ir gksbr vfHkKku'kkdqUrye es viu pjeksRd"kZ
ij n`f"Vxr gksbr vfNA ,fg ukVdd vfèkdka'k ?kVuk riksous es lEikfnr] gksbr vfNA
çÑfrd ekuohdj.k vk ekuo ln`'k O;ogkj ,fg ukVdd egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk ekuy tkbr
vfNA 'kdqUrykd ifr x`gxeu dky dksugq o`{k js'keh oL=k çnku djSr Nfu] dksugq o`{k
iSj jaxckd ysy vyrk r¡ dksugq o`{k vkHkw"k.k çLrqr djSr Nfu (vfHkñ 'kkñ 4@5)A
'kdqUrykd fonkxjhd le; leLr vkJed okrkoj.k vR;Ur dk#f.kd Hk,* mBSr
vfNA egf"kZ d.o yrk&o`{kkfn osQ¡ lEcksfèkr d, dgSr NfFku ts vgk¡yksdfud lax lgksnj
tdk¡ O;ogkj dj, okyh 'kdqUryk vkb lklqj tk jgy NfFkA lHk fefy d, fgudk
t,ckd vuqefr fnvuq&
ls;a ;kfr 'kdqUryk ifrx`ga loSZjuqKk;rke~AA
vfHkñ'kkñ 4@9
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 73
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk vksfg le; es fgj.kh lHk dq'kd vkèkk fpckvksy dkSj osQ¡ mfxy nSr vfN] e;wj
,oa lHk ukp djc NksfM+ nSr vfN vkvksj yrk lHk ih;j&ih;j ikr [klkd, viu uksj cgk
lkfgfR;d fuca/ jgy NfFk&
uksV mn~xfyrnHkZdoyk e`X;% ifjR;DrurZuk e;wjk%A
vil`rik.Mqi=kk eaqpUR;Jwf.ko urk%AA
(vfHkñ 4@12)
'kdqUryk t[ku vkxk¡ c<+Sr NfFk ,d gfj.k gqudj oL=k osQ¡ [khfp t;ck l¡ jksd,
yxSr NfuA d.o dgSr NfFku ts iq=kor~ ikfyr gfj.k vgk¡ osQ¡ jksfd jgy vfN&
lks¿;a u iq=kÑrd% inoha e`xLrsAA (vfHkñ 4@14)A
j?kqoa'k egkdkO; es jktk fnyhi t[ku xk; pj;ckd ysy ou tk jgy NfFk r¡
gqudk mQij lqdksey yrk lHk vksfguk iwQyd o"kkZ d,ydfu tsuk uxjd dU;kyksdfu
jktkd mQij eaxykFkZ èkkud ykokd o"kkZ djSr NfFk&
vokfdju~ ckyyrk% çzlwuS&
jktkjyktSfjo ikSjdU;k%AA (j?kqñ 1@10)
dkfynkld çÑfrfp=k.kd bZ fo'ks"krk jgy vfN ts vks çÑfrd fo'ks"kr% dksey
va'ksd fp=k.k d,us NfFk] dBksj va'kd cgqr deA
mi;qZDr foospud vkèkkj ij bZ fl¼ gksbr vfN ts dkfynkld çÑfr fp=k.k laLÑr
lkfgR; es vuqies; vfNA egkdfod çÑfr o.kZud fo"k; es ik'pkR; fo}ku~ Humboldt
d bZ ç'kalk opu æ"VO; vfN&
‘Kalidasa is a masterly describer of the influence which nature exercises
upon the minds of lovers’.

4-6 Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oa lH;rkd fp=k.k

dfodqyxq# dkfynkl Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oa lH;rkd çfrfufèk dfo ekuy tkbr
NfFkA fgud çR;sd ik=k Hkkjrh;rkd HkO; xq.k l¡ vksr&çksr vfNA oSfnd èkeZ ,oa laLÑfrd
egku~ xk;d dkfynkl viu jpuk lHk es ;K] ri] nku] vfrfFklRdkj] vkJeO;oLFkk]
ijksidkj vkfn fo"k;d i;kZIr foospu djSr ,fg lHkd egÙo osQ¡ çfrikfnr d,us NfFkA
;K& oSfnd èkeZ es ;Kd fo'ks"k egRo nsy xsy vfNA dkfynkl o.kkZJe O;oLFkk
es fofgr lkekU; ;Kd vfrfjDr tkfg ;K lHkd fo'ks"k :is.k mYys[k d,us NfFk vksfg
es v'oes/] fo'oftr] iq=ksf"V ,oa nh?kZl=k ;Kd çèkkurk vfNA iqjksfgr ;Kd jgL;d
Kkrk gksbr NykgA of'k"B }kjk fofèkiwoZd lEikfnr gkse l¡ tyd o`f"V gksbr Ny tkfg
l¡ vdky l¡ lq[kk jgy èkjrh 'kL;';keyk cfu tkbr NyA egf"kZ of'k"Bd xq.kxku djSr
jktk fnyhi gqudk dgSr NfFku&
gfojkoftZra gksrLRo;k fofèkonfXu"kqA
o`f"VHkZofr 'kL;kukHkoxzg fo'kksf"k.kke~AA (j?kqñ 1@62)A
74 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 jktkyksdfu i`Foh l¡ vusd oLrq osQ¡ çkIr d, ;K lEikfnr djSr NykgA nsojkt dkfynkld dfoRo&izfrHkkd
bUæ vksfg ;Kd cnyk es vUukfnd mRifÙk ysy i;kZIr o`f"V djcSr NykgA nwuw viu&viu ewY;kadu
lEifÙkd fofue; l¡ yksdd dY;k.k es ykxy jgSr Nykg&
nqnksg xka l ;Kk; 'kL;k; eèkok fnoe~A uksV
lEin~ fofue;suksHkkS nèkrqHkqZou};e~AA (j?kqñ 1@26)A
nku&lkekftd O;oLFkk vknku&çnku ij fuHkZj djSr NSdA t¡ lekt es nku'khy
O;fDr ufg jg; r¡ fuèkZud thou nwHkj Hk, t;rSd rSa Hkkjrh; ijEijkd vuqlkj dkfynkl
viu dkO; lHk es nkud egÙo osQ¡ vusd Bke of.kZr d,us NfFkA j?kqoa'k es egkjkt j?kqd
le{k ^ojrUrq* ½f"kd f'k"; ^dkSRl* xq#nf{k.kkd gsrq pkSng djksM+ Lo.kZeqækd ;kpd cfu
d, mifLFkr gksbr NfFkA loZLo nkrk j?kqd dks"k es eqækd vHkkod dkj.k ;kpd osQ¡ fujk'k
ufg djckd mís'; l¡ vks èkuifr dqcsj ij vkØe.k djckd rS;kjh djSr NfFkA ,rcs es
gqud Hk; l¡ dqqcsj èkud o"kkZ d, dks"k osQ¡ Hkfj nSr NfFkuA j?kq dkSRl osQ¡ lHkVk èku y¿
t;ckd ysy vkxzg djSr NfFku] fdUrq dkSRl xq#nf{k.kkd ysy nkrO; ek=k pkSng djksM+
Lo.kZeqæk ySr NfFkA dkfynkl nkrkd mnkjrk vk xzghrkd fuyksZHkrkd Hkkjrh; vkn'kZd o.kZu
j?kqoa'kd iape lxZ es 31 'yksd es d,us NfFkA
ri&riL;k Hkkjrh; laLÑfrd ewy eU=k ekuy tkbr vfNA euqLe`frd opu vfN
ts ,fg lalkj es ts fdNq nq"dj] nqyZHk] nqxZe vks nqLrj vfN vks riL;s l¡ çkIr Hk, ldSr
vfNA rs¡ gsrq ikoZrh dfBu riL;k l¡ f'ko osQ¡ ojd #i es çkIr djSr NfFkA
vfrfFk lRdkj&Hkkjrh; laLÑfr es vfrfFk lRdkj osQ¡ cgqr vfèkd egÙo nsy
xsy vfNA dkfynkl dkO; es çlaxo'k vfrfFk lRdkjd egÙo of.kZr d,us NfFkA 'kjHkax
½f"kd vkJe es o`{k lHk gqud iq=k tdk¡ iQy ,oa lq'khry Nk;k l¡ vkxr vfrfFkyksdfud
lRdkj djSr NfFkA (j?kqñ 13@46)
dkfynkl Hkkjrh; laLÑfrd egku~ laiks"kd jgfFkA x`fg.khd in osQ¡ lq'kksfHkr dj,okyh
,d Hkkjrh; dU;kd dh dÙkZO; gksbr NSd vksdj HkO; fu:i.k vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye ukVd
es 'kdqUrykd ifrx`g&xeu dky egf"kZ d.od mins'k es ns[kck es vcSr vfN&
'kqJw"kLo xq:u~ dq# fç;l[kho`fÙka liRuhtus
HkrqZfoZçÑrkfi jks"k.kr;k ek Le çrhia xe%A
Hkw;f"Ba Hko nf{k.kk ifjtus HkkX;s"ouqRlsfduh
;kUR;soa x`fg.khina ;qor;ks okek% dqyL;kèk;%AA
(vfHkñ 'kkñ 4@18)A
[gs iq=kh! vgk¡ ,fgBke l¡ ifrx`g tk d, viu xq# tud (lklq] llqj vkfn Js"B
tud) lsok djcA viu lkSfru yksdfud lax fç; l[kh tdk¡ O;ogkj djcA ifr}kjk
d[kugq¡ viekfur Hksygq¡ ij Øksèkkosx es vkfc gqud foijhr vkpj.k ufg djcA viu lsod
oxZd çfr mnkjrk jk[kcA viu HkkX; ij d[kuks ?ke.M ufg djcA ,fg çdkjsa vkpj.k
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 75
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk dj,okyh ;qorhyksdfu x`fg.khd in osQ¡ lq'kksfHkr djSr NfFk vk ,dj foijhr vkpj.k dj,
,oa okyh dqyd ysy vkfèk (ekufld jksx) gksbr NfFkA]
lkfgfR;d fuca/
,fg çdkjsa dkfynkld jpuklHk dkO;xq.kd lax&lax vusd O;kogkfjd xq.k l¡ Hkjy
uksV vfNA rs¡ gsrq ^jkbMj* uked vesfjdh fo}ku gqud fo"k; es fy[kus NfFk&
"We know that Kalidasa was a great poet because the world has not been
able to leave him alone"

4-7 lkjka'k

eSfFkyhd laLo`Qr l¡ O;kid laca/ vfNA lR; iwNwr eSfFkyhd jpuk lalkjd i`"BHkwfe
es laLo`Qr lkfgR; Bk<+ vfNA fo"k;oLrq l¡ fo/k /fj rdj izHkko cq>ck ysy dkfynkld
jpuk ,dVk vk/kjfcanqd :i es ns[ky tkbr vfNA
4-8 vHk;kld ç'u

1- dkfynkld jpukd fo'ks"krkd laf{kIr o.kZu d:A

2- ^miek dkfynklL;* ,fg mfDrd vkyksd es dkfynkld miek ij çdk'k fnv¿A
3- dkfynkld çÑfr fp=k.kd lUnHkZ es viu fopkj O;Dr d:A
4- dkfynkld ikf.MR; ij çdk'k fnv¿A
5- ¶dkfynkl Hkkjrh; laLÑfrd egku~ laiks"kd NykgA¸ foospu d:A



76 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 j?kqoa'k egkdkO;d f}rh;
bdkbZ&5 j?kqoa'k egkdkO;d f}rh; lxZd dFkkud ,oa fo'ks"krk
lxZd dFkkud ,oa fo'ks"krk
ikB&lajpuk
5-1 mís'; uksV
5-2 ifjp;
5-3 j?kqoa'kd çFke lxZd laf{kIr dFkk
5-4 nkslj lxZd dFkkud
5-5 lkjka'k
5-6 vH;kld ç'u

5-1 mís';

j?kqoa'k egkdkO;d ys[kd NfFk dfodqydykèkj egkdfo dkfynklA vks gej jk"Vªh;
dfo rFkk Hkkjrh; laLÑfrd çeq[k ifjiks"kd NyfFkA Hkkkjrd laLÑfr fgud dkO;ok.kh es
cktSr vfN vk fgud ukVd es viu euksje :i ns[kkd, ekuo ek=kd ân;d euksjatu
djSr vfNA

5-2 ifjp;

dkfynkl viu dkO; peRdkj l¡ leLr lalkj es [;kfr izkIr d,us NfFkA fgud
dkO; es inykfyR;] jpuk pkrq;Z] dYiuk&'kfDr çÑfr o.kZu ,oa pfj=k&fp=k.k if<+ d,
fo'od çr;sd ikBd çiqQfYyr Hk, mBSr vfNA fgudk es fopkjxkEHkh;Z Nfu] lalkjd
vuqHko vfN] cgqewY; fl¼kar vfNA fgud in l¡ mins'k lsgks HksVSNA
fgud dfork es çlknxq.kd vxkèkrk] ekèkq;Zd eèkqj lfUuos'k] dkseydkUr inkoyhd
ekèkw;Z] miekd viwoZrk] vyadkjd ej.kh;rk] NUnd NVk vk Hkko lkS"Vo i;kZIr ek=kk
es orZeku fo|eku vfNA fgudj dkO; osQ¡ tkfg n`f"V l¡ ns[ky tk; vksfg n`f"V l¡
dkO;dykd deuh;rk çdV gksbr vfNA fgud dfork es ljl] ljy] lqcksèk vk lqUnj
'kCn ,oa Hkkod lkezkT;] lân;d r¡ ckrs dh lkèkkj.k euq";d eksu osQ¡ eqXèk d, nSNA
vksuk r¡ dkfynkl viu jpuk es LFkku&LFkku ij lc jld lfUuos'k d;yfu
vfN] eqnk vks çèkku :i l¡ Üka`xkj jld jfld dfo NfFkA fgud dkO; es lEHkksx Üka`xkjd
çdk'keku :i rFkk foçyEHk Üka`xkjd d:.kk ewfÙkZ ikBd ,oa Jksrk osQ¡ ân; osQ¡ peRÑr
d, nSr vfNA
çÑfrd lax dkfynkld viwoZ lgkuqHkwfr NfuA bZ çÑfrd vuqie n`';d lR; fp=k
f[kapyfu vfNA vks çzk;% 'kkUr riksou unhrV] miou] çlkn] Hkzej] e`x dksfdy vkfnd
o.kZZu djck es egkjr çkIr d,us NafFkA fgudk Nvks ½rq es xzh"e vk olUr ½rq l¡ fo'ks"k
vuqjkx NfuA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 77
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk ,fg :i l¡ fo'o lkfgR;d çfl¼ dfo dkfynkld ys[kuhd çeq[k nsu
,oa Nfu&vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~] foØeksoZ'kh;] ekyfodkfXufe=k] es?knwr] j?kqoa'k vk dqekj lEHkoA
lkfgfR;d fuca/
5-3 j?kqoa'kd çFke lxZd laf{kIr dFkk
uksV
j?kqoa'k egkdkO; es dkfynkl Hkxoku 'kadj vk ikoZrh osQ¡ ueLdkj djSr dgSr NfFk]
;|fi ge lw;Z l¡ mRiUu j?kqoa'kd ikj ikc; es loZFkk vleFkZ Nh] rFkkfi okYehfd vkfn
egkdfo lw;Zoa'k ij lqUnj dkO; fyf[kd; ok.khd }kj [kksfy nsus NfFkA vr,o vksfg es
ços'k d; vksfgoa'kd fdNq o.kZu d, nsc gejk gsrq 'kD; Hk; xsy vfNA
tsuk osnd NUn es loZçFke vkse vfN vksfg rjgsa jktk es lc l¡ çFke lw;Zd iq=k
oSoLor euq Hksykg tfud leknj iS?k&iS?k riLoh] fo}ku ,oa egkRek yksdfu djSr NfFkA
vksfg oSoLor euqd oa'k es pUæekd leku lHk osQ¡ lq[k nsc;oyk rFkk 'kq¼ pfj=kokyk
jktk fnyhi tUe ysus Nykgk gqud :i vR;Ur lqUnj NyA vYidkyfg es vks lc fo|k
if<+ ysyfuA vks U;k; es cM+ dBksj] i{kikr jfgr vk vR;Ur n;kyq NykgA gqudj jkT; es
lc yksd fu;e ij pySr Ny yksd vkJed fu;ed vuqlkjfg viu èkeZd ikyu djSr
NykgA vks çtkd Hkykbd gsrq lHk dkt djSr NykgA
jktk fnyhi ts çtk l¡ dj ySr NyfFk vks bUæ osQ¡ çlUu d, o"kkZ cjlsokd fufer
;Kes yxk nSr NykgA gqudj çcy bPNk Nyfu ts gej iRuh lqnf{k.kk l¡ gejs lu iq=k
mRiUu gksA vr,o vks lqnf{k.kkd lax jFk ij lokj Hk, viu dqy xq# of'k"Bd vkJed
fnl py xsykgA vksr, tk; liRuh J¼kiwoZd pj.k Li'kZ d,yA rRi'pkr jkT;d veu
pSud fo"k; es dgykd ckn jktk fnyhi dgyk & eqnk egkjkt! vgk¡d bZ iq=koèkw lqnf{k.kk
osQ¡ lUrfrghu nsf[k d; lIrnhi bZ i`Foh gejk uhd ufg yxSr vfNA vkc r¡ gejk yxSr
vfN ts gejk fi.M nsc,okyk lsgks ufg jgrA ,fg nq%[k l¡ gej firj gej nsy Jk¼d
vUu osQ¡ ufg [kk; osQ¡ dku; yxSr NfFk vk lksp; yxSr NfFk ts gejk ikNw ,dj ds riZ.k
vkfn djrA vr,o çHkq! vkc dksuks ,gu mik; dgw tkfg l¡ gejk iq=kjRu gksA jktkd
ckr lqfu of'k"Bth vk¡f[k eqfu ;ksxcy l¡ lUrfr fujksèkd jgL; tkfu d, jktk l¡ dgy
dkeèksuqd 'kkid dkj.k vgk¡ lUrfrghu NhA vgk¡ osQ¡ dkeèksuqd lsok dUnewy] iQy [kk;
osQ¡ d;yk l¡ iq=k jRuçkIr gks;rA ,fg Øe es xk;d ikNw&ikNw pySr jgc vk tr; vks
Bk<+ gksfFk vksr; Bk<+ jgcA ,dj rkRi;Z ts xk;d xeu tsEgj t[ku gks rdj fuokZg vgk¡
djcA vks xq#d fu;ekuqlkj thou O;rhr djSr NfFkA
5-4 nkslj lxZd dFkk

mi;qZDr o`rkUrd cknd o.kZu j?kqoa'kd nkslj lxZd dFkkud vfNA

jkfr esa i.kZ'kkykd vUnj foJke d; ysykd ckn çkr%dky çtkikyd jktk fnyhi
of'k"Bthd uoçlwrk vksfg uUnuh xk; osQ¡ ou es pj,ckd gsrq cUèku [kksyh nsy] tdj
iwtk lqnf{k.kk pkuu vk ekyk l¡ d; nsus Nyhg vk nwèk ih yssykd ckn tdj ckNk ckfUg
nsy xsyA ifrozrk es vxzx.; fnyhid iRuh lqnf{k.kk ufUnuhd [kqj osQ¡ j[kyk l¡ ifo=k
èkwfyoyk ckVd vuqxeu vksfguk d;yfu tsuk euqLe`fr Jqfrd vuqxeu djSr vfNA fdNq
78 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
nwjd ckn n;kyq jktk fnyhi lqdqekjh lqnf{k.kk ,oa ukSdj lc osQ¡ vkil ykSVk; nwèk Hkjy j?kqoa'k egkdkO;d f}rh;
Lrud Hkkj l¡ èkhjs&èkhjs py;okyh ufUnuhd lsok Lo;a dj; yxykgA lxZd dFkkud ,oa fo'ks"krk

jktk ufUnuhd bPNkuqlkj Bgjckd ckn Bgfj tkbr NyfFk] pyyk ij pfy nsfFk]
cSlyk ij cSfl tkfFkA ,fg çdkj l¡ ikuh ihyk ij ikuh ihcfFk vk Nk;k tdk¡ vksfg uksV
ufUnuhd vuqlj.k djfFkA
jktk fnyhi N=k&pkej eqdqV vkfn jktfpÉ l¡ jfgr jgyks mÙkj vks viu vlkèkkj.k
rst l¡ jktk çrhr gksbr NykgA vks çR;×pk p<+y èkuq"k ds ysus of'k"B thd dkeèksuq
ufUnuhd j{kkd cgkuk l¡ nq"V taxyh osQ¡ ekuw n.M nsckd gsrq ou es ?kwwfe jgy NykgA
,gu jktk fnyhi dss¡ nsf[k cxyd xkN lc erokyk i{kh lcgd cksyh l¡ gqud
t;dkj d;ydA yrkxqPN gqudk mij iwQy cfjlkSydA gfj.k fuMj jfg mudk nss[kSr viu
fo'kky us=kd iQy ikfc ysydA eUn] lqxUèk ,oa 'khry ok;q gqud lsok eUn&eUn flgfd
d, d,ydA ,ro; ufg ou es ts vkfx ykxy Ny lsgks 'kkUr Hk, xsyA
lk¡> Hk, xsyk mÙkj ufUnuh viu lapkj l¡ ouHkwfe osQ¡ ifo=k d, vkJe ij tk;
ykxfy fnyhi lsgks oud n`'; ns[kSr vksdj ikNw&ikNw pyykgA vkJe yx ikNw jktk] eè;
es ufUnuh vk vkxw vxokuh djckd gsrq vk;fy lqnf{k.kk Hk, xsfyA ,sfg çdkj fnyhi
lqnf{k.kkd chp ufUnuhd 'kksHkk jkfr&fnud eè; es oÙkZeku laè;kd leku Hk; xssyA
lqnf{k.kk iqu% ufUnuhd iwtk d,yA ckNkd gsrq mRdf.Br Hksykd cknks vks vksdjk
Lohdkj d, ysyA vr% vks nwuw cM+ çlUu HksykA xq# ,oa xq# iRuh osQ¡ ç.kke d,
lUè;kfofèkd lekfIr Hksyk ij fnyhi nwèk nwfg ysykd ckn cSly ufUnuhd iqu% lsok dj;
yxykgA
ufUnuhd yx nhi rFkk vksdj HkkssT; inkFkZ jkf[k nssy xsy NyA t[ku ufUnuh lwwfr
jg; r[ku jktk vk lqnf{k.kk lsgks lwfr tkbr NyfFk vk tkxyk ij tkfx tkbr NyfFkA
,fg çdkj l¡ jktkd viu iRuhd lax ufUnuhd lsok djSSr ,dbl fnu chr xsyA
ckble fnu jktk fnyhi t[ku ioZrh; n`'; ns[k, yxyfFk r[ku ufUnuh lsgks jktkd
ân; osQ¡ tkuckd gsrq fgeky;d ,d dUnjk es ?kqfl xssfyA eqnk vksfgdky es jktkd
vuns[ky flag ufUnuh ij vkØe.k d, nsydA vksdj ØUnu lqfu d, xqiQkd vUnj xsykd
ckn jktk ns[kyfu ts vksdjk mQij flag p<+y NSd vk ufUnuh dkrj Hk, gqudk nsf[k jgy
vfNA bZ nsf[k flagd ln`'k fuHkhZd py;oyk 'kj.kkxr j{kd 'k=kq osQ¡ ijkLr dj,okyk
jktk fnyhi viekud vuqHko d; flag osQ¡ ekjckd ysy rjdl l¡ ok.k fudkyckd bPNk
d,yA eqnk çgkjd ysy mBy vksft jktkd nfguk gkFkd ugd dkfUr l¡ foHkwf"kr d,
i{khd ik¡f[koyk ok.kd ik¡f[k es pidy vk¡f[koyk fp=k es fyf[kr ln`'k Hk, xsyA gkFk
osQ¡ fpifd xsykl¡ Øksfèkr Hk, jktk eU=k vk vk"kèk l¡ :¼ rstoyk lk¡id leku Bk<+ Hksy
vijkèkh flag osQ¡ Nwckd lkeF;Z ufg jk[kSr viu rst l¡ Hkhrjss&Hkhrjs tj; yxyfFkA r[ku
ufUnuh ij vkØe.k dj;oyk flag vkssfg lRi{kirh] euq oa'kd Hkw"k.k] ck?kd ln`'k ijkØeh
jktk fnyhi osQ¡ euq";d cksyh l¡ dgyd&jktu gejk ekjckd gsrq rksgj ç;kl O;FkZ NkSA ge
Hkxoku 'kadjd lsod NhA ,d [ksi taxyh gkFkh ,fg nsonk: xkNd c[kyksb;k es ukspuh
'kkUr djckd gsrq viu diksyLfky osQ¡ jxM+yk l¡ NksM+k; nsus Ny tdjk nsf[k d; ikoZrh
osQ¡ cgqr nq%[k HkssyfuA ,dj dkj.k bZ Ny ts ikoZrh vksfg xkN osQ¡ iq=kor iksluss NfyA ,fg
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 79
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk gsrq f'koth gejk vksdj j{kkd gsrq fu;qDr d, vkns'k nssyfu tss] ts tUrq rksjk yx vkfc
,oa tkm vksdjk [kk; osQ¡ rw¡ viu thou O;rhr dfjgSA vr,o ge ,djk [kk; t,cgq rw¡ ykt
lkfgfR;d fuca/
NksfM+ d; py tksA rw¡ viu xq#d HkfDrd çn'kZu d, nsysaA rksjk cq>ckd pkgh ts dkt
uksV v'kD; vfN] vksfg es ddjks nks"k ufgA bZ lqfu d, jktk viu vieku Hkkouk osQ¡ de d,
dgy&gs e`xsUæ! f'koth r¡ gej ekU; NfFkgs eqnk xq#d bZ xk; lsgks mis{k.kh; ufg vfNA
,dj NkssV ckNk nwèk ihckd gsrq mRlqd vfNA vr,o gejk [kk; osQ¡ vgk¡ viu {kqèkk osQ¡
'kkUr d: vk ,djk NkssfM+ fn;kSdA bZ tk,r r¡ viu cPpkd Hkw[k osQ¡ 'kkUr djrA
bZ lqfud; vkss flag eqLdqjk; osQ¡ jktk fnyhi l¡ iqu% dgyd& jktu~! rw¡ gejk fopkj
l¡ cM+ foosd'kwU; cq>k, iM+Sr NSa] fd,d r¡ ,d {kqæ xk;d gsrq ,rsd iS?k lkezkT;] uo
voLFkk ,oa lqUnj 'kjhj osQ¡ R;kx dj, pkgSr NSaA rksjk Ñik l¡ ,d ufUnuh ek=kd dY;k.k
gks,rA eqnk t¡ rw¡ thcSr jgcsa r¡ vusd çtkdfirkd leku fujUrj ikyu djSr jgcsaA t¡
xq# l¡ MjSr NSa r¡ csslh nwèkoyk vussd xk; n, osQ¡ gqud Øksèk 'kkUr d, ldSr NSaA vr,o
viu 'kjhjd R;kx ufg d; ,fg ikfFkZo 'kjhjd Hkksx HkksxA bZ dfg flag osQ¡ ekSu Hk;
xssyk ij fnyhi dgy & egkjkt! vkrZd j{kk djc {kf=k;d çeq[k dÙkZO; vfNA vksfg l¡
foifjr vkpj.koyk {kf=k; osQ¡ jkT; l¡ dh ç;ksstu\ vFkok yksdfuUnk l¡ efyu Hksy çk.k
l¡ dh ykHk vfN\ xq#thd Økssèkd 'kkfUr vU; xk;d nku l¡ laHko ufg] ,fg ufUnuh
osQ¡ dkeèksuq cq>wA ,fg ij r¡ rksgj vkØe.k f'kothd nkud çrki l¡ Hksy vfNA vr,o
ge viu 'kjhj osQ¡ rksjk n, osQ¡ ,dj j{kk djc viu dÙkZO; cq>Sr NhA ,rc; ufg ,fg
ufUnuhd j{kk djc gejk gsrq vko';d vfNA gejk [kk; yssyk l¡ rksgj Hkw[k lsgks 'kkUr
Hk, tk,r vk xq#thd gkse vkfn dk;Z lsgks pySr jgrA rw¡ Lo;a ijkèkhu Ns¡] ijkèkhud ckr
tkuSr Ns¡] j{k.kh; oLrq osQ¡ u"V d, lssod Lo;a fdNqvks vk?kkr ufg ikfc d; Lokehd
lehi ufg tk; ldrA ;fn ge rksjk fopkj l¡ voè; Nh r¡ gej ;'k:ih nsg ij n;k
djA gejk lud yksd osQ¡ fu'p; uk'k gkse;oyk ik¡p egkHkwr l¡ cuy HkkSfrd 'kjhj es
vis{kk ufg gks;rA viu 'kjhj lefeZr d, xk;d j{kk djc ije èkeZ vfNA ge b,g
pkgSr NhA fo¼kud dgc vfN&ckrphr l¡ lsgks fe=krk Hk, tkbr vfNA ,fg çdkj gejk
nwuw osQ¡ ckrphr d;yk l¡ ,d nkslj l¡ fe=krk Hk, xsyA vr% fe=k Hk; osQ¡ rw¡ gej çkFkZuk
osQ¡ mYya?ku djckd ;ksX; ufg NSaA
bZ dfg jktk fnyhi vL=k R;kfx viu nsgg osQ¡ ek¡ld yksFkjkd leku f'kfFky
d; flagd le{k >qfd xsykgA uhpk eq¡g d;us flagd Hk;adj vkØe.k çrh{kk djSr
jktk fnyhid mij vkd'k l¡ iwQyd o"kkZ gkse; ykxyA rRi'pkr ufUnuh dgy & gs
iq=kA mB! ufUnuhd eq¡g l¡ ,gu ve`re; opu lqfu jktk fnyhi mfB xsykg vk vkxw es
VidSr nwèkokyh ufUnuh xk; osQ¡ viu ek; ln`'k ns[ky eqnk flag osQ¡ ufgA ,fg l¡ vks cM+
vk'pf;Zr HkssykgA r[ku vksfg fo"k;kiUu jktk l¡ ufUnuh dgy oRl! ge ek;k jfpd; rksgj
ijh{kk ysygq¡ vfNA egf"kZ of'k"Bd çrki l¡ ;ejkt lsgks gejk ij çgkj djck es leFkZ
ufg vfN] r[ku nkslj fgalk dj;oyk osQ¡ dr; l¡ 'kfDr gkss;rSd\ ge rksgj xq#&HkfDr
vk thon;k l¡ çlUu NhA rw¡ ojnku ek¡xA dh pkgSr NSaA gejk ek=k nwèk nsc;oyk xk; ufg
cw>A gejk çlUu dkeèksuq vFkkZr~ bfPNr iQy nsc;oyk cw>A
bZ lqfu jktk gkFk tksfM+ d, lqnf{k.kk es oa'k osQ¡ pyc;oyk iq=k ek¡xyfuA ufUnuh
^rFkkLrq* dfg ojnku n, nsy vk ikrd nksuk cuk d, vksfg es nwèk nqfgd, ihckd vkns'k
80 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
lsgks n, nsydA eqnk jktk dgy & gs ekrk! ge rksgj nwèk ckNk osQ¡ ihyk l¡ vk xq#d gksse j?kqoa'k egkdkO;d f}rh;
d;yk l¡ cpy rksgj nwèk ½f"k ofl"Bd vkKk ikfc ih,cA lxZd dFkkud ,oa fo'ks"krk

,fg rjgsa jktk fnyhid çkFkZuk l¡ egf"kZ of'k"Bd xk; ufUnuh cgqr çlUu HksyA
ckn es jktk çlUu HksykgA xk;d lax fgeky;d xqiQk l¡ fcuk ifjJed fudy vkJe es uksV
igq¡pykA vksr, v,ykd i'pkr~ vks lc o`rkUr of'k"B l¡ lqukSykd ckn çlUurk l¡ viu
iRuh dss¡ lsgks lc ckr dgyfuA
jktk osQ¡ çlUu nsf[k of'k"B ½f"k osQ¡ lc ckrd vkHkkl Hk, xsy NyfuA rFkkfi lc
o`rkUr lqfu çlUu HksykgA jktk fnyhi viu xq# l¡ vkKk y; ckNk vk gou l¡ cpy nwèk
osQ¡ ihfc xsykgA nksslj fnu xkssozrd ikj.kk d, vks çTofyr vfXu vk eqfud çnf{k.kkd
mijkUr xq# iRuh v:Uèkrh vk ckNkd lax ufUnuhd çnf{k.kk d; vks lqnf{k.kkd lax jFk
ij pf<+ viu jktèkkuhd gsrq çLFkku d,yA v;ksè;k igq¡pyk ckn es eU=kh l¡ jkT;d Hkkj
y, èkeZiwoZd çtk&ikyu dj, yxykgA fdNq fnud vuUrj tkfg çdkj vkdk'k LFkyh
vf=k eqfud us=k l¡ cgjk;y pUæek osQ¡ èkkj.k djSr vfN vk nsounh xaxk vfXu l¡ çf{kIr
LdUn osQ¡ mRiUu dj,oyk f'kothd rst osQ¡ èkkj.k d,us Ny vksfg çdkj lqnf{k.kk fnyhi
oa'ko¼Zd ysy xHkZ èkkj.k d,y] tkfg es yksdikyd va'k lsgks lfEefyr NyA
5-5 lkjka'k

j?kqoa'k egkdkO;d nkslj lxZd dFkkud es jktk fnyhid ufUnuh xk;d lsokd o.kZu
cM+ vkd"kZd <ax l¡ d,y xsy vfNA dfo dkfynkl ,fg lxZ es jktk fnyhid xkS lsokd
C;kts çÑfrd vuqie NVkd fp=k çLrqr d,yfu vfNA dkO;'kkL=kd fl¼gLr dfo vusd
vyadkj ;Fkk&miek] :id vkfn vyadkjd ç;kssx vyadkfjd <ax l¡ nsus NfFkA Hkw fotsrk
jktk fnyhi flagd le{k ohjrkd çn'kZu ufg d, viu vkRe&leiZ.k d, dk;Zd fl¼
d;yfu vfNA ,fg Bke dfo flag] xk; vk o`{k vkfnd ekuohdj.k d;us NfFk!
5-6 vH;kld ç'u

1- egkdfo dkfynkld j?kqoa'kd f}rh; lxZd dFkkud fy[kwA

2- egkdfo dkfynkld j?kqoa'k egkdkO;d fo'ks"krk fy[kwA
3- jktk fnyhid xkS lsokd foLr``r o.kZu d:A



Lo vè;;u lkexzh 81
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk
bdkbZ&6 j?kqoa'kd f}rh; lxZd çeq[k va'kd ewy lfgr eSfFkyh vuqokn
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/
ikB&lajpuk
uksV 6-1 mís';
6-2 ifjp;
6-3 j?kqoa'kd f}rh; lxZd çeq[k va'k ,oa vFkZ
6-4 lkjka'k
6-5 vH;kld ç'u
6-1 mís';

egkdkO;d jpuk ifjikVh es dkfynkld j?kqoa'k vf}rh; o`Qfr ekuy tkbr vfNA
,fg ikBd mís'; egkdkO;d lq#fHkosQ¡ cq>ck ysy ikBdd le{k mnkgj.k izLrqr djc
vfNA
6-2 ifjp;

j?kqoa'ke laLo`Qr lkfgR;d ,dVk vueksy o`Qfr vfNA dkfynkld leLr jpuk es
,dj lkaLo`Qfrd fo/kRed vk dykRed egRo vfNA tdjk cw>c vko';d vfNA rdjs
le£ir nkslj ljxr vuqokn osQ¡ mnkgj.kd :i es ns[ky tk loSQr vfNA
6-3 j?kqoa'kd f}rh; lxZd çeq[k va'k ,oa vFkZ

vFk çtkukefèkd% çHkkrs tk;k çfrxzkfgr xUèkekY;ke~A

ouk; ihrçfrc¼ oRlka ;'kksèkuks /suqe`"kseqZekspA
vFkZ& jkfr chr xsyk ij ;'kd èkuh] çtkikyd jktk fnyhi çkr%dky lqnf{k.kk }kjk
nsy xsy xUèkekyk osQ¡ xzg.k dj,okyh] nwèk ihfc d, ckUgy ckNkokyh] egf"kZ of'k"Bd
ufUnuh xk; osQ¡ ou es pjckd gsrq [kksfy nsyA
rL;k% [kqjU;klifo=kikalqeikalqykuka èkqfj dhrZuh;kA
ekxZe~ euq";s'ojèkeZiRuh JqrsfjokFk± Le`frjUoxPNr~AA2AA
vFkZ& ifrozrk yksdfu es vxzx.; jktk fnyhid iRuh lqnf{k.kk ufUnuhd [kqj j[kck
l¡ ifo=k xnkZ;qDr ekxZd vksfguk vuqlj.k d;yfu tsuk Le`fr osnd vuqlj.k djSr vfNA
fuoR;± jktk nf;rka n;kyqLrka lkSjHks;ha lqjfHk;Z'kksfHk%A
i;ksèkjhHkwwrprq% leqæka tqxksi xks:ièkjkfe;ksohZe~AA3AA
vFkZ& n;k;qDr lrdhfrZ lHk l¡ lq'kksfHkr jktk fnyhi fç; iRuh lqnf{k.kk osQ¡ ?kqek;
osQ¡ viu nwèk l¡ pk: leqæ osQ¡ frjLÑr dj;okyh lqjfHkd iq=kh ufUnuh osQ¡ pk: leqæ osQ¡
pkfj Lrud :i es èkkj.k dj,okyh xkS:ih i`Fohd lekuj{kk d,yA
82 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 ozrk; rsukuqpjs.k /suksU;Z"ksfèk 'ks"kks¿I;uq;kf;oxZ%A j?kqoa'kd f}rh; lxZd çeq[k
va'kd ewy lfgr eSfFkyh
u pkU;rLrL; 'kjhjj{kk Looh;ZxqIrk fg eu% çlwfrAA4AA vuqokn
vFkZ& ozrd ysy ufUnuhd ikNw py,oyk jktk fnyhi 'ks"k ukSdj osQ¡ lsgks ?kqek;
uksV
nsyA vksdj 'kjhjd j{kkd gsrq nksljd t:jr ufg Ny] fd,d r¡ euqd lUrku viu
ijkØe l¡ jf{kr gksbr vfNA
vkLoknHkofn~Hk% doySLr`.kkuka d.Mw;uSn± 'kfuokj.kS'pA
vO;kgrS% LoSjxrS% l rL;k% lezkV~ lekjkèkurRijks¿Hkwr~AA5AA
vFkZ& vks pØorhZ jktk fnyhi Lokfn"V dksey ?kkj dkSj l¡] 'kjhjd dqfj;kSyk l¡
ekNh ePNj mfM+;kSyk l¡ ,oa csjksd&Vksd LoPNUn py,okyh vksfg of'k"B ½f"kd èksuqd
lsok esa layXu HksykgA
fLFkr% fLFkrkeqPpfyr% ç;krka fu"kqnq"kheklucUèk?khj%A
tykfHkyk"kh tyeknnkuka Nk;so rka HkwifrjUoxPNr~AA6AA
vFkZ& i`Fohd Lokeh jktk fnyhi] ufUnuh osQ¡ Bk<+ Hksyk ij BgjSr Nykg] pyyk
ij pySr Nykg cSlyk ij cSlSr Nykg] ikfu fiykij ikfu ihcSr Nykg ,fg rjgsa Nk;kd
leku vksdjk ikNw&ikNw pySr NykgA
l U;Lrfpg~ukefi jkty{eh rs"kksfo'ks"kkuqferka nèkku%A
vklhnukfo"ÑrnkujkftjUreZnkoLFk bo f}isUæ% AA7AA
vFkZ& ;|fi vksfg dky es jktk fnyhi N=k&pkej vkfn leLr jktfpUg l¡ nwj
jfgrks fo'ks"k rst l¡ vuqeku d,y tk,okyh jkty{eh ds èkkj.k djSr vks çdV :i l¡
ufg ns[kk; iM+;okyk enjs[kk l¡ ;qDr gkFkhd ln`'k cq>k; iM+Sr NykgA
yrkçrkuksnxzfFkrS% l ds'kSjfèkT;èkUok foppkj nkoe~A
j{kkins'kkUeqfu gkseèksuksoZU;kfUous";fUuo nq"VlÙoku~AA8AA
vFkZ& yrkrUrq lc l¡ xq¡Fky ds'kokyk] çR;{k p<+y èkuq"k osQ¡ èkkj.k d,us jktkfnyhi
of'k"B ½f"kd èksuqd j{kkd cgkuk l¡ taxyh nq"V tho lc osQ¡ cq>w f'k{kk nSr ou es fopj;
yxykgA
fol`"Vik'okZuqpjL; rL; ik'oZæek% ik'kHkwrk leLosA
mnhj;keklqfjoksUenkukekyksd'kCna o;lka fojkoS% AA9AA
vFkZ& ik'oZorhZ nsod lc ds ?kqek nsc,okyk] o#.kd ln`'k vksfg jktkd vxy&
cxyd xkN mUeqDr i{khd dyjo l¡ cq>w t;t;dkj d;ydA
e:Rç;qDrk'p e:Rl[kkHka reP;ZekjknfeorZekue~A
vokfdju~ ckyyrk% çlwuSjkpkjyktSfjo ikSjdU;k% AA10AA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 83
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk vFkZ& ok;q lapkfyr uo yrk lHk vfXud leku jktk fnyhid mQij ckfydk lHkd
,oa }kjk iq"id o"kkZ d;yd
lkfgfR;d fuca/
vFkok
uksV ok;q l¡ çsfjr uoyrk lHk vfXud leku rstLoh ,oa yxes vk;y iwtuh; jktk
fnyhid mQij vksfguk iwQyd o"kkZ d;yd tfguk uxjoklh yksdfud ckfydkx.k eaxykFkZ
èkkud ykokd o"kkZ djSr vfNA
èkuqHk`Zrks¿I;L; n;k¿¿æZHkkoek[;kreUr% dj.kSfo'kÄ~dS%A
foyksd;UR;ks oiqjkiqj{.kka çdke foLrkj iQya gfj.;% AA11AA
vFkZ& èkqu"kèkkjh Hksyksij fuHkhZd vUr%dj.k l¡ n;kd Hkko okyk 'kjhj osQ¡ ns[k; okyk
gfj.k viu vk¡f[kd fo'kky gks,ckd iQy ikfo ysydA
l dhpdSekZlriw.kZjUèkzS xwtn~fHkjkikfnr oa'kÑR;e~A
lqJko dq×ts"kq ;'k% LoeqPpSln~xh;ekua ounsorkfe% AA12AA
vFkZ& vks jktk fnyhi Nsn lHkl¡ Hkjy gok l¡ xq×t; okyh ck¡l l¡ ounsohd }kjk
daqt esa tksj&tksj l¡ xkvksy tkbr viu ;'k ds lquyfuA
i`DrLrq"kkjSfxZfjfu>Zjk.kkeuksdgkdfEir iq"ixUèkhA
rekriDykUreukr i;ekpkjiwwra iou% fl"ksos AA13AA
vFkZ& ioZrh; >jukd ty d.k l¡ fefJr fdNq fgySr xkNd iwQyd lqxfUèkr gok
Ny jfgr jkSn l¡ eqj>kbr vksfg 'kq¼ vkpj.koyk jktk fnyhid lsok d,ydA
'k'kke o`"V|k¿fi fouk nokfXu jklhf}'ks"kk iQyiq"io`f¼%A
mQua u lRos"ofèkdks cckèks&rfLeu~ cus xksIrfj xkgekus AA14AA
vFkZ& vksfg j{kd jktkd ou es ços'k d,yk ij oud vkfx fouk o"ksZ osQ¡ 'kkUr Hk,
xsyA iQy&iwQyd o`f¼ fo'ks"k:i l¡ gksc, yxySd] lcy i'kq fucZy ds ufg lrk ivksydA
l×pkjiwrkfu fnxUrjkf.k ÑRok fnukUrs fuy;k; xUrqe~A
çpØes iYyojkxrkezk çHkk irÄ~xL; equs'p èkssuq% AA15AA
vFkZ& uo iYyod ykfyekd leku lw;Zd çHkk vk of'k"Bd èksuq ufUnuh lHk fn'kk
osQ¡ viu ifjHkze.k l¡ ifo=kd, lk¡>d le; viuk vkJe es ?kwfj v,yhgA
rka nsorkfi=kfrfFk fØ;k¿FkkZeUoX;;kS eè;eyksdiky%A
oHkkS p lk rsu lrka ersu J¼so lk{kkf}fèkuksiiUuk AA16AA
vFkZ& Hkwyksd ikyd jktk fnyhi nso&firj ,oa vfrfFkd dk;Z ds lEiUu dj,okyh
vksfg ufUnuhd ikNw&ikNw pyykg vk lTtu yksdfud ekuuh; fnyhi l¡ ;qDr vks ufUnuh
vuq"Bku l¡ ;qDr ewfrZeku J¼kd leku lq'kksfHkr HksyA
84 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 l iYoyksrh.kZojkg;wFkkU;koklo`{kksUeq[k ofgZ.kkfuA j?kqoa'kd f}rh; lxZd çeq[k
va'kd ewy lfgr eSfFkyh
;;kS e`xkè;kflr'kk}ykfu ';kek;ekukfu oukfu i'pu~ AA17AA vuqokn
vFkZ& vks jktk fnyhi iks[kfj l¡ fudySr lqvjd >q.Mokyk viu fuokl o`{kd fn'k
uksV
vcSr HkkSajkokyk vk gfj;j&gfj;j nwfc ij cSly gfj.k okyk gfj;j ouds ns[kSr pyykgA
vkihuHkkjks}guç;Rukn~ x`f"BxqZ:rok}iq"kks ujsUæ%A
mHkkoy×prqØjf×prkH;ka riksouko`fÙk iFka xrkE;ke~ AA18AA
vFkZ& ifgy csj fcvk,y ufUnuh viu Lrud Hkkj lEgkj, l¡ vk jktk fnyhi viu
LFkwyrk l¡ vksfg riksouxkeh jLrk ds viu&viu lqUnj pkfy l¡ lq'kksfHkr d,ydA
of'k"Buksjuq;kf;ua rekorZekua cfurk cukUrkrA
iiks fues"kkyli{eiÄ~fDr#iksf"krkH;kfeo ykspukH;ke~ AA19AA
vFkZ& egf"kZ of'k"Bd uUnuhd ikNw&ikNw py;oyk ou l¡ ?kwjy vksfg fnyhi osQ¡
jkuh lqnf{k.kk fufuZes"k r`f"kr us=k l¡ ns[k; yxyhgA
iqjLÑrk oR;Zfu ikfFkZosu çR;qn~xrk ikfFkZoèkeZiRU;kA
rnUrjs lk fojjkt ?ksuqfnZu{kikeèk;xrso lUè;k AA20AA
vFkZ& ekxZ es jktk fnyhi l¡ vkxw d,y xsy vk lqnf{k.kk }kjk vxokuh d,y xsy
vks ufUnuh gqudk nwuwd chp es fnu ,oa jkfrd eè; es orZeku lk¡> tsuk lq'kksfHkr HksyhgA
çnf{k.khÑR; i;fLouha rka lqnf{k.kk lk{krik=kgLrkA
ç.kE; pkupZ fo'kkyeL;k Ük`Ä~xkUrj }kjfeokFkZfl¼s% AA21AA
vFkZ& v{kr ;qDr ikx ds gkFk es y, lqnf{k.kk nwèk nsc,okyh vksfg ufUnuhd
çnf{k.kk vk ç.kke d, vksdj fo'kky nwuw lhaxd chp Hkkx osQ¡ euksjFkflf¼d }kjd leku
tkfu d, iwtk d,yfuA
oRlksrlqdk¿fi fLrferka li;k± çR;xz gh Rlsfr uuUnrqLrkSA
HkoR;ksiiUus"kq fg rf}èkkuka çlkn fpãkfu iqj% iQykfu AA22AA
vFkZ& vks ufUnuh viuk cPpk osQ¡ ns[kckd ysy mRdafBr Hksyksij fu'py Hk, iwtk
Lohdkj d, ysydA ,fg l¡ vks çlUu Hksyhg fd,d r¿ gqudk ysy ufUnuh lu çseh
O;fDrd çlUurkd fpÉ fu%lUnsg iQyd dkj.k gksbr vfNA
rkefUrdU;Lr cfyçnhikeokUL; xksIrk x`fg.kh lgk;%A
Øes.k lqIrkeuqlafoos'k lqIrksfRFkrka çkr juwnfr"Br~AA24AA
vFkZ& ikyd jktk fnyhi iRuh lfgr yx ess jk[ky iwtksigkj vk nhid okyh
ufUnuhd yx cSl vksdjk lqrykd ckn lqrSr Nykg vk Hkksj es vksdjk mBykd ckn mBSr
NykgA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 85
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk bR;e~ ozra èkkj;r% çtkFkZ lea efg";k ekguhidhrsZ%A
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ lIr O;rh;qflzxq.kkfu rL; fnukfu nhuk¼j.kksfprL;kAA25AA

uksV vFkZ& ,fg :isa iq=k çkfIrd ysy viu èkeZiRuh lqnf{k.kk ds lkFk ozr èkkj.k djSr
;'kLoh ,oa nhud laj{kd jktk fnyhi ds ,dbl fnu chr xsySuA
vu;s|qjkRekuqpjL; Hkkoa ftKklekuk eqfu gkseèksuqA
xÄ~xkçikrkUr fo:<'k"ia xkSjhxqjksxZg~ojekfoos'k AA 26AA
vFkZ& ckble fnu egf"kZ of'k"Bd gkselk/uHkwr ufUnuh viu vuqpj jktk fnyhid
Hkko osQ¡ tkuckd bPNk l¡ xaxkd >juk yx ?kkl l¡ >k¡iy fgeky;d [kksg (xqiQk) es
?kqfl xsyA
lk nq"ç?k"kkZ eulk¿fi fgaL=kefjjR;fg'kksHkkçfgrs{k.ksuA
vyf{krkH;qRiruks u`is.k çlá flag fdy rka pd"kZAA27AA
vFkZ& vksfg ufUnuhd mij fgald tUrq ekufld dYiuksa }kjk vkØe.k ufg d,
ldSr vfN] bZ cqf> ioZrh; 'kksHkk nss[kckd ysy utfj yxkSus jktk fnyhid vuns[k es ,dVk
'ksj vksfg ufUnuh ij vkØe.k d, nsydA
rnh;ekØfUnrekÙkZ lkèkksxqZgkfuo¼ çfr'kCn nh?kZe~A
jf'ef"ooknk; uxsUælDrka forz;kekl u`i"; n`f"Ve~ AA28AA
vFkZ& xqiQk l¡ Vdjk,y çfrèofu l¡ cs'kh vkokt okyk vksfg ufUnuhd cktckd
(Mdkjckd) vkokt nhu&j{kd jktk fnyhid fgeky; es ykxy utfjd yxke idfj d,
?kksM+k tsuk [khp ysydA
l ikVyk;ka xfo rfLFkokla èkuqèkZj% dslfj.ka nn'kZA
vfèkR;dk;k feo èkkrqeÕ;kZ yks?kzæqea lkuqer% çiqQYye~ AA29AA
vFkZ& èkuqèkkZjh jktk fnyhi yky jaxd ufUnuh ij cSly 'ksj osQ¡ ioZrh; xs:èkkrq
okyk mQijd Hkwfe ij fodflr yks?kzd o`{kd leku ns[kyfuA
rrks e`xsUæL; e`xsUæxkeh o?kk; oè;L; 'kja 'kj.;%A
tkrkfHk"kMwx u`ifrfuZ"kMwxknq¼rqZeSPNr çleksèk`rkfj%AA30AA
vFkZ& ,djk ckn flagd leku fuHkhZd py,oyk 'kj.kkxr j{kd 'k=kq osQ¡ m[kkfj
isQd,oyk jktk fnyhi viekud vuqHko d, ekjck;ksX; vksfg flagd cèk djckd ysy
rjdl l¡ ok.k fudkyckd bPNk d,yfuA
okesrjLrL; dj% çgÙkqZu çHkkHkwf"kr dÄ~d i=ksA
lDrkÄ~xqfy% lk;diqÄ~x[k ,o fp=kkfiZrk jEHk bokorLFks AA31AA

86 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 vFkZ& çgkjd vksfg jktkd nkfguk gkFkd ugd dkfUr l¡ foHkwf"kr dad i{khd j?kqoa'kd f}rh; lxZd çeq[k
ik¡f[kckyk ok.kd ukÄfj es lVy vk¡xqj ckyk fp=kd leku Hk, xsySdA va'kd ewy lfgr eSfFkyh
vuqokn
cgqçfr"VEHkfoo`¼eU;qjE;.kZ ekxLÑreLi`'kfUn~Hk%A
uksV
jktk LorstksfHkjn árkUrHkksZxho eU=kkS"kfèk:¼ oh;Z%AA32AA
vFkZ& gkFk osQ¡ lfV xsyk l¡ c<+y Øksèkckyk jktk eU=k vk vks"kfèk l¡ :¼ rstckyk
lk¡id leku lkeus Bk<+ vijkèkh flag ds Nwckd lkeF;Z ufg j[kSr viu rst l¡ Hkhrjs
Hkhrj tj; yxykgA
rek;Zx`á fux`ghrèkssuqeZuq";okpk euqoa'k dsrqe~A
foek;;fUoafLerekRe o`rkS flagks#lRoa futxkn flag%AA33AA
vFkZ& ufUnuh ij vkØe.k dj,oyk flag vksfg lRi{kikrh euq oa'kd Hkw"k.k flagd
leku ijkØeh viu gkFkd O;kij l¡ pfdr Hksy jktk fnyhi osQ¡ euqD[kd cksyh l¡ vkvksjks
pfdr djSr cktyAA
vya egheky! ro Jes.k ç;qDreI;lzferks o`FkkL;kr~A
u ikniksUewyu'kfDrjZg% f'kyksPp;s eqfPNZr ek#rL;AA34AA
vFkZ& gs jktu! ifjJe djc csdkj vfNA gejk mij pykvksy xsy vgk¡d ok.k
foiQy Hk, tk,r fd,d r¿ o`{k osQ¡ m[kkfM+ nsckd 'kfDr jk[k; ckyk ok;qd osx igkM+d
le{k fu"iQy Hk, tkbr NSdA
dSyklxkSja o`"kek##{kks% iknkiZ.kkuaqxzgiwri`"BeA
vosfg eka fdÄ~dje"VewrsZ% dqEHkksnja uke fudqEHk fe=ke~ AA35AA
vFkZ& dSykl ioZrd leku mTtj cjn (clgk) ij p<;ckyk 'kadjthd iSj j[kyk
l¡ ifo=k ihB ckyk fudqHHkd fe=k dqEHkksnj uke l¡ çfl¼ gejk 'kadj thd vuqpj cw>wA
veqa ij% i'pfl nso nk:a iq=khÑrks¿lkS o`"kHkèotsuA
;ks gsedqEHkLruful`rkuka LFkUnL; ekrq% i;lka jlK% AA36AA
vFkZ& lkeus vksfg nsonk#d o`{k osQ¡ nsf[k jgy fN;Sd] vksdjk 'kadjth iq=kd leku
ekuyfu vfNA ts dkfrZds;d ek; ikoZrhd lksukd ?kSy :ih Lru l¡ fudyy nwèk :ih
tud Lokn cw>;ckyk vfNA
d.Mw;ekusu dVa dnkfp}U;f}isuksUefFkuk RoxL;A
vFkSuHkæsLru;k 'kq'kksp lsukU;ekyh<+feoklq jkL=kS% AA37AA
vFkZ& dksuks le; es ,dVk taxyh gkFkh duiêðh ukspSr&ukspSr ,fg nsonk# o`{kd
Nky osQ¡ eksfp nsus NyA r[ku fgeky; iq=kh ikoZrh nSR;d vL=k l¡ ?kk;y dkfrZds;d leku
,fg nsonk# xkNd çfr 'kksd d,us NyhgA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 87
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk rnkçHk`R;so ouf}ikuka =kklkFkZ efLeUuge fædq{kkSA
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ O;kikfjr% 'kwye`rk foèkk; lagRoeÄ~dkxr lRo o`fr%AA38AA
vFkZ& vksfg le; l¡ taxyh gkFkh osQ¡ Mj;ckd ysy f'koth yxes vk,y çk.kh l¡
uksV
viu thou fuokZg dj;okyk flag o`fÙk n, d, gejk ,fg igkM+d xqiQk es fu;qDr d,
nsus NfFkA
rL;kyes"kk {kqfèkrL; r`IR;S çfn"V dkyk ijes'ojs.kA
mifLFkrk 'kkssf.kr ikj.kk es lqjf}"kk'pkuæelh lqèksoAA39AA
vFkZ& gejk lu Hkw[ky ds HkfjisV Hkkstud ysy] 'kadjthd dgy xsy Hkkstud le;
ij mifLFkr bZ jDrd Hkkstu jkgqd ysy pk¡n lu ve`rd leku i;kZIr vfNA
l Roa fuorZLo fookg yTtka xqjksHkZokUnf'kZr f'k";HkfDr%A
'kL=ks.k j{;a ;n'kD;j{ka u r|'k% 'kL=ke`rka f{k.kksfrAA40AA
vFkZ& ,fg çdkjs¡ mik; jfgr vgk¡ yTtk NkssfM+ d, pfy tkmA vgk viu xq#d
HkfDr ns[kk nsyA ts j{kk djck ;ksX; oLrq 'kL=k l¡ ufg cpkvksy tk ldSr vfn vks u"V
gksbrks 'kkL=kèkkjhd dhfrZ ds nwf"kr ufg d, ldSr vfNA
bfr çxYHka iq#"kkfèkjktks e`xkfèkjktL; cpks fu'kE;A
çr;ko`rkL=kks fxfj'kçHkkooknkReU;oKka f'kfFkyka pdkj AA41AA
vFkZ& ,fg çdkjs¡ flagd èk`"Vrkiw.kZ ckr osQ¡ lqfu 'kadjd çHkko l¡ #dy vks
vL=kckyk jktk viu viekud Hkko f'kfFky d, nsyfuA
çR;czchPpSufe"kq ç;ksxs rRiwiwoZHkÄ~xs forFkç;Ru%A
tMhÑrL=;Ecd oh{k.ksu otaz eqeq{kfUuo otzikf.kA AA42AA
vFkZ& ifgus #dkoV iM+ykij ok.k pyko, es vliQy ç;Ru dj; ckyk jktk fnyhi
otzçgkjd bPNk dj; ckyk f'kokth osQ¡ ns[kyk l¡ fu'ps"V Hksy bUæ leku flag l¡ dgyfuA
la:¼ps"VL; e`xsUæ! dkea gkL;a opLr|nga foo{kq%A
vUrxZr çk.ke`rk fg osn loZHkokUHkkoerks¿feèkkL;sAA43AA
vFkZ& gs e`xjkt! vliQy ç;kl Hksyk l¡ gej bZ ckr gkL;kLin Hk, xsy vfN ts
ge dg, tk jgy NhA rFkkfi vgk¡ çk.khd eud lHk Hkko osQ¡ tkeSr Nh rs¡ ge dgcA
ekU; es LFkkoj tÄ~xekuka lxZfLFkfrçR;ogkjgsrq%A
xqjksjikna èkuekfg rkXusuZ';RiqjLrknuqis{k.kh;e~ AA44AA
vFkZ& o`{k ioZr vkfn LFkkoj vk euq";kfn taxed mRifr ikyu vk uk'k dj;cyk
f'koth gej iwtuh; NfFkA ijUrq vfXugks=kh xq#d gejk lEHkq[k u"V gksbr bZ xk; :ih èku
lsgks mis{kk djck ;ksX; ufg vfNA
88 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 l roa enh;su 'kjho`fra nsgsu fuoZÙkZf;raq çlhnA j?kqoa'kd f}rh; lxZd çeq[k
va'kd ewy lfgr eSfFkyh
fnukolkuksRlqd ckyoRlka fol`T;rka èksuqfjj;a eg"ksZ%AA45AA vuqokn
vFkZ& rs¡ vgk¡ gej 'kjhj l¡ viu thou ds lEiknu djckysy [kq'k gksmA lk¡>d
uksV
le; mRdf.Br NksVk cPpk ckyh egf"kZd ,fg ufUnuh xk; osQ¡ NksfM+ fn;kSdA
vFkkkUèkdkja fxfjxg~ojk.kka na"Vªke;w[kS% 'kdykfu dqoZu~A
Hkw;% l Hkwrs'oj ik'oZorhZ fdf×pPf{gL;kFkZ ifra cHkk"ksAA46AA
vFkZ& ,djkckn nk¡rd dkfUr l¡ ioZrd xqiQkd vUèkdkj osQ¡ fNUu djSr f'koth yx
jg;ckyk vks flag g¡fl d, jktk l¡ isQj dgydA
,dkri=ka txr% çHkqRoa uoa o;% dkUrfena oiq'pA
vYiL; gsrkscZgq gkrqfHkPNfUopkjew<% çfrHkkfl es Roe~AA47AA
vFkZ& gs jktu! lalkjd ,d&N=k vkfèkiR;] uo ;kSou vk ,fg lqUnj 'kjhj ds
FkksM+sosd ysy os'khds NksM+ckd bPNk dj,cyk vgk¡ gejk dÙkZO;kdÙkZO;d fopkj es ew[kZ
cq>uk tkbr NhA
HkwrkuqdEik% ropsfn;a xkSjsdk HkosrLofLrerh RonsUrsA
thoUiqu% 'k'onqiIyosH;% çtk% çtkukFk! firsoikfl AA48AA
vFkZ& gs jktu ;fn vgk¡ osQ¡ çk.khek=k ij n;k vfN r¿ fcpkj d# ts vgk¡d ejyk
ij bZ ,dfg xksV ufUnuh xk; dq'kyiwoZd jgrA gs jktu! ;fn vgk¡ ftcSr jgc r¿ firkd
leku çtkosQ¡ fo?u l¡ lnk j{kk djSr jgcA
vFkSd èksuksjink?kp.Mkn xqjks Ñ'kkuq çfrekn foHksf"kA
'kD;ks¿L; eU;qHkZork fousraq xk% dksfV'k% Li'kZ;rk ?kVksèuhAA49AA
vFkZ& gs jktu! ,d ufUnuh xk;d j[kokyk] vijkèkd dkj.k Øksfèkr vfXud leku
rstLoh xq# l¡ ub Msjkm vgk¡ djksM+ksa dy'kLruh xk; n, gqud Øksèkds 'kkar d, ldSr NhA
ræ{k dY;k.k ijEijk.kka HkksDrkjewtZLoyekRe nsge~A
eghry Li'kZuek=kfHkUue`¼a fg jkT;a ineSUæekgq% AA50AA
vFkZ& rs¡ mÙkjksÙkj lq[kd miHkksx dj; ckyk] cfy"B viu 'kjhjd j{kk d: fd,d
r¿ le`f¼'kkyh jkT;d Hkwry l¡ lEcUèk gks,ckd dkj.ks¡ ,djk nksslj LoxZ dgy tkbr NSdA
,rkonqDRok fojrs e`xsUæs çfrLousukL; xqgkxrsuA
f'kyksPp;ks¿fi f{kfrikyeqPpS% çhR;k resokFkZeHkk"krso AA51AA
vFkZ& ,rsd dfg d, flagd pqi Hk, xsyk ij dUnjk es mBy çfrèofu l¡ çse l¡
ekuw vksgh ckrd tksj l¡ leFkZu d,ydA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 89
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk fu'kE; nsokuqpjL; okpa euq";nso% iqujI;qokpA
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ èksUok rnè;kflrdkrjk{;k fujh{;ek.k% lqrjka n;kyq% AA52AA
vFkZ& f'kothd lsod flagd ckr lqfu d, vksdjk }kjk vkØkUr Hksyk l¡ Hk;Hkhr
uksV
vkWf[kckyh ufUnuh xk; l¡ ns[ky tkbr rs¡ n;koku jktk fnyhi isQj dgyfuA
{krkfRdy =kk;r bR;qnxz% {kR=kL; 'kCnks Hkqous"kq:<%A
jkT;su fd rf}ijhro`rs% çk.kS#iØks'keyhelSokZ AA53AA
vFkZ& mUur {kf=k;o.kZd okpd 'kCn uk'k l¡ ts cpkcS vks {kf=k; gksbN ,fg O;qRifÙk
l¡ lalkj es çfl¼ vfNA vksdj myVk vkpj.k dj, okyk {kf=k; osQ¡ jkT; l¡ fd ç;kstu
NSd\ fdaok yksd fuUnk l¡ efyu Hksy çk.k l¡ dh ykHk gksbN\
dFka rq 'kD;ks¿uqu;ks eg"ksZfoZJk.k ukPpkU; i;fLouhuke~A
beke uwuka lqjHksjosfg :ækstlk rq çâra Ro;¿L;ke~ AA54AA
vFkZ& vkvksj nkslj nqèkk: xk; ds nsyk l¡ egf"kZ ofl"Bd Øksèk osQ¡ dksuk 'kkUr
d,y tk, ldSr vfNA ,fg ufUnuh ds dkeèkssuq l¡ de ufg cw>w! vgk¡ r¿ ,fg ij
f'kothd lkeF;Z l¡ çgkj d,ygq¡ vfNA
ls ;a LonsgkiZ.kfu"Ø;s.k U;Õ;k e;k ekspf;raq HkoÙk%A
u ikj.kk L;kf}grk roSo HkosnyqIr'p equs% fØ;k¿FkZ% AA55AA
vFkZ& ,fg ufUnuh xk; osQ¡ viu 'kjhj nS;ks d, vgk¡ l¡ NksM+k,c mfpr vfN ,uk
d,yk l¡ ufg r¿ vgk¡d ozrd vUrd Hkkstu u"V gks,r vk us egf"kZ of'k"Bd ;Kkfn
fØ;kd lkèku yqIr gks,rA
Hkokuihna iXokuoSfr egku fg ;RuLro nsonkjkSA
LFkkraq fu;kssDrquZ 'kD;exzs fouk'; j{;a Lo;e{krsu AA56AA
vFkZ& ijkèkhu gksbrgq¡ bZ ckr tuSr Nh fd,d r¿ vgk¡d nsonk:d fo"k; es cgqr
iS?k ç;Ru vfNA j{kk djck;ksX; oLrq osQ¡ u"V d, Lo;a fouk ?kk;y Hksy 'kjhj l¡ ekfydd
vkxw Bk<+ gkss,c ukSdjd ysy mfpr ufg NSdA
fd eI;fgaL;Lro psUerks¿ga ;'k% 'kjhjs Hko es n;kyq%A
,dkUr foèoafl"kq efg}èkkuka fi.Ms"oukLFkk [kyq HkkSfrds"kq AA57AA
vFkZ& ;fn ge vgk¡d fopkj l¡ vkc¼ Nh r¿ gejk ;'kks:i nsg ij n;k d:
fd,d r¿ vo'; fouk'k gksc,oyk ik¡p egkHkwr l¡ cuy ,fg HkkSfrd 'kjhj ij gejk lu
yksdd vis{kk ufg gksbNA
lEcUèkHkkHkk"kk.kiwoZ egqo`Zr% l ukS lÄ~xr;ksoZukUrsA
rn~HkwruukFkkuq! ukgZfl Roa lEcfUèkukss es ç.k;a fogUrqe~ AA58AA
90 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 vFkZ& fe=krk osQ¡ okrkZyki }kjk mRiUu dgy xsy vfNA vks oud chp es HksaV Hksy j?kqoa'kd f}rh; lxZd çeq[k
gejk nwuw xksVk es Hk, xsy vfN rs¡ gs egknsod lsod! vgk¡ gejk lu fe=kd çkFkZuk osQ¡ va'kd ewy lfgr eSfFkyh
vuqokn
mYya?ku ufg d¿ ldSr NhA
rFksfr xkeqDrors fnyhi% l|% çfr"VEHkfoeqDr ckgq%A uksV

l U;Lr'kL=kks âj;s Lonsg eqiku;fIri.M feokfe"kL; AA59AA

vFkZ& uhd] ,fg ok.kh ds dg;okyk flagd ysy rRdky ekald yksFkjkd leku
viukd flagd vkxk¡ viZ.k d, nsyfuA
rfLeu~ {k.ks ikyf;rq% çKkukeqRi';r% flagfuikreqxze~A
vokÄeq[kL;ksifj iq"io`f"V% iikr fo|kèkj gLr eqDrk AA60AA
vFkZ& vksfg le; Øwj flagd >iVckd jLrk ns[k,cyk] uhpk eq¡g d,us] çtkd
ikyu dj,ckyk jktk fnyhid mQij fo|kèkjd gkFk l¡ iwQyd o"kkZ HksySdA
mfÙk"B oRlsR;e`rk;ekua opks fu'kE;ksfRFkreqfRFkrHkqfRFkr% lu~A
nn'kZ jktk tuuh feo Loka xkexzr% çlzfo.kha u flage~AA61AA
vFkZ& gs iq=k! mBw! ,gu ufUnuhd eq¡g l¡ fudyy ve`re; opu lqfud, mBSr jktk
viuk lkeus VidcSr nwèkokyh ufUnuh xk; osQ¡ viu ek;d leku ns[kyfu] flag ds ufgA
ra fofLera èkssuq:okp lkèkks! ek;ka e;ksn~HkkO; ijhf{krks¿flA
Îf"kçHkkokU;ef; ukUrdks¿fi çHkq% çgÙkqZ fdeqrkU;fgalzk% AA62AA
vFkZ& vpjtes ijy jktk l¡ ufUnuh dgyfu& gs jktu~! ge ek;k jfp d, vgk¡d
ijh{kk ysygq¡ vfNA egf"kZ of'k"Bd çrki l¡ ;ejktks gejk ij çgkj dj, es leFkZ ufg
NfFk] r¿ nkslj fgald i'kqd ckrs dh\
HkoR;k xjkS eÕ;uqdEi;k p çhrkfLe rs iq=k! oja o`.khLoA
u dsoykuka i;lka çlwfreosfg eka dkenqèkka çlUuke~AA63AA
vFkZ& gs jktu egf"kZ of'k"B es HkfDr vk gejk mij n;k d,yk l¡ ge vgk¡ ij
çlUu NhA iq=k! oj ek¡xw! gejk ek=k nwèk nsc; okyh xk; ufg cq>w vfirq çlUu Hksy gejk
bfPNr iQy nsc, ckyh cq>wA
rr% lekuh; l ekfurkFkhZ gLrkS LogLrkftZrohj 'kCn%A
oa'kL; drkZjeuUrdhfrZ lqnf{k.kk;ka ru;a ;k;kps AA64AA
vFkZ& rgu vfrfFkd lEeku dj,ckyh viu ckgq¡cy l¡ vftZr d,y ohj 'kCn ckyk
jktk fnyhi lqnf{k.kk es oa'k ds pyc, okyk fLFkj ;'kLoh iq=k gks,ckd ;kpuk d,yfuA
vFkkZr~ viuk ysy iq=k ekÄyfuA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 91
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk lUrku dkek; rFkksfrdkea jkKs çfrJqR; i;fLouh lkA
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ nqXèok i;% i=kiqVs enh;a iq=kksa iHkqÄ~{osfr rekfnns'kAA65AA
vFkZ& vks ufUnuh xk; iq=k pkg;oyk jktk fnyhi l¡ ^,fguk gks,r* ,gu ojnku n,]
uksV
dgy] gs iq=k! gejk nwèk osQ¡ ikrd nksuk es nwfg d, ihfc tkm] vgk¡d euksjFk fla¼ gks;rA
oRlL; gksekFkZ fo?ks'p 'ks"kHk`"ksjuqKkefèkxE; ekr%A
vkSèkL; fePNkfe roksi xkssorqa "k"Bka'k eqO;kZ bo jf{krk;k%AA66AA
vFkZ& gs ek¡! cNM+kd ihyk l¡ vk gkse d,yk l¡ cpy vgk¡d nwèk osQ¡ ½f"k
of'k"Bd vkKk ikfc ikyu d,y xsy i`Fohd NBe fgLlkd leku ihc; pkgSr NhA
bRFka f{krh'ksu ofl"BèksuqfoZKkfirk çhrrjk cHkwoA
rnfUork gSeorkPp dq{ks% çR;k;oJeeJes.k AA67AA
vFkZ& ,fg çdkjs¡ jktk fnyhid çkFkZuk l¡ egf"kZ of'k"Bd xk; ufUnuh cgqr çlUu
HksySd vk jktkd lax fgeky;d xqiQk l¡ fcuk ifjJe osQ¡ vkJe es ?kwfe vk,fyA
rL;k çlUusUnqeq[k% çlkna xq# u`Zik.kka xqjos fuos|A
çg"kZfpg~ukuqfera fç;k;S 'k'kal okpk iqu:Dr;so AA68AA
vFkZ& fueZy pUæekd leku eq¡g cyk jktkyksdfu es Js"B fnyhi çlUurkd fpg~ud
lax vuqfer Hksy ufUnuh osQ¡ ojnku :i vuqxzg osQ¡ nksckjk dgckd leku ok.kh }kjk xq#
l¡ fuosnu d, jkuhd dgyfuA
l ufUnuhLrU;efufUnrkRek l}Rlyks oRlgqrko'ks"ke~A
iikS ofl"Bsu ÑrkE;uqK% 'kwHkza ;'kks HkwrZfeokfr r`".k% AA69AA
vFkZ& ç'kaluh; LoHkko cyk] lTtu ij n;kyq] egf"kZ of'k"Bd vkKk ikyu d,
jktk fnyhi vfr r`f"kr Hk, cNM+kd ihykd ckn vk gou l¡ cpy ufUnuhd nwèk osQ¡ mTtj
ewfrZeku ;'kd ihykgA
çkrFkZ;ksDr ikj.kk¿Urs çkLFkkfuda LoLR;;ua ç;qT;A
rkS nEifr Loka çfr jktèkkuh çLFkki;kekl c'kh cfl"B% AA70AA
vFkZ& çkr% dky ftrsfUæ; egf"kZ of'k"B fofèkiwoZd xk;d lsokd ozrd ikj.k
dj,ykd ckn ;k=kkd le; leqfpr LofLrokpu d, vksfg nwuw jktk ,oa jkuh ds gqud
jktèkkuh fn'k HkstyfuA
çnf{k.khÑR; gqra gqrk'keuUrja HkrqZj:Uèkrha p
èkssuq loRlka p u`i% çrLFks l eÄ~yksnxzrjçokg% AA71AA
vFkZ jktk fnyhi çTofyr vfXu vk eqfud çnf{k.kkd ckn v:Uèkrh vk cNM+k
laxfg ufUnuhd çnf{k.kk d, uhd eaxykpkj l¡ çcfèkZr çrkiokyk Hk, vksfg Bke l¡ çLFkku
d,yfuA

92 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 Jks=kkfHkjkeèofuuk jFksu l èkeZiRuh lfgr% lfg".kq%A j?kqoa'kd f}rh; lxZd çeq[k
va'kd ewy lfgr eSfFkyh
;;kcuq¼krlq[ksu ekxZ Losuso iw.ksZu euksjFksuAA72AA vuqokn
vFkZ& jkuh lqnf{k.kk lax&lax ozr vkfn nq%[k osQ¡ lgu dj, okyk vks jktk d.kZ
lq[kn&èofu;qDr ekxZd fgpdksyk l¡ jfgr jFk l¡ çfrcUèk jfgr Hk, lq[kçn liQy euksjFkd uksV
leku r; d,yfuA
rekfgrkSRlqD;en'kZusu çtk% çtk¿FkZoz df'kZrkÄ~xe~A
us=kS% iiqLr`fIreukIuqofn~HkuZokSn;a ukFk fHkoks"kèkhuke~ AA73AA
vFkZ& (of'k"BkJe es jgckd dkj.ks¡) ufg ns[kk; iM+ckd dkj.k mRd.Bk mRiUu
d, nsc, cyk iq=kkFkZ ozr d,yk l¡ Ñ'k (nwcj) 'kjhjokyk vksfg jktk ds çtk f}rh;kd
pk¡n tsuk vr`Ir vk¡f[kl¡ ns[kyd %&
iqjUnjJh% iqjeqRirkda çfo'; ikSjsjfHkuU|eku%A
Hkqts HkqtÄ~xsUælekulkjs Hkw;% l Hkwes?kqZjekll×tAA74AA
vFkZ& bUærqY; dkfUrckyk vksfg jktk ukxfjdd }kjk vfHkufUnr Hk, 'ks"kukx rqY;
cyokyk Hkqtk ij iqu% i`Fohd Hkkj mBk ysyfuA
vFk u;ulHkwRFka T;ksfrj=ksfjo |kS%
lqjlfjfno rstks czfÉfu"B |wreS'ke~A
ujifrdqyewR;S xHkZekèkÙk jkKh
xq:fHkjfuof"Va ykssdikykuqxkoS% AA75AA
vFkZ& ,djkckn vdkld }kjk pUæek t¡dk xaxkd }kjk f'kod isQdy rst t¡dk jkuh
lqnf{k.kk j?kqoa'kd o`f¼d ysy yksd ikydd rst l¡ xHkZ èkkj.k d,yfuA
6-4 lkjka'k

Li"Vr% lukru laLo`Qfrd izfr"ikud fufer xq: f'k";d laca/ osQ¡ LFkkfir djSrA
,fg lxZd egRo osQ¡ ns[ky tk loSQr vfNA laxfg lnqf{k.kkd pfj=k ,dVk mnkgj.k vfNA
rdjks ifjp; HksVSr vfNA
6-5 vH;kld ç'u

1- mi;qZDr 'yksd la[;k&3] 5] 11] 12] 15 d vFkZ fy[kwwA

2- lnqf{k.kkd pfj=k fp=k.k d:A



Lo vè;;u lkexzh 93
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk
bdkbZ&7 iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k vk ewY;kadu
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/
ikB&lajpuk
uksV 7-0 mís';
7-1 ifjPNsn vk rdj fo'ys"k.k
7-2 lkjka'k
7-3 vH;klkFkZ iz'u

7-0 mís';

,fg ikBd mís'; fo|kifrd ,fg laLo`Qr jpuk l¡ ifjfpr djk;c vk iq#"kkFkZd
lanHkZ es] iq#"kd lektd ysy dktd lanHkZ es ifjp; djk;c vfNA

7-1 ifjPNsn vk rdj fo'ys"k.k

izFke ifjPNsn
eaxy ,oa izLrkouk
nsorkyksdfud iz.kE; czã tfudk iz.kke djfFk] lHkd iwtuh; pUnz'ks[kj egknsoks
tfud iwtk djfFk] lHkd è;s; cuy fo".kqvks tfud è;ku èkjfFk] vksfg vkfn'kfDr
HkxorhosQ¡ ekFk >qdk; iz.kke djSr NhAA1AA
ohjlHkes ekU;] cqf¼ekud chp izeq[k] if.Mryksdfues vxzx.; jktk nsfoflagd iq=k
Jh f'koflag fpjathoh jgFkqAA2AA
uo efrd ckydyksdfu uhfr cq>ckes liQy gksFkq] dkedykes #fp&dkSrqd j[kfugkfj
ukxfjdklHkh vkuUn ysFkq] ,ghlHkh mís'ks¡ jktk f'koflagd vkKkl¡ dfo fo|kifr fu%'k°
(fo'oLr) Hk; fcuq foyEcvk;kls ,fg dFkkoLrqosQ¡ izLrqr djSr NfFkAA3AA
uhfrd vuqjksèks¡] ok.khd xq.koSHkos ¡ rFkk dFkkjld peRdkjs ¡] fonXèk rkl¡ fo'kq¼
fpÙkcyk fo}kuksyksdfu dh gej ,fg izcUèkosQ¡ ufg lqurkg\ vFkkZr~ vksgks lqucs djrkgAA4AA
,fges dgy xsy ;qfDr,¡ ijh{kk }kjk iq#"kd ifjp; HksVSN] rs ¡ iq#"kijh{kk uked
dFkk lHkd ekuosQ¡ #prfrAA5AA
pUnzkrik uked uxjhes ikjkokj uked ,d jktk Nykg] tfud iodeyosQ¡ leqnzlhek
èkfjd lglzks jktklHk (iz.kke izlxs ¡) ekFkd ekykd ijkx&jkl¡ jM+y dfjFkA gqudk ,d
in~ekorh uked dkU;k NyfFku ts lok±x~ÄlqUnjh vks ldy 'kqHky{k.kl¡ lefUor NyhgA
dkU;kd 'kS'ko voLFkkosQ¡ fcrSr nsf[k] gqud gsrq vuq:i ,oa viu dqyd mi;qDr ojd
vUos"k.k djck ysy jktk ikjkokj fpUrkes iM+ykgA dkj.k]
^deZB] U;k;iFkl¡ foLr``r èku izkIr d;fugkj] lnk iF;Hkksth ,oa uhjksx jfgrgq¡] Øksèk
vkfn nks"kl¡ jfgr dsguks dsvks lTtu gksFkq fdUrq ;fn
94 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 ;ksX;k¿;ksX;ojkFkZukFkZufoèkkS pk¿H;FkZukHkx~ÄHkh& iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
vk ewY;kadu
f'pUrkekruqrs lrks¿fi ân;s LoLFkL; dU;kor%AA6AA
rr% fdadjok.khfr lqcqf¼ukekua eqfuei`PNr~ ! rFkkfg&
uksV
uSdkdh fu.kZ;a dq;kZfn"Vs ÑR;foèkkS Dofpr~A
lEHkofUr cqèkL;k¿fi nks"kk oS foHkzekn;%AA7AA
jktksokp& equs ! ees;a in~ekorh uke dU;k fo|rs A rr~ deL;k oja djok.khfr
foe`';kfn'krq Hkoku~ A eqfu#okp&jktu~ ! iq#"ka oja dq# !
jktksokp& equs ! dFkeiq#"kks¿fi oj% lEHkofr \ eqfu#okp& jktu~ ! i`fFkO;ka cgo%
iq#"kk% iq#"kkdkjk% lfUr A rr~ iq#"kkdkjku~ ifjR;T; iq#"ka oj;sfr czohfe A rFkkfg&
yH;Urs iq#"kkdkjk%] iq#"k% [kyq nqyZHk%A
o{;ek.ksu fpUgsu fuf[kysuksiyf{kr%AA8AA
r|Fkk&
ohj% lq/h% lfo|'p iq#"k% iq#"kkFkZoku~A
rnU;s iq#"kkdkjk% i'ko% iqPNoftZrk%AA9AA
jktksokp& r=k ohjkn;% dFka ifjpsrO;k% A eqfu#okp&
ohj% 'kkS;Z& foosdkH;keqRlkgsu p ef.Mr%A
ekrkfi=kksjyd~ÄrqZ dqys dq=kk¿fi tk;rsAA10AA
'kkS;Za dkiZ.;jfgra foosdh /hfgrk¿fgrsA
fØ;kizo`fÙk#Rlkgks ohjLrsLrq Hkosr~ f=kfHk%AA11AA
1- vFk ohjksnkgj.kdFkk
l p prqfoZ/% &nkuohjks ;q¼ohjks] n;kohj lR;fo|'pA r|Fkk&
dkU;koyk O;fDr NfFk r¡ ;ksX;& v;ksX; ojd ;kpukd izlax vH;FkZukd Hkax
gks;ckd Hk; gqudk ân;osQ¡ fpUrkl¡O;kIr d;ufg jgSN AA6AA
r[ku djh dh] bZ fo"k; lqcqf¼ uked eqful¡ iqNyfuA gsrq ts&
viu bPNkuqdwy dktd izlax ,dlj fu.kZ; ufg djckd fFkdA dkj.k] cqf¼ekuksosQ¡
Hkze vkfnd nks"k gks;ckd lEHkkouk jgSNAA7AA
jktk ctykg& gs eqfu] gejk in~ekorh uked dkU;k NfFkA fgudk ysy dksu oj
djh] bZ fopkfj d; vkns'k d;y tk;A eqfu dgyfu& egkjkt] iq#"kosQ¡ oj d:A jktk
dgy&iq#"k ufg ls dksuk oj gks;rkg\ eqfu ctykg& egkjkt] lalkjes cgqrks iq#"kd
vkdkjsVk /kkj.k d;us vfNA ,gu iq#"kkeklosQ¡ NksfM+ ts iq#"k gksfFk rfuds oj.k d:]
dgckd ls vfNA dkj.k ts&
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 95
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk iq#"kd vkdkj /kj.k d;fugkj iq#"kkHkkl r¡ cgqrks HksVrkg] ij×p vks iq#"k] ts lHk
,oa y{k.k ge dgc rkfgl¡ ;qDr] HksVc dfBuAA8AA
lkfgfR;d fuca/
ls tsuk&
uksV
iq#"kkFkZoku~iq#"k r¡ vks,g fFkdgkg ts ohj vFkkZr~ mRlkglEiUu] lq/h vFkkZr~ uhd
cqf¼cyk] ,oa lfo|&fo|k&mifo|k vkfnl¡ ;qDr gksfFkA vksfgl¡ vfrfjDr ts NfFk ls r¡
iq#"kd :iVk j[kfugkj iq#"kkHkkl&fcuq ukÄfjd i'kq, fFkdfFkAA9AA
Ñi.krk vFkkZr~ dkrjrkl¡ jfgr gks;cs fFkd 'kwjrk] fgr vks vfgrd fopkj&cqf¼
fFkd foosd rFkk dkt djckd izo`fÙk, fFkd mRlkgA ,fg rhuw xq.kl¡ ts ;qDr NfFk l,g
fFkdkg ohjAA11AA
ohjksnkgj.kd dFkk
ls ohj pkfj izdkjd gksbN& nkuohj] n;kohj] ;q¼ohj vks lR;ohjA
nkuohjks gfj'pUnzks n;kohj% f'kfou`i% A
;q¼ohjks HkosR;kFkZ% lR;ohjks lqf/f"Bj% AA12AA
jktksokp& equs ! rs ;qxkUrjiq#"kk% dykS u f'k{kk;keqiekurka ;kfUrA
;r%&
dykS f'k{kk gsrquZ [kyq Ñr&tkrL; pfjra
fØ;k;ka n`"Vkur% le;ÑrHksnks u ?kVrs A
u lk cqf¼% iqalka u p oiqf"k rstLrn/quk
u ok lR;a rkn`d dfyle;l×tjruq"kke~ AA13AA
rr% dfyle;lEHkwrkukeso iqq#"kk.kka rFkkfHk% ifjpk;;rq ek ohja Hkoku~A
euq#okp&
lR;s =ksrk;qxs pSo }kijs HkwHkqtks¿Uo;% A
dfFkr% lwfjfHk% losZ% dF;rs p dykS e;k AA14AA
1- vFk nkuohjdFkk
r=k izFkea nkohjdFkk izLrq;rsA ;r%&
Le`rsuksPpk;Zek.ksu ;Ruknkdf.kZrsu pA
ukEuk¿fi nkuohjL; 'kqHka loZ=k tk;rsAA15AA
vklhnqTtf;uh uke jktèkkuhA rL;ka foØekfnR;ks uke jktk oHkwoA l pSdnk
flagluksifo"V% dsuk¿fi oSrkfydsu iB~;ekua 'yksdesda lqJkoA

96 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 r|Fkk& iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
vk ewY;kadu
foeSa% lUrq"VfprS% izeqfnrân;S oZfUnfHk yZCèkdkeS&
Hk`aR;S% fl¼k¿fHkyk"kkSfnZxofuifrfeoZ';rkekJ;n~fHk%A uksV
fo}kRlkFksZ% ÑrkFksZ fnf'k&fnf'k lqHkVS% dk×puk¿H;P;ZekuSA
fuaR;a laLrw;eku% l t;fr u`ifrnkZuohjks cykg% AA16AA
rrkZ jktk iBUra oSrkfydeozrhr~& js js oSrkfyd ! dLro u`ifr
esykg%\ dsu nisZ.k rL;ksRd"kZ ee iqjr% izLrkSf"k \ oSrkfyd mokp&
tsuk gfj'kpUnz nkuohj] jktk f'kfo n;kohj] vtqZu ;q¼ohj vks ;qfèkf"j lR;ohj NykgA
jktk iqNyfu& gs eqfu] vks lHkh rs¡ vku ;qxd iq#"k Nykg] ,fg dfy;qxes gqud
rqyuk dh\ dkj.k
lR;qxes tUe ysfugkjd pfj=k dfy;qxes f'k{kkd dkj.k ufg cfu ldSNA bZ lHk
n`"VkUr le;d Hksnl¡ fØ;kes vfUor ufg gksbNA ,[ku us yksdosQ¡ vks cqf¼;s NSd us vksgu
cysA dfy;qxes tUe ysfugkjosQ¡ us vksgu lR;s NSdAA
rs ¡ vius dfy&le;fges mRiUu Hksfugkj iq#"k yksdfud dFkk }kjk ohjd ifjp;
djkmA eqfu ctykg&
lR;;qx] =ksrk vks }kijd jktdqyd dFkklHk fo}ku dfg;s pqdy NfFkA ge
dfy;qxkfJrs dgSr NhAA
rkfges ifgy dFkk nkuohjfgd izLrqr djSr NhA dkj.k ts&
nkuohjd Lej.kl¡] gqud ukeksPpkj.kl¡ vFkok ;RuiwoZd ukeJo.kl¡ lcosQ¡ lcBke
'kqHk dY;k.k gksbNAA
2- nkuohjd dFkk
mTtf;uh uked ,d jktèkkuh NyA vksr; foØekfn: uked jktk HksykgA vks ,d
fnu flagkluij cSly dksuks oSrkfyd }kjk ifBr ,d 'yksd lquyfu&
nkuohj jktk cykgd t;t;dkjA vks jktk vksgus egku NfFk tfud xq.kxku
lUrq"Veu czkã.kyksdfu] iw.kZeuksjFk izlUufpr cUnh&yksdfu bPNkiwfrZl¡ ÑrkFkZ uksdjlHk]
vèkhuLFk ns'k&ns'kd jktkx.k] cUnh&Hksy if.Mr&leqnk; vks Lo.kZiqjLdkjizkIr ;ks¼kyksdfu
fn'kk&fn'kkes fuR; fu;fer :is ¡] djSr jgSr NfFkA
vuUrj jktk mDr 'yksd i<+fugkj oSrkfydosQ¡ dgyfu& gkS oSrkfyd ! rksgj bZ jktk
cykg fFkdkg ds\ gejk vkxka ,uk xoZiwoZd gqud mRdeZd o.kZu f,d d; jgy Ng\
oSrkfyd ckty&
nso ! ee o`fÙkfj;a oSrkfydL; ;n~ ohj.kka ;'k% ifjr% izLrq;rsA

Lo vè;;u lkexzh 97
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk rFkkfg&
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ 'kqjkf=koksèk;fr cksèk;fr izeÙkku~
dkSRla foeksp;fr dkiq#"kku~ opksfHk%A
uksV
cwrs foi{kopua iqjrks u`ik.kka
oSrkfyd% Ñi.krka fez;rs u ;kfrAA
vr,o ekeFkSZ% 'kwjk% ifjrks"k;fUr] vga pks"ked~Äfjra ;'kLr#a izfrfn'k iYyo;kfeA
nsoks ;fn rnkd.ksZu lke"kZLrnk rnfèkda rnqiea ok ikS#"ka foruksrqA dq";fr dqr% \
jktksokp&fdUrr~ ikS#"ke~ \ oSrkfyd% dFk;fr& nso ! rL; cykgukEuks Hkwirs}kZfj izfrjkf=kk ,da
lkSo.kZek;rueqRi|rs] izfrfnua rPNsnf;Rok l jktk lqo.kkZfu czkã.ksH;ks xqf.kH;ks nfjnzsH;'p
forfjfrA r|kuifjrq"VkLrs losZ loZrLrL; dhfrZxkFkk xk;fUrA jktksokp& oSrkfydA lR;esrr~\
oSrkfyd mokp& jktu~~ ! vrF;a ds dFk;fUr \ ;fn HkokUu izR;ksfr rkfgZ Lodh;su
pkjiq#"ks.k fu:i;rq A jktksokp & oSrkfyd ! ;konsrfUu:i;kfe rkor~ RofegSo uxjs fr"BA
;fn rF;okx~ Hkfo";fl rnk jRuSLRok iwtf;";ehR;fHkèk; oSrkfyda cfg% izkfg.kksr~A
jktk pkUr%iqja xRok jgL;fpUr;r~& vgksA eânk';;Z cnykg pfjr~! vFkok foèkkrq%
izi×ps fdelEHkkO;e~ \ rr~ i';kfe xRok dkSrwgyfenfefr ijke`'; jkT;èkqja lfpos"kq
lfUuos';] vfXu&dksfdyukekukS osrkykokgqFk r;ks% LdUèkek#á txke cykgL; jktèkkuhe~
A r=k p lqHkVos"kèkkjh jkgks cykgL; n'kZua ÑRok¿czrhr~& nso ! vleHklkg lkÄ~dL;
foØekfnR;L; jkKks nkSokfjdks¿ge~] Hkor% dhfrZekd.;Z Hkora lsforqekxrks¿fLe] bR;fHkèkk;
iz.kukeA jktksokp& gs nkSokfjd ! Roa egrks eghikyL; nkSokfjdks¿fl rUeek¿fi
}kjesok¿fèkfr"BA
ge fFkdgq¡ oSrkfyd] gej r¡ bZ o`fÙk, fFkd ts ohjyksdfud ;'k fn'k&fn'k foLrkj
djSr jghA dkj.k]
oSrkfyd rs ¡ laxzkees 'kwjx.kosQ¡ yydkjk n; c<++cSN] enkaèkosQ¡ cksèk nSN] dk;jd
nqxZq.k gVcSN vks jktkyksdfud vkxk¡ foif{kvksd xq.kd ppkZ djSN] oSrkfyd izk.k c# n;
nsr fdUrq ân;d ladksp Ñi.krk ufg jk[krAA
rs ¡ r¡ 'kwjyksdfu gejk ikfjrks"k nS NfFk] vk* ge gqudklHkd ;'kd vadqfjr ikSèkosQ¡
fnx~fnxUr èkfj ifYyfor djSr jgS NhA JhekuosQ¡ ;fn ls lquykl¡ ve"kZ gks r¡ vksfgl¡ cslh
ok vksguks ikS#"k ns[kkvksy tk;A ,fg gsrq dksi dfFkd\ jktk iqNyfu& dsgu dh Nfu gqud
ikS#"k \ oSrkfyd ckty& nso ! vksfg cykg uked jktkd }kfjij lHk jkfr lksud ,d
efUnj rSvkj gksbN] izfrfnu vksdjk dkfV&dkfV vksdj lksu y* y* jktk czkã.k] xq.kh vks
jfjnz yksdlHkes ckaVy djSr NfFkA gqud ,fg nkul¡ lUrq"V Hk* Hk* d vks lHkh dsvks gqud
;'kksxu djSr jgS NfFkA jktk ctykg oSrkfyd ! rks ¡ bZ lR; dgSr Ng\ oSrkfyd dgy&
vlR; ds dgr\ ;fn viusosQ¡ fo'okl ufg gks r¡ viu xqIrpj }kjk ,dj tk¡p djck;
yhA jktk ctykg& tkèkfj ,dj fU;i.k ufg d; yh rkèkfj rks ¡ ,fg uxjes jggA ;fn
rksgj dgc lR; gks;rgq r¡ rksjk jRud iqjLdkjl¡ lEekfur djcgqA bZ dfg jktk oSrkfydosQ¡
ckgj iBkvksyA
98 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 vks jktk viu vUr%iqj tk; ,dkUres fopkj; yxykg& cykgd pfj=k r¡ vR;Ur iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
vk'p;Ztud vfN ! vFkok foèkkrkd l`f"Vizeapes vlaHko dh vfN\ rs ¡ tkd; bZ dqrqgy vk ewY;kadu
ns[kh & bZ fcpkfj] jkT;d Hkkj eU=khyksdfuosQ¡ lkSfi] vius vfXu vks dksfdy uked nqb
osrkyosQ¡ ctk;] vksdj dkUgij lokj Hkj cykgd jktèkkuh xsykgA vksrg toku lSfud os"k uksV
cuk; jktk cykgd HksV d; dgyfu& egkjkt ! laxzkees tdj leku dsvks nkslj ;ks¼
ufg ,gu lkglkd~Ä foØekfnR; jktkd ge }kjiky fFkdgq¡] viusd uke ;'k lqfu viusd
vksr; lsokd gsrq ge vk;y NhA bZ fuosnu d; vks jktkosQ¡ iz.kke d;yA jktk dgyfu&
gs }kjiky] rks ¡ r¡ cM+ iS?k egkjktd }kjiky fFkdg] gejgq vksr; }kjfg ij vfèkdkjh Hk*
d* jggA
rr% izHk`fr foØekfnR;ks }kfj fr"Bu~ ijekn~Hkqra ijekn~Hkqra izR;kgeqRik|ekua lqo.kkZ;rua
rRlqo.kZfuorj.ka pk¿i';r~A rrf'pUr;kekl& dqr ,ok¿L; lqo.kkZ;r;ua dqrks ee ukfLr !
iq#"ko';s O;kijs iq#"ks.k uksnkflrO;e~A dkj.ke=k fu:if;rqa iqT;rsA rrLrRdkj.kftKklqjHor~A
,dnk rq jk=kkS egkfu'kkHkkxs iqjtus"kq jktifjtus"k p izlIrq"kq izlknknsdkfdua fu%ljUra
uxjkPp cfgHkZoUracykga nn'kZA n`"Vok p fuHk`rØes.k rsuk¿yf{krLrnuqxeuijk;.kks cHkwoA
cykgLrq unhrhjs u`R;n~osrkyinkLiQylkrÄ~dkMkfduhMe#MkRdkj & isQjohlglziQRdkj&
ljHkljk{klØhMkØwfjra ujdikydMkjfprkÄ~xkjfpf=kra ijeHk;kuda 'e'kkuns'kektxkeA r=kk
u|ka HkSjoiq#"kkSuZjjpeZjTtqfHkcZ¼% izcyk¿ulUrIrrSyiw.ksZ dVkgs fu%f{kIr'p l r=k egrha
osnukeuqHkou~ egkd"Vsu izk.kaLrR;ktA rL; rR;Drizk.kL; rSylqfl}kfu ekalkfu HkxoR;k
pkeq.M;k izR;{khHkw; [kkfnrkfuA Hkf{krekalk p Hkxorh ijeifjrq"Vk rnLFkhU;e`rsu flDRok
ra iquLrFkSc lltaA l`"Vks cykg% iqu#RFkk; Hkxorh iz.keke oja p ccszA cykg mokpa&
HkxofrA cnkU;r;k lEHkkforL; iq#"kL;kfFkZ tueuksjFk&iwj.kk¿'kfDreaj.kknI;kfjfjP;rsA rrks¿ga
ej.keaxhÑR; ;kpdtueuksjFk&iwj.kdkeks futeklsu HkxorhefparokufLe] bfr erk% ! iwj;
es dkeuke~A nsO;qokp&cykg ! izHkkrs ro }kfj iwoZnso Hkw;kr~ lkSo.kZek;rue~A rrks nsO;k oua
yC?ok izR;ko`kks cykg% ÑrkFkksZ fut efUnjektxkeA
foØekfnR;LrRloZ n`"Vok fpUr;kekl& lR;a dfFkra oSrkfydsu nkuohj ,ok¿;a
cykg%] ;rks nkukFkkZ izR;ga izk.kifjorZsu /uetZ;fr Hkxorh d#.kkoR;fi dFkesudsuSo
izk.kifjR;kxlkglsu ÑrkFkZ u dq#rs\
vksfg fnul¡ foØekfnR; }kfjij fLFkfr Hk;] vR;Ur vk'p;Ztud ?kVuk nsf[kfFk ts
izfrfnu Lo.kZefUnj cuSr vfN] vks vksdj leLr lksu yksdes ckVy tkbN ! vks lksp;
yxykg fgudk Lo.kZefUnj dksuk HksVSN gejk ls fd,d us HksVSN\ ts dkt dksuks iq#"k d;
ldSN rdjk gsrq ddjks mnklhu ufg gks;ckd fFkdA dkj.kd tk¡p rs ¡ d; ysc mfprA
r[ku vks vksdj dkj.kd ftKklk dj; yxykgA
,d fnu jkfrd fu'kkHkkxes] t[ku uxjd lHk yksd vks jktifjokgjd lHk O;fDr
lwfr jgy Nykgg r[ku] vks (foØekfnR;) ns[kyfu ts jktk cykg viu egyl¡ cgj;ykg
vks uxjl¡ ckgj fcnk HksykgA bZ nsf[k] vks pqIifg] tkfgl¡ dsvks y{; ifg d; ldfFk rkfg
:is ¡] gqudk ikNk¡ ikNk¡ pyykgA cykg unhrhjes fLFkr ije Hk;kud 'e'kku igq¡pykg] ts
'e'kku ukpSr csrkylHkd ink?kkrl¡ lkrÄ~d Mkfduhd Me: & fuuknl¡ gtkjks fxnfM+uhd
Hkwdcl¡ vks m}sxh jk{kl lHkd Øwj ØhM+kl¡ fodV NyA vksr; unhes ug;ykij jktkosQ¡
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 99
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk HkjSod nwrlHkh euq";d rk¡frl¡ ckfUg /g/g tjSr vkfxl¡ rIr rsy Hkjy dM+kges isQfd
,oa nsyd] vks jktk vR;Ur d"ViwoZd izk.kR;kx d;yA r[ku gqud fu"izk.k 'kjhj t[ku rsyes
lkfgfR;d fuca/
lqfl¼ Hk; xsy] Hkxorh pkeq.Mk izR;{k Hk; vksfg ekalosQ¡ [k;yfuA ekal [k;yk mÙkj
uksV Hkxorh pkeq.Mk ije lrq"V Hk;] jktkd gM~MhosQ¡ ve`rl¡ flDrd; iq.k% gqudk vksfguk cuk
nsyA iqu% mTthfork jktk cykg HkxorhosQ¡ iz.kke d;y vks oj ekÄyA cykg ctykg&
gs Hkxorh! nku&;'kl izfl¼ iq#"k ;fn ;kpd yksdfud euksjFk iw.kZ djckes leFkZ ufg
gksfFk r¡ e`R;qvksl¡ vf/d d"Vdj ! rs ¡ eqR;osQ¡ Lohdkj d; ;kpdksyksdfud euksjFkosQ¡
iw.kZ djckd dkeukl¡ Hkxorh osQ¡ viu ekall¡ iwtu d;yA vr% gs tuuh ! gej dkeuk
iwj d;y tk;A nsoh ctyhg&oykg ! Hkksjs vgk¡d }kfjij ifgys tdk¡ lksud efUn izLrqr
gksvvksA r[ku nsohd ojnku ikfc ÑrkFkZ Hk; cykg viu ?kj fiQfj v;ykgA
foØekfnR; ls lHkh nsf[k lkspyfu& oSrkfyd lR;s dgydA cykg oLrqr% nkuohj
fFkdkg ts nkud gsrq,¡ izfrfnu viu izk.k n; /u vtZu djSr NfFkA Hkxorh r¡ n;ke;h
fFkdhgA r[ku fd,d us ,d csj izk.kviZ.klkgll¡ fgudk ÑrkFkZ djSr NfFk vLrq gksm
fnvkSd vfxyk jkfr Hkorq rkonfxzek fu'kk] ;nqfpra rRdkfj";kehfr ije`'; xRok futkf/
djhet×pdkjA
rnfxzefu'kk;k rq lfpolkeUrHk`R;ifjokfjrks cykgks ;konsdkUre& is{krs rkonlqIrs"oso
uxjyksds"kq fu"ifjtuks foØekfnR;% iznks"k ,o r¡ ns'ka xRok u|ka LukRok rfLeUuso lUrIrrSyiw.ksZ
dVkgs >Eiedjksr~ vknZzek¡lla;ksxkr~ rRirSydVdVk'kCnsu HkxoR;k r=kk¿¿xR; rL; ekalkfu
[kkfnrkfu] rnLFkhU;e`rsu flDrkfuA rrks thfoRok iqu#fRFkra foØekfnR;a cygHkzes.k ;kon~
Hkxorh ojs.kk¿uqx`ghrqfePNfr rkonusu dVkgs>Ei% Ñr%A iqu'p HkxoR;k rUekalkfu [kkfnrkfuA
,oa iquthfoZr% iqu% iqu% Ñr>Ei% lkfÙodLoHkkokr~ foØekfnR;ks¿;fefr HkxoR;k yf{krks
Hkkf"kr% nsO;qokp&js foØekfnR;! RoÕ;ga ifjrq"VSok¿fLeA rrks yC/k"Vflf¼jfi fdeFksZesrkor~
lkgla dq#"ks\ vga u Ronh;su nh;su ok eklsu r`I;fe fdUrq iq#"kklkgla ijh{kek.ka Ñf=kek
cqHkq{kk r`fIr p n'kZ;kfeA lEizfr ro lkglifjrq"Vk¿Lehfr oja o`.kwA
rnUrja foØekfnR;% iz.kE; oja ccszA foØekfnR; mokp& nsfoA HkDroRlyk¿fl
txUekrkA cykgs Ñikyqjga Rokekjf/rokufLeA rrks fcuk egj.klkglsuSo izR;ga cykgL;
}kfj lkSo.kZek;rueqRi|rkeA HkxoR;qokp&rFkk HkorqA bfr oja yC?ok foØekfnR;% Lo jkT;a
txkeA ;FkkFkZopua oSrkfydekgw; jRuSLrqjaxSokZlksfHkokZj.kS'p iwt;keklA
cykgLrq lqIrs"kq uxjtus"ks futZus fu'kkHkkxs ;nk 'e'kkuns'ka xrLrnk u fdefi n`"Voku~]
fdURokdk'kokpa 'kqJko&js cykg ! foØekfnR;Lro [ksneiuhroku~ bR;fu/kZfjrkeso okpa
izR;kdy;u~ izk;% fdefFkZH;ks nkL;kehfr fpUrkO;kdqfyr% ijko`R; xrks¿fi i;ZÄ~d'kgkuks¿fi
funzka
ts mfpr fFkd ls djc ! bZ fopkfj vks jkt}kjij tk d* viu ns[k; yxykgA
vksdjk nkslj jkfr eU=kh vks lkeUr vks Hk`R; yksdful¡ ?ksjy& cs<+y cykg tk ,dkUr
gks;ckd izrh{kkes Nykg] rk lk¡>s jkf'k tkcr uxjd yksdlHk lqry ufg Ny rkcrfg fcu
nksljosQ¡ lax ysus ,dljs foØekfnR; vksfg LFkkues igq¡pykg_ Luku d; [kkSySr rsy Hkjy
dM+kges dwfn xsykgA Hkhty 'kjhjd ekall¡ rsy dM+dM+k mBy] ls lqfu Hkxorh vksr;
vkfc ekal [k;yfu_ gqud gM~MhosQ¡ ve`rl¡ flpyfuA t[ku vks thfc mBykg r[ku gqudk
100 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
cykg cwf> Hkxorh oj nsckd bPNk dfjrfg¡ NfFk rkor vks isQj dM+kges dwfn iM+ykgA iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
isQj Hkxorh gqud ekal [k;yfuA ,fg izdkjsa okjaokj vks ftvksvksy xsykg vk iqu% dM+kges vk ewY;kadu
>ai ySr xsykgA ,gu lkfRod LoHkkocyk /hj iq#"k bZ foØekfnR;s fFkdkg ls cwf> Hkxorh
ctyh&gs foØekfnR; ! vgk¡ij ge izlUus NhA vgkosQ¡ vkBks flf¼ izkIr vfN] r[ku dksu uksV
fufeÙks ¡ iqu% ,rs lkgl d;y vfN\ ge r¡ us gqud ekall¡ vk* us vgk¡d ekall¡ r`Ir gksb
Nh] dsoy ge iq#"kd lkgld tk¡p djcky; Ñf=ke Hkw[k vks r`fIr ns[kcS Nh] ,[ku ge
vgk¡d lkgll¡ lUrq"V Hksfy NhA oj ekÄwA
rnqÙkqj foØekfnR; iz.kke d; oj ekÄyfuA foØekfnR; dgy&nsfo ! vgk¡ ttxUekrk
Nh] HkDrd izfr okRlY; j[kfugkfj NhA cykgd izfr n;k Hksy rs ¡ viusd vkjkèkuk d;ygq¡
gqud }kfjij lksud efUnj izlrqr gksbr jgkSuA Hkxorh ctyhg& rfguk gksvvksA ,fg izdkjs¡
ojnku izkIrd* foØekfnR; viu jkT; fiQjykgA ts oSrkfyd lR;okrkZ dgus jgfu rdjk
ctk;] lRu&oL=k vks ?kksM+k&gkFkh iznku d; iqjLÑr d;yfuA
,Egj cykg] t[ku uxjd yksdlHk lwfr jgy Ny] tu'kwU; jkfrd fu'kkHkkxes
'e'kku igqpykg¡ r¡ fdNq ns[kckes ufg v;yfu] fdUrq vkdk'kok.kh lquckes v;yfu ts&gs
cykg ! foØekfnR; vgk¡d d"VosQ¡ nwj d; xsy NfFkA vFkZ Li"V cq>ckes ufg v;yfu rs¡
xqfuèkqfu djSr] fHkulj ;kpdyksfduosQ¡ ge dh nscfu ,dj fpUrk djSr ?kj tk; iyaxij
u ysHksA r=k tkxznso iqu% izkrjkxR; nkSokfjdS% izcksfèkr lkso.kZek;rua iwoZonso }kfj n`"V~ok
ÑrkFkksZ cHkwoA
vkdk'k&ljLoR;k% izdj.kcysukFkZ Kkroku~ foØekfnR;izlknk Uee iqujeZj.kk;klfujis{k
flf¼fj;a tkrsrfrA fuèkkZfjreI;Fk± rL; lalfn oSrkfyd lekxR; iqju#Dra pdkjA rFkkfg&
iqalk izFkeqYys[;ks jktk foØedsljhA
dYirs dYioYyho nkuohjs¿fi ;|;kAA
AAbfr nkuohjdFkkAA
2- vFk n;kohj dFkk
n;kyq% iq#"k% Js"B% loZtUrwidkj%A
rL; dhrZuek=ks.k dY;k.keqii|rsAA
vfLr dkfyUnhrhjs ;ksfxuhiqja uke uxje~A r=k vYykonhuks uke ;oujktks oHkwoA l
pSdnk dSuk¿fi fufeÙksu efgelkfgukEus lsukU;s pqdksiA l p ;oulsukuhLra Lokfeua izdqfira
izk.kxzgda p KkRok fpUr;kekl& le"kksZ jktkfo'olfu;ks u HkofrA rFkkfg&
jktku% fi'kquk% likZ fo'orO;k u dq=kfpr~A
vrfdZra fofuèufUr n'kZ;Urks¿fi lEHkzee~AA
rfnnkuha ;konfu#¼ks¿fLe rkonsosr% Dokfi xRok futizk.kj{kka djksehfr ijke`';
lifjokj% iykf;r%A iyk;ekuks¿I;fpUr;r~ ;r~ lifjokjL; nwjxeulEHkoe~ ifjokja ifjR;T;
iyk;uefi uksfpre~A
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 101
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk ;r%&
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ thoujkFk± dqya R;DRok ;ks¿frnwjrja cztsr~A
yksdkUrjxrL;so fdUrL; thforsu okAA
uksV
rfngSo n;kohja gEehjnsoa lekfJR; fr"Bkehfr ijkHk`'; ijkHk`'; l gouks gEchjnso
eqixE;kgA efgelkfg#okp&nso ! fouk¿ijkèka gUrqeq|rL; ifM+ jgykg] ij×p funzk ufg
HksyfuA tkxy&tkxy djkSVks ufg ysy rb;ks }kjiky izkrs vkfc txkvksyA lksud efUnj
ifgys tdk¡ }kfjij nsf[k vks (jktk cykg) ÑrkFkZ HksykgA izlaxl¡ vkdk'kok.khd vFkZ vkc
cq>ckes v;yfu ts foØekfnR;d izlknl¡ gejk ls flf¼ HksVy tkfgl¡ okjaokj ej.kd
vk;kl&iz;kld vis{kk ufg jgyA gqud ,fg fuèkkZfjr fo"k;osQ¡ oSrkfyd lHkkes vkfcd;
iqu% nksgjkd* dgyA
foØedsljh jktk iq#"kyksdfues ifgy mYys[k gks;ck ;ksX; NfFk] tfud n;k
nkuohjgqd fo"k;es dYiyrk (euksjFklkèkd) fl¼ HksyAA
n;kohjd dFkk
Js"B n;kyq iq#"k vks,g fFkdgk ts lHkh izk.khd midkjd NfFkA gqud uke;'kd
ppZgql¡ dY;k.k gksbr NSdAA
;equk unhd rVij ;ksfxuhiqj uked uxj vfNA vksr; vYykon~nhu uked ;ou jktk
HksykgA vks ,dfnu dksugq dkj.ks ¡ efge uked lsukifrij rel;ykgA vks ;ou lsukifr
viu ekfydosQ¡ dqfir] tkfu] ts bZ gej izk.ks y; ysrkg] lksp; ykxy&ve"kZ j[kfugkj
jktkd fo'okl ufg djhA dkj.k&
jktk] nq"V vks lk¡ rhuw drgq fo'okld ;ksX; ufg gksbNA vks vknj&Hkko ns[kfcrgq¡
jgr rb;ks vrfdZr :is ¡ izk.k?kkr d; nsrAA
rs ¡ ,[kufg] tkèkfj ge cUèkues ufg iM+y Nh rkcrfg] ,r;l¡ drgq tk; viu
izk.kj{kk djhA bZ fcpkfj vks ifjokj lfgr iM+k; xsyA iM+brgq¡ vks lkspyd ts ifjokjosQ¡
lax y* d* nwj tk;c lsgks laHko ufg vk* ikfjokjosQ¡ NksfM+ iM+;cks mfpr ufg dkj.k ts&
izk.kd ysy dqy&ifjokjosQ¡ R;kfx ts nwj py tkbN ls r¡ ,d izdkjs ¡ ijyksds py
xsy] vksdj thugq dh\AA
rs ¡ ,rfg] n;kohj gEehjnsod vksr; tk; 'kj.k yhA bZ fopkfj vks ;ou gEehjnsod
vksr; tk; gqudk dgyA efgelkg ckty&nso ! fcuq vijkèks ¡ ekjckysy izLrqr ekfydd
Mjs ¡ ge viusd 'kj.k vk;y NhA
LokfeuL=klsuk¿ga ro 'kj.kekxrks¿fLeA ;fn eka jf{krqa 'Duksf"k rnka fo'okla nsffgA uks
psfnrks¿U;=kA jktksokp & ;ou ! ee 'kj.kkxra Roka ef; thfor ;eks¿fi ijkHkforqa u 'kDuksfra
fda iqu;Zoujkt%A rnHk;a fr"BA rrLrL; jkKks opusu l ;oulfpoLrfLeu~ j.kLrEHkukfEu
nqxsZ fu'kd~ÄHkqoklA
Øes.k ;oujktLr=kkLr=k¿ofLFkra ra fofnRok ijelke"kZ% dfjrqjxinkfr&inkèkkrSèkfj=kha
pky;u~ dkgydksykgySfnZ'kks eq[kj;u~ fo;n~fHkokZljSyafÄ~[kr oRekZ nqxZ}kjekxR; 'kjklkjs%
102 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
izy;?kuc`f"Va n'kZ;keklA gEchjnsoks¿fi ifj[kkxEHkhjprqesZ[kya dqUrnUrqfjrizdkjf'k[kja iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
irkdkizcksfèkr}kjfJ;a nqxZ ÑRok T;k?kkrd.kZ dVqfHk.kZxZxue.MyeUèka dkfjroku~A vk ewY;kadu

izFke;q¼kuUrja ;oujktsu gEchjnsoa izfr nwr% izfgr%A nwr mokp&jktu~ gEchj ! Jheku~
;oukfèkjktLRokHkkfn'kfr ;UeHkkiF;dkfj.k efgelkfga ifjR;T; nsfgA ;|suA u nkL;fl rnk uksV
'oLrus izHkkrs ro nqxZ rqjx[kqjk?kkrs'pw.kkZ¿o'ks"ka ÑRok efgelkfguk lg RokeUrdiqja us";kfeA
gEchjnso mokp & js nwr ! Roenè;ksflA rok¿ga fda djokf.k\ vL;ksÙkja ro Lokfeus
[kM~xèkkjkfHkjsp nkL;kfea fda iqu;Zoujkt%\
rrks fuHkZfRlrs nwrs xrs lfr ;oujkt% dqfirks ;q¼leqn~èkqjks cHkwoA ,oeqHk;ksjfi
cy;ks;qZ¼Z izorZuekus =khf.k o"kkZf.k ;kor~ izR;ga laeq[kk% ijkÄeq[kk% izgkfj.k% ijkHkwrk
gUrkjks grk'p ijLijeqHk;cy;ksèkk cHkwoq%A i'pknèkkZfof'k"VlqHkVS ;oulSU;s nqxsZ xzghrqe'kD;s]
;oujkt% ijko`R; futuxjxeukdka{kh cHkwoA r p HkXuks|e n`"V~ok jk;eYy&jkeikyukekukS
gEchjnsoL; lfpokS nq"VkS ;oujktekxR; fefyrkSA rkowprq%& ;oujktA Hkork Dokfi u
xUrO;e~A nqxsZ nqfHka{kkHkifrare~A vkoka nqxZL; HkeZKkS
;fn gej j{kk d; ldh r¡ fo'okl nsy tk;] ufg r¡ ,r;l¡ drgq vku Bke tkbA
jktk ctykg& ;ouA rks ¡ gej 'kj.kes v;ykg] r¡ gejk thoSr ;oujktd dksu dFkk]
;ejktks rksgj fdNq ufg fcxkfM+ ldFkquA rs ¡ fuHkZ; Hk* jggA r[ku vks ;oud vksthj
vksrfg juFkaHk uked fdykes 'kadkghu Hk; jg; ykxyA
Øe'k% ;oujktosQ¡ cq>ckes v;ySd ts vks efge ,rfg vfN% r[ku vks vR;Ur
relk;y] gkFkh] iSny lsukd inkèkkrl¡ i``FohosQ¡ d¡icSr yM+kbd ek:cktd 'kCnl¡
fn'kk&fn'kkosQ¡ eq[kfjr djSr] fdNq, fnues jkLr ikj djSr] fdykd iQkVd ij tqfe xsy vks
izy;dkyd es?k tdk¡ rhj cfjl;ckd n`'; mifLFkr d;yd ! gEehjnso lsgks xghaj xM+[kSl
pk:Hkj ?ksjy&cs<+y Hkkykd uksdl¡ rh[kpksp xqEctcyk] irkdkl¡ pded tdj iQkVd
NSd ,gu fdykosQ¡ lqlfTtr d;] Mksjhij p<+k; jujukbr rhjèkuq"kd izgkjl¡ xxueaMyosQ¡
vUgjk nsyA
;q¼d bZ ifgy pj.k NyA rdj ckns ;oujkt gEehjnsod vksr; nwr iBkvksyA nwr
ckty&gs gEehj jktk ! ckn'kkgd gqdqe vfN ts gej fojksèkh efgelkgosQ¡ gejk lkSafi nhA
;fn ls ufg r¡ dkfYg lcsjs vgkd fdykds ?kksM+kd Vkil iLr d; efgelkgd laxfg
vgwosQ¡ ;eiqj iBk;cA gEehjnso ctykg& nwr ! rks ¡ vo?; Ns ¡] rksjk d;y dh tk;\ ,dj
tckc rksjk ekfydosQ¡ 'kCns ¡ ufg] r#vkfjl¡ nsy tk;rA gej 'kj.kkxrosQ¡ ;ejkt r¡ vk¡f[k
mBk; nsf[k;s us ldSN] ckn'kkgd dksu dFkk\ nqjnqjk;y nwrd fiQjykij ;oujkt rkels ¡ Hksj
Hk; ;q¼&lUu¼ Hk; xsyA nqgw nyes ;q¼ rsuk cf<+ pyy ts rhu o"kZ /fj izfrfnu nwgw i{kd
;ks¼k vkeus&lkeus yM+fFk] ikNk¡ gVfFk] pf<+ vkcfFk] iNfM+ tkfFk] ekjfFk vk* ekjy tkfFkA
;oulsukd vk/k toku ekjy xsy] r[ku vk/k lsukl¡ fdyk thrc dfBu cwf> ;oujkt
viu jkt/kuh fiQfj t;ckysy bPNqd HksykgA gqud iz;klosQ¡ foiQy nsf[k] jk;eYy vks
jkeiky uked nqbZ xksV nq"V lfop ;oujktl¡ vkfc feyyA nquw xksVS ckty&;oujkt! vius
drgq xsy ufg tk;A fdykes vdky iM+y vfN] gejk nqgw xksVsosQ¡ fdykd 'o% ij'oks ok
nqxZ xzkgf;";ko% A rrLrkS nq"VlfpokS iqjLÑR; ;oujktsu nqxZ}kjk.;o#¼kfuA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 103
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk rFkk lÄ~dVa n`"Vok gEchjnso% LolSU;kfu izR;qokp& js js tktnso izHk`r;ks ;ks/k%
,oa ifjfercyks¿ga 'kj.kxrd#.k;k izo`¼cysuk¿fi ;oujktsu lea ;ksRL;kfeA ,rPp uhfrfonkelaera
lkfgfR;d fuca/
deZ vrks ;w;a losZ nqxkZn~ cfgHkwZ; LFkukUrja xPNrA ra Åpq%&Hkoku~ fujijkèkks jktk 'kj.kk&
uksV xrL; ;ouL; d#.k;k lM~xzkes ej.keÄ~xhdq#rsA o;a Hkorks thO;Hkqt% dFkfenkujha
HkoUra Lokfeua ifjR;T; dkiq#"kinoheuqlfj";ke%\ fd×p 'oLrus izHkkrs nsoL; 'k=kqa gRok
izHkkseZuksjFka lkèkf;";ke%A ;ouLRo;a onz{kkfufeÙkd ,ok;ekjCèkks ;Ru% ;ou mokp nso !
fdeFkZ eeSdL; fonsf'kuks j{kkFkZ liq=kdy=ka Lodh;jkT;a fouk'kf;";ffl\ rrks eka ifjR;k;
nsfgA jktksokp& ;ou! eSao czwfga ;r%&
HkkSfrdsu 'kjhjs.k u'ojs.k fpjfLFkje~A
yIL;ekua ;'k% dks ok ifjgrqZ lehgrsAA
fda p ;fn eU;ls rnk fuHkZ;LFkkua Roka izki;kfeA ;ou mokp&eSoa czwfgaA loZFkk izFkea
e;So foi{kf'kjfl izgkj% drZO;%A fL=k;% ija cfg% fØ;Urke~A fL=k;% Åpq% dFka u% Lokfeu%
'kj.kkxrj{kkFkZ l<wxzkex~ÄhÑR; LoxZ;k=kkegksRlos izorZUrs ! dFka rSfouk Hkwrys LFkkL;ke%\
;r%&
ek thoUrq fL=k;ks¿ukFkk o`{ks.kso fouk yrk%A
lèohuka txfr izk.kk% ifrizk.kkuqxkfeu%AA
rrks ;oefi ohjL=khtuksfpra gqrk'kuizos'kekpfj";ke%A ,oe~&
HkVSjÄ~xhÑr ;q¼a L=khfHkfj"Vks gqrk'ku%A
jkKks gEchjjnsoL; ijkFkZ thoeqT>r%AA
jfÙk&jfÙk gkypky cq>y vfNA dkfYg ;k ijlw ge fdyk n[ky djck nscAr[ku
ckn'kkg vksfg nqgw nqIV lfpoosQ¡ iqjLÑr d; fdykd ?ksjkcanh d; nsyA
,fg izdkjd ladV nsf[k gEehjnso viu lSfudlHkosQ¡ dgy& gs tktnso izHk`fr
;ks¼kx.kA gej lsuk FkksM+ vfN] rFkkfi 'kj.kkxrd izfrn;kHkkod dkj.ks ¡ cM+ iS?k lSU;'kfDr
j[kfugkj ;oujktgqd lax ;q¼ djcA bZ dkt uhfr tfugkjd erd izfrdqy vfNA rs
¡ rksjkyksdfu fdykl¡ ckgj Hk; vku Bke tkbr tkgA vks lHkh mÙkj nsy&vius t[ku
fujijkèkk jkt Hk; 'kj.kes vk;y ;ougqd izfr n;kHkkol ¡ laxzkees ej.k vaxhdkj d; jgy
Nh] r[ku gejkyksdfu vius thfodk ikfc dksuk viu LokehosQ¡ NksfM+ dk;j iq#"kd dkt
djc\ dkfYg Hkkj gksbrfg Jhekud iBk nsy tk;A rkfgl¡ j{k.kh; O;fDrd j{kk gks;rA
vksdjs j{kkd fufeÙks bZ vkjEHk vfNA ;ou ckty&nso ! fd,d ,dVk fons'kh ts ge rdj
j{kkd gsrq vius L=kh iq=kkfn lesr viuu jkT;osQ¡ u"V djc\ gejk ifjR;kx d; lkSafi nhA
jktk ctykg&;ou ! ,uk ufg cktgA dkj.k&
,fg uk'koku~ HkkSfrd 'kjhjl¡ ;fn fpjLFkk;h ;'k izkIr gks r¡ ,dj ifjgkj ds dj;
pkgr\AA
;fn rks ¡ dgg r¡ rksjk ,d Hk;jfgr LFkkues igq¡pk nhA ;ou ckty& ls tqfu dghA
ifgus gegh foi{kh yksdfud eLrdij izdkj djcA dsoy L=khlHkosQ¡ ckgj d;y tk;A
104 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
L=khlHkh ckty&gejkyksdfu Lokehd 'kj.kkxrd j{kkysy ;q¼ Lohdkj d; LoxZ;k=kkd iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
egksRlo ysy izLrqr gksbr Nh] vks gqudk yksdfud fcuk ,fg i`Fohij ge lc jgc dFkh vk ewY;kadu
ys\ dkj.k&
tsuk fcuq xkNd vcyEcus yrk ufg fVdSN rfguk fcuq Lokehd ukjh lsgks thok ;ksx uksV
ufgA lkèoh ukjhd izk.k r¡ ,fg lalkjes Lokehd izk.kd laxfg fcnk gksbNAA
rs ¡ gejgqyksdfu] ohjiRuhosQ¡ tsuk pkgh vfXues izos'k djc&tkSgj ozrd ikyu djcA
,fg izdkjs¡&
egkjkt gEehjnso t[ku vkud ysy viu izk.k mRlxZ djSr NfFk r[ku ;ks¼kyksdfu
;q¼es viukosQ¡ gksfe nsckysy izLrqr Hksy vks L=khlHk vfXues izos'k djcs b"V cq>yAA
rr% izHkrs ;q¼s izorZekus gEchjnso% l=k¼Lrqjxk:a<ks futlqHklkFkZlfgr% ijkØea
dqokZ.kks nqxkZfUu%l`R; [kM~xèkkjkizgkjSfoi{kcyokftu% ikr;u~ dq×tjku~ ?kkr;u~ inkrksfUu;kZr;~u
Hk;a izorZu;~ dcUèkkUurZ;u~] #fèkjèkkjkizokgs.k esfnuhe.MyÄ~ÑR; 'kj'kdfyrlokZÄ~xLrqjxi`"Bs
R;Drizk.k% lEeq[k% lÄ~xzkeHkweks fuiikr l;wZe.MyHksnh p cHkwo rFkk fg&
rks izklknk fu#iexq.kkLrk% izlUukLrj.;ks
jkT;a rPp nzfo.kcgqya rs f}ikLrs rqjÄ~xk%A
R;Drqa ;Uu izHkoifr tu% fdfP×knda ijkFkksZ
lo± R;DRok lfefr ifrrks gUr ! gEchjnso%AA
AAbfr n;ohjdFkkAA
3- vFk ;q¼ohjdFkk
dkrj% 'kwjra ;kfr fØ;kouylks Hkosr~A
;w¼ohjdFkka JqRok t;ekIuksfr ekuo%AA
vklhfUefFkyk;ka d.kkZVdqylEHkoL; ukU;nsoukEuks jkK% iq=kh eYynsoukeèks;% dqekjA
l p flag bo LoHkkokr~ ijØejfldf'pUr;kekl ;nga ;qojkstk¿fi firq#ikftZrs jkT;s
lq[keuqHokehfr u ee ikS#"ke~ ;r%&
ijkJs;s.k thofUr dkrjk% f'k'ko% fL=k;%A
flagk% lRiq#"kk'pSo futniksZthfou%AA
u ok futHkqtksikftZrsu foÙksu fouk fir`HkfDrjfi lEHkofrA ;nqDre~&
vftZraHkqT;rs ;L; ;L; pkd.;Zrs ;'k%A
firq cZgqlqL;k¿fr rsu iq=ks.k iqf=krkAA
rr% Dok¿fi xRok futHkqtnisZ.k ikS#"ketZ;kehfr ijke`'; dqekj dkU;dqCta uke tuina
txkeA r=k t;pUnzukEeks jkK% dk'kh'ojL; vUuUrj
Hkksjes t[ku ;q¼ vkjEHk Hksy r[ku gEehjnso rS;kj Hk; ?kksM+k ij pf<+ viu
HkVyksdfuosQ¡ lax y;] ijkØe ns[kcSr fdykl¡ cgjk;ykg vks r#vkfjd èkkjd izgkjl¡ 'k=kqd
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 105
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk lsuk vks ?kksM+kosQ¡ dVSr] gkFkhosQ¡ u"V djSr] iSny lsukosQ¡ [ksgkfj nwj HkxcSr] Hk; mitcSr]
,oa ekFk dVy èkM+osQ¡upcSr] lksfurd èkkjl¡ egheaMyosQ¡ j¡xSr] Lo;a ck.kl¡ [kaM&[kaM 'kjhj
lkfgfR;d fuca/
Hk;] ?kksM+kd ihBfgij izk.kR;kx d;y vks laxzke&Hkwfed chp èkjk'kkgh Hksyg rFkk ohjèkeZl¡
uksV lw;ZeaMyosQ¡ Hksn djSr LoxhZ; HksykgA dgyks vfN&
viwoZ oSHko'kkyh egy vks çlU‍uonuk r#.kh] ,oa /u&lEiUu jkT;] vksgu&vksgu
?kksM+k&gkFkh] tkfges ,dks oLrqosQ¡ vkud ysy NksM+c ddjks ysy valEHko rkfg leLr
oSHkofoyklosQ¡ R;kfx gEehjnso laxzkeHkwfees /jk'kk;h HksykgA
AAn;kohj dFkk lekIrAA
3- ;q¼ohjd dFkk
;q¼ohjd dFkk lqfu dk;jlHk 'kwj gksbN] vkylh m|eh cuSN vks yksd fot; çkIr
djSNAA
fefFkykes d.kkZV oa'kes mRiUu ukU;nso uked jktkd ckyd eYynso dqekj NykgA
vks LoHkkofgl¡ flagklu ijkØejfld NykgA eufgeu vks fopkjy&ge ;qojkt rs¡ Nh]
fdUrq firkd mikftZr jkT;es lq•d vuqHko djSr Nh] bZ gej ikS#"k ufg fFkdA gsrq ts&
dk;j&usuk vks L=kh b,g ijkfJr Hk; thcSNA flag vks lRiq#"k r¡ viu cyniZij
thcSr vfNAA
firkd çfr HkfÙkQvks r¡ viu vftZr lEifÙk;fgl¡ laHko fFkdA dgyks vfN&
firkosQ¡ drcks iq=k jgFkqu vks tkfg csVkd dekb •kbr NfFk] tdj ;'k lquSr NfFk
rdjsl¡ vks csVkcyk dgcSr NfFkAA
rs¡ drgq tkd* viu ckgqcyl¡ iq#"kkFkZ djh] bZ fcpkfj dqekj dUukSt uked tuin
xsykgA vksr; t;pUæ uked
lqHkVifjikV~;;k lan'kZua pdkjA l jktk ra lRÑR; fç;lgpjedxsr~ dqekjLrq rL;
jkK% lsok;ka orZeku% ØeØes.kk¿f/dlEekuik=krkeuqHkou~ ,dnk rq leknjs oS"kE;eUoHkwr~A
rFkk fg&
vknjks nqyZHks jkKka oLrqU;Yixq.ks¿fi pA
çxq.ks¿fi lq•çkIrs HkosUuwueuknj%AA
rr% l dqekjf'pUr;kekl&
/ua r`".kkor% çk.kk cÉs% çk.kkLrFksU/ue~A
dkeqdL; fL=k;% çk.kk eku% çk.kk eufLou%AA
rrks jktkueczohrw&nso ! Hkor% çHkw/eZ JqOok¿gfegkxrks¿fLeA lkEçreU;=k ;kL;kfeA
jktksokp&dqekj ! fda roks}sxdkj.ka ;suk¿U;=k ;kL;fl\ eYynso mokp&Hkor% leknj% Øes.k
ef; f'kfFkyks HkforsR;k'kÄ~D; lkEçrferks¿U;=k xPNkfeA jktksokp&dqrks¿oxrfene~\ eYynso
mokp&;r% 'kkS;Zewydks¿L;ikn`'kka leknjks Hkofr] 'kkS;Z rq okX;q¼su dsoya [;kif;rqa u 'kD;rsA
vL=k;q¼a Hkorks jkT;s n`';rs ,o uA jktksokp&vkleqædjxzkfg.kks ee ;q¼ifjiUFkh dksMfi
ukfLrA rRdsu lea ;q¼ Hkfo";fr\ dqekj mokp&nso ! jkT;L; iQya jkKks fot;lq•e~A fouk
106 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
;q¼su dqrks fot;%\ dqrks ok rRlq•e\ ;fn nsoks eU;rs rnk¿gferks xPNkfeA ;L; jkT;ega iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
xfe";kfe l ,oa nsoL; ;q¼ifjiU‍Fkh HkforkA jktk lØks/ekg&js dqekj ! dLRoa ojkd%\ vk ewY;kadu
dsu niZs.k Roa Hkk"kls\ xPN rkonw ;=k xPNflA ;=k Roa ;kL;fl r=kSok¿ga ç;k.ka dfj";kfeA
dqekj mokp&v;ega xPNkfeA uksV
rr% dqekjf'pDdksjukEuks u`iL; jkT;a txkeA rn~xzsra r=k xra JqRok
dk'kh'oj'prqjÄxcylfgrf'pDdksja çfr ;;kSA fd;rk¿fi dkysu
jktkd vksr;] tfud vkf/iR; dk'kh /fj Ny] igq¡fp lsfud i¼frl¡ Hks ¡V d;yA
vks jktk gqudk lRdkjiwoZd viu fç; lgpj cukvksyA dqekj gqud lsokes jfg] Øefga
vf/d lEeku Hkktu cuykgA eqæk ,dfnu gqudk vknjes fo"kerk cqf> iM+yfu gsrq ts&
FkksM+cks xq.kcyk fo"k; oLrq ;fn nqyZHk jgSN rs¡ vksfges vknjHkko jgsNA fdUrq vf/dks
xq.kcyk ;fn lqyHkrkl¡ HksVSN rs¡ vksfges fu'p; jktkyksdfud vuknjd Hkkouk gksbr NfuAA
dqekj iqu% fcpkjyfu&
r`".kkl¡ Hkjy yksdd çk.k /u fFkdSd] vkfxd çk.k tkju] dkehd çk.k dkfeuh]
rfguk euLohd çk.k eku fFkdfuAA
rnqÙkj jktkosQ¡ dgyfu&nso! viusd çHkqRo lqfu ge ,r; vk;y Nygw¡] vkc
vkuBke tk;cA jktk ctykg&dqekj ! vgk¡d m}sxd dkj.k dh Hksy ts vkuBke tk;c\
eYynso dgy viusd vknj Øe'k% gejk fo"k;es f'kfFkys Hksy tk;r] rdjs vk'kadkl¡
,•u vkuBke tk jgy NhA jktk ctykg bZ dFkk dksuk cq>uk xsy\ eYynso ctykg
&gejkyksdfud vknj r¡ 'kwjrkd fufeÙk gksbN_ 'kwjrk okX;q¼l¡ ufg cq>kvksy tk ldSNA
vL=k;q¼ vgk¡d jkT;es nsf•rfg ufg NhA jktk ctykg&leqæi;ZUr ge jktLo xzg.k djSr
Nh A gejklax ;q¼es vM+fugkj dsvks vfN, ufgA r•u ;q¼ gksvksvks ddjk lax\ dqekj
dgy&nso ! jktkosQ¡ fot;d vku jkT;d iQy fFkdSdA fdUrq fcuk ;q¼s fot; dksuk\ vk*
r•u lq•s dr*\ ;fn viusosQ¡ eu gks r¡ ge ,r;l¡ tkbA ge tdjfg jkT;es tk;c
lSg viusd lax laxzkees yM+ck ;ksX; Hk* tk;rA jktk relk; ctykg&js & dqekj!
rks ¡ dsgu vHkkxy ew<+ fFkdg\ dksu niZl¡ ,uk ctS Ng\ tkg trfg rks ¡ t;cg rrfg
ge vfHk;ku djcA dqekj] ckty&b,g ge pyygw¡A
dqekj vksr;l¡ fpDdksjuked jktkd jkT;es igq¡pykgA ikNk¡ dk'kh'oj (t;pUæ)
gqudk vksr; xsy cqaf>] prqjafx.kh lsuklax lkaft fpDdksjd fo#¼ fcnk HksykgA fdNq dkyd
vuUrj gqudk fudV vk;y
ra lafu/kuekxra JqRok fpD‍dksj% LoefU=kfHk% lea eU=k;kekl ;Rdk'kh'ojks egkjkt%
dksikfo"Vks ekeqfí'; lek;kfr rfnnkuha fd fo/krqeqfpra Hkofr\ efU=k.k Åpq%&nso ! Hkor%
ifjfercyL;A rsu egkcysu le ;q¼uksfpre~ u ok rL; egsPNL; laoku{kea Hkorks /ua fo|rsA
rfnnkuha nqxkZHkz;.keqfpre~A rr% iykf;rqeq|ra fpDdksjjkta- n`"V~ok eYynsoks¿czrhrw&jktu~‌ !
fdfefr iykf;rO;a Hkork\ HkoUreqfí'; dk'kh'ojks u dnkI;kxrks u ok¿xzs";kxfe";frA
;fn Hkoku~‌ çR;sfr rnk dFk;kfe rL;kxeufufeÙke~‌A Hkork u HksrO;e~‌A fpDdksj mokp&fda
rfUufeÙke~‌\ eYynso% iwoZdFkka dFk;keklA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 107
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk fpD‍dksj mokp&rfgZ fdeqfpre~‌\ eYynso mokp& l &psr~ dsoya ekesoksfí'; lek;kfr
,oa rnk Hkork u iykf;rO;e~‌A fdUrq e;Sdsu lea rRlqHkVkuka laxzkedqrwgya æ"VO;e~A fpD‍dksj
lkfgfR;d fuca/
mokp&dqekj ! rsu egkjktsuk¿Urcysu leesdkfduLro u leqfpr ;q¼e~‌A uhfrfo#¼esrr~A
uksV dqekj mokp&'kwjdekZ.k% ijke'kZ u lgUrsA fpDdksj mokp&rfgZ vfoe`';dkfj.ka foinUr%
çkjEHk%A dqaekjks Ckwzrs& vyeequk fooknsuA
;Rdfj";s Ro;a deZ Hkks{;s rL; Ro;a iQye~‌A
Lokijk/foiUukuka foifÙk% dsu 'kksP;rsAA
fpDdksj mokp&
;qXes rqY;cys ;q¼a ;=kkLrs t;la'k;%A
çcys¿fjcys cÉkS ds irfUr irÄ~xor~AA
dqekj mokp&
;'kf'pph"kZ;k ;su e`R;qjÄ~axhÑrks j.ksA
rLFkkija Hk;LFkkua fda fj;ks% çcyknfiAA
;'k%dkeu;k iqalka j.ks ej.kfePNrke~A
ifjifUFkegÙosu egÙoa ;'klks HkosrAA
çk.k=kk.kk; laxzkekRiyk;Urs¿fi ;s ul%A
e`R;qjko';dLrs"kka dkiZ.;efrfjP;rsAA
cqf> fpD‍dksj viu eU=khlHkd lax ijke'kZ d;y ts dk'kh'oj dqfir Hk* gejfgij
vkfc jgy NfFkA rs ¡ vkc mfpr dÙkZO; dh fFkd\ eU=kh yksdfu dgy&viusd 'kfÙkQ FkksM+
vfN] vks NfFk egkcy] rs ¡ gqud lax ;q¼ mfpr ufgA us viusosQ¡ /us rrsd vfN ts iS?k
euckyk vksfg jktkosQ¡ /u n* lfU/ d* ysc A rs ¡ mfpr ts dksuks fdykd vkJ; yhA
r•u iM+;ckysy mrkgqy nsf• fpDdksjsosQ¡ eY‍ynso dgyfu&jktu~‌ ! vius ,uk iM+kb Nh
fd,sd\ viusd mís'ks ¡ dk'kh'oj us dfg;ks vk;y NfFk us vkxk¡ vvksrkgA vius fo'okl
djh rs¡ gqud vkxeud dkj.k dghA viusosQ¡ dkuks Hk; ufg gksA fpDdksj iwNy&vks dkj.k
dh fFkdsd\ eYynso ifgyqd lc dFkk lquk nsyA
fpD‍dksj iwNy r•u mfpr dh\ eYynso dgy&ts ¡ vks gejk mís';s ¡ vcS NfFk
rs ¡ vius ufg iM+kmA fdUrq gqud vusd ;ks¼kd lax ,dlj gej ;q¼&dkSrqd ns•y
tk;A fpD‍dksj dgy&vksfg egkjktd lsuk vikj NfuA gqudk lax ,dlj vgk¡d yM+c
mfpr ufgA uhfrd bZ fo#¼ fFkdA dqekj ctykg&'kwjrkd dkts jgSN vkud vke"kZd ufg
lfg ldhA fpDdksj dgy&rs ¡ r¡ fcuq fcpkjs ¡ ts dkt djSN rfud fØ;kjEHk ifj.kkees
foifÙktud gksbN A! dqekj dgy& bZ fookn O;FkZA
ts dkt ge djc rdj iQy Lo;a HkksxcA viu vijk/s ¡ ts foifÙkes iM+SN rdj
lksp nkslj ds djr\AA
 fpDdksj ckty&
108 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 tr; fot; ddj gks;r ,dj lansg jgSN] ,gu leku cycykes ;q¼ laxr gksbNA iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
fdUrq çcy 'k=kqcyes vkfxes iQfraxk tdk¡ ds dwfn ejSN\AA vk ewY;kadu

 dqekj dgy&
;'k i;ckd bPNkl¡ ts ;q¼es e`R;qd oj.k d;yd vfN rdjk dsguks çcy 'k=kq l¡ uksV
Hk;d vodk'k dr*\AA
;'kd dkeukl¡ ;q¼es ej.k pkgfugkj ohjd dhfrZ 'k=kqd egRol¡ vkvksj c<+r NSdAA
vk* çk.k cp;ckysy ts O;fÙkQ ;q¼l¡¡ iM+kbr NfFk rfudk e`R;q rs¡ gksbrfg Nfu fdUrq
vksfgl¡¡ fo'ks"k gksbr Nfu gqud dkiq#"krkd çdVh dj.kAA
fpD‍dksj mnkp&dqekj! Hkoku~‌ egkohj%] dk'kh'ojks egkjktLrrks ;qo;ks%
laxzkela?k"kkZs¿LenkfnfHk% Jksrqefi u 'kD;rs fd iquæZ"Ve\ dqekj mokp&;fn Hkorks
;q¼n'kZueI;fHkera rnk Hkoku~‌ Dok¿fi ;eiq#"kk¿fujh{;eka LFkkua xRok HkoRoej%A e;k p
;ks¼O;esoA ija rrks eáagfLruesda nRok xPNrq Hkoku~‌ e;k rq 'kwU;k¿fi Hkorks uxjL;kos{kk
dÙkZO;kA fpDdksj% dqekjL; opusu rFkk ÑRok iykf;r%A
rnfxzeçHkkrs HksjhHkkÄ~dkjSxZxuHkksxa iwj;u~‌ dkeZeeZLi`'kk rqjx•qjçgkjs.k /jke.Mya
piy;u~‌ egkjktks t;pUæLrU‍uxjlafu/kuektxkeA eYynsoLrq rekxra KkRok ÑrlUuk%
ifjx`ghrkL=kks xtk:<% iqjks xRok jktkua nn'kZA jktksokp&dLRoa js dqatjk:<! la/kukFkhZ
fpD‍dksajL; nwrks ;q¼kFkhZ ok eYynsoks¿fHk\ eYynso mokp&jktu~‌ ! uk¿ga nwrks u ok la/kukFkhZ]
fdUrq ro çfreY‍yks eYynsoks¿fLeA jktk fogL;kg&Hkæa ee çfreY‍yrk fl¼SoA Rofenkuh
lekxR;kuqlj eke~‌A eY‍ynso mokp&Roeso fda u ekeuqljfl\ lEçfr Roa rqjxk:<ks¿fl]
vga xtk:<ks¿fLeA RoeI;L=kkf.k /kj;fl] vgeI;L=kkf.k /kj;kfeA rfnnkuha çgkjle;s Do
opuoSfp=;k.kkeodk'k%\ jktk lk'p;Z lSfudku~‌ çR;kg&js lSfudk% ! thoUra eYynsoa /`Ùok
es nnrA eYynsoa% lokZu~‌ çR;kg&
fnD‍ikyk% Ñrlkf{k.k'p equ;% fl¼k% lqjk% •spjk%A
loZs i'pr dkSrqda u`fif'krS j{kksx.kkLr`I;rAA
eksna pkIljl% ç;kr lglk ohjkuqjkxkSRlqdk
,d% lkglekruksfr cgqfHk% JheYynsoks j.ksAA
rrks fujks¼qdkeku~‌ ifjrks foi{klqHkVku~‌ cgwu~ eYynsoks ukjkpØS fut/kuA rsu p fugrku~‌
futfç;lqHkVku~‌ HkwekS ifrrku~‌ n`"V~ok t;pUæ% lsuk;kfnns'k&js js ohjiq#"kk% ! ;|sua eqew"kZeojks¼
u 'kDuqFk] rnk
fpDdksj dgy&dqekj] vgk¡ egku ohj NhA dk'kh ujs'k egkjkt NfFkA vr% vgk¡ nwuw
chp yM+kb gks ls r¡ gejkyksdfu lqfu;ks ufg ldsV Nh] ns•ckd dksu dFkkA dqekj mÙkj
nsy&;fn vius ;q¼ ns•* ufg pkgh r¡ drgq ;enwrl¡¡ vyf{kr LFkkues tk; vius vej Hksy
tk;A ge r¡ ;q¼ djcs djcA ijUrq ;fn ls r¡ vius gejk ,dVk gkFkh n* d* xsy tk;A ge
rs¡ viusd 'kwU;ks uxjd i;Zos{k.k djcA fpDdksj jktk dqekjd dFkukuqlkj ls d* iM+;ykgA
vksdj nksljk fnu Hksjhd 'kCnl¡ vkdk'ke.MyosQ¡ O;kIr djSr deZBd eeZ /fj Li'kZ
d;fugkj Vkid çgkj ¡ Hkwe.MyosQ¡ nyefyr djSr] egkjkt t;pUæ gqud uxjd fudV
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 109
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk vkfc igq¡pykgA eYynso gqudk vk;y tkfu] dop ifgfj vL=klfTtr Hk* gkFkhij pf<+]
,oa vkxk¡ cf<+d* jktkds (lkeus) ns•yA jktk iwNyfu&gkFkhij p<+y rks fFkdg ds\ lfU/
lkfgfR;d fuca/
djckysy vk;y fpDdksjd nwr fFkdg vFkok ;q¼kFkhZ eY‍ynso\ eY‍ynso dgy&jktu~‌ !
uksV ge nwr ufg] us lfU/,d gsrq vk;y NhA fdUrq ge viusd çfr}Uíh ;ks¼k eYynso fFkdgq¡A
jktk g¡fld* ctykg&gej çfreY‍y rks Bhd HksygA vkc ,•u vkfc d* gej vuqlj.k
djg eYynso ckty&vgha gej vuqlj.k fd,d us djSr Nh\ ,•u rs¡ vgk¡ ?kksM+kij Nh
vks ge gkFkhijA vg¡osQ¡ vL=k vfN] gegw¡ vL=k j•us NhA ,•u r¡ çlkjd volj vfN
r•u opu&foykld ,•u vodk'k dksu\ jktk vk'p;Zdlax lSfud lHkosQ¡ dgy&lSfud
yksdfu] eYynsoosQ¡ thfors idfM+ gejkyx y* vkcgA eYynso lHkosQ¡ yydkjSr dgy&
gs vkdk'kpkjh fnDiky] eqfu ,oa fl¼ yksdfu ! nsox.k ! vius yksdfu lk{kh
jgw lHkxksVs ,fg dkSrwdosQ¡ ns•sr tkmA jk{klc`Un ! ujekall¡ r`Ir gksbr tkmA ohjd çfr
vuqjkxd mRd.Bk j•fugkfj vIljkx.k ! vkuUn çkIr d:A laxzkeHkwfees ,dljs eYynso
cgqrks (;ks¼k) d lax egku~ lkgl ns•k jgy NfFkAA
r•u pk:fnll¡ idM+ckysy meM+Sr 'k=kqnyd ;ks¼kyksdfuosQ¡ eYynso ukjkp ck.kl¡
ekjyA gqud vk?kkrl¡ viu fç;ik=k lSfud tokud¡ /jk'kk;h gksbr nsf• t;pUæ tuksosQ¡
vkns'k nsy&gs ohjaiq#"k.k.k ! ;fn ,fg ej.kksUeq• vojks/ ufg d* ldg r¡ ok.knc`f"Vl¡
,djk
'kjklkjS% Lui;rA rrLrka çHkksjkKkeklk| lqHkVkLra eYynsoa ;qxinso T;k?kkrfu/
ks"knk#.kS% 'kjklkjSjH;f"kapu~‌A 'kj'kfYyr'pklks dqTtjkn HkekS iikrA rFkk rRle;L; iwoZdos%
dL;k¿fi 'yksd%&
v'kkfro"kZns'kh;f'pDdksj% çiykf;r%A
"kksM'kkCnLrq dk.kkZV% laeq•% ifrrks j.ksAA
ra p çpwjukjkpfHkU‍u'kjhja laxzkeHkwekS ifrra n`"V~ok jktksckp&gs lkfÙodew/ZU; !
d.kkZVdqyçfr"BkchtkÄdqj ! thfo";fl\ eYynso mokp&dfPpUuk;ks% dsu ftra;q¼e\
jktksokp&Hkork ftre~A eYynso mokp&dFkfena fu/kZj.kh;e~\‌ jktksokp&
vLekfHk% Ñrlaxzkeks ;nsdks cgqfHkgar%A
ftxh"kfr rFkkI;Leku~‌ dFka u fot;h Hkoku~AA
rrLrsu jkK% ç'kalkopusu iqyfdrckgqewyks eYynsoks¿czohrw&nso ! thfo";kehfrA
rnuUurja rPNh;Zifjrq"Vsu t;pUæs.k jkKkl dqekj% 'kjkuq¼R; LoLFkkua uhr% iq=kçsE.kk ifjikY;
{krs"kq fuokZ.ks"kq çfriwT; çrfu/hÑr'pA rFkk fg&
rPNkS;Za eYynsoLFk p foosd'p Hkwirs%A
Hkwrs Hkkfofu dkys ok u tkrks u tfu";rsAA
A bfr ;q¼ohj dFkk A
110 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 vFk lR;ohjdFkk iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
vk ewY;kadu
dykS dkekfnfHk;qDrks ekuoks¿u`rokxfiA
lR;ohjdFkka JqRok loZikiS% çeqP;rsAA
uksV
iqjk gfLrukiqjukfEu uxjs egen(Un) tkek ;ous'ojks cHkwoA rfLeu~ vkleqnza /
jf.koy;a ç'kklfr rrqRd"kZ¿lfg".kq% dkiQjjktLrefHk;ksD‍rqa udycylfgrL=ktxke ;ous'ojLrq
rek;kUr KkRok dEckstSLrqjxSLrq 'k'kpk'olokjSgqfeyZ{ks% ifjokfjr% iqjkn~‌ cfgHkZw; rsu lea
laxzkeeÄ~xhpdkjA ------ laxzkes cyh;lk dkiQjjktlSU;su gU;ekuk
MqccgA r•u jktkd vkaKk ikfc lSfudlHk ,d dkyfges ?ku?kksj ok.kd /kjklaikrl¡
gqudk ljkokj d* nsyA ok.kl¡ fc¼ Hk* vks gkFkhijl¡ Hkwfeij •fl iM+ykgA vksfg le;d
dksuks ,d çkphu dfod i| vfN&
vLlh lkyd cw<+&idBksl fpDdksj r¡ iM+k xsykg] ijap lksyg] lkyd d.kkZV ;qok
(eYynso) laxzkees /jk'kk;hHksykgAA
çpwj ukjkpok.kl¡ fNuufHkU‍u 'kjhjoyk vksfg dqekjosQ¡ laxzkeHkwfees •ly nsf• jktk
ctykg&gs lÙo'kkyhd eqdqVef.k ! d.kkZVdoa'kds çfr"Bkoa'kd chtkadqj ! dh vgk¡ thc*
pkgS Nh\ eY‍ynso dgy&(ifgus) dgw] gejk nwgw xksVses ;q¼ ds thry\ jktk ctykg&vgha
thryA eYynso dgy&,dj fu.kZ; dksuk d;y tk;\ jktk ctykg&
gejkyksdfu cgqrks xksVsd lax vgk¡ yM+kbZ d;y vk* vkgr Hksygq¡] rkgqij vgk¡
gejklHkosQ¡ ftrckd bPNk jf•rfg¡ Nh] r•u vgk¡ fot;hb dksuk ufg Hksygw¡\AA
r•u jktkd ,fg ç'kalk o.kZul¡ gqud ckgqewy jksekapl¡ Hkfj vk;y vk ctykg&nso
! ge vkc th;c A rnqÙkj gqud 'kwjrkl vR;Ur çlUu Hk* jktk t;pUæ dqekjd 'kjhjl¡¡
ck.k ckgj djk; viuk vksr; y* xsykg vks iq=kd çsel¡ gqud j{k.k&ikyu d;y] ?kko
Hkfj v;ykij gqudk lRdkj&lekjksgiwoZd viu çfrfuf/ cukvksyA dgy xsy vfN&
^eYynsod vks cgknqjh rFkk jktkd vks foosd us dfg;ks vrhrdkyes Hksy vfN us
Hkfo";es iqu% gks;rAA
AA;q¼ohj dFkk lekIrAA
4- lR;ohjd dFkk
dfy;qxes dke vkfn nks"kksl¡ ;qÙkQ feF;kokfn;ks euq"; lR;ohjd dFkk lqfu lc
çdkjd ikils eqÙkQ Hk* tkbNAA
çkphu dkyes gfLrukiqj uked uxjes egen uked ckn'kkg Hksy NykgA lkxji;ZUr
Hkwe.Myij 'kklu d;fugkj vksfg ckn'kkgd mRd"kZosQ¡ dkiQj jktk lgu ufg d* ldy
vks gqudkij vkØe.k djck ysy leLr nycyd lax vksr; vkfc tqeyA gqud v;ckd
lekpkj lqfu ckn'kkg yk•&yk• dEckst ?kksM+k vks rqdZ lckjds lax y* 'kgjl¡ cgjk;
;q¼d vkgokuosQ¡ Lohdkj d;yA r•u nwgw nyes ;q¼ Bfu xsy
;ou;ks¼k j.kkr~ ikjÄ~eq•k vHkwcq%A rrLrkn`~'ka flagHk;kfnZrfeo dfj;wFk iyk;ekua
futcy n`"V~ok ;ous'oj mokp&js js ee lSU;lqHkVk jktkuks jktiq=kk'p ! ;q";kda eè;s
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 111
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk dks¿fi rFkk ukfLr ; bnkuha fjiqHk;HkXua ee lSU;a Losu ckgqcyu {k.keoyEcrsA rPp
,oa ;oujktcpjua JqRok d.kkZVdqy lEHkcks ujflagnsoukek pksgkudqylEHko'pkfpdnsoukek
lkfgfR;d fuca/
p jktdqekjks çksprq%&jktu~‌ ! d bnkuha fuEukfHkeq•a irr% ikFkl bo fjiq=kklHkXuL;
uksV Hkon~cyL; ifj=kkrk Hkorq\ ;fn {k.ka ijko`R; Hkokuoyksdrs 'rnk¿¿okeso Hkorks¿fji{ka
•M~x/ jkçgkjifjfprf'kjLda djoko%A ;ous'oj mokp & lk/q dqekjkS ! lk/q% ;qokH;keU;_
d ,rknw'ka O;oL;fr\
rrks ujflagnso iqdkyÄ~Ñrckgqewy% dqfy'kikrkeqdkfj.kk d'kk?kkrsu rqjxa Rojf;Rok
ijko`R;k¿rfdr ,oa dkiQjcya çfoos'kA çfc'; p ftrdkf'kuek;kUra flrkri=kifjfpra
dkiQjjkta 'kY;su âfn groku~‌A dkiQjjktLrq rsuk¿'kfuleku'kY;çgkjs.k xrçk.kks HkwekS
fuiikrA pkfpdnsosu p HkwekS ifrrL; rL; f'kjf'NRok ;oujktL; iqjks uhre~‌A ;ous'oj
mokp&dL;sn f'kj%\ pkfpdnso% dFk;fr&dkiQjjktL;A ;ous'oj mokp&dsuk¿lkS gr%\
pkafpdks cwzrs&ijkØerqfyrikFkZsu ujflagnsosu gr%A rr~i'pkn~xkfeuk e;k f'kjf'NUue~A
;ous'oj% i`PNfr&ujflagnso% dqr%\ pkfpdks czwrs&dkiQjjktlfUu/kuofrZfHk% Lokfeo/
kef"kZÄ~xksylqHkVScZgqfHkjsdks gU;kekuks e;k nq"V%A D; xr% DosnkuhefLr ok rkoUu Kk;rsA
rrks ;oujkt% ijlSU;a gruk;ad iyk;ekua n`"Voka ijelkuUnks cHkwoA
iq#"kkaLrnuqxkfeu%LolSfudku~ izR;kg& js js ee lSU;dk% ! iy;ekuku~ ijlSfudku~ fda fugFk\
lEizfr ee jkT;jf{krkja dkiQjjkt&ÑrkUra uj:fi.ka flageso ujflagnso ls foKki;rA
vks tksjxj dkiQjjktd iQkStl¡ ekfj •k; ;ou ;ks¼klHk ;q¼l¡ foeq• Hk* iM+k;
ykxyA viu lSfudlHkosQ¡ flagd Mjl¡ iM+k;y tsuk gkFkhd ny gks rsuk nsf• d* ckty&gs
gej lsukd tckulHk ! gs jktk] gs jktiq=k yksdfu ! vgk¡lHkd chp dsvks ,gu ufg Nh ts
rRdky 'k=kqd Mjs ¡ fNUu&fHkU‍u gej iQkStds viu ckgqcyl¡ {k.kes jksfd ldh\ ckn'kkgd
opu lqfu dk.kkZVdqy&laHkwr ujflagnso uked ,oa pkSgku dqyes tUe xzg.k d;fugkj
pkfpdnso uked ;qxy jktdqekj ckft mBykg&jktu~ ! ,•u FkEgk (cpk) ds ldsN\
ijap t¡ {k.k Hkfj vgk¡ ?kwfj ns•h] rs gefg nqgw xksVs vgk¡d 'k=kqnyd eqaM&eqaMd r#vkfjd
/kjd pksVd ifjp; djk nhA ckn'kkg dgy & 'kkck'k ! dqekj 'kkck'k ! vgk¡ nwgwosQ¡ NksfM+
nkslj ds ,uk d* ldSN\
rnqÙkj ujflagnscd ckgqewy jksekapdapqfdr Hk; vk;yA otzd vk?kkr tdk¡ pkcqdd
pksVl¡ ?kksM+kosQ¡ nkSM+vksy vks ?kwfe d* tk* cr dsvks ns•a;&ns•; rkcrfg dkiQj jktd
lsukes ços'k d* xsykgA vksr; tk;] fot;l¡ mtkxj 'osr N=kl¡¡ fpUgjxj dkiQj jktkd
vkcSr nsf• Nkrhij Hkkyk pyk;nsyA dkiQj jktk vksfg otzleku Hkkykd pksVLl¡ fu"çk.k
Hk* Hkwfeij •fl iM+ykgA vksEgj pkfpdnso Hkwfeij •ly gqud eLrd dkfV ckn'kkgd
vkxk¡ vkuyA ckn'kkg iwNy&ddj eLrd fFkd\ pkfpdnso dgSN&dkiQj jktkdA ;ous'oj
iwNy&ddjk }kjk ekjy xsy\ pkfpd ctS NfFk&ijkØees ts vtZqud rqyuk djS NfFk vksgh
ujflagnso }kjk vks ekjy xsy vfNA ge r¡ gqudk ikNk¡ pySr vksdj eLrd Vk dkVy vfNA
ckn'kkg iqNs NfFk&ujflagnso dr; NfFk\ pkfpd dgy&dkiQjjktd fudV jgfugkj viu
ekfyd ctzl¡ fo'ks"k jks"kk;y cgqrks eksxy lSfud lHkl¡ ,dkdh ekjy tkbr Vk gqudk ge
ns•yA dr; xsykg ,•u] dr; NfFk ok ufg NfFk ls ufg tkfuA
112 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 r•u ;oujkt 'k=kqd lsukosQ¡] tdj uk;d ekjy xsy NySd] rdjk] ijkbr nsf• iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
ije vkufUnr HksykgA vksdjklHkd •sgkj djSr viu lSfud tokulHkd çfr dgyfu&gs vk ewY;kadu
gej lSfudlHk] ijkbr 'ku=kqlsukosQ¡ dh ekjSr tkb Ng\ ,•u gej jkT;d j{kkd;fugkj vks
dkiQjktd vUrdkjh uj:ih flag ;FkkFkZukek ujflagd irk yxk; gejk dgSr tkgA uksV
rnuUrjesd=k laxzkeçns'ks cgqrjukjkp&fHkU‍u'kjhja cgn~:f/j/kjklglza iqf"ira fda;qdfeo
osnukewfPNra ujflagnsoa ;oujktks nn'kZA rqjÄxknorh;Z cHkk"ks&gs ujflagnso ! thfo";fl\
ujflagnso mokp&e;k ;RÑra rnoxra Hkork\ ;ous'oj mokp Kkra e;kA dfFkr pkfpdnsosuA
Ro;k ee 'k=kqgZr% ujflagnso mokp&rfgZ thfo";kfeA ;r%&
LohÑr nq"dja deZ e;k ;L; fgrsPN;kA
rsu foKk;ekuks es iQfyr% Jeikni%A
rnLrPNjhjknkiqÄ~'ofueXukUukjkpkuq¼`R; ;oujktLra dqekja ukukHks"ktç;ksxs.k fu;esu p
LoYiSjso fnolSfuokZ.k{krephdjr~‌ rnuUrja lglzla[;SLrqjxSyZ{kla[;S% dk×puS'pN=kS'pkjkfnfHk'p
ra iwtf;rqeq&çpØesA
çlknkoljs ujflagnso mokp&jktu~ ! jktiq=kk.kka ;q¼a LokHkkfod ,o /eZ% rr~‌
fden~Hkqra e;k Ñra ;fn;a ee iwtk fØ;rs\ ;fn rRiwtSc drZO;k] rnk pkfpdnsoL; fØ;rka]
;su fjiqf'kjks¿I;kuh; lR;j{kkFkkZ; rsu Hkor% iqjLrkUee ;'k% çdkf'kra] LoikS#"ka u [;kre~‌A
vU;Fkk¿usu uh;ekua ekj.kfpÉa fjiwf'kjks n`"V~ck ok ok¿è;xfe";r~‌ ;Ue;k ekfjrks fjiqfjfrA
rn;eso çFke iwT;rke~A
pkfpdnso mokp&dqekj ujflagnso ! ek eSca CkwzfgA dFkega ro ijkØeiQyeknk;
ijksfPN"Vthoh Hkfo";kfe\ ujflagnso mokp&lkFkq lR;ohj ! lk/q !
vusu rc lR;su loZeso foosfpre~A
egsPNks¿fl fonX/ks¿fl lrhiq=kks¿fl pkfpdAA
rrLr;ks% dqekj;ks% ijLijkekykiekd.;Zrk leqitkrifjrks"ks.k ;oujktsu }kofi dqekjks
rqY;eso lRÑrkSA
AAbfr lR;ohjdFkkAA
vksdj ckn laxzkeHkwfed ,d LFkyes cgqrks ukjkpl¡ fNU‍u&fHkU‍u Hksy 'kjhj] tdjkl¡
lksf.krd lglzks /kj cfg jgy NySd] ts iQqyk;y iyk'k tdk¡ Ny] osnukl¡ ewfNZr rkfg
ujflagnsoosQ¡ ckn'kkg ns•yA ?kksM+kl¡ mrfj dgy& gs ujflagnso ! thou pkgh\ ujflagnso
ckty ge ts d;y ls vgk¡ cq>y\ ;ous'oj dgy&cq>y pkfpdnso lHkVk dgyfuA vgk¡
gej 'k=kqosQ¡ ekjy vfNA ujflag ctykg& r•u ge thc; pkgs NhA dkj.k&
tdj fgrd bPNkl¡ ge nq"dj deZ d;y ls ;fn cq>yfu r¡‌ Je:ih o`{k iQfyrHk*
xsyAA
vksdj ckn gqud 'kjhjl¡ vkiqa• fueXu ukjkpok.kosQ¡ ckgj djk; ;oujkt vksfg
dqekjosQ¡ vusd çdkjd vkS"kf/d ç;ksxl¡] la;el¡] FkksM+cs fnues ?kkojfgr d; nsyA rnqÙkj
gtkjks ?kksM+k yk•ks v'kiQhZ] N=k vks pkej vkfnl¡ gqud lRdkjd vk;kstu d;yA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 113
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk lao/Zukd dkyes ujflag nso dgyfu&jktu~‌ jktiq=kyksdfuosQ¡] ;q¼ djc LokHkkfods
,oa /eZ fFkdA r•u ge dksu vn~Hkqr d;y ts bZ lRdkj d; jgy Nh\ ;fn rnFkZ lRdkjs
lkfgfR;d fuca/
dÙkZR; vfN r¡ pkfpdnsod d:] ts 'k=kqd eLrd vkfu;ks d; lR;d j{kkFkZ vgk¡d vkxk¡
uksV gej ;'kosQ¡ çdkf'kr d;y] viu ikS#"k ufg [;kr d;yA ufg r¡ gqud vkuy ekjckd
fpÉLo:i 'k=kqd eLrdosQ¡ nsf• ds tkfu ldsr ts gegha 'k=kqosQ¡ ekjy vfN\ r¡ ifgy
iwtk&lRdkj gqudfg d;y tk;A
pkfpdnso dgy&dqekj ujflag ! ls tqfu dghA dksuk ge vgk¡d ijkØe iQy y;]
nksljkd ,sBk;y ;'kl¡ thohA ujflagnso dgy] /U;] lR;ohj ! /U; !
vgk¡d ,fg lR;l¡ lHk oLrqd foospuk Hk* xsyA pkfpd vgk¡ egku~ vk'k;cyk Nh]
fØ;kdq'ky Nh] lrhiq=k NhAA
rdj ckn nwgw dqekjd ijLij okrkZyki lqfu vR;Ur lUrq"V Hk; ;oujkt nwgw O;fÙkQd
leku :is lRdkj d;yA
lR;ohjd dFkk lekIrAA
A%AçR;wnkgj.kdFkkA%A
vFk pkSjdFkk
foosdsu fouk pkSjks 'kkskS;Zsu dkrj%A
vylLrq fouksRlkga yksds eR;kZs¿fHktk;rsAA
n;knkukfnfHkLR;ÙkQks foosdçHkoSLrq ;%A
'kkS;Z pk¿fi HkosÙkL; dqo`Ùksjo dkj.ke~AA
foosdsu fouk 'kwj% ikiekpjfr /zqoe~‌A
iq.;deZleFkkZs¿fi ;Fkk pkSj% ljhl`i%AA
vklhnqTt;fU;ka foØekfnR;ks uke jktkA l pkSdnk pkSjO;kikjn'kZu dqrwgyks jÄ~dos"ka
ifjx`á fut;uxj ,o nsok;rulfUu/kus rLFkkSA r=k p refLoU;ka jk=kks fu'kkHkkxs pRokj'pkSjk%
lekR; eU=k;keklq%&;fnna x`gknkuheUue=k HkqÙkQ~ok ço`¼cyk% iqja çfo'kke%A foØekfnR;
mokp&rnqfPN"Va eáa nkL;FkA pkSjk% lfordZekg%&v;s ! dLRoe~‌\ jktksokp&jÄ~dks¿ga {kq/
kdqfyrks xUrqeleFkZ% ifrrfLr"BkfeA pkSjk Åpq% &gw¡ ! uxjiFkifj'kks/le;s fnok¿I;LekfHkn`"V
,ok;e=kA js jÄ~d ! dFkfenkuheI;=kSo fr"Bfl\ jktksokp&nso;k=kkço`Ùkyksdeqfí'p
fHk{kkFkZege=kkxrksfLeA Ñ=kkU;=k ;kL;kfe\ fHk{kkeuklk| cqHkqf{kr% ifrrfLr"BkfeA pkSjk
Åpq%&;fn rqH;eqfPN"VeUua nkL;keLrnk fda u% ç;kstua dfj";kfl\ jktksokp&rqÄ~xa rqÄ~xa /
fudx`ga n'kZf;";kfe] pksfjroLrqHkkja p oks<+k¿fLeA pkSjk Åpq%&rrfLr"BA xzgh";L;qfPN"VeUue~A
rr% ÑrHkkstuS'pkSjS nhZ;ekueqfPN"Va dijs ÑRoa osrkysuk¿igkfjRok p jktksokp&v|k¿ga
ÑrkFkks±¿fLe ;q"ekda çlknsuA
114 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 pksjd dFkk iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
vk ewY;kadu
vkc ,dj çfrdwy mnkgj.k dFkkA ls ;Fkk&lalkjes tkfg yksdosQ¡ foosd ufg jgSN
ls pksj cusN] tdjkes 'kkS;Z ufg ls dk;j dgcSN] vks tdjkes mRlkg ufg gks ls vkylh
Hk; tkbNAA uksV
tdjkes foosd jgSr NSd rdjkes n;k] nku vkfnd uhd o`fÙk vkfc tkbr NSdA eqnk
tdjkes foosd ufg jgSr NSd rdjkes r¡ lHkVk v/ykgs o`fÙk (nqxZq.ks) jgsr NSdA r¡¡ vks
pksfj dj; ykfx tkbr vfNAA
tdjkes 'kwjrk jgSr NSd] eqnk foosd ufg jgsr NSd vks fu'p; iki (v/ykg dkt)
dj; yxSr vfNA ;Fkk ^ljhl`i* uhd dkt djckes leFkksZ Ny rS;ks pksj Hk; xsyAA
mTtkf;uh uxjhes foØekfnR; uked jktk NykgA gqudk ,dfnu pksfj ns•ckd bPNk
Hksyfu r¡ vks fHk•kfjd os"k /; vius uxjes dksuks nsoky; yx tk cSlygA t•u fu'khFk
jkfr HksySd r¡ pkfjVk pksj vkfcds* nsoky; yx tk cSlykgA t•u fu'khFk jkfr HksySd r¡
pkfjVk pksj vkfcd* viukes fopkj dj; ykxy&bZ ts ?kjl¡¡ •;ckd lkexzh vkuy vfN
ls ,fgBke •k; nwexj Hk;] uxj iSlhA foØekfnR; ctykg&,s ¡B&dwB gejk nSsr tk;cA
pksjlcgd dku Bk<+ HksySd] ckty&js ! rks ¡ ds fFkosQ¡\* jktk dgy&ge fHk•kfj fFkdgw¡]
Hkw•s ¡ vk¡V Nh pfy ufg gksbN] rs ¡ ,r; iMy NhA pksjlHk rdZ d;yd ts t•u uxjd
ckV&?kkVd irk yxk jgy Nygw¡ ] r•ugw¡ ,djk ,Ùkfg ns•us Nfy,sdA iqfu ckty&js
dYyj ! ,•u/fj rks ¡ ,Ùkfg fd,d Ns ¡\ jktk dgy&^n'kZukFkhZ ;k=khlHkl¡ Hkh• ekÄ~;
,r; vk;y Nygw¡] Hkh• ufg HksVy rs vur; dr; tbrgq¡] Hkw•y rrsd Nh ts ,Ùkfg
ifM+ jgygw¡A pksjlHk ckty&t¡ ,s ¡B&dwB nsckSd rs rks gejkyksdfud dksu midkj djcs ¡\
jktk dgy&cM+dk&cM+dk /fudd ?kj ns•k nsc vk pksjkvksy cLrqtkrosQ¡ mf?k nscA pksjlHk
ckty&csl rs ¡] r•u jg] HksVrkSd ,s ¡B&dwBA vkc pksjlHk •;yd vk foØekfnR;osQ¡ ,s
¡B&dB nsydfuA vks vksdjk •Iijes y; csrkyd }kjk iQsadok nsy vk dgy&okg ! vkb
vgk¡yksdfud çlkns ¡ ge ÑrkFkZ Hk; xsygqA
rrLrs"kka eè;s ljhl`iukek eq[;pkSjk¿ozrhr&;nga 'kkdq‌fu'kkL=ks ÑrJeks¿fLeA rr%
J`xkyk% fd cnUrhfu tkukfeA brj Åpq%&tkuhfgA ljhl`i mokp&l•k;% iq"ekfHk% Jq;rke~‌
J`axkyks onfr&;q"ekda eè;s pRokj'pkSjk ,dks jktk¿LrhfrA r Åpq%&o;a ijLija pRokjks¿fi
fpjifjfprk ,oA i×peks¿lkS jÄ~dks fnok¿fi n`"Vks¿=kk";qfPN"Vxzkgh n`';rs ;r%] dqrks¿=k
jkt'kadk\ ljhl`i mokp& J`axkyHkkf"kra feF;k u HkofrA r Åpq%&çR;{kcksf/ rs¿FkZs dk
nq%'kadk\ (f}rh;suksÙkQa&;ega jk=kkS i';kfe fnok ra ifjfpuksfeA r`rh;suksÙkQa&;L; x`gksifj
gLrega nnkfe rL; x`gL; /ukfu tkukfeA prqFksZuksÙkQa&lfU/ns;LFkkus ;korh js•k fØ;rs rkorh
lfU/foZuk¿¿;klsu HkofrA i'pkækKk¿fHkfgra eekxzs c¼ks u fr"BfrA)
rrks okdksokD;a (okXokna) ÑRok i×pk¿fi iq#"kk% iqja çfoo'kq%A iqjifrx`gs lfU/
ÑRok cgwfu /ukfu pkSjf;Rok uxjkn~‌ cfgjkxR; xrZs fpf{k"kq%A pkSjk'pRokjks¿fi ljfl%
ÑrLukuk% iuuZxjekxR; efnjkx`ga fofo'kq%A jktk p Loh;ekxkajektxkeA rnuUrjekLFkkueUMis
flagk¡luksikfo"Vks n.Muk;dekgw;kfnns'k&v;s ijy{kd ! Roa nqxZxkyks¿fl] u tkukfl
fdefi jkf=kpfj=ke~\ xPN rkofnnkuha] pRokj'pkSjk% fip.MfyukEu% 'kkSf.MdL; x`gs e|a
fioUrfLr"BfUrA rkfuZg J`•ykc¼ku~ ÑRok lRoekZu;A n.Muk;d% ç.kE; xRok rFkk Ñroku~A
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 115
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk jktksckp&js js l•k;'pkSjk% ! ijfpuqFk eke~‌\ ljhl`i mokp&nso ! e;k rnSo ifjfprks
,oa Hkoku] fdURoehl•k;% ijenq"Vk% J`axkyL;k¿fi dfFkrerF;a fu/kZfjroUr%A fdega djksfu\
lkfgfR;d fuca/
lf•opuS% çeÙkks¿fLeA rFkkfg&
uksV pksjlHkes ^ljhl`i* uked ts eqf•;k pksj Ny] ls ckty&gs ! ge lxqu'kkL=kosQ¡ •wc
i<+us Nh rs ¡ xhnj dh cktSr vfN ls ge cqf> tkbr fN,sdA vk¡u pksj lHk ckty&r¡
vdkug xhnj dh ctsr vfNA ljhl`i dgy&fe=kyksdfu_ lquSr tkg] xhnj dgSr Ng ts
^rksjk yksdfues pkfjxksVs pksj Ng vk ,d xksVs jktkA* vku pksj lHk ckty&gejkyksdfu
pk:xksVs r¡ viukes lcosQ¡ lHk fpfUgrfg Nh] r•u vks ik¡pe rs dYyj fFkd_ fnugqes r¡¡
vksdjk ns•ufg Nfy,sd vk ns•sr Nh ts ,s ¡Bks ysyd vfNA r•u jktkd lUnsgs dksu\
ljhl`i dgy xhnjd dFkk r¡ iQwfl ufg Hk; ldSr NSdA vku pksjlHk ckty&ts ckr
çR;{k •f.Mr Hk; jgy vfN rkfges lUnsgs djc O;FkZ fFkdA nkslj ckty&tdj ?kjij ge
gkFk nsr fN,sd rdj ?kjd /u&lEifÙk tkfu tkbr NhA pkfje ckty&lsa/ ekjckd LFkkues
trsd js•k d;y tkbr vfN rrsdVk lsa/ fcuq vk;klfg¡ d;y Hk* tkbr vfNA iNkfr
jktk dgyfu&gejk vk¡xkes dsvks ckUgy ufg jgSr vfNA
r•u viukes xIi&lIi d; ik¡pksa xksVs uxj iSlyA uxjifr (eqf•;kd) ?kjes dkfV
cgqrjkl /u pksjkvksy vk uxjd ckgj vkfc] ,dVk •kf/ •qfu vksfg /uds xkfM+ jk•yA
pk: pksj iks•fjes ugk; iQsj uxj vk;y vk HkV~Bhij tkbr xsyA jktk foØekfnR; viu
egy py v;ykgA cknes] jktk lHkk&Hkoues lcosQ¡ ctkvksy vk vius flagkluij tk
cSlykgA uxjd n.Mkf/dkjhosQ¡ ctk; dgy vkud Hksn ysck ysy vgk¡ fu;qÙkQ Nh vk vgk¡
jkrqd ckr fdNq ufg cq>Sr fN,sd ! tkm fifpf.My lwfM+d (dykyd) vkfgBke pkfjVk
pksj nk: ficSr gks;r] vksdjklHkosQ¡ gFkdM+h yxk; ykmA n.Mkf/dkjh ç.kke d; fcnk
Hksykg vk pksj lcosQ¡ idfM+ vkuyA
(pksjlcosQ¡ nsj) jktk iwNy&laxh pksjlcA dh gejk fpUgSr tkbr Ng\ ljhl`i
dgy&ge r¡ r•ufg viusosQ¡ phfUg xsygq¡A eqnk gej bZ laxhyksdfu otz eq•Z NfFkA xhnjksd
dgyosQ¡ iQqfl ekuSr xsyA ge dh d:\ laxhyksdfud ckrij Hkflvk* xsygw¡A
,d ,o p uhfrK% lq•h Hkosr~A
cgwuis{kek.kL; LFkkukr~ çP;ors efr%AA
vfip&
Kklkjks¿fi 'kwjks¿fi if.Mrks¿fi fØ;ksn~/qj%A
fueTtfr egkjkt ! cgwuka efrdnZesAA
jktksokp&js pkSjk% ! ijksins'kifjxzgta futçekn 'kkspFkA LoKku&nks"kdFkka u 'kksp;\
pkSjk Åpq%&dks¿Lekda Kkunks"kt% çekn%\ jktksokp&LiQqV ,ok¿;a ;q"ekda çeknks¿fLr ;n~‌
ohjo`fÙkleFkkZa vfi pkSjo`fÙkekJ;Fk ! rFkk fg&
;suk¿U;s çHkofUr Hkwfeoy;s yC/qa foxUrfJ;%
iq.;a if.Mre.Myh"kq ifjr% 'kq¼a yHkUrs ;'k%A
116 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 rsuSo Lrqfrlk/dsu egrk 'kkS;Zsu] fuUnkLina iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
vk ewY;kadu
;w;a xPNFk pkSjrka Hkqfo dFka\ gk o`LR;tkeZfrAA
pkSjk Åpq%&nso ! nqeZfrjsok¿=k dkj.ke~‌A jktksckp&;|soa Lohdq#Fk rnk fd u R;t;
uksV
rka nqeZfre~\ pkSjk Åpq%&nso ! nsoA nfjærk rÙ;kx çfrcfU/ dkA ;r%&
ikis fu;kst;fr Hkkst;rhg nq•a
Lrs;a p dkj;fr 'kkB;e`iku;UrhA
nhua p okp;fr ;kp;rs p gksua
fd uso dkj;fr bUr ! nfjærk u%AA
jktksokp&js pkSjk% ! ;q"ekda nfjærk rnSo xrk ;nk e;k lg laf•Hkkoks tkr%A
lf•HkkoLrqY;çfr;ksfxd ,oa lEHkkO;rsA dFka ;q"ekda l[;ekyEC/ {k.kega pkSjrka xrks¿fLeA
dFka ee l[;su ;w;a jktrka u ;kL;FkA rnxzs¿fi ifjgfj";Fk nqeZfrfeeke~‌\ pkSjk Åpq% dFka u
R;{;ke%\ jktksokp&bnkuha J`Ä~•ykc¼k ;w;a fda u Lohdfj";Fk\ rFkk fg&
Bhd NSd uhfr tufugkj t¡ ,dljs dkt djfFk rs¡ vks lw•h Hk; ldSr NfFkA eqnk
t•ufg cgqrxksVkd ckr ekuSr NfFk r•ufg gqud efr Hkflvk tkbr NfuAA
egkjkt ! dsguks us tufugkj jgqFkq] dsguks us 'kwj jgFkq] dsguks us cqf/vkj jgFkq vk*
dsguks us dktes prqj jgFkq] eqnk t•ufg vks cgqryksdd fopkjd dknkses t;rkg r¡ vksfges
iQ¡lcs djrkgAA
jktk iwNy&js pksjlc ! vkud dFkkij ts Hkflvkbr xsyg] rdj r¡ lksp djSr
tkbr Ng] pksjlc dgy&gejkyksdfu viu Kkud nks"ks ¡ dksuk Hkflvkbr Nh egkjkt\
jktk&rksjklc ohjd o`fÙk l¡¡ fuokZg d* ldsr Ng] r•u ts pksjd o`fÙk /;us Ng] ls r¡
lkiQ&lkiQ Hkflvk;cs fFkdgA
tkfg 'kwjrkd çlknkr vku yksd ,fg Hkw•.Mes /u&lEifÙk ikfc vkuUnl¡ thou
fcrcSr vfN vkvksj if.Mre.Myhes lc çdkjs ¡ iq.; ,oa fueZy ;'k icSr vfN ç'kalkd
lk/u rkfg 'kwjrkosQ¡ j•Sr rksjklc pksj dgk; fufUnr cq>y tkbr Ng ! vksg] dsgu nq%•d
ckr fFkdA okLroes nqeZfr NksM+c cM+ dfBu NSdAA
pksj lc&th] lÙks] ,fges nqeZfr, dkj.k vfN egkjkt ! jktk&t¡ ls ekuSr tkbr Ng
r¡ vksfg nqeZfrosQ¡ fd,d ufg NksM+Sr tkbr Ng\ pksjlc&egkjkt ! dh d:\ xjhch vksdjk
NksM+; fnv; r•u usA
lR; dgh r¡ xjhfc, gejkyksdfuosQ¡ ikies yxcSN] nq%• HkksxcSN] pksfj djcSN]
Ny&çi×p fl•cSN] nhu&opu ctcSN vk' uhpl¡¡- uhpd vksfgBke Hkh• eÄcSNA vkg
! xjhch gejkyksdful dh&dh us djcSNAA
jktk&vjs ! rksjk lcgqd xjhch r¡ rfg, xsygq] tfg, gejkl¡ eS=kh djSr xsygA eS=kh
r¡ lekufges gksbNA rksjk lcgqd lax eS=kh d; t¡ ge FkksM+cks dky pksj Hksygw¡ r¡ rksjklc
gejk lax eS=kh d; jktk fd, ufg gks;cg\ rs ¡ vkcgw¡ ,fg nqeZfrd NksM+gA pksjlc&fd,d
ufg NksM+c egkjkt ! jktk&,•u r¡ csM+hes Bksdy Ng] rksjk&
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 117
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk vkØes ifrrk nq"Vk ftg~ okxzxr;k fxjkA
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ nw"k.ka fd u eq×;fUr fda u x`ÉfUr ok xq.ke~AA
vFkok ;fn iqu% Ño`fÙk dfj";Fk rnk iqufjekeso n'kka çkIL;Fk] bR;fHk/k; iqjifr/
uksV
ua iqjirsnkZif;Rok l jktk pkSjkUeqekspA rs"kka eè;s ljhl`iukekua eq[;pkSja 'kkYefyiqjs jktkua
pdkjA rfnrj pkSjku~‌ dkapuSjnfjæhÑR; d#.k;k dqr`gysu p xzLFkki;keklA
rr% fd;rk dkysu rsu jkKk fpfUrre~‌&;% ljhl`iks e;k jktk Ñr% l pkSjks jktinoha
çkI; fdfenkuhekpjfr] bfr fu:i.kh;a HkofrA ;r&
nqoZ'kL; xq#HkkZjks nq"VkXusxZq# Hkkstue~A
jkT;a xq#p nqcZq¼s% ifj.kkelq•a dqr%AA
rr% l jktk lqpsrua uke pjiq#"ka çkIrjkT;LFk pkSjL; pfj=kfu:i.kk; çLFkki;keklA
pjLrq r=k xRok¿f/xrloZo`ÙkkUr% iqujktxkeA jktksokp&lqpsru ! dFk; okrkZe~A pj mokp&nso
! Hkor% iF;e iF;a osfr uk¿ga fopkj;kfe] rF;a dFk;kfeA vyhdHkk"k.ka uksfpra pksjiq#"kLFkA
rFkkfg&
dk.ksu p{kq"kk tUrq;ZFkk fdf×pUu i';frA
u i';fr rFkk jktk pkjs.kk¿u`rHkkf"k.kkAA
rnga ;Fkkn`"Va rPpfjra i|S#io.kZ;kfe&
,dLes Ñi;k rLeS jkT;a nRok nqjkReus
ijk¿fu"Vçoh.kk; cgwuka foin% Ñrk%AA
l‌ nqoZ`Ùk% iqjkI;klhr~‌ leFkks± Hkork Ñr%A
nqoZ`Ùk'p leFkz'p fd uke u dfj";frAA
ÑikfLrfefpÙks u Hkork¿fi egkReukA
nqxZfr% •f.Mrk rL; çÑfrLrq u •f.MrkAA
lc dh dh ufg ekucg !
nq"V t•u foo'k Hk* tkbN r¡ thgd lq•s ¡ dksu nks"k ufg NksM+SN ok dksu xq.k
ufg xgSN\AA
ufg dksuks {kfr] t¡ iQsfj dqpkfy pycg r¡ iQsfj b,g n'kk i;ogA ,rck dfg jktk
uxjifrosQ¡ /u nsvk; nsy vk* pksjlHkdks ¡ NksfM+ nsyA vksdjk lces ts ljhl`i uked
eqf•;k pksj Ny] rdjk 'kkYefy&iqjd jktk cuk nsy vk* cgqrjkl vliQhZ n* vkuks pksj
lcfgd xjhch esVk nsyA vkc n;k vk* dqrwgy o'k lcosQ¡ viu&viu LFkku tk; dgyA
t•u cgqr le; chfr xsySd r¡ jktk fopkjy ts ljhl`i pksjdks ¡ rs ge jktk cuk
nsfy,sd] eqnk vks jktk Hk; ,•u dh djSr vfN ls cq>ckd pkghA dkj.k ts&
118 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 vcy&nqcZy t¡ cslks Hkkj mBkc;] eUnkfXuoyk t¡¡ cslh Hkkstu dj; vk* nqcZqf¼ t¡ iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
iS?k jkT;d Hkkj ysv; r ifj.kkees uhd ufg Hk* ldSr NSdAA vk ewY;kadu

rs ¡ jktk foØekfnR; ^lqpsru* uked pjosQ¡ cq>ck y; iBkvksy ts jkt ikfc vks
pksj dh djSr vfNA pj vksr; tk; lHk ckr cq>yfu vk* ?kqfj v;ykgA jktk iqNy&dgw uksV
lqpsru] dh lekpkj\ pj dgy&egkjkt ! dh dgykl¡ viusd uhd gks;r vk* dh
dgykl¡ v/ykg ls ge ufg fopkjcA ge lR;s ckr dgc] pjds iQwfl cktc mfpr ufg
fFkdA fd,d r¡&
tsuk dukg vk¡f•l¡ tho fdN ufg ns•SN rfguk iQqflvkg pjl¡ jktk fdNq ufg
cqf> ldsr NfFkAA
rs ¡ ge ts fdNq ns•y vfN] ls fuosnu djSr NhA Jheku~‌ lquy tk;&
vudj v/ykg djckes cgknqj ts vfN rsgu nqtZuosQ¡ jkT; n* vius cgqr xksVkosQ¡
foifÙk nsy vfNAA
ifgugw¡ r¡ vks nqoZ`Ùkh Nys rkfgijl¡ vius vksdjk leFkZ cuk nsfy,sd vfNA nqoZ`Ùkh
vk* leFkZ Hk* vkc r¡ vks dh (vuFkZ) ufga djr\AA
Jheku~‌ r¡ egkRek Nh] n;kl¡ eu æfor HksyA eqnk viugq¡ r¡ vksdj nqxZfr, gVvksfy,sd]
LoHkko dgk¡ gVvksfy,sd\AA
;'k% iq.; lq•a psfr =k;a jkT;rjksa% iQye~A
rPp ukIuqorLrL; fda jkT;su ç;kstue~AA
lk/wuka gLrs æO;a gfUr ekua eufLouke~A
futlkSd;ZyksHksu fdeÑR;a nqjkReu%AA
jers pj ijL=khfHk% fLFkja tkukfr thfore~A
i';Uufi p dkekL=ka ;eL;kL=ka u i';frAA
ukolhnfr ikisu yTtrs ukideZ.kkA
u r`I;fr ijLosu ?kLejLFk Ñrks ?k`.kkAA
czohfr pkSjo`R;k¿ga xrksmfLe jktra ;;kA
R;tkfe dsu nks"ks.k rkekRefgrdkfj.khe~AA
jkT;a] Hkofr nqowÙksfjR;FkZfeg rRij%A
Lo;a i'"k'pn`"VkUrks nqoZfÙka uso eq×pfrAA
vfi }hi?kVkdh.kZefi ckek'krkfUore~
foosdsu fcuk jkT;a 'kksHkrs u nqjkReu%AA
f'koLoefi ukxzkãa uk¿oè;k czkã.kk vfiA
nL;kS 'kklfr HkwHkkxa equsjfi u ekU;rkAA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 119
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk LoÑrkfu p dekZf.k Lo;eso foyqEifrA
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ r`".kksiIyqrfpÙkkuka LFkS;ZekReÑrs dqr%AA
jktksokp&lqapsru ! ,fHk% i|SLrL; nqjkReu'pfjra fofnRok nq%•LFkksga o`Ùk¿fLeA eU;s
uksV
eek¿fi nq"dkSfrZfj;u~A pj mokp&nso ! nq"dhfrZ% dsoya Hkor ,oA ;r% ifjrks yksdk%
iBfUr&
lk yTtk lkglkÄ~dL; pkSjjktL;Fk r|'k%A
;Ùk;ks% LiQqVrka ;kr% lf•Hkko% ijLije~AA
jkT;d iQy fFkdSd ;'k] iq.; vk* lq•A t•u vks iQy vksdjk HksfVrfg ¡ us NSd]
r•u jkT;s Hksykl¡ dhAA
vks uhd yksdd /u Nhfu yr vfN vk* çfrf"Br yksdd ekuenZu djSNA viu
lqfo/kysy nqtZu dksu dkt ufg djSN\AA
vks vkud L=khd lax Hkksx&foykl djSr vfN vk* cq>Sr vfN ts dfg;ks ejcs ufg
djcA vks dkenscd vL=kd ns•Sr r¡ vfN eqnk ;ejktd vL=kosQ¡ ufg ns•sNAA
vksdjk ikid Mj ufg gksbr NSd] v/ykg dktd ykt ufg gksbr NSd vk* vudj
/ul¡ lUrks"k ufg gksbr NSdA nqtZudks ¡ ekRl;sa dksu\AA
vks vius cftrgq¡ vfN ts pksfj, djSr&djSr ge jktk Hksygq¡ vfN] r•u tkfgl¡
viu uhd Hksy vfN] rkfg o`fÙkosQ¡ fd, NksM+c\AA
vius mnkjg.kl¡ vks n`<+ ekfu ysyd vfN ts nqoZ`fÙk, d;ykl¡ jkT; gksbr NSdA rs¡
vks nqoZ`fÙkds NksfM+rfg¡ ufg vfNAA
nqtZuosQ¡ foosd ufg jgSN] rs ¡ vksdjk jkT; 'kksHkk ufg nSN] pkgs vks jkT; gkFkhd
gYdkl¡ us Hkjy jgvks vk* 'kr'kr je.khl¡¡ us Hkjy jgvksAA
pksj tr; 'kklu d* jgy vfN] rr; dh ufg gks;rSd ! vksr; rs f'koksÙkjksa vxzkã
ufg NSd] czkã.kks voè; ufg vfN vk* eqfuvksd lEeku ufg gksbr NfuAA
vks viu d;y dktosQ¡ viufg uk'k d* nSr vfNA yksHkh yksd viu d;yij
MVy dgk¡ jfg ldSr vfN\AA
jktk ctykg&lqpsru ! vgk¡d ,fg o.kZul¡ vksfg nq"Vd pfj=k cw>y] gejk cM+
nq%• Hk* jgy vfNA ge r¡ ,djk vius v;'k ekuSr NhA pj dgy viufgd v;'k fFkd
egkjkt ! yksdlHk lkiQ&lkiQ ctSr vfN ts&
vks ykt r¡ jktk foØekfnR;osQ¡ fFkdfu] pksjosQ¡ r¡ vks ;'ks fFkdSd ts nwuw xksV (jktk
vks pksj) ,d fFkdkgAA
ghulao/ZuklÙkQks gh;rs fg egkufiA
HkwxeÄ~‍ds lekjksI; ysHks pUæ% dyfÄ~drke~AA
jktksckp&rr% fdeqfprfenkuhe~‌\ pj mckp&nso ! egkrkei;'k ,o fuokj.kh;a HkofrA
rfn;r~{k.ki;ZUra lq•kius;efLrA tukuus"kq yC/ink nq"dhfRnZqjius;k Hkfo";frA
120 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 rrks fØekfnR;su çPNU‍uos"k/kfj.kk pkSjL; jkT;a xRok pjopu ijhf{kre~‌A i'pkPpkSjks iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
jktinknork;Z iwokZeso n'kka çfirks gr'pA 'yksdLrq& vk ewY;kadu

mYyk?kk¿Lrq iqjh x.k'p fonq"kka ?kÙkka xq.kSxkSjoa

uksV
LoSj lEçfr lapjUrq of.ktks ekxZs foeqÙkQkifnA
fuækrq çfrefUnj iqjtuks tkxrZq /ekZsRlo%
lk/q}sf"kf.k lk¿ijk/pfjrs pkSjs HkwHkqtkAA
AAbfr pkSjdFkkAA
7- vFk Hkh#dFkk
iqeku~‌ 'kkS;ZfoghuLrq dkrj% dF;rs cqèkS%
l çk.kdkrjks Hkh# Ñi.kks /udkrj%AA
vons¿I;kink'kÄ~dk Lrksdcqf¼fuZts cysA
vHkhes HkhelafofÙkehZjks% loZ=k tk;rsAA
cHkwo xÄ~xknf{k.kdwys ikfjHkæks uke jktkA lp çÑR;k Hkh#% firq#ikftZrs jkT;s
efU=kfHk% fØ;ek.k% çHkqjHkwr~A i'pkrL; Hkh#Roa nq"V~ok lafuÑ"Vk jktkuLrn~HkwfeekuekapØeq%A
;Fkk 'kj=koLrLFk HkwfelhekuekØkUoUrLrFkk Hkwfea l ifjrR;ktA rFkk fg&
uhp yksdosQ¡ flDdk p<+vksykl¡ iS?kks yksd NksV Hk* tkbNA pUæek gfj.kosQ¡ dksM+
p<+vksyfu] rs ¡ us vks dyÄ~dh dgvksyfu !AA
jktk iwNy&vkc dh djckd pkgh\ pj dgy&egkjktA viusosQ¡ bZ cM+dk v;'k
NksM+k;c vko';dA ,•u /fj rs¡ vksdjk NksM+k;c lks> vfNA t¡ cslh yksdd eqges v;'k
iljy r¡ vksd'k NksM+k;c dfBu gks;rA
r•u jktk foØekfnR; Hks"k cnfy pksjd jkT; xsykg vk* pjd dgy ckrd tk¡p
d;yA iqfu r•u pksjosQ¡ jktxíhl¡ mrkfj ifgyqds n'kk (cUnh) d; ekfj nsyA
vijk/hosQ¡ n.M nsfugkj] jktk foØekfnR; lTtuosQ¡ ihMk nsfugkj (ljhl`i) pksjosQ¡
ekfj nsyfuA vkc uxj 'kkUr jgvks] o`¼ if.Mryksdfu xq.kl¡ xkSjo ikcFkq] O;kikjhyksdfu
fuMj Hk; ckV pyFkq] ?kj&?kjes /fud lHk lq•l¡ lqrFkq vk* /kfeZd mRloes tkxFkqAA
AApksjd dFkk lekIrAA
Hkh#d dFkk
tdjkes 'kwjrk ufg jgSN ls dk;j (Msjcqd) dgcSN dk;j nw çdkjd gksbN Hkh# vks
Ñi.kA tdjk çk.kd Mj gksbr NSd ls Hkh# dgcSN vks tdjk /ud Mj gksbN ls Ñi.ka
dgcSNAA
Hkh#osQ¡ vusjs foifÙkd 'kÄ~dk gksbr jgSr NSdA vksdjk viuk cyij fo'okls ufg
gksbr NSdA tsgks us Hk;adj rdjgq lc Bke vks Hk;adjs ekuSr vfNAA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 121
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk xaxkd nfPNu rVij ikfjHkæ uked jktk NykgA vks LoHkkos ¡ Hkh# NykgA vks ckid
,oa vjty jkT;es eU=khyksdfud cukvksykij jktk HksykgA fgud Msjcqd LoHkko nsf• iM+ksflvk
lkfgfR;d fuca/
jktk lc fgud Hkwfed lhekosQ¡ n•y dj; yxyfuA t¡ t¡ 'k=kqle n•y d;us tkbr r¡
uksV r¡ bgks Hkwfe NksM+us tkfFkA
;% 'kkUrçÑfr jktk 'kkS;Zs 'kfÙkQen'kZ;u~A
fouk ;q¼su la/Ùks lks¿fjfHk% ifjHkw;rsAA
'k=ko% fi'kquk jksxk% LokHkkoknidkfj.k%A
vçfrfØ;kek.kkLrq çHkofUr ins insAA
Øes.k 'k=kq.kkekØea rL; jkKks Hkh#rka p n`"V~ok efU=k.k Åpq%&nso ! Hkor% lfg".kq&
r;k HkwfejkØkUrSo 'k=kqfHk% ! ifjf'k"Vj{kkFkZefi 'kfÙkQnZ'kZf;rO;k Hkofr\ jktksokp&dk
'kfÙkQnZ'kZf;rO;k\ efU=k.k Åpq&;q¼su çHkq'kfÙkQ%A jktksokp&,s"ke% lfU/jso fØ;rka] i#r
drZO;eso ;q¼e~A efU=k.k Åpq%&;Ùknk drZO;a rfnnkuheso dFka u fØ;rs\ vo';drZO;s
deZ.;ya dkykfrikrsuA jktksokp&;q¼s lfr dfjrqjxinkr;% lUnsgs ikrf;rO;k%A efU=k.k Åpq%
;fn ;q¼a u drZO;a rnk lsuk;k% fd ç;kstue~\ ;q¼çksftdso lsuk] ;q¼s ifr";fr] ifr";frA
jktksokp&;q¼a u dsoya lSU;a irfr] Loikr'kÄ~dk¿fi fo|rsA ;|q Hk;cylaxzkes çorZekus
çFke% 'kjks ee âfn yxfr rnk HkofnHk% LokfeoRlyS% fda fØ;rs\ vr,oksÙkQa uhfr'kkL=ks&
vfi ns'ka leqRl`T; le; yÄ?k;sn~‌ cq/%A
le;ks yfÄ~?krks ;su rsu fda uSo yfÄ/re~AA
vfU=k.k Åpq%&
v'kÙkQkS p foiÙkkS p iF;a le;yÄ~?kue~A
lkeF;Zs lfr ÑR;s"kq {k.ka u {kers cq/%AA
bnkuh Hkoku~‌ leFkZ% 'k=kqu~‌ ;fn ijkHkfo";fUrA rnk yC/çlkjk% 'k=ko% ,o HkoUra
ijkHkfo";fUrA jktksokp&rfgZ ;q¼sa ee çfrfuf/% df'pr~ ifjiUFkh fØ;rke~A‌ f.=k.k Åpq&
jktu ! rcy gÙkqa df×pr~‌ çfrfuf/ dq#A
ts 'kkUr LoHkkod jktk viu 'kwjrkosQ¡ ufg ns•cSr NfFk vk* fcuk ;q¼s ¡ esy d;
ySr NfFk] vks 'k=kqlcl¡ ijkHko icSr NfFkAA
fd,d r&'k=kq] nqtZu vk jksx bZ lc LoHkkofgl¡ vidkj d;fugkj fFkdA ts çrhdkj
ufg djc r¡ vks lc NuNu c<+ys tk;rAA
'k=kqlc ,dk&,dh vkØe.k djSr tkbu vks jktk ikfjHkæ Msjk;y tkf/A ls nsf•
eU=khyksdfu ctykg&egkjkt ! vius lgus tkbr Nh vk* 'k=kqlc Hkwfe n•y d;us
tkbr vfNA vkc tsgks ck¡py vfN rdjks j{kk djck ysy r¡ 'kfÙkQ ns•;ckd pkghA jktk
iwNy&dksu 'kfÙkQ ns•;ckd pkgh\ eU=khyksdfu ;q¼ d;osQ¡ jktkd 'kfÙkQA jktk&,•u
lfU/, d; fyvk] vkxk¡ r¡ ;q¼ djcs djc x*A eU=khyksdfu&ts r•u djc x*] ls ,•ufg
¡ fd,d ufg djc egkjkt ! ts dkt djcsd vfN] rkfges fcyEc d;us dksu iQy\ jktk
122 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
;q¼ d;ykij r¡ gkFkh] ?kksM+k vks iSny lSfud] lcosQ¡ lUnsges •lk;c gksr;\ eU=khyksdfu iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
t¡ ;q¼es ufg djc r¡ lsukd dkts dksu\ ;q¼s ysy r¡ lsukd dkt] ls t¡ ;q¼es •lcs djr vk ewY;kadu
r¡ rdj fpUrs dksu\ jktk&gs ! ;q¼es •kyh lsus r¡ us •lSr NSd] viuks •lckd Mj jgSr
NSdA t¡ nquw fnld lsuk yM+; ykxr vk* ifgy 'kj gejs Nkrhij •lr r¡ vgk¡yksdfu uksV
drcks us gejkij Lusg j•Sr gks;c] dh d; ldc\ rs ¡ r¡ uhfr'kkL=k dgy NSd&
ns'kgql¡ HkkfxosQ¡ le; •sihA ts le;osQ¡ •sfi xsy ls ddjk (dksu foifÙk osQ¡) ufg
•siyd\AA
eU=khyksdfu ctykg&egkjkt ! t•u lkeF;Z ufg jg; ok dksuks foifÙk iM+y jg;
r•u le; •sic uhdA eqnk lkeF;Z ufg jg; ok jgykij vko';d dk;Zes •si •sik djc
uhd ufg fFkdAA
,a•u r¡ vius Nh] r•u t¡ 'kwjosQ¡ ufg gjk;c r¡ volj ikfc 'k=kq, lc viusosQ¡ gjk
nsrA jktk& rs ddjgq¡ gej çfrfuf/ cuk fyv ts ;q¼es fojks/h gksA eU=khyksdfu&
egkjkt ! vcy&nqcyosQ¡ ekjck ysy çfrfuf/ cukvksy tk;A leku cy cykl¡
yM+ck ysy rs¡ viufg¡ rSvkj Hksy tk; !AA dkj.ks ts&
lkSHkkX;a ijlkSUn;kZn~‌ jkT;a ijijkØekr~A
ijcq¼s'p foKkua u df'pnuqeU;rsAA
jktksokp&efU=k.k% ! fdefi cwzr] ;q¼kFk uksRlkgrs enh;a eu% A ;fn eka ?kkrf;rqfePNfUr
HkoUrLrnk çsjUrq ;q¼sA rL; jkKLrn~xpuekd.;Z efU=k.k% loZs rLeknqRFkk; cfgcZHkwo%A
ijLijkeqnh;keklq'p&;n;a dqekj% firfj thofr fop{k.k% Ñfr{ke'pksiyf{kr A fir;Zijrs
Hkh# n`Z';rs dFkeL; jkT;a LFkkL;fr\ ;r%&
;konklhr~‌ ijk;Ùkks rkon~‌ n`"Vks¿;eqn~wHko%A
çk;% LokrU=keklk| LoHkkoa Hktrs uj%AA
;konklksr~ firq% ØksMs rkon~n`"V% Ñfr{ke%A
Hkkjs p ifrrs ewfèuZ LiQqVhHkwrk¿L; Hkh#rkAA
Hkh#rk p egn~nw"k.ka iq#"kL;A ;r%&
fxfjdUnjyhuks¿fi lsukdksfVo`rks¿fi pA
rh.kZlIrleqæks¿fi Hkh#iHkhZfra u eq×pfrAA
rnL; Hkh#r;k jkT;fena {kh.keso HkforkA vLekfHk% fda drZO;a rfPpUruh;a HkofrA
;r%&
Losu nks"ks.k n`"VkRek Lo;a u';fr dsoye~A
HkwikyL; rq nks"ks.k u';fUr ldyk% çtk%AA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 123
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk vLekfHk% lifjokjS% l/usj=k LFkh;rsA ;|;fenkuha ifjR;T;rs Lokeh rnk yTtk ikia
,oa p] ;fn u R;T;rs rnk fouk'k%A rfRde=k fo/s;a Hkorhfr egku lUnsg% lUnsgfu.kZ;iQfydSo
lkfgfR;d fuca/
cqf¼jfLrA rr% djksRo;a jktk la/kua] ePNrq le;%A ;r%&
uksV HksrO;a ukinLrL;k% {k.kks ;keUrjk Hkosr~A
dks tkukfr {k.knwèoZ fo/krk fda fo/kL;frAA
bfr ijke`'; losZ Loa Loa ;k tXeq%A l rq ikfjHkæks jktk Lodh;Hkh#r;k Øes.k
'k=kqfHkjkØE; x`ãek.k% 'k=kqlSU;L; Hksjhj;a JqRok efU=k.k%
vkud lqUnjrs ¡ HksVy lqUnjrk] vkud ijkØes ¡ thry jkT; vk* vkud cqf¼,¡
lh•y Kkud dgk¡ dsvks uhd ekuSr vfN\AA
jktk&gsvks ! vgk¡yksdfu fdNq us dgSr tkm] eqnk gejk euesa yM+kb djckd mRlkgs
ufg vfNA g¡ ts vgk¡yksdfu gej tku ysv; pkgSr gksb r¡ gejk yM+kbes iBcSr tkmA
jktkd ,gu dFkk lqfu eU=khyksdfu lc vksr;l¡ mfB ckgj py v;ykgA viukes
xIi dj; yxykg ts ns•w ckid thcSr bZ dqekj dsgu cqf/;kj vk* pjiQM+ cw>uk tkbr
Nykg vk* vkc ckid eqbykij r¡ egk Msjcqd cq>uk tkbr NfFkA fgudk jkT; dksuk jgrfu
fd,d r¡&
tk bZ ijk/hu Nykg rk 'kwj cq>uk tkbr NykgA çk;% yksd Lora=k Hksykij viu
LoHkkoij py vcSr vfNAA
tk bZ ckid dksM+ij Nykg rk* pjiQM+ cq>uk tkbr Nykg eqnk vkc ekFkij Hkkj
ifMrfg¡ fgud dk;jrk ns•kj Hk* xsyfuAA
Hkh#rk r¡ iq#"kd ysy cM+dk nks"k fFkdA fd,d r¡&
Mjcqd drcks igkM+d •ksges uqdk jgr] dksfVvks lsukl¡ ?ksjy jgr vk* lkrks leqæosQ¡
ikj d; tk;r] rSvks vksdj Mj ufg NqVSN !AA
gqud (jktkd) Hkh#rkl¡ jkT; r¡ Øe'k% {kh.ks Hk; t;rfuA vkc gejkyksdfu dh
djh ls fopkjckd fFkdA fd,d r¡¡&
nqtZu yksd viu nks"ks ¡ viusVk uk'k djSr vfN] eqnk jktkd nks"ks r¡ lcVk çtkd
uk'k gksbr NSdAA
gejkyksdfu r¡ ifjokj vk /ud l¡x ,r; jgSr NhA t¡ ,•u jktkosQ¡ R;kfx nSr tkbr
Nh r¡ ykt vk* iki nwuw gksbNA r¡ vkc ,fg Bkedh djSr tkb ls cM+dk lUnsg vfNA
cf¼d dkt r¡ lUnsges fu.kZ;s djc fFkdA csl djFkq jktk lfU/ lljvks le;A dkj.k ts&
tkfg foifÙkosQ¡ v;ckes fdNq Nu nsjh jgSd] rdjkl¡ Msjk;ckd ufg pkghA ,d Nud
ckn fo/krk dh djrkg ls ds tuSN\AA
,rck fopkfj eU=khyksdfu viuk&viuk ?kj tkbr xsykgA jktk ikfjHkæ viu
Hkh#rkd dkj.k ,d&,d d; gkfj 'k=kqlcl¡ idM+y tk; yxykgA vks 'k=kqd lsukd
Madkd 'kCn lquy r¡ eU=khyksdfUl¡ iwNy&r¡
124 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 içPN&vgks fHkotka ers Hksjh'kCnks Hksndh Hkofr\ efU=k.k Åpq%&dqekj ! Hksjh'kCnks u iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
Hksndks Hkofr] Hkofr Hkhjrk HksfndkA i'pknjh.kka Hksjhjoa JqRok njknso iykf;r%A vk ewY;kadu

egÙoa xw<+esokLrq nwjs fr"Brq ikS#"ke~A

uksV
;fRirq lf×pra jkT;a Hkh#.kk rPp gkfjre~AA
vfi p&
Hkh#a ukJ;rs tuks] u deyk Hkhjks% djs o¼Zrs
Hkh# gUr ! ijkHkofUr fi'kquk] Hkh# glfUr fL=k;%A
rjdkHkkl'krkdqyL; ifjr% 'kÄ~dkEcq?kkS e×trks
Hkhjks% iqLRoeiÉ ra p fof/uk L=khRoa p uksUehfyre~AA
AAbfr Hkh#dFkkAA
vFk Ñi.kdFkk
u nnkfr uj ok¿'ukfr /ua j{kfr thoor~A
çkrjLej.kh;Rokr~ Ñi.k dL;% uk¿fç;%AA
vklhEeFkqjk;ka xw<+/u&ukek oS';%A l p dyk&okf.kT;kfnfHkoZrZqyh ÑrfoÙk%
ijeÑi.kks cHkwoA ,dnk rq nqfHkZ{ks çR;klU‍Uus fpfUrroku~] ;nfLeu~nqfHkZ{ks ee foÙkkfu
iq=kdy=kkfnfHk% •kfnrO;kfuA e;k ?ku'kksdsu erZO;e~‌A rU‍uHknze~A ;r%&
,dkdh iq#"k% Jheku~‌ /ua rL; ija lqârA
vU;s pk¿lqân% loZs /uewya dqVEcde~AA
rnukxrkos{kka djksfeA ijk¿y{;s LFkkus foÙkkfu /kj;kehfr ijke`'; rFkk Ñroku~A‌ rrks
nqfHkZ{ks pkifrrs ifjokjku~‌ lokZuU‍usu fcuk fç;ek.kku~‌ i';Uufi dLeSfpr~ fdefi u nnkSA fda
p ifjokjS% d.Bxrçk.kS;kZPeku% i|fena iikB&
vks ! oS|yksdfud fopkjs ¡ Madkd 'kCn (ân;) fonkjd r ufg gksbN\ eU=khyksdfu
dgy&Madkd 'kCn fonkjd ufg gksbNA dqekj] viusd Hkh#rs fonkjd vfNA ikNk¡] jktk
'k=kqd Madkd 'kCn lqfu nwjfgls Hkkfx xsykgA
viu egRo vk ikS#"k ns•ckd ckr nwj tkvks] ckid tksxkvksy tsgks jkT; Nyfu]
rdjgq Hkh# (Mjcqd) jktk cksgk nsyAA
ts Mjcqd gksbr vfN rdj vkJ; dsvks ufg djSr vfNA y{eh lsgks Mjcqdd gkFkes
ufg c<+sr NfFkA nq"VlHk lgtfg¡ Mjcqd osQ¡ lrcSr jgSNA L=khx.k lsgks MsjcqdosQ¡ nsf• g¡fl
nSNA Msjcqd ukuk çdkjd Ñrdes iQ¡ly jgSNA Msjcqdd pk:fnl lUnsgd leqæ meM+y
jgSNA dsgu nq•d ckr fFkd ts fo/krk Msjcqdd iq#"kRoosQ¡ r¡ uqdk j•yfu_ vksdjk ekSfx;ks
cuk fnrfFk r¡¡ lsgks ufg d;yfuAA
AAHkh#d dFkk lekIrAA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 125
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk Ñi.kd dFkk
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ ts O;fÙkQ us vius •k; vk* us vudk nSN] dsoy /uosQ¡ çk.k tdk¡ la;ksxus jg;
ls Ñi.k fFkdA Ñi.k ddjk ufg vfç; yxSN\ Hkksjes rs dsvks vksdj ukeks ufg ySNAA
uksV
eFkqjkes xw<+/u uked ,d cfu;k¡ NyA vks viu dyk vk* O;kikj vkfnl¡ •wc /u
tek d;y vk cM+ Ñi.k Hk* xsyA ,d le; vdky iM+ckysy jgSd r¡ vks fopkjyd
ts t¡ ,fg vdkyes gej /u cgq&csVklHk •k ysr r¡ ge /ud 'kksd efj;s tk;cA ls r¡
Bhd ufg gks;rA fd,d r¡&
/fud yksd ,dljs gksbr vfNA /us vksdj cM+dk fe=k fFkdSdA /us y; r¡ ifjokj
gksbr NSdAA
rs ¡ ifgufgl¡¡ lpsr jghA rsguBke /u jkf• yh ts dsvks ns•; ufgA ,rck fopkfj
vks rfguk d;yA t•u vdky iM+ySd r¡ ifjokj vUu fcuq ej; yxySdA ls nsf•rgq¡
vks ddjks fdNq ufg nsyA ifjokjd çk.k cgjk jgy NySd] r•ugq¡ eMydSd r¡ dgy&
Ñi.kL; /% 'k"kkLrPp çkFkZ;rk eeA
çk.kk% fda x`áUrs èku'kksdfooftZrk%AA
vLRoL; iq=kdyk=kkn;% loZs fcuk¿Uusuo e`rk% Lo;a p çk.k ek=kko'ks"k% ijke`"Voku~&
;Uu iq=kdy=ksH;ks nÙka foÙk e;k¿ftre~A
rfUutçk.kj{kkFkZ dFka Hkks{;s fujkdqy%AA
rr Loçk.kj{kk;kefi foÙk u fofu;qÄ~ÙkQsA mioklsu fnukfu xe;Ura refrnqcZya n`"V~ok
rUuxjokflu% dk#f.kdk% iq#"kk ds¿fi çksp% &gsÑi.k ! fda dfj";fl rsu /usu ;fLeu~‌
fo|ekus¿fi futçk.kkufi u';rksuq¿eU;rs\ vFkok mfpresoSrr~A‌ ;r%&
vtZus yHkrs •sna O;;s 'kksda p foUnfrA
ukIuksfu Ñi.kks foÙks nkuksixta lq•e~AA
nh;rs u ;nqRlkgkr~‌ HkqT;rs ;Ùk dker%A
r¼ua Hkqfo nq•kFk± •snkFk± ok fofpUor%AA
xw<+/u mokp&v;s uxjokflu% iq#"kk% fdefi czwrA e;k çk.kO;;suk¿fi /uO;;ks% u
LohfØ;rsA r Åpq%&rfg± jktk pkSjs.k ok xzghrO;a Rof; foiUus ro /ue~‌ xw<+/u mokp&rnU;L;So
cqf¼ghuL; /ueI;U;s x`ßkfUrA e;k Lodh;a /ua xys c¼~ok erZO;feR;fHk/k; /unqyda
x`ghRok xÄ~xkrhjs erZq txkeA r=k p ukfod /hojeqilI;kZg&HkzkrukZfod ! veh nqLR;tk ee
çk.k% R;ÙkQqdkesuk¿fi e;k R;ÙkQqa u HkzkrukZfod ! veh nqLR;tk ee çk.k% R;ÙkQqdkesuk¿fi
e;k R;ÙkQqa u 'kD;UrsA rrLRoa ifjokj'kksdkdqya eka xÄ~x;k eTtf;Rok ekj;A rnqikf/uk rqH;a
lqo.kZ•.Mesda nkL;kfeA ukfod mokp&rfga nsfg es lqo.kZ•.Me~A rr% l lqo.kkZfu çdk';
fnRl;k nn'kZ n`"V~ok iqujczrhr~‌&
126 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 vjs] cq>y ufg vfN\ Ñi.kd çk.k /us fFkdSd vk* rdjk rksjk yksdfu dksuk eMSr iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
tkb Ng\ t¡ rksjkyksdfuosQ¡ /ud lksp ufg gksbr Ng r¡ gej çk.k fd,d ufg y* ysr vk ewY;kadu
Ng\AA
vksdj cgq&csVklHk vUud fcuk efj xsyA vius çk.ks; cpy NySd r•u vks uksV
fcpkjy&
viu dek;y /u cgq&csVkosQ¡ ufg nsy r•u vksdjk viu çk.k cp;ckys Hkksxes
dksuk vkuc] nq%• ufg gks;r\AA
rs ¡ vks viuks çk.k op;ckysy /udks¡ •pZ ufg d;yA lfgd* fnu fcrc; ykxyA
nqcjk d* f•jfdêðh Hk* xsyA uxjd yksd ns•yd r¡ cM+ n;k yxySdA dsvks&dsvks
dgy&gs Ñi.k ! vksfg /u y* d* dh djcg tdjk jfgrgw¡ viu çk.k xek jgy Ng\
vFkok mfprs fFkdgq&
Ñi.k /u de;ckes •qc d"V lgSr vfN vk* /u u"V Hk* tkbr NSd r¡ dfurgw¡
vfN •wcA eqnk vks nku d;osQ¡ ok Hkksx d;ds /ul¡¡ lq• mBkvksr] ls ufg Hk* ldsr NSdAA
ts /uus mRlkgiwoZd nkus dcy tkbN vk* us bPNkiwoZd Hkksx d;y tkbN ls /u
rs lalkjes de;fugkjosQ¡ d"Vs nsck ysy vk* fd nq•s nsck ysy jgSNAA
eq<+/u mÙkj nsy&vvks uxjd yksdlHk ! vgk¡yksdfu fdNq ufg dgSr tkm] eqnk
ge fdU‍ugq ufg •pZ djcA ,fgysy çk.k py tk; r¡ py tkvksA uxjd yksd&r¡ vgk¡d
eqbykij vgk¡d ?ku jktk vFkok pksj y* ysrA xw<+/u ts cqfMcd jgSN rdj /u vku ySNA
ge rsgu ufg NhA ge r¡ viu /uosQ¡ xkjkes ckfUg ysc r•u ejcA ,rck ckft xw<+/u /
ud iksVjh y* xÄ~xkdkr ej* xsyA vksr; ukocyk eYykgosQ¡ dgy gs Hkkb ukocyk ! gej
çk.k cTtj vfN] drcks vksdjk NksM+* pkgSr Nh fdU‍ugq¡ ufg NqVSr vfNA ge ifjokjd
'kksd O;kdqy NhA rs ¡ rks ¡ gejk xÄ~xkes Mqck d* ekfj nSgA rdj bukees rksjk ge ,dVk
lksukd •.M nscgA ukfod dgy& r¡ fnv gejk lksukda •.MA vkc xw<+/u nsckd bPNl¡
iksVjh •ksfy lksuk ns•y vk* nsf• iQsj ckty&gs Hkkb ukocyk !
HkzkrukZfod ! lokZf.k lqo.kkZfu nkgfo'kq¼kfu ijLeS nkrq;ksX;kfuA rr% iq.;kFkZHkso eka
ekj;A ukfodLrq rkfu lqo.kkZfu n`"V~ok çcq¼/uyksHkLr lqokp&ek nkL;fl es lqo.kZ•.
Me~‌] iq.;kFkZusok¿ga Roka gfu";kfeA rrLra tys eTtf;Rok xrçk.ka ÑRnk lqo.kkZfu x`ghRok l
ukfod% ÑrkFkkZs cHkwoA 'yksdLrq&
tu;fr âfn •sna exya u çlwrs
ifjgjfr ;'kkafl Eykfuekfo"djksfrA
miÑfrjfgrkuka loZ HkksxP;qrkuka
Ñi.kdjxrkuka lEinka nqfoZikd%AA
Abfr Ñi.kdFkkA
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 127
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk vFk vyldFkk
,oa
lkfgfR;d fuca/ m|ksxgsrq#Rlkg% çkf.k/eksZ fux|rsA
fØ;klq loZ:iklq fouk rsukylks Hkosr~AA
uksV
vklhrw fefFkyk;ka ohjs'ojks uke eU=khA l p LoHkkokn~‌ nku'khy% dk#f.kd'p loZsH;ks
nqxZrsHk;ks¿ukFksH;'p çR;gfePNkHkkstua nki;frA rUeè;s¿ylsH;ks¿I;UuoL=ks nki;frA ;r%&
fuxZrhuka p loZs"kkeyl% çFkeks er%A
fd×pUu {kers drZq tkBjs.kk¿fi ofÉukAA
vFkok ijelq•LFkkuekyL;e~A ;r%&
Ñ=kkfi fr"Bfr eu% DoafpnÄ~dkfu
ukRek fpdhf"kZrjlS% JeeH;qiSfr
vkyL;ek=ko'kxL; ujL; eU;s
fuæklq•a gjfr tkBj ,oa ofÉ%AA
rrks¿yliq#"kk.kka r=ks"VykHka 'kqRok cgoLrqUnijfe`tkLr=k orZqyhcHkwoqA ;r%
lcVk lksu vkfxij rik d* 'kq¼ d;y vfN] vudk nso* ;ksX; ufg vfNA rs ¡
iq.;d gsrq gejk ekjgA ukocyk vksfg lksuklcosQ¡ nsf• yksHkk xsyA ckty csl] tqfu fnv
gejk lksukd •.M] ge vgk¡ds iq.;sd •kfrj ekfj nSr NhA ,rck dfg gqudk ikfues Mqck
ekfj nsy vk* lksuk y* ÑrkFkZ Hk* xsyA
ts /u Ñi.kd gkFkes py tkbr vfN] vksfgl¡ us ddjgq dksuks midkj gksbr NSd
vk* us ddjgq HkksxA iQyes iQy dh gksbr NSd r¡ Ñi.kosQ¡ (de;ck dky vk* us uk'kd
dky) ân;es nq%• gksbr NSd] dksuks eÄ~xy ufg gksbr NSd] v;'k gksbr NSd vk* eu
efyu H‌k* tkbr NSdA
Ñi.kd dFkk lekIrAA
vkylhd dFkk
m|ed dkj.k fFkd mRlkgA bZ çk.khd LokHkkfod xq.k fFkdA tdjk dksuks dktes
mRlkg ufg gksbN ls vkylh dgcSNAA
fefFkykes ohjs'oj uked eU=kh NykgA vks LoHkkofgl¡ cM+ nkuh vk* n;kyq NykgA
vks nhu&nqf•;k vk* vukFk lHkosQ¡ lcfnu Hkfj bPNk Hkkstu fn;cSr NyfFkuA
trsd vxfrd yksd vfN] rkfges vkylh loZçFke fFkdA fd,d r¡ vks Hkw•s ¡ efjrgq¡
jgr] rS;ks dksuks dkt ufg djrAA
,d çdkjs ¡ cq>h r¡ vkyl cM+dk lq•d LFkku fFkdA fd,d r¡&
ts vkylh gksbN rdjk dksuks dkt djckysy viu gkFk&iSj Mksyc* ufg iM+SNA eu
drgw¡ jgSN rs¡ nsg drgqA cwf> iM+SN ts t¡ Hkw• ufg yfxrSd r¡ vks (vkylh) fupkSul¡
lqry le; fcrcSrAA
128 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 eU=khd vyl'kkykes ts pkgh ls HksVSr NSd ls lqfu tsgks lHk de vkylh Ny lsgks iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
lHk vksr* igq¡psr xsyA fd,sd r¡& vk ewY;kadu

dsguks yksd jgvks us] lHkosQ¡ bPNk gksbN ts lq•l¡ jgh] dksuks vlkS&
fLFkfr% lkSd;Zewyk fg loZs"kkefi lagrs uksV

ltkrhuka lq•a n`"V~ok ds u /kofUr tUro%AA

i'pknylkuka lq• nq"V~ok /wrkZ vfi Ñf=keyL;a n'kZf;Rok HkksT;a x`gfUrA&rnULrjeyl'kkyk;ka
cgqæO;O;;a n`"V~ok rfUu;ksfxiq#"kS% ijke`"Vew&;n{kecq¼~;k d#.k;k dsoyeylsH;% Lokeh
cLrwfu nki;fr] diVsuk¿uylk vfi x`fÈr bR;Lekda çekn%A rnLeksníks"ks.k Lokfe/ua o`Fkk
fou"Va HkonLrhfr o;a çR;okf;u%A ;fn Hkofr rnkyliq#"kk.kka ijh{kka dqeZ% bfr ijke`';
çlqIrs"kq rs"oyls"kq vyl'kkyk;ka rfUu;ksfxiq#"kk ofg nkif;Rok fu:i;keklq%A
rrks x`gyXua ço`¼efXu n`"V~ok /wrkZ% loZs iykf;rk%A i'pknh"knylk vfi iykf;rk%A
pRokj%% iq#"kkLr=kso lqIrk% ijLijekyifUrA ,dsu oL=kko`req•suksÙkQe~‌&vgks dFke;a dksykgya\
f}rh;suksÙkQe~‌&rD;Zrs ;nfLeu~ x`gs vfXuyZXuksfLrA r`rh;suksÙkQe~& dks¿fi rFkk /kfeZdks ukfLr ;
bnkuha tyknzsZokZlksfHk% dVSokZLeku~‌ çko`.kksfr\ prqFkZsuksÙkQe~‌&v;s okpkyk% ! dfr opukfu oD‍rqa
'kduqFk\ rw".kha dFka u fr"BFk\
rr'prq.kkZefi rs"khesoa ijLijkykia JqRok ofga p çc`¼es"kkeqifj ifr";Ura n`"V~ok
fu;ksfxiq#"kSoZ/Hk;su pRokjks¿I;ylk% ds'ks"okokÑ"; x`ghRok x`gkn~‌ ofg%Ñrk%A i'pkrkukyksD;
rSjfu;ksfxfHk% ifBre~&
ifrjso xfr% L=kh.kka tuuh efr%A
ukylkuka xfr% dkfpYyksds dk#f.kda foukAA
i'pkÙks"kq prq"oZyls"kq rrks¿I;f/drja oLrq eU=kh nki;keklA
AAbR;yldFkkAA
vUo;O;frjsdkH;keqÙkQa ohjL; y{k.ke~A
vI;qnkâr;% izksDrk% dFkk }kjk };ksjfiAA
bfr iq#"kijh{kk;ka ohjifjpk;dks uke çFke% ifjPNsn%AA
d;Z ufg gksA r•u tr* viu lekuosQ¡ lq• gksbr ns•rSd] rr; lHk t;cs djrA
viu tkfr&Hkkbd lq• nsf• ds ufg nkSM+Sr vfN\AA
ikNk¡] vkylhlHkd lq• nsf• drsd /wÙkkslHk vkylh cfu vkuUn dj* ykxyA vkc
vkyl'kkykes cgqr #iS;k •pZ gkse; yxySdA tfudkyksdfud Åijes ns•&js• djckd
Hkkj NySd] vks lHk fcpkjyd ts eU=khth r¡ v{ke tkfu n;kl¡ dsoy vkylhlHkosQ¡ oLrq
fn;cSr NfFk] eqnk tsgkslHk vkylh ufg vfN lsgks lHk Ny&diV d* oLrq ySr tkbNA
bZ r¡ gejfg ¡ yksdfud vlko/kuh fFkd\ nks"ksa ekfydd ts /u O;FkZ u"V Hk* jgy Nfu]
rkfgysy gejkyksdfu ikiHkkxh gks;cA ts Hk* lds rs vkylhlHkd ijh{kk djckd pkgh !
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 129
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk ,rck fopkfj vkslHk t•u ns•y ts vkylhlHk&vkWSa/kbr lqfr jgy r¡ vyl'kkykes vkfx
,oa yxck nsy vk* ns•; ykxyA
lkfgfR;d fuca/
/wÙkZlHk r¡ ?kjes vkfx ykxy nsf• yad ysydA ikNk¡] ts lHk de vkylh Ny
uksV lsgkslHk HkkxyA dsoy pkfjxksV vksr* lqry jgyA vkslHk viukes xIi dj;&,dxksVs eq¡g
>¡iufg ¡ ckty&vjs] dfFkd gYyk fFkdSd\ nkslj xksVs&cqf> iM+SN ts ,fg ?kjes vkfx ykfx
xsySd vfNA rslj xksVs&dsvks ,gu ufg vfN ts 'khry uwvk ok ifV;kl¡ gejkyksdfudks¡
>kfi nsr\ pkfje xksV&,g ! cM+ ctarklHk NgA drsd cM+cM+kbr tkb Ng] pqIi ufg
jfggksb Ng\
vkc ns•&js• d;fugkjlHk t•u vksdjk lHkd viukegd xIi lquy vk* vkfxosQ¡
ns•y ts cf<+ jgy NSd] vkc vksdjklHkd Åijes •lrSd r¡ Mj Hk* xySd ts vksdjklHkad
c/ us ykfx tk;] rs vksfg pk: vkylh osQ¡ VkÄ idfM+ ckgj ?khfp ysyA ikNk¡ vksdjklHkds
nsf• ctSr xsy&
L=khx.kosQ¡ ifr;s xfr vk* usuk&HkqVkdds ek; eqnk vkylhosQ¡ n;kyq NksfM+ vku dsvks
xfr ufgAA
ikNk¡] ea=khth vksfg vkylhlHkosQ¡ vkvksj oLrq nsvkc; yxyfFkuA
AAvkyldFkk lekIrAA
mnkgj.k vk çR;qnkjg.k nquw çdkjs ohjd y{k.k dgy vk* nqgw
çdkjd dFkk ufg mnkgkj.kks nsyA
vFk f}Ùkh; ifjPNsn%
vFk jktk ikjkokj% iqujkg&equs ! ohjdFkk rkonkdf.kZrk] lqc`f¼ dFkka JksrqfePNkfeA
eqfuLokp&jktu~‌ ! vkd.;Z&
;qfÙakQ tkukR;fcKkrka HkkxZs i';R;ohf{kre~A
lqcq¼sLrq dFkka JqRok ew•kZs Hkofr if.Mr%AA
cqf¼Lrh{k.krjk ;L; çfrHkk es/;k lgA
i`Fkd dqcq¼;cqf¼H;ka lqcqf¼fjg dF;rsAA
1- vFk lçfrHkdFkk
cqf¼ LiQqfrZerks ;L; HkosnwglefUorkA
mRiUus"kq p dk;Zs"kq lçfrHk mP;rsAA
iqjk cHkwo i`FkqukZe jktkA l pkSdnk lqykspu;k fç;;k lg e`x;k n'kZudkSrqdsu
jFkkek#á prqjaxcyksisr% iqjkfUu'pØkeA rrks¿j.;a çkI; lSU;a fnf'k fnf'k /kfora&e`xxos"k.kk;
loZe~A jktk RosdjFk% l×pjUrnj.;eè;s euq";ckyesd rR{.ktkra fnOÕkEcj•.Mksifj
'kkf;ra nn'kZA n`"V~ok p efg"kheHkk"kr&fç;s ! i';k'p;Ze~A dqrksI;fLeUuj.;s flagO;kIudqys
euq";ckydçpkj%\
130 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 nsO;qokp&nso ! lEiw.kZpUæfeo n`f"Vfç;a ckydfeea n`"V~ck ee ân; d#.kkæZ tk;rsA iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
;fn çHkksjkKk Hkofr rnSua ckyda x`ghRok e`ga uhRok iq=kçse.kk iky;kfeA jktk lØks/ vk ewY;kadu
eczohr~‌&vk% ikis ! ?k`.kkifj&
nkslj ifjPNsn uksV
jktk ikjkokj iqfu ctykg&gs eqfu ! oh'kd dFkk rs lquy] vkc lqcqf¼d dFkk lqu*
pkgSr Nh A eqfu dgy&egkjkt] lquw&
lqcqf¼d dFkk lquykl¡ ew•ksZ if.Mr gksbNA vks ,gu &,gu ;qfÙkQ tku* yxSN ts
dfg;ks ufg tkuus Ny vk* vksdjk ,gu&,gu&ckV lq>* yxSr NSd ts dfg;ks ufg lq>y
NySdAA
tdjk çfrHkk vk es/kd lax&lax vf/d uhd cqf¼ jgSr NSd ls lqcqf¼ dgcsr
vfNA dqcqf¼ vk vcqf¼d bZ foijhr fFkdA
,fg:is ¡ lqcqf¼ rhu çdkjd Hksy&çfrHkkl¡ ;qÙkQ lçfrHk] es?kkl¡ ;qÙkQ es/koh vk*
çfrHkk rFkk es?kk nquwl¡ ;qÙkQ lqcqf¼A
1- lçfrHkd dFkk
tkfgl¡¡ voljij iQqj, vk* Åfg* drZ gks rsgu cqf¼ ^çfrHkk* dgcSN] tdjk vks
çfrHkk jgsN ls ^lçfrHk* dgcSNAA
cgqr fnud ckr fFkdA ,dVk i`Fkq uked jktk NykgA gqudk lqykspuk uked L=kh
NyfFkuA ,d fnu f'kdkj ns•ckd lkS• Hksyfu rs¡ nquw csdrh jFkij pf< prqjax lsuk y*
uxjl¡a cgj;ykgA vkc t•u ou igq¡psr xsykg r¡ lsuklHk gfj.k >ksj; lcfnl ilfj xsyA
jktk&jkuh lsgks jFkij pf<+ dksuks nksljs fnl fcnk HksykgA t•u chp ou esa igq¡pkykg r¡
,dVk euq";d cPpk osQ¡ ns•yfu ts yxys tuey Ny vk* ,d fnO; oL=k •aMij lqrkvksy
NyA vksdjk nsf•rfg¡ jktk jkuhl¡ dgy&fç;s ! ns•w dsgu fofp=k ckr ! flag vk* ck?kl¡
Hkjy ,fg oues euq";d cPpk dr* ls vk;y\
jkuh dgy&r¡] lR;s ! vksg bZ cPpk rs iw.kZ pUæek lu vk¡f• tqM+kSyd vfNA t¡
egkjktd vkKk gks r¡ ,fg cPpkosQ¡ mBkyh vk* csVk tdkS ikslhA
jktk fcxfM+ ctykg&Nh Nh ! vgk¡ dsgu ifivkfg Nh!
R;kxlkgflu ! dFkesuefoKkrekrjfirja pk.Mky'kÄ~dkLineI;dk.M ,o ozQksMs
dfj";fl ! nsO;okpq&nso ! iq#"kks u fuU|ks Hkofr A rFkk p&
?k`.kk NksM+ckd lkgl dksuk gksbN\ dgw r¡] ,fg cPpkosQ¡ tdj ek;&ckid dksuks
Bsdku ufg laHko ts pk.Mky gks] fcuq cq>us&lq>us dksjk dksuk ysc\ jkuh&egkjkt ! iq#"k
drgq v/ykg Hksy vfN dgyks vfN&
iq#"kd n'kk v/ykg gksbrgq¡ Nsd] eqnk iq#"k v/ykg ufg gksbr vfNA iq=ksd xq.kd
•kfrj r¡ ukjh jru tuevksfugkfj dgcSr vfNA fo/krk ddj dikjij dh fy•us jgSr
NfFku ls ds tuSr vfNAA
nkslj ckr ts] ts uhd dqyes ufg tuey jgr rdj ,gu dkfUr, ufg Hk* ldSr
NSdA rs ge ,fg cPpkosQ¡ ufg NksfM+ ldSr Nh_ gejk cM+ n;k yxSr vfNA ,fg :is ¡
Lo vè;;u lkexzh 131
 vk/kjHkwr Hkk"kk dgygqij jktk jkuhosQ¡ euk d;yA rS;ks jkuh cPpkosQ¡ mB;ckd vkxzg d;y r* jktk cM+
,oa xatu d;yfFkuA jktkyksdfu r¡ LoHkkofgl¡ vkKk&Hkax lgfugkj ufg vk* jkfuvksyksdfu r¡
lkfgfR;d fuca/
lkSHkkX;d ens ¡ ekrfyA nwuw xksVses t•u •wc >xM+k c<+y r¡ jktk jkuhij cM+ fcxM+ykgA
uksV jkuhosQ¡ jFkijl¡ mrkfj nsy vk lSfudlHkosQ¡ vkKk nsy ts ts dsvks ,fg vHkkxfy vk* uhpij
vuqjkx j•fugkfj jkuhd ikNq&ikNq tk;r vFkok tdj ikNw&ikNw bZ t;rhg rdjk ge 'k=kq
cq>c vk vksdj ekFk Nksfi yscSdA Bhd dgy NSd&
Øks/ yksdosQ¡ vkRegR;k djk nSr NSd] ?kj NksM+k nSr NSd] /uosQ¡ u"V djk nSr NSd]
fe=kgR;k djk nSr NSd vk* Kku gfj ySr NSdA vjs ! Øks/ yksdosQ¡ dh&dh ufg djcSr
NSd\AA
vkc t•u vks jktk leLr lsuk y* jkt/kuh ?kqfj v;ykg r¡ jkuh vksfg futZu cues
cgqr Msjk xsyhg vk* lksp* yxyhg ts ,gu fu"Bqj iq#"kl ¡ L=khx.kosQ¡ ,gus n'kk gksbr
NSd] vFkok bZ lkspcs O;FkZ fFkdA ts ge d;y vkc rdjs vuqlkj dkt djhA vkc vks
foNkvksuoyk VqdM+k lfgr vksfg cPpkosQ¡ dksjes mBk ysyfu] tjykgk oud Nkmjl¡ viu
uqvkosQ¡ efyu d;yfu vk xguklcosQ¡ nsgl¡ mrkfj j•yfu] r•u dksuks fnl fcnk Hk*
xyhgA
fdNq, nwj xsfy gsrhg dh nSo;ksxl¡ ,dVk czkã.kd cLrhes igq¡pyhg] vksr* ,dVk
n;kyq vk* /kfeZdLoHkkockyh czkã.khosQ¡ nsf• ç.kke d;yfu vk* dgyfu&gs egrekbfu
! ge xjhcd&?kjuh fFkdgw¡ lkSfru cM+ nq%• nsyd vfN rs ¡ pkgSr Nh ts vgk¡d vkljk
/* thohA
czkã.;qokp&u Roa nfjæo/w%] fdUrq jktiRuhA ;r%&
d.kkSZ R;ftrdq.MykS Hkqtyrs laU;LrjRukÄ~xns
gkjR;kxgq rfHkz;kfoo dqpkS oknkS p fuuZwiqjkS
l|LR;ÙkQfoHkw"k.kkfu #fpfHkfHkU‍ukfHkjkfHk% Øek&
nÄ~xkU;so fuosn;fUr lqnfr] Roka dk¿fi fnO;kÄ~xukAA
rrLrkekfJR; ra ckyda iqiks"kA ;Fkkfof/ fo'kk• bfr ukEuk re%&yTpdkjA fo'kk•Lrq
r;k iks";ek.k% Øes.k dkSekjn'kkekllknA rrks egknsoha çiPN&ekr% ! fd ee firqukZeA
nsO;qokp uk¿ga tkukfeA fo'kk•ks¿czohr~‌&Roa ee ekrk] Roefi ;fn ee firqukZe u tkufl
rnk lkFkZukeSok¿ga fo'kk•%A fd dfj";kfe vKkrfir`d% fdekFkZa ok thfo";kfe\ rr% iq=ks
tkrs firk uUnfr] ef; tkrs dks ufUn";fr\ iq=kks tkr% firja riZ;fr] vga tkr% da riZ;kfe\
rniQya ee thforfefr foyiu~‌ egkd"Vsu eqÙkQd.Ba #jksnA
ra #nUra euLrfoua ekrZqdkea nq"V~ok lk jkte%fg"kh iwoZÙkkUr dFk;keklA nsO;qokp&iq=k
! v;e;a o`ÙkkUra Ro;usu d#.kk¿ijk/su eesn`'kh nqjoLFkkA fo'kk• mokp&dFkegeso ro
nqnZ'kk;k% dkj.k~e\ rrks egrh çR;k'kk ro fo|rs ef;A rfnekaLR;kxkgZufi çk.kku~ u R;{;kfe]
rc çR;k'kkiwj.kk; thfo";kfeA cn dLeu~ çns'ks eka çkIroR;fl\ ;r%&
KkrO;?kq p dk;Zs"kq ns'kdkykuqlkjr%A
iwokZ¿ij&ifjKkur~‌ iqalk rdZ% çtk;rsAA
132 Lo vè;;u lkexzh
 rrLra ns'ka xRok fu:i;kfe dqrks ee tUesfrA rrLr;k nsO;k uh;ekuLra çns'ka xRok iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifr fo'ys"k.k
rnj.;a ldya cHkzkeA Hkzea'p r=k ljksojksid.Bs lq•hlhua ri%'khyukekue`f"k nn'kZA reqixE; vk ewY;kadu
ç.kE;kg&HkxoUu~ !
uksV
7-2 lkjka'k

,fg ifjPNsn es fo|kifr nkuohj] n;kohj vkfn vyx&vyx izdkjd iq#"klHkl¡

ifjfpr djkcSr vksdj xq.k voxq.kd fo'ys"k.k djSr lekt esa vyx&vyx iq#"kd Hkwfedk
vksdj la?k"kZ vk mikns;rk osQ¡ mn~?kkfVr d;us NfFku ts ikBd ysy pfj=k fuekZ.k vk
lektd izfr vksdj mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ¡ mn~?kkfVr djSr vfNA ;|fi fo"k;oLrq eè;dkyhu vfN
eqnk ,dj egRo loZdkyhd vfNA

7-3 vH;klkFkZ iz'u

1- iq#"k ijh{kk izFke ifjPNsnd vk/kj ij fo|kifrd laLo`Qr jpukd fo'ks"krk osQ¡
js[kkafdr d:A
2- iq#"k ijh{kk es nkuohj] n;kohj lu iq#"kd dÙkZO; ikyu vk xq.k ij izdk'k fnvA
3- lekt es uhd xq.k vk [kjkc xq.koyk iq#"kd fo|ekurk laLdkjxr vfN eqnk
uhd lekt uhd xq.kd iq#"kd fuekZ.k djSr vfNA foospuk d:A
4- iq#"k ijh{kk fo|kifrd fof'k"V laLo`Qr o`Qfr vfNA foospuk d:A



Lo vè;;u lkexzh 133